ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN, Considerable confusion exists abou the cortect procedure forthe design of anchor bolts & their embedment Historically the procedure was to design the anchor bok net area for tension uplift and horizontal shear based on the AISC egustions for 307 bolts -And then the procedure was to design the dept of embedment for “bond sess devolpement length "based on the ACI code & provide w hook ar ther postive anchorage device atte boo ofthis length. This procedure was safe because it mimicked the pth required by to dis accepted minimum anchor dept based on pullout shear cones. ‘Currently the acepted procedure for the design of anchor bolts isto design them as pullout shear cone , anchored at their base by heads or embedded nuts. At Penta anchor bots shouldbe set dcep enough so tha pullout is not Ukely to wceur. On larger foundations ‘we often set the anchor tthe btm ofthe footing, then by inspection pullout wil not occur ‘On highly stressed anchor groups often prefer to detail anchor bolt otha when possible the threads start above the BOTTOM ofthe base plate. This approach is optional , but allows the sear load tobe transferred tothe anchor bolts across gross, nt net, area “Many engineers also design the anchor bots for local bending between ie bottom ofthe baseplate & the top ofthe coneree pier have never followed this procedre. ‘Ofte when shear loads ae large, shear keys wil BeevoTVeapelow the bottom ofthe ‘baseplate sticking int the footing to transfer shear into the concrete without going thru the anchor bolts. Since inspection is impossible for these key, they. must be used cautiously with high factors of safety and with a provision fr sic eli holes in the base plate. This i because no one can gurantee that such keys are aleeys POSITIVELY grouied sli into the footing, bat siereliet holes coupled with govt pumping bel. Please note that fixed base pate details cannot be created with baseplate welded tothe Column shat. The base asembly mst sllow the anchor aflease2 inches of STRETCH LENGTH beren the tp ofthe concrete & the anchor bolt nit before an base plate -anchor bolt pttem ean be considered “fixed” Please note anchor bolts ae also used to align columns for erection & alignment. To serve this fiction they are preferably sc in a square prtern this square pattem also allows the bolts to mss bracing gussets on the column CENTERLINES. A square anchor bot pattem requires the columns be W10 minimum. One of the most common mistakes made on stactres {sto mismatch anchor bolt pattems between foundations superstars, square pattems avoid this mistake. [am nt saying all columns must be 10 inches dep , but please chek anchor bolt patterns closely when pattems ae not square. Ona lage past jb , for many reasons, out of 1800 anchor bot ses, al sets required field adjustment. Do your best o reduce these fil problems Please note: on expansion anchors the capacity of the anchor in tensions zero unless the hoe is lean of dust & debris, Tratonally he factor of safety on such anchors i 4. Traditionally he center to center distance & embedment depth of such anchors es 12 times the holt diameter, dan edge distance of 6 ines the bolt diameter tothe fee edge o the cone However when you use a vendor catalogue the numbers are usualy reduced. Contractors usually Tike ed ead = self ling anchors. “Anchor bls fr stacks ae designed fora stress of 15 ksi based on wind fstigue loading, Stack anchor bolt puters have steel emabedment rings athe anchor level & the top of coneree,1 much to align the bolt pattem as to anchor it.5 Arse Sproat tiv ace th Sev. 155 th constant in the frase in Tale 1.6 hl ‘nce ty ithe soetcnt spp ta ae nee For ABI nd Adi bls wa cn ype emnetos the maxi shat et alioned y Tale] shall be mull sng eae acer tb wegen to natn ‘he amt rar re iereaned ‘er rami oad ac nc with fle province 156th rip allowance al bined ye [action | OMRL Ia seas, | aur, sap soate [it Sawsw Boe ons corer erent) ere aim <® 4 SECTION L7 MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO REPEATED VARIATION OF STRESS (FATIGUE) Lr General Fai a edn hi Speco i fina th damage hat my rel asi ir ulcer acne a Ses ne sie a th mage othe actions Inthe ae aston oes ‘tn range hie compa the rel va eft atl a ‘nd compressive ste or these of naan ering stents pene Aston at given ont esting rm diterng artangeent of ele, rte sears norton alg bedi 5 fatg sinee mo oad hangs nach stiace cect any tal nes ‘limes or produ enly mine tet tation, Tis crureea {Rod or eafhaue ds nto nteuen to warn conerton nage, eign ower ern runny and supporting ues for machine) Sod ‘ment arin ej toate looting enon, Src Stl fr lings «4-8 LI. Desi or Fatigue Member and ther connate oat aing hl be propor ine secant the poss Append SECTION 14 STABILITY AND SLENDERNESS RATIOS 1481 General General sabi sl be provide fr ha retusa mle ap for ese) emmpenian lament" Duin conaderaton shld te en tsa ad ‘tects rn gm be decid shape the rate ind omens ‘the lateral load esting sytem, ang the iets o team, eons trackg connections and snr wall ‘determining the slndemes rai of an axially nae compression ‘meter excep as provid in Sect 31.34, tr length shale taken are Tet length and abe Srespending ada of yon, 1482 Braced Frames In ses nin the ramos hare aera tay provided by aeuate sethmant o dana rig tsar wa oan tention ane ‘agate stat oa sa al desk sear nana ‘so baci sytem paral Sepa the fant eee esa itor rth fen enteral ena inthis ano 183 Unbraced Prames tn trae where lateral sabi dependent open the banding ile | vigil cnmacted teams and aang, the efectne lente Ri of compeeion ‘memes shal be determine ya aol mato andl be nn ‘tt onbrace longi 184 Maximum Ratios ‘The slendornes ato, KU; af compreasion bers shal a ee 200 ‘he slenderges ato of tion member ote hon a preter sould nateneed Fermain members 20 Porter bracing inna ad ther scodary members a0 SECTION 19. WIDTH-THICKNESS RATIOS 13 Unstone! Blements Under Compression 12.1 Unstone (grt exnpreion esate thas having oe ‘nm parla tin drtin of eomprsaan stan wth of ocfened sien eee ri fo te {the ll nominal dimension: the width of flanges oT aad Hetape meeers spleen thei i Te tn py ‘ponding ee ofthe me aBER NBT ‘come rane wa 28 = int! Ease. et g HweeSUGGESTED DETAILS Column base plates co a “Pir = te SUGGESTED DETAILS Column splices Riveted and bolted DEPTH OF Dy aN De own TH SANE eet by Nownauiy Zin teSs TN fur RaePENTA ENGINEERING CORP. poeta, Pr Oe e000 For (14) 95-706 HZ Page fot 2 soa by ects by fiseo Base Plate ‘DES 1bN fon PEM F700 Sriceewer Mares [A AUR Atel Mose PL eecer wove one a acy te reais Ve" Go00r lle: q Lt bt Shenk Rev ter werPage Zot 2 PENTA ENGINEERING CORP. rea _______ sno Desoncoy —______cheatae by : ae for & evden j Desa" fur Shean € | [| Bevery | Lf Base Grovr Mowe kl Reeser Hole pean ter Geen) hey Focker = | —pwehor BotrsCOLUMNS / 73 the column shape in cross section, and are located by ‘system of numbering. Their location may be estabs lished by using ether a simple numerical sequence, as | 1.2.3. ete. or a twoway grid system, with column Contr ites assigned letters in one direction and rum J bets in the other direction, Thus, a column a the ine tersection of lines D and 4 would be Dd. ‘The required size and makeup of particular cok umn, ineludng loading, is given inthe column sched- lle AS the total load supported bya column increases through an accumulation of loads from each level of framing, the sizeof the column usually increases. The schedule shows the colums sizes and specifies the el vation at which the sizes must change. For reasons of economy in fabrication and handling, splices usually fceur at every second oF third level. Thus, each in- | Sividal ctumn Tength sepports wo or thes for, termed a ler. Horizontal reference lines inthe colama schedule represent finished floor lines of some other | Feference plane Elevations of for framing, as wells | column spices, are referred to by note or dimension to these lines, Bottoms of columns (or tops of base J+ elates, andthe “euo points” a the column tops are | Simeri tcatea “The size and length of columns in low buildings of fone or two sores, where the same section may be | "Seltom tp to bots sally ate shown the Tans and in elevations or typical sections ‘The location ofthe column splice ean affect the cost | of e highrise structure, The following situations are | tea for consideration 1 Since the lower column er is nomally heavier, | "is spropateokep the splice level a ow 25 | ous tose io educe wea of mater po eset mene esata once | ‘height oF point of contraffexure, but since this is ‘rection ofthe next rand is sometime’ an un safe procedure ‘COLUMN BASES Base plates distribute the columa loads over an area of foundation large enough to prevent crushing the masonry. The size and thickness of base plates are usualy listed atthe bottom of the column schedule For extremely heavy loads in major strctres, or where subsoil conditions are poor, ne cesigner may clsinoute ‘he column loads by using a rile (see Fig, 72). This consist of oe or more ayers of closely spaced beams {usually S shapes because ofthe thicker webs) encased tn the concrete foundation. ‘Although the construction of foundations i not & ptt of the fabricators work, masonry design plans ‘nay show certainitems which he fabricators required {o furnish, These may include anchor bolts leveling plats, grilages, machinery supports, cur angles and bother embedments. These ims are ordinarily shipped in advance and are placed by the masonry contractor Drortosteelerection. The masonry plan usally shows {ypical column base details. An example of masonry pli is shown in Fig. 7-8. ‘An anchor bolt plan is prepared by the febvcstor concurrently withthe detail of advance material. This lan, which i similar in appearance co the masonry plan. gives complete information fr fed placement. Including erection marks, elevations tthe tops of base Plates and leveling plates (elevations should not be ven (0 the Botiom ofa base plate) grout thickness and the projection af anchor Bolts above the top of concrete. Although much ofthis data may be taken from the masonry plan. it should be verified by any oer means available. This is particularly tue fore vations ofthe tops of fotings, which must be com: patible with base plate elevations. Also, the orientation nd location of columes must agre thraghou al ers‘74 | DETAILING FOR STEFL CONSTRUCTION (oe, J ee ing Pore ‘soatcocee Nf ete @ fe © arg 1) ) above the foundations. Atenton paid to these details ithe outset of job will save much time and expense at later date Small bess plates, as shown in igs. 78a and 7-20, ae often attached to the bottoms of columns in the Shop. The dfcalty of supporting such columns while {eveling and grouting ther bases makes it advisable fo provide footings finished tothe proper elevation, The Fequied smooth bearing area is usually achieved by means of ste! leveling plate approximately Vein. {hick, This easy to handle and set level to elevation prior to erection of the columns. Holes serve asa set Ting template fr the anchor bols. Very light columns tna be set with wedges or shims in lew ofa fveling plate. Leveling plates and lose base plates that are small nough to beset masually are placed by the masonry Contractor (ee Fig. 73e and 780), Larger base plates hat must belted by a derrick or erane are set (0 evation and leveled bythe steel erector. This is a ompished either by using shims of various thick: nesses (see Fig. 7-42), oF By leveling screws with ‘eldments to the edges ofthe baseplate (see Figs. 7 {Band 7-40) The top of the rough masonry footing is purposely set in or 30 below the bottom ofthe base late to provide for adjustment and subsequent grout. {ng Cement grout fs worked under the plate to insure ful bearing under the entire plate ares. For large base plates, the design should cll fOr one or more large= Fine holes near the centr of the plate through wbich trout is poured lo obtain an even distribution. I the Structural contract includes steel anchor bolt setting templates inal respects to leveling plates except tha the overall Size need be oly large enovh fo include the bolt pat- Thlighty loaded structures, tll arrow frameworks, an mill buildings where crane loading is factor, hor {zontal forces may tend to overturn column, or cause fan uplift from the base. To resist these forces, anchor Bolts are used to te the column to the foundation. “Anchor bolts also serve to locate and to prevent dis- ‘lacement or overturning of columas due to accidental Collisions during erection. or ordinary size anchor bolts, 1cin. dia, and less, heavy clip angles bolted or welded the columns, as Showa in Figs. 1-3 and 7-34, are generally adequate ney = ater ial" EEE ofc er emert-ntcremehicion— Miral e Pi Sle yer Cy SER Fiewe 74COLUMNS / 755 ‘le 7 Recomended Hae Se Fo Anchor Bate ‘otransfer overturning or uplift forces from the column Saft fo the anchor bolts. When a more postive an ‘chorage is needed to provide against uplift orto resist fs calculeted moment force, slifeners are employed ‘with horizontal fiting angles or bars. In such cass, the design plans should contin sketches and design of the required base details (se Fig. 7-4). “Tble T-1 gives recommended hole sizes in steel members to secommodate anchor bolts. The oversize permits a easonable tolerance for misalignment inset ting the bolts and permits more precision inthe ad- justment ofthe baseplate and column to their correct Center nes, The oversize hale shouldbe covered with at washer ‘Anchor bots are sometimes located and did into the foundation after & piece has been insale in final postion. The detils should be arranged and cimen- Soned to permit access and clearance forthe crn. ‘Thebolts should be spacedto miss the reinforcing bars. There holes are oversize and accommodate a "swedge”™ type bolt which serouted nthe hoe, usally with the piece installed in final position. These holes should be Scaled n locations subject to freezing, to avoid spaling Othe foundation by the freeze-thaw cyele of water Bled hoes. (Observe thatthe angle or bar stiffeners inthe mo- meat bate of Fig, /-4 are ct back about Lin. fom the base pate. This eliminates a pocket and permits dain- tage to protect the column base. These stiffeners are intended to resist uplit from an overturning moment and are not usually designed as par ofthe column area in bearing on the base pate. The lip angles shown in Figs, 7-e and 7-3 preferably shold be set back from the columa end about Vrin, fo the same reasons Base Piatos Inthe absence of specific job requirements, the surface reparation of rolled steel base plates is governed by AAISC Specification Sect. 121.3. This section stipulates that satisfactory contact in bearings present in plates in. or less in thickness, machining is nt necessary, Plates over 2 in through 4 in. in thickness may be ‘ithe straightened to obtain this contact, oF Bnished A the option ofthe fabricator, To insure satisfactory Aatnss, ll unfinished base plates and leveling plates fe noted Straighten’ on detail drawings. Plates over 4 thick must be Bnished. However, ing ist required on the underside of base plates when grout ‘sed to insure fll contact onthe foundations, ‘When finishing is required, as for BP2 in Fig. 7-5, the plate must be ordered thicker than the specied finished dimension to allow for the cu. Finish allow ances will vary depending onthe overall dimeasions Snd thickness ofthe plates. “Table 7-2 provides information on finish allowances for carbon ste! fora variety of plate widths and thick nesses and for finishing one of both surfaces. These ‘abulated finish allowances are based on many years af experience and have been proven satisfactory for structural work. Manual Par ists mill Bness tol. frances for both carbon and alloy steels, and an ad justment should be made in applying Table 7-2 to lloy steel base plates in proportion tothe diferences with farbon stel. Base pate thickness shouldbe specified in mulipes of eights ofan inch Since no useful purposes served by finishing more than the area in contact with the Brished end of the column, the shop data is aimensioned to show the area on which finishing (Fn) is required (see Fig. 7 5). To reduce machine time, the eat should be made in the diestion producing the last possible finished area. The Hinising is usually carried across the fll ‘Width of the pate fo avoid interrupted machining op ratios, although it i not required from a design Sandpointwoesee mitre ow a peace apa *. 1 Ff ql geet a Planet oles are punched in those plates which ae within the machine capacity ofthe fabricator. Thicker plates musi be either died orm cut provide the hoes. Mos fabricators ae inited to a maximum driling es pacity of Vein ameter holes. From a practical and Economie standpoint, the design shou permit fame or holes when the holes are over about Vein. di meter in any thickness of base plat. The fame-cut ting operation produces holes with sgl tapered walls land the oles shoud be inspected witha go-no-g gage to asure proper clearances of anchor bok. Grout hoes th not require the same accuracy of size and location tnd generally are lame cut. Heavy bas plates should be provided with some means of handing atthe eee tion site. On BP2, iting holes are provided in the ‘emia legs of the connection angles (ee Fig. 7-5 ‘Various means have been developed for use in lev- cling the base plates al erection. Thre-poin leveling fs normally ured, since iis faster and more sensitive to adustment. Figure 7-4 indicates thee leveling sens ton the bese plate. A threaded attachments welded to the base pate and may consist of @ welded mut, 2 threaded bar as in Fig 7-5, or an angle and nut as shown in Fig, 7-4, depending on the weight of the plate. The leveling sorew must be log enough to com Pensat forthe arout space and preferably shoul ha the point lightly rounded to preveat from "walking fsitis tured down, A smal ste! pad under the pot reduces tition, THis not intended thatthe leveling screws or the shims support the weight of he column. Ifthe grouting isto be delayed until aftr stel erection, itis required that adequate shim packs be installed to propery tnbutefoads into the foundation without overstressing tithe the baseplate athe foundation [Anchor Bolts [Anchor bolts fr structural work may take any ofthe forms shown in Fig. 7-6. although not stable fr high Strength steels, perhaps the most commonly used are hook bolts, which are iustrated in Fig. 7a, Their fesistance to uplift é due largely tothe bond formed ‘between te shank and the poured conerete, although the hooks provide additonal mechanical anchorage| a a & (@) tO} 8 () @ © Figure 7-4 ilustrates single and pared bolts provided ‘with anchor plates to increase resistance throush me: Chanical anchorage Figure 7-6 shows a swedged bolt which may beset either prior to pouring concrete, or, a8 shown, in & ill hole for subsequent grouting. Uplift is resisted by bonding withthe concrete and by the mechanical “anchorage ofthe deformations Figure 7-6 shows an anchor bot set ina meta sleeve, Its advantage les in the opportunity for some hor zontal adjustment at the time the baseplate f set in place. The bltis xed in place by subsequent grouting, ‘The aut showa in Fig. 7-e is generally acceptable inliew ofa bt head. Since headed rods, inthe lengths and diameters required for anchor bots, generally ate ot sick items, sis substitution relieves the shop of ‘the cost cooling that would be required to form heads ‘on odd ots of various rods Figure 7-7 shows typical shop deals of anchor bok, Note that no attempt is made to picture the swedging br oshow conventional thread symbols, sine the shop will understand wha is reqired by reading the notes ‘Thread and nt sizes willbe ANSI (American National Standards Insitute) standard forthe od diameters sed Because of possible inaccuracies inthe sting of a- chor bolts, the distance f, shown in Fig 7-64, should be sufcient to permit the bolt to profect a positive distance abore the nu, Thread lengths will therefore be somewhat longer than the standard lengths fur "shed on regular bolts. Washers, which may be ether coLuMNs > q ¥ : ah] wef % trex mt |T—Jn| oe me la "ral 7 # CLL sececteese serbtessash eas isbane ‘aad; tae ‘ound or square, will have oles which are iri, larger than the bolt diameter and willbe urished rom ASTM ‘A36 steel plates for most applications. Their use is required because of the large bot holes proviged in the baseplate and column details Manual Part 4, Table LC, lists a variety of ASTM. specificationtype material that i suitable for se as anchor bolts and ie rods. Distinction shawl he made between those items that are available ss headed bolts ands red stock. The headed bolts are generally stocked in lengths up to about 8 in, depending on materia specification, and consderabe delay and expense can be expected when noa-standad sizes and lengths ate specified. The designer should review the material ‘allablty when ether high strenath or large diameter se under consideration. Suitable ts can be selected fom ASTM Specification ASS, ‘Table -B, Manual arts tabulates allowable tension values and Table ED tabuites allowable shear values forthe usually specifed materials of ASTM A36, AST? Gr. 50, ASS, and A489. shouldbe noted that these ‘ales are based on F,, the specified minimum tensile strength, Alsonote that although AST? Gr $0 and ASS steels both have yield stengths of 50 Ksi, they have Aiering values of AST2 Gr. 50: F, = SO ksi, F, = 65 ks Ase F= S0ksi, F, = 70 ksi Occasionally itis gute tat rods or bars be welded to hase plates to increase shea o pull-out resistance The use of a weldable material such as A36 or AST2 's recommended for this purpose. Regular deformed. ‘ype concrete reinforcing bars such as ASTM GIS. -A616and AGI7 are not produced 1a controle chet istry and their weldability must be very carfuly con trolled.ale), Ag= Vale alle tay) fective surfoce ara of parti hear cone Boo An 2A Aas V8lle oS) cos (©) Partial Shear Cone. | | el) 6.1.19 Welded Headed Studs ‘The pulkout capacity of headed studs cast nto onerete is assumed to be governed by the shear fone a shown in Fig. 6.1.12, or by the tensile Strength of the stud. If the ful shear cone can be veloped, the pullout eapacity is the lewer of Py = 616 Ue +dhIVT fe (Ea. 6-12) R= 098A. t where 6 = 085 Jy = embedment length y= head diameter of the stuc Avy = shank af ofthe stud { f, = ultimate tensile strength of stud see! If the stud is located nest a free edge, or if the spacing of studs is less than 2 I, + cy, the eapecity 's reduced in proportion to the reduction of the surface area of the shear cone, These proportions are shown in Table 6.2.8, IH the device is within 4 J, of a free edge, ond loaded towerd the ede the concrete shear tapo- city should be checked for Vi, = 6 (2500 4, 3500) where 9-085 4d, = edge distance in the direction ofthe toed (a. 6-13) Fig. 6.1.13. Shi loading on stud naar a free edge‘The concrete shear capacity of a stud which is focated 4 lp OF fester from a free edge should be Haken othe stel shear capacity of the stud PON, #075 As fy (Eq. 6-14) Vj should not exceed P, determined for the full or partial sheer cone For combined tension and shear loading on ded studs, the ultimate espacity can be deter. ined by’ © concrete capacity: “ip, \88 48 BE (es < Cla Stud capocty P74 (Mi)? < (BG) <1 exer FromTsble6.27 Pi, = 106kips Vi = 8.82kips “From Eq, 6-16: (0.6)? = 145.55/8.82 Py = 8.24 kipe J Concrete capacity 2 = From Table 6.28, 2m = 6", m=3", | eduction factor = 0.93 15 kips ‘Assume couple develops between upper and lower studs Moment capacity = 2 (8.06) (12) = 199 in, kips IM, = 199 (9/4) = 145 in. kins PLI2xsxt. 1/2" studs “5s Example 6. 6.1.14 Deformed Bar Anchors Deformed bar anchors which ate automatically welded (similar to headed studs) to steel plates should have their development length calculated by: fy 2 003 de fy) (€q.6-17) ve where y= diameter of bar 4, $60,000 psi For {, > 60,000 psi the above value should be multiplied by the quantity: 60,000) fy Horizontal bars placed so that more than 12 in. of ‘concrete is below the bar (top bars) should have the above value of ly multinieg by 1.4, (Eq.6-18)e270 6.1.15. Insrts Cast in Concrete Loop inserts of the type shown in Fig. 6.1.14 can be investigated in a manner similar to thet for ‘welded stude. The pullout capacity can be deter mined from: Pune dhs VE (9,619) where ¢ =085 ‘Ag = lateral surface area ofthe shear cone I the fll shear cone cannot develop, this value should be reduced by the proportion of the sur- face area of the partial cone to the surface of thet fullone. ‘Actual capacity of the insert wil often be con: tuolled by tha mechanical capacity of the inser, (oF the capacity of the bolt or threaded rod used. ‘Vield strengths of various sizes of wires common: Iy used in inserts, and typical capacities of bolts ‘nd rods ate shown in Table 6.2.9. Information from the invert manufacturer and AISC recom mendstions for standard threaded mombers fhould be checked. If the insert is located 4 J, oF eeter from a free edge, the shear capacity hould be assumed equel to the pullout capacity: Within 41, of 3 free edge, shear capacity should be calculated the same as for headed stuts. Com: bined shear and tension capacities ean be evalu- {ed in 3 manner similar to that shown for headed suds, Fig. 6.1.14 Shear cone development for loop inserts P, concrete Ae = VFA) #Uly +5) Note: See Fig. 6.1.12 for partiat ‘Star cone development. Fig. 6.1.15. Interaction diagram for pullout and shear of inserts and headed studs Oe 19) oa os| t oa PulPi 02 0-02-0405 0B To Ws Wedge inserts ofthe type shown in Fig. 6.1.18 are niy made of mallee on and ed with Sonnecion angles, Data Hid tote with 5000 pl normal weight concrete indeate shear capac determin’ by vireo ae =] 0.620 20 wre 35 eles $1.0 Minimum bolt size should be 3/4 in, diameter and of a shear and tension capacity greater than the sheor value determined above. Fig. 6.1.16 Forces on typical wedge insert / [om Lah. wedgeFig. 6.1.17 Design relationships for connection angles B gusset plate 6.1.16 Connection Angles Angles used to support precast members can be designed by statis es shownin Fig. 6.1.17. Indl tion to the applied vertical and horizontal loss, the design should include all loads induced by restraint of relative movement between the pre- | Sa member andthe supporting member. The ‘minimum thickness of non-gusseted angles loaded in shear as shown in Fi mined by: rel {ee av te 6.1.18 can be deter. (€<,621) . © b= width ofthe angle FE esion ey = seeing &, 1/2 in, P - | —, ea ee (Eg. 6:22) ly, Fig, 6.1.19, either in tension oF compression, tho minimum thickness ‘of non-gusseted angles can be ealeulated by: Af ats ol te (€q.623) 898 ofthe angle 'b = width ofthe snale It is recommended that the bolt hole goge be ‘ho greater than 2 1/2 in, The ultimate shear stress for AGG steel should not exceed 19.6 ksi on the ‘ross section resisting she Connections may be made by welding instead ‘of bolting and the welds designed in accordence With AISC specifications Fig, 6.1.19 Horizontal loads on connection angle connection to Support structure snot shown surface of. recast unit oa{6) Base plate larger than column EB ow wane (b) Flush baseplate| 6.1.17 Column Base Connections Column bases must be designed for both erec tion loads and loads which occur in service, the ‘former often being more critical. Two commonly sed bese connections are shown in Fig. 6.1.20 If in the analysis for erection loods oF tempo rary construction losds before grout is placed ‘under the plat, all the anchor bolts are in com | pression, the base plate thickness required. to satisy the ultimate bending condition is deter. F rrined from: E 1 feria. Lf are leg, 628 : es qe (Eq, 6:24) where 6 = 090 fl LDF = greatest sum of anchor bolt ultimate | fore on ones ofthe clams Wf the analyst indents the anchor bots on one or both sides of the clu ae in tonion, the | Shape thickness cletrmined by 1 [eFax re tf SA | tA (a, 625) Under loads wich occur at sevice, the base I plate thickness may be controlled by bearing on the concrete or gout. In this ease, the bee pate thickness is determined By: tee [2h e oN Ultimate base plate shearing stresses for AB stoe! should not excted 19.6 ks “The anchor bolt diometer is determined by the tension or compression on the root afeo af'the threaded portion of the bolt. Anchor bolts may be ASTM AGO? bolts or, more frequently, tread 0 rods of ASTM A3B ste. In extreme cases, the buckling of the bolt be- fore grouting may be a consideration, The Strength of the conerete when the bolt isin tan sion may be critical and can be determined by ‘sssuming 9 shear cone pull-out failure st described for headed studs. However, with the usual cimen sions used for column bases, thee considerations ‘are rarely crite. “The length of the anchor bolt should be such thatthe concrete will develop the desired strength ‘of the bot in bond and beating on the hook pro- jetion or bolt head. Bearing area of bolt heads ‘an be increased by welding a washer o steel pate = to the bolt head. Ultimate bond stress on smooth (€9. 626) te anchor bolts should not exceed 260 psi. The ult ‘mate confined bearing on the hook oF bolt head should not exceed ¢ f.. The bottom of the bolt should be @ minimum 6f 4 in. above the bottom (of footing, and above the faating reinforcing. ‘Compression on anchor bolts during erection can be substantially reduced by tho use of steel shims. The required area of the shims can be ‘termined by the bearing strest of the concrete. Confinement reinforcement should be provided ‘around the anchor bolts embedded in pers or This may be designed by shea-tiction prin but should be a minimum of four ties at ‘Bin, centers placed near the top of the batt, Addition to the normal smount of ties provided ‘the conerete pier or wall 6.1.18. Welding of Reinforcing Bars Welding of reinforcement is a practical means ‘of developing the force transfor required in many connections. The. following recommendations should be followed when welding reinforcement to avoid damage to the bars and to provide the required force transfer, 1. Carbon content ofthe bars should be not more ‘than 0.5 percent 7 2. Use only low hydrogen electrodes AWS class, E7016 oF E7016. a 3, Domnot weld within 8 in. of any cold bend. “7” 4. When preheating is required, the surface where ‘the weld is being deposited must be at or above the required preheat temperature. Prehest for 3 sistance of 3 in. inal directions from the point of welding 5. Tack welding of reinforcing bars in connections should not be permitted unless indicated by the design 6. The welding of bers lerger than No. 11 is @ special esse, and outside the scope af these re ‘commendations. ‘The ultimate strength of reinforcement welds is determined By: Tos = (25,000) yt, (69,627) where 6 = 070 Ty = tensile capacity of the weld Jy = length of the weld ty, = thickness of the weld atthe throst “Typicsl weld desis ore shown in Fig. 6.1.21. Po tn Manone omFig, 1.21 Typical reinforcement welds Side view weve —f] roovew EL ded ross bar anchorage @ la steel angle = area = VS bar area (6) Reinforcing bars welded together41.18 Grouted Flexible Tube Connection Reinforcing bars No. 8 and smaller, may be ‘embedded into non-rusted metalic flexible inter. locking conduit and grouted to provide a connec- ‘ion for a column base, column spice or other tension or compression connection. The required ‘embedment length may be determined by: ‘ soit (4.628) where ‘uy * afeaof the bar fy = veld srenath of the bar 25. perimeter ofthe br ¢ = 085 “The following limitations are recommended: 1. The minimum concrete cover over the grouted ‘enforcing ber should be 3 in, 2, The conduit should have a minimum thickness ‘of 0,023 in, and a minimum internal diameter of 13/4 in 3. The grout material should have @ minimum compressive strength of 6000 ps 4. Confinement reinforcement consisting of a si ral or tos having Ayo = Ayofy tye may bo Fequired to prevent spitting or Bond failure be tween the conduit and the surrounding con: 5. should not be less than 6 in, Fig.6.1.22 Grouted tube connection % Flexible t mrealle conduit interlocking |_-Aelnfrcing bar Minimum sroune Confinement ties, An,CONNECTIONS Table 62.7. Design data for welded headed studs Prooadure: vi 1. For studs loaded in shear, determine ‘J capacity from Table A. 4 “, . 2. Forstudsloded in tension, determine A i jt capacity by applying reduction factors \ from Table 6.28 to values in Table 6 Check stud capacity in right column, 3, For combined shear and tension see Fig 6.1.15 Table A. Ultimate Stud Shear Capacity (Vi), Bb!) Diameter din——[— ve” [ae [ve |g | [Min studing in —= [2 va 2 ae [aa I 2 vaso} aso | —jano | —va60 | — ta bs Yooa | zo | om | teen | 3 Stoo | Seo] btoo | Se00 as fico | fico] Meo | tae \ : foo | temo tooo | soo as =00 | 500] e500 [ = Seso. | Teen | es Ss gro, | ao | ero : geno | aron | oro sles root _|_snaco Be Thao] iso Glts t20m, | 300 ays ee | tase ts ‘eo ale rd Sfos Tz10 He zo an iano us ‘soe 2 ts " ‘Table B. Utimate Stud Pullout Capacity (P,), Kips Conerete capacity, full shear cone developed ‘2 Maximum) i wl ae le |e |e | ~ le late | 12 73 26.4 m5 05 654 265, ec ee ae ss ce se [og | ge} om | ge] oe | ae ate Sc eo netCONNECTIONS ‘Table 62.8. Reduction factors for partial shear cone — studs and inserts Both Sides of Shear Cone Not Developed Interior studs oF inserts in @ group, m<2h nae" a2" [ = 18", = 18" oar |-oze [oz | ox | ov | oa ose | os1 | oz | oa | at | ov ost | a3 | 03s | oz | om | or ost | aay | oa | ost | oas | oar o7 | ose | oa | oa | a2 | 025 ‘078 | agi} oss | oa? | 034 | 020 cas | oes | ost | oa | oa | ost ase | ova | osr | ost | oa2 | oa a7 | oa | a7 | oss | oa | oss so} oss | 078 | ost | aso | oa v0 | ~os1 | oa |~o6s oss | 00s so | 095 | oss | ov | oar | oa xo | oo | oor | om | ost | ost so | 10 | oo | ova | ces | oss wo | xo | o98 | oa | oss | ose vo | to | to | oss | ase | oo ide of Shear Cone No Developad Exterior studs oF inserts in a group ach = oss | 082 | omo) 058 | a0 on | oss | ose | os: | oss | os7 07 | a7 | os7 | oss | 60 | 089 oa | 07 | o7 | oss | ose | oot 089 | ~oe0 | 077] 071 | ~a67 | 08a oa | oar | oss | ox | om | O97 so | oss | oss | o90 | or | on to | 097 | 098 | age | O70 | or so_| 10 | oss | oss | oa | a7 wo [19 | 10 | 093 | o9e | oo vo | ro | to | 09 | oae | oa to | 10 | to | a9 | oe2 | as vo | ro | 1 | 30° | oa | oo so_| vo | io | 10 | os | ose wo | 10] 19 | 39 1 099] 098 so | ro | to | yo | So | O95 wo [| ro | to | to | 10 | oa w foro | to | io | 10 | om wo | wo | to | io | ae | toCONNECTIONS ‘Table 62.9 Design data for concrete loop inserts Procedures: 1. Apply reduetion factors, if required 10; values for concrete capacity, tS 2. Check both conerate and insert ‘ Cal. capacity ‘Concrete Capacity Pullout, = Vivid. fey in a) 2 2 2900 2s 20400 3 9800, a 22520 a roo as 24880 5 26200 ‘ 29,760 6 ‘38400 45 25300 7 32300 31000 a 8,300 8s 3380 5 500 e 35280 0 1083800, 6 10840 % 37400 " 128200 7 11800 2 20520 2 183.700, 78 12960 a 21880 8 180,400 2 ‘ono z a0 % 29°00 as 151090 2 38900 6 210'200 ° 16.180 2 23020 8 345,900, ‘ltt be vue by 35 or anh Copa of Roun wire Use in "Conrete nase att tot tin TORE or win te an 500 Typical Insert Capacities © pacity of Col Bots and Threaded Call Rae eawie | he Bott Diamar | in. cot it Torte Ui Swe Banin | Gende Gin | Ponotation Gnd |__Stengt(®,)_| Stenger) ota | coo We 12 13500 100 ozs | cose 36 2 wero 11.980 ozs | cio | amo | a 22 37870 2m oa | crocs | 2000 | 14 22 54960 32980 20 | cio | 3580 | ite 3 5.340 50,000, eae | cross | Goo) fe Lm e308 | cioas | e000 opacity of Machine Boles uedin “For” or “Wald ut” om | cia | 5500 Ld : 037s | choos | 7480 [Bao Tonite | shaw oa | Choa | s2000 | tind | BotrGrade| strength | sheng | Ferre Date (asrw)_[ Ps 08) | Vj, Oo) | Tivdfn] Bor Cot y ae | asor | ae20 | a | a | 9 se | aso | 700 | so | | tae 3m | sor | 30 | 70 | to | tie : aor | 20800 | isso | ‘a | iaCONNECTIONS ‘Table 6.2.10 Shear capscity of support angles 1 oY He 6 = 080 b= Width of ane in iy = Yield strength of angle steel = 36,000 psi Vu por inch of width ‘Anale sides |e =a"| eg =1" owe | 7a | ae | a8] w | ow | @ | 8) & | iio | toes | $90 | as | as 00 es 8 se | Sor | ew | tee | ue | ts ‘Table62.11 Axial capacity of support angles 1 ft oY he oso Width of angle, in. Yield strength of 4 angle steel = 38,000 pst THR Tus. prinen ot wietn | | uae | a7 a=" | goo" 237 v8 342 258 205 | 68 2 20, 232 0s 6 2 Sor 768 77 a1 Ey 980 me 57 aCONNECTIONS ‘Table 6.2.12 Column bate plat thickness requirements “Thickness Required For Concrete Bear fos ; xa" | x na" rip | na’ 500) 5/8 ra sooo} 38 | 38 1300 | 1 sae] 186 zo} ive | ive | 178 zoo | ve | 16) 2 sooo} 138 | ie | aaa 00} 112 | 2 bua tooo] ise | 2ve | 250 [ Stra Aror Botti Aretr Bt ‘Tension On External Anchor Bolts : No. & Diameter OF A 36 Or A 307 Anchor Bolts Per S; [Flom Poe Ta 2a] 2 we ye 2a Jane x= 3.78"| x= 4.25"| x 3.75" | 3.78"| x, =4.25"| x= 3.75" | x = 425" a 1 ve {sae | 112 | 138 | 17m | 2ve | 200 1 1 tye | ise | ise | ia | 2 218 m | 4 we | ise | iv | ise | tre | 3 pie | re | swe | ive | iv | im | ie | tae. =) 718 we | ve | te | 13 ay | 18 | rae zl ae ms | 4 tie | ise | jae | tee | tee. | de ae} 4 te | iva | ise | tie | tee. | 3a aa] 4 1 ave} aie | aie | ive m| aa aa | 4 1 tie | ote | tae |e ‘Compression On Anchor Bolts Or Tension On Internal Anchor Bolts > ‘No. & Dismeter Of A 36 Or A 307 Anchor Bolts Per Side fing [24 J 2" 2—e Pa-r | on m | 2a | 2-1 fae xets"| x e2or | ets | ee20"| xetsr| x ezo"| nets" | ee 20" | ae Pr 78 1 v4 | 138 | sae | tee | ae a8 a8 1 1 a] iva | nie we | as aM a8 a8 1 a ee se | ae aN aa 7a. 1 ave | tie [tv 2 | are 3M a 78 we | we |e zl aa ae aia a8 mm | 4 1 18 2 | ae a aa sia we | 4 1 18 | ae Evy 3 aa a4 we | 4 18 vm | ae a Eg 3 aa 8 me [4CONNECTIONS ‘able 6.2.13 Capacity of reinforcoment welds (25,000) I ty, E @ = 070 ee _ y= Length of weld in tw = Throat thickness of wed, in. i Values of T,, ips ind [ey =3/16"] «, = 174" [ty =5716"| ty = 318" |e, 7/16" |&, = 12" | ty = 58 1 33 aa 58 66 77 38 too as | aa 68 82 28 ne maa tea 2 86 33 wos Ba 153 vs na zs | a2 109 137, tea wes 13 273 3 oa 1a Tea 197 230 253 38 35 | ous 183 181 230 368 m8 352 a wt ns 29 262 08 350 98 as | aa 107 2s 2s a3 a4 192 8 164 219 23 8 m3 | ee 587 ss | 180 2a 301 354 er 481 02 8 137 253 Be aoe 63 25 656 bs | ona a 5 27 98 58 ma 7 230 308 33 459 535 63 768 zs | ue 28 0 42 Bra 558 a0 3 253 0 ee 325 ata 700 a7 as | m9 32 ws sa ot faa 830 5 295 ana 02 50.1 e2 rea 934 os | he n8 520 23 m7 a1 | aaa 0 Ed 28 Bur 856 265 srs | 100s