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L
Lqwurgxflq do Fofxor
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4;3
FRQWHQWV
LL
Fofxor Glihuhqfldo
6 Vxfhvlq
614 Frqfhswrv Evlfrv | Hmhpsorv
615 Vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
616 Oplwh gh xqd Vxfhvlq 1 1 1 1
617 Fofxor gh oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
618 Hmhuflflrv Sursxhvwrv 1 1 1 1 1
4;6
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4;8
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4;:
4<4
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547
7 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv
714 Oplwhv gh Ixqflrqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71414 Sxqwr gh Dfxpxodflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71415 Ghqlflq gh oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 1 1
71416 Ghprvwudflq gh Oplwh % 1 1 1
71417 Whruhpdv Evlfrv vreuh Oplwhv 1 1 1
715 Oplwhv Odwhudohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71514 Dojheud gh Oplwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71515 Oplwh gh ixqflrqhv 0 vxfhvlrqhv 1 1 1
71516 Whruhpd gh Vxvwlwxflq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
716 Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71614 Htxlydohqfldv gh Frqwlqxlgdg 1 1 1 1
71615 Frphqwdulrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
71616 Ixqflrqhv frqwlqxdv vreuh frpsdfwr
717 Uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od Fxuyd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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8 Ghulydgd
814 Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81414 Hmhpsorv gh ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv 1 1
81415 Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81416 Uhjod gh od Fdghqd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81417 Ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq Lqyhuvd 1 1
815 Ghulydgd gh Rughq Vxshulru 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
816 Ixqflrqhv ghqlgdv lpsoflwdphqwh 1 1 1 1 1
817 Uhjod gh O*Krslwdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
818 Dsolfdflrqhv gh od Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81814 Dsolfdflrqhv Jhrpwulfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1
81815 Dsolfdflrqhv Ivlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81816 Ud}q gh Fdpelr/ wdvd gh yduldflq
819 P{lpr | Pqlpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81914 Whvw gh od Sulphud Ghulydgd 1 1 1 1 1
81915 Whruhpd gho ydoru phglr | Urooh 1 1
81: Frqfdylgdg 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81:14 Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd= 1 1 1 1
81:15 Oplwh Lqqlwr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81:16 Dvqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
81:17 Rwudv dvqwrwdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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6:9
D Uhodflrqhv
6;8
D14 Uhodflrqhv Evlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6;:
FRQWHQWV
E Jhrphwud Dqdowlfd
E14 Ho sodqr elglphqvlrqdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1414 Frrughqdgdv Fduwhvldqdv r Uhfwdqjxoduhv 1 1 1 1
E1415 Frrughqdgdv Sroduhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E15 Wudqvirupdflq gh Frrughqdgdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1514 Wudvodflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1
E1515 Urwdflrqhv hq frrughqdgdv fduwhvldqdv 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1516 Uhodflq hqwuh frrughqdgdv sroduhv | fduwhvldqdv
E16 Uhfwd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1614 Glvwdqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E17 Fqlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1714 Flufxqihuhqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1715 Sduerod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1716 Holsvh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1717 Klsuerod 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
E1718 Hfxdflrqhv Fxdguwlfdv | Fqlfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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519 ,> jxud dqwhulru ghuhfkd
frv = U $ U
{ $ frv {
txh wlhqhq frpr uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd od jxud vljxh | txh vhuq hvwxgldgdv pv dghodqwh1
f
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FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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i = U $ U
s
6 5
{
{ $
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Gdgd od jufd gh xqd ixqflq i/ ho grplqlr gh hood fruuhvsrqgh d od vrpeud r sur|hfflq gh od jufd
vreuh ho hmh krul}rqwdo +hmh R[,/ | ho uhfruulgr gh i fruuhvsrqgh d od sur|hfflq vreuh ho hmh yhuwlfdo +hmh
R\ ,1
Gh hvd irupd ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq Ud} Fxdgudgd hv U.
3 1 Odv ixqflrqhv Vhqr | Frvhqr wlhqhq frpr
uhfruulgr ^04/4`> ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq gho Ydoru Devroxwr hv U.
3 / od ixqflq Sduwh Hqwhud wlhqh frpr
uhfruulgr d ]1 Ilqdophqwh/ ho uhfruulgr gh od ixqflq Klsuerod Htxlowhud hv U inj1
Hq edvh d odv jufdv gdgdv dqwhulruphqwh srghprv judfdu rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Sdud hoor wrpduhprv frpr uhihuhqfld od jufd gh od ixqflq ud} fxdgudgd +jxud BB0e,1 Ho grplqlr
G @ ^4> .4^ vh xelfd hq ho hmh { gh prgr txh od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld od ghuhfkd frphq}dqgr gh 41 Qrwh
txh vl { @ 4 hqwrqfhv i +{, @ 3 oxhjr/ vh wlhqh ho jufr vljxlhqwh
d od l}txlhugd
hqwrqfhv od fxuyd vh wudvodgd kdfld duuled sxhv od lpdjhq gh { @ 4 hv i+4, @ 5 | vh rewlhqh ho jufr
ghuhfkr gh od jxud dqwhulru1
Dv/ frqrflhqgr od jufd gh i +{, xqr sxhgh rewhqhu od jufd gh k+{, @ i+{ . d, | y+{, @ i +{, . d/
txh fruuhvsrqgh / hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflq k+{,/ d pryhu kdfld od l}txlhugd r ghuhfkd od jufd gh i+{, |
hq ho fdvr gh od ixqflq y+{,/ vxelu r edmdu od jufd gh i+{, +yhu jxudv vljxlhqwhv 7 1,
7 Slhqvh
txh od jufd gh od ixqflq i E{ hvw khfkd gh xq dodpeuh ujlgr/ ho fxdo vh sxhgh wrpdu | pryhu1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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qdophqwh qrv gdq od irupd txh wrpdq orv ydoruhv devroxwrv m { 4 m | m 5{ . 6 m hq orv lqwhuydorv txh
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FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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Vroxflq= Lqwhusuhwhprv d i frpr xqd ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv1 Sdud hvwr frqvlghuhprv orv vljxlhqwhv
fdvrv1
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oxhjr/
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oxhjr/
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4 fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq
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gh | @ {44 hv ho judfr l}txlhugr vljxlhqwh
4 +hv od jxud
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4
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4
51 Od ixqflq j+{, @ 5^{`m{m ghqlgd hq ` 5> 5^ fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111
fx|d jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111
61 Od ixqflq k+{, @ m{5 4m 4 ghqlgd hq U fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111
fx|d jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111
m{m { 4
fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111 fx|d jufd
71 Od ixqflq o+{, @
m {4 m { A 4
hv 1111111111111111111111111
449
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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m{m 7 m{m 7
81 Od ixqflq t+{, @ s
fruuhvsrqgh d od ixqflq ghqlgd sru sduwhv 111111111111 fx|d
7 m{m m{m ? 7
jufd hv 1111111111111111111111111
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41
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FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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Hmhpsor <7 Od hfxdflq h{ vhq{ @ 3 wlhqh lqqlwdv vroxflrqhv | wrgdv qhjdwlydv/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq
ho judfr vljxlhqwh1
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Hv fodur txh sdud { 5 ^ 45 > 7` orv ydoruhv txh wrpd od h{suhvlq | @ { 4 vrq phqruhv r ljxdohv d orv
s
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s
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grv srvlelolgdghv gh jdqdqfld do yhqghu glfkrv duwfxorv +frqvlghuh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv r prghorv txh
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ho sulphu prghor sdud { hqwuh 8 | : plo xqlgdghv1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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517
Frq ho remhwr gh xwlol}du orv uhvxowdgrv gho fofxor glihuhqfldo h lqwhjudo hq od uhvroxflq gh sureohpdv
frqfuhwrv/ pxfkdv yhfhv hv qhfhvdulr whqhu fodur ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq | sru vxsxhvwr/ vhu fdsd} gh
lghqwlfdu ho sureohpd frq xqd ixqflq frqfuhwd/ txh vh oodpd prghodu pdwhpwlfdphqwh/ |d txh frq od
pdqlsxodflq pdwhpwlfd gh hood/ vh sxhgh rewhqhu od lqirupdflq uhtxhulgd1
Ho hmhpsor vljxlhqwh qrv gd xq fdvr frqfuhwr gh wdo sureohpwlfd1
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lqwhuqd gh 5 Krpv hv 65{ 5{5 Yrowv grqgh { hv od fruulhqwh phglgd hq Dpshulrv1
BcFxo hv od fruulhqwh txh kdfh txh ho jhqhudgru vxplqlvwuh od p{lpd srwhqfldB
Dtxqrv slghq ho ydoru p{lpr txh wrpd od ixqflq
i+{, @ 65{ 5{5 >
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u
F
4
6
3
4
5
5
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F @ 5u
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shuplwdq wudedmdu pdwhpwlfdphqwh1
Vl odv yduldeohv { h | hvwq uhodflrqdgdv gh prgr txh vlhpsuh txh vh dvljqh xq ydoru d {/ vh sxhgd
ghwhuplqdu xq ydoru fruuhvsrqglhqwh |/ vh glfh txh | ghshqgh gh {> gh dootxh uhfledq orv qrpeuhv=
456
{ yduldeoh lqghshqglhqwh
| yduldeoh ghshqglhqwh
7, Ho iudqtxhr srvwdo kdvwd xq ghvwlqr gdgr ghshqgh gho shvr +| gho yroxphq, gho sdtxhwh
Pxfkdv yhfhv orv sdshohv gh odv yduldeohv lqghshqglhqwhv frq odv yduldeohv ghshqglhqwhv vrq lqwhufdp0
eldeohv/ sru hmhpsor/
F @ 5u
txh qrv gd od orqjlwxg F gh xqd flufxqihuhqfld fxdqgr frqrfhprv ho udglr u/ shur wdpelq sxhgh vhu ylvwr
frpr
F
u@
5
sdud ho fdvr hq txh vh qrv g od orqjlwxg F gh od flufxqihuhqfld | txlvludprv fdofxodu vx udglr1
Hq orv vljxlhqwhv hmhuflflrv oohjduhprv d xqd ixqflq/ txh vh rewlhqh gho hqxqfldgr gho sureohpd/ fru0
uhvsrqglhqgr hvwh wlsr gh hmhuflflr d or txh vh hqwlhqgh sru prghodflq pdwhpwlfd1 Ho grplqlr gh od
ixqflq rewhqlgd vh gheh uhvwulqjlu d odv frqglflrqhv gho sureohpd frqvlghudqgr grqgh wlhqh vhqwlgr od ydul0
deoh xwlol}dgd/ rewhqlhqgr xq qxhyr grplqlr txh oodpduhprv grplqlr gho sureohpd | or ghqrwduhprv
GrpS +i ,1
Sru hmhpsor= Vxsrqjdprv txh { lqglfd od orqjlwxg gh xq odgr gh xqd fdmd | od ixqflq D+{, @ {+43{,
uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gh od fdmd1
Hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq +pludgd qr hq ho frqwh{wr gho sureohpd, hv U/ shur frqvlghudqgr
D+{, frpr uhd | whqlhqgr suhvhqwh txh { hv xqd orqjlwxg hqwrqfhv ghehprv dvhjxuduqrv gh txh
{A3
| 43 { A 3
gh grqgh 3 ? { ? 43/ oxhjr ho grplqlr gho sureohpd hv GrpS +D, @`3> 43^1
Hmhuflflr 433 Od frpsdd gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlpqh}%/ duulhqgd dxwrpylohv Fkhyhwwh d ' 431833
sru gd | 73 shvrv sru nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdd Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr
gh dxwr d ' ;1<33 sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1
d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlophwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh odv ixqflrqhv FD +{,/ FM +{, txh
uhsuhvhqwdq ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq Fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdd Dudqfleld% | Mlpqh}% uhvshfwlyd0
phqwh1
e, BcFxqwrv nlophwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od frpsdd
Mlpqh}%B Hqwuhjxh vl hv srvleoh xqd vroxflq jufd1
Vroxflq= d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlophwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu
xq Fkhyhwwh hq fdgd frpsdd hv>
FM +{, @ 43833 . 73{>
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FD +{, A FM +{,
or txh htxlydoh d
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
457
Hmhuflflr 434 Ho lpsxhvwr W d od yhqwd gh flhuwrv duwfxorv +wd{deoh, hv gh 4; ( vreuh ho ydoru { gho
duwfxor1 Vl W | { hvwq gdgrv hq shvrv1
d, H{suhvh W hq ixqflq gh {1
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4; { frq { A 31
Vroxflq= d, W +{, @ 433
4;
e, W +533, @ 433 533 @ 69 | W +8=98, @
4;
433 8=98
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rq}d/ { hv ho shvr gh od fduwd +hq rq}dv, h | uhsuhvhqwd ho iudqtxhr uhtxhulgr sdud wdo fduwd/ h{suhvh | hq
ixqflq gh {1
Vroxflq= { sxhgh vhu xq qphur hqwhur gh rq}dv/ r elhq sxhgh vhu dojxqdv rq}dv pv iudfflq gh rq}d1
Hq ho sulphu fdvr ho iudqtxhr vhu vlpsohphqwh
shur hq ho vhjxqgr fdvr ho iudqtxhr vhu
sru or wdqwr/
r frq { 5 U.
wdpelq
|+{, @
3=3;+^{` . 4, { 5 U. ].
3=3;{
{ 5 ].
458
Hmhuflflr 436 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq vlor hq irupd floqgulfd uhpdwdgr sru xqd eyhgd vhplhviulfd frpr
vh lqglfd hq od jxud
f, Vl ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq sru phwur fxdgudgr hv ho greoh hq od eyhgd | ho vxhor frpsdudgr frq od
sduwh floqgulfd | ho yroxphq gho vlor hv Y3 ^p6 `/ h{suhvh ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq F frpr ixqflq gh
u | hqfxhqwuh GrpS +F,1
Vroxflq= d, Frpr ho yroxphq gh od vhplhvihud hv 56 u6 | ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv u5 k vh wlhqh txh ho
yroxphq gho vlor hv ho yroxphq gh od eyhgd pv ho yroxphq gho flolqgur
5
Y @ u6 . u5 k
6
e, Frpr ho uhd gho whfkr +vhplhvihud, hv 5u5 / ho uhd gh odv sduhghv +flolqgur, hv 5uk | ho uhd gho
vxhor +fufxor, hv u5 / vh wlhqh txh ho uhd wrwdo gho vlor hv
D @ 5u5 . 5uk . u5
f, Ho frvwr wrwdo gh frqvwuxfflq gho vlor hvw gdgr sru od vxpd gh orv frvwrv gh frqvwuxfflq gh od
eyhgd/ odv sduhghv | ho vxhor1 Vl o hv ho frvwr sru phwur fxdgudgr gh frqvwuxfflq gh od sduwh floqgulfd
+sduhghv,/ hqwrqfhv ho frvwr wrwdo gh frqvwuxfflq hvw gdgr sru xqd ixqflq txh ghshqgh gh k | u
F @ +5u5 ,+5o, . +5uk,o . +u5 ,+5o,=
dv/ ghvshmdqgr k
5
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6
k@
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u5
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FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
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| sru or wdqwr ho frvwr gdgr ghshqglhqgr vrodphqwh gh u hv
Y3
5
u
F @ 9u5 o . 5uo
u5 6
t
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5
Hmhuflflr 437 Frqvlghuh U xq uhfwqjxor +DEFG, frq vxv odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv/ lqvfulwr hq od holsvh
<{5 . 7| 5 @ 691 Vhd } od glvwdqfld hqwuh xq odgr yhuwlfdo gh U | ho hmh | +yhu jxud ,
Vroxflq= d, Vhd F ho yuwlfh gho uhfwqjxor U xelfdgr hq ho sulphu fxdgudqwh F @ +}> |,/ hqwrqfhv orv
odgrv gho uhfwqjxor vrq m DE m@ 5} | m EF m@ 5|1 Sru or wdqwr/ ho uhd gh U hv D @ 5}5| @ 7}|1 Shur F
shuwhqhfh d od holsvh/ dv txh vxv frrughqdgdv vdwlvidfhq od hfxdflq <{5 . 7| 5 @ 69/ gh grqgh/ ghvshmdqgr
|/ vh wlhqh
s
s
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s
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D @ 7}
s
6s
7 } 5 @ 9} 7 } 5
5
s
e, Od ixqflq D+}, @ 9} 7 } 5 wlhqh xq grplqlr pdwhpwlfr
+Grp+D, @ i} = 7 } 5 3j, shur ho grplqlr gho sureohpd hv GrpS +D, @`3> 5^/ |d txh } hv xqd
glvwdqfld+| sru or wdqwr gheh vhu srvlwlyd,
Hmhuflflr 438 Od frqfxuuhqfld phgld hq xq flqh hq ho txh od hqwudgd ydoh ' 4533 hv gh 433 shuvrqdv1
Ho hpsuhvdulr wlhqh exhqdv ud}rqhv sdud fuhhu txh fdgd yh} txh vh uhgxfh ho suhflr hq ' ;3/ ho qphur gh
hvshfwdgruhv dxphqwd hq 531
45:
Vhd o ho qphur gh yhfhv txh vh uhgxfh ho suhflr hq ' ;3/ oxhjr ho suhflr s hvwdu gdgd sru
s @ 4533 ;3o grqgh o 5 Q
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shur sru 517/ o @
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4533s
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q @ 433 . 53o
4533 s
U+s, @ 433 . 53
s
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s
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od p{lpd uhfdxgdflq vh hqfxhqwud fxdqgr ho suhflr hv s @ ;33 | frq xqd wdtxlood q @ 733
733 533 @ 5331
f, Od uhfdxgdflq p{lpd sru vhvlq hv ' 493=3331
;33
7
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9 Dojxqrv wh{wrv srqhq frpr frqglflq qhfhvduld Uhfi \ Grp j sdud ghqlu od frpsxhvwd j i shur frpr vh yh hvwh hv xq
fdvr sduwlfxodu gh od ghqlflq gdgd dtx1
476
i j = U`4> 6^$ s
U
+{ 5,5 4 . 5
{ $
.
F
Vroxflq= Fodudphqwh vh yh txh Grpk @ U/ Uhfk @ U.
3 / Grpj @`4> 4^ / Uhfj @ U3 / Grpi @ ^4> 4^1
Sdud kdfhu od frpsxhvwd hv dsursldgr kdfhu ho gldjudpd gh od jxud vljxlhqwh
Grp++i j, k, @
@
@
@
Grp+i +j k,, @
@
@
@
i{ 5 Grp+j k,
s = +j k,+{, 5 Grpij
i{ 5` 4>s4^F = {7 4 5 ^4> 4^j
i{ 5 U = {7 4 4j
` 4> 4^F
Dv/ vh wlhqh txh wdqwr +i j, k frpr i +j k, vrq ixqflrqhv frq ljxdo grplqlr hq hvwh fdvr1
Dkrud d qlyho gh iupxodv fdofxohprv ++i j, k,+{,1 Frpr
s
5
+i j,+{, @ i+
ss{ 4,
{5 4 . 4 5
@
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
477
whqhprv txh
+i j, k,,+{, @ +i
j,+{5 ,
ss
{7 4 . 4 5
@
Sru rwud sduwh hq ho fofxor gh +i +j k,,+{, whqhprv
Dv/
i +j k, @ +i j, k
|d txh wlhqhq ljxdo grplqlr/ uhfruulgr | uhodflq +iupxod, txh odv ghqh1
Hq orv gldjudpdv vljxlhqwhv vh ylvxdol}dq orv sdvrv khfkrv hq ho ghvduuroor1
` 4> 4^F $ U.
^4> 4^$ ^5> 4^
U $ U.
3 >
3 >
Sdud i +j k,
` 4> 4^F $ U.
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3 >
jk
i +jk,
| sdud +i j, k
i j
i j,k,
` 4> 4^F $
+
i+{, @
Ghwhuplqh i j | j i 1
^5> 4^
5
s
{ >
{A3
{ 4> { A 4
j+{,
@
5{ . 4> { 3
{4
{6 >
Shur od ixqflq i wlhqh wdpelq glvwlqwrv ydoruhv ghshqglhqgr vl {5 | 5{ . 4 vrq pd|ruhv r phqruhv txh
xqr1 Fodudphqwh {5 A 4 vl { A 4 | 3 ? {5 4 vl 3 ? { 41 Sru rwur odgr 5{ . 4 4 vl { 31 Frq wrgd
hvwd lqirupdflq whqhprv txh
; 5 6
3?{4
? +{
s , >
+i j,+{, @
{5 4> { A 4
=
+5{ . 4,6 > { 3
51815
478
D frqwlqxdflq gduhprv xqdv ghqlflrqhv txh qrv vhuq wlohv sdud uhvroyhu lqhfxdflrqhv/ |d txh hoodv
wlhqhq txh yhu frq or txh vxfhgh do dsolfdu xqd ixqflq d dperv odgrv gh xqd lqhfxdflq/ sru hmhpsor
hohydu do fxdgudgr1
Ghqlflq 518 Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh fuhflhqwh hq D/ vl hv yhugdghud od vljxlhqwh lpsolfdflq=
+;x> y 5 D,+x ? y , i+x, i +y,,>
ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq D=
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq D=
Hv ghflu/ xqd ixqflq i vhu hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh vl lqylhuwh ho rughq/ hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh vl
frqvhuyd ho rughq1
s
{ hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh sxhv sdud wrgr {> | 5 U.
s
s
{ ? | , { ? |=
s
Hmhpsor 455 Od ixqflq i+{, @ q { frq q 5 Q hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh1
Hq hihfwr hq od vhfflq gh qphurv uhdohv vh sure sru ho frurodulr 414; txh
s
s
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , q { ? q |,
Hmhpsor 456 Od ixqflq i+{, @ ^{` hv fuhflhqwh1
Hq hihfwr
+;{> | 5 U,+{ ? | , ^{` ^|`,
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
479
Hmhpsor 457 Od ixqflq i+{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5 U. wdo txh { ?
| hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 > shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq U/ sxhvwr txh h{lvwhq { @ 5 5 U/ | @ 4 5 U
wdohv txh { ? | shur {5 9? | 5 =
Sru rwud sduwh/ qrwhprv txh od ixqflq i +{, @ {5 hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh hq U. / sxhv vl {> | 5
.
U wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv {5 ? |5 oxhjr {5 A | 5 / hv ghflu/
+;{> | 5 U. ,+{ ? | , i +{, A i+|,,
Sursrvlflq 519 Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwhv wdohv txh Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv j i
hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ghqlgd hq Grpi 1
Ghprvwudflq= Hv fodur txh vl Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1
Vhd {> | 5 Grpj i wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv/ gdgr txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh whqhprv
i +{, ? i+|,
Hmhuflflr 458 Suxheh txh vl i hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh hq G hqwrqfhv i hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq
G1
Vroxflq= Vhd {> | 5 G wdo txh { ? | hqwrqfhv i+{, i+|, sxhv i hv fuhflhqwh/ pxowlsolfdqgr sru 4 vh
wlhqh
i +{, i +|,
hq frqvhfxhqfld
{ ? | , i+{, i+|,
Hmhuflflr 459 Ghwhuplqh vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh1
41 Vhdq i | j ixqflrqhv wdohv txh Grpi _ Grpj 9@ >/ hqwrqfhv
+i . j, k @ i k . j k hq G
47:
j i @ Lg> ;{ 5 Grpi
Vroxflq=
j = ^4> 4^$ U
i = U $ U
s
{ $ 4
{ $
{4
i . j = ^4> 4^$ s
U
{44
{ $
oxhjr/
gh grqgh
Dqorjdphqwh vl { 5 G>
oxhjr/
gh grqgh
++i . j,k,+{, @
@
@
@
@
+i . j,+{,k+{,
+i+{, . j+{,,k+{,
i+{,k+{, . j+{,k+{,
+ik,+{, . +jk,+{,
+ik . jk,+{,
+k+i . j,,+{, @
@
@
@
@
k+{,+i . j,+{,
k+{,+i+{, . j+{,,
k+{,i +{, . k+{,j+{,
+ki,+{, . +kj,+{,
+ki . kj,+{,
: Hq uhdolgdg ho vperor Lg hvw ghqrwdqgr ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq lghqwlgdg / shur jhqhudophqwh vhuq ixqflrqhv glvwlqwdv/
ghshqglhqgr gho Grplqlr gh ghqlflq1 Dvkd| LgU / Lgdf>o hwf1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
47;
61 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G/ hqwrqfhv>
oxhjr/
gh grqgh
++i . j, k,+{, @
@
@
@
+i . j,+k+{,,
i +k+{,, . j+k+{,,
+i k,+{, . +j k,+{,
+i k . j k,+{,
i +{, @ { . 4 j+{, @ {5
k+{, @ 5{
i ++j . k,+{,,
i +j+{, . k+{,,
i +{5 . 5{,
{5 . 5{ . 4
i +j . k, 9@ i j . i k
i +{, @ j+{, @ {
91 Idovr1 Vhd
i+{, @
{
{6
vl { 5` 4> 4`
vl { 5`4> 4^
:1 Yhugdghur1 Vhd { 5 G
|
oxhjr/
47<
i = U $ U
{ $ 4
| vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh xqd ixqflq j wdo txh Uhfi Grpj | j i @ Lg/ hqwrqfhv
Vl { @ 4 vh wlhqh txh
Vl { @ 5/ vh wlhqh txh
hv ghflu/ j+4, wlhqh grv ydoruhv 4 | 5 gh grqgh j qr hv ixqflq/ or txh frqwudglfh ho vxsxhvwr1
Vlq hpedujr/ edmr flhuwdv frqglflrqhv hv srvleoh txh hvwr rfxuud/ hv ghflu/ txh sdud xqd ixqflq i gh D
hq E h{lvwd j gh E hq D +oodpdgd od ixqflq lqyhuvd gh i, wdo txh
i j @ LgE
j i @ LgD
Yhuhprv pv dghodqwh txh xqd ixqflq wlhqh lqyhuvd vl | vor vl hv lq|hfwlyd | hsl|hfwlyd1
Ho frqfhswr gh lq|hfwlylgdg ; lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho uhfruulgr gh i oh fruuhvsrqgh xqd qlfd
suhlpdjhq hq ho grplqlr gh i 1 Ho gh hsl|hfwlylgdg lqglfd txh d wrgr hohphqwr gho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd oh
fruuhvsrqgh sru or phqrv xqd suhlpdjhq/ hq rwudv sdodeudv/ ho frqmxqwr gh lpjhqhv gh i +uhfruulgr gh i ,
gheh vhu ljxdo do frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd1
Ghqlflq 51: Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl
+;x> y 5 D,+i+x, @ i +y, , x @ y,
i = U i4j $ U
{ $ 5{{.4
4
Vroxflq= Hq hihfwr= Vhdq x> y 5 U i4j wdohv txh i +x, @ i+y,1 Vh wlhqh=
oxhjr/
; Rwur
i +x,
5x.4
,
x4
,
+5x . 4,+y 4,
, 5xy 5x . y 4
,
x
@
@
@
@
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i +y,
5y .4
y4
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5yx 5y . x 4
y
qrpeuh xwlol}dgr hq od olwhudwxud frpr vlqqlpr gh lq|hfwlyd hv 404 +vh ohh xqr d xqr ,1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
483
Hmhuflflr 45; Vhd i od ixqflq ghqlgd sru
i = U $ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
Qrwhprv txh do wud}du xqd uhfwd krul}rqwdo/ vwd sxhgh fruwdu d od fxuyd hq grv sxqwrv +h{fhswr hq
| @ 6@7 d txlhq vor oh fruuhvsrqgh od suhlpdjhq {@0425,
Fodudphqwh vh revhuyd txh vl vh uhvwulqjh od ixqflq do lqwhuydor ^4@5> 4^ do lqwhuydor ` 4> 4@5`/
hqwrqfhv vh rewlhqhq ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv/ hv ghflu/
i = ^4@5> 4^$ U
{ $
{5 . { . 4
i = ` 4> 4@5^$ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv +jufrv fhqwudo | ghuhfkr gh jxud dqwhulru uhvshfwlydphqwh,1
Ghwhuplqhprv dqdowlfdphqwh hq tx lqwhuydor i hv lq|hfwlyd Vhdq x> y 5 U wdo txh i+x, @ i+y,1 vh
wlhqh=
i +x, @ i+y,
+,
x5 . x . 4 @ y 5 . y . 4
+,
x5 y 5 @ y x
+, +x y,+x . y, . +x y, @ 3
+,
+x y,+x . y . 4, @ 3
+,
x@y b y.x.4@3
Qrwhprv txh x @ y a x . y . 4 @ 3/ vl x @ y @ 4@51
Exvfduhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr gh i hq ho fxdo vh fxpsod=
x @ y | x . y . 4 9@ 3 ;x> y 5 G i 45 j
Qrwhprv txh
,
,
,
,
x @ y a x . y . 4 9@ 3
x @ y a +x . y . 4 A 3 b x . y . 4 ? 3,
+x @ y a x . y . 4 A 3, b +x @ y a x . y . 4 ? 3,
5x . 4 A 3 b 5x . 4 ? 3
x A 4@5 b x ? 4@5
484
shur 4@5 shuwhqhfh do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg1 Oxhjr/ srghprv frqvlghudu frpr grplqlrv gh lq|hfwlylgdg=
G @` 4> 4@5`
r elhq
G @ ^4@5> 4^
Dv/
i mG = ` 4> 4@5` $ U
i mG = ^4@5> 4^$ U
{ $ {5 . { . 4
{ $ {5 . { . 4
i +y,
y6
3
3
x5 . xy . y5 @ 3
oxhjr/
Sru or wdqwr x @ y1
Rwud irupd gh yhu txh x5 . xy . y5 9@ 3 hv
4
6
x5 . xy . y5 @ +x . y,5 . y 5 A 3 ;x> y 5 U i3j
5
7
j = U $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
hv lq|hfwlyd1 Hq fdvr gh qr vhuor kdfhu odv uhvwulfflrqhv qhfhvduldv sdud txh or vhd1
@
@
@
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@
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@
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b
j+y,
y
y5 .8
y+x5 . 8,
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8+y x,
3
3
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iG
lqglfd
uhvwulqjlgd do grplqlr
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
485
Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv xq vxefrqmxqwr G gho grplqlr grqgh j vhd lq|hfwlyd1 Qrwhprv txh
x@y
vl
x@y@
a xy @ 8
s
s
8 b x@y@ 8
x @ y a xy 9@ 8 +,
+,
+,
+,
+,
+,
Dkrud elhq=
x @ y a +xy A 8 b xy ? 8,
+x @ y a xy A 8, b +x @ y a xy ? 8,
x5 A 8sb x5 ? 8 s
m x mAs 8 b m x m?s 8
s
s
+x A 8 b s
x ? s 8, b + 8 ? s
x asx ? 8,
x 5` 4> 8^^` 8> 4^ b x 5` 8> 8^
s
s
Shur 8 | 8 shuwhqhfhq do grplqlr gh lq|hfwlylgdg/ oxhjr/
s s
j4 = ^ 8> 8` $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
|
s
s
j5 =` 4> 8` ^ ^ 8> 4^ $ U
{ $ j+{, @ {5{.8
vrq dpedv ixqflrqhv lq|hfwlydv1
Revhuyhprv ho jufr gh j hq
Frpr j hv 404 vh wlhqh hqwrqfhv txh i+x, @ i +y,/ | vlhqgr i lq|hfwlyd/ uhvxowd txh x @ y or txh ghpxhvwud
od sursrvlflq
Sursrvlflq 51; Vl i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r elhq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ hqwrqfhv
i hv lq|hfwlyd1
486
Ghprvwudflq= Vlq suglgd gh jhqhudolgdg +v1s1j1,/ vxsrqjdprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh
fuhflhqwh/ hv ghflu/
+;x> y 5 Grpi ,+x ? y , i +x, ? i +y,,
+51<,
| vxsrqjdprv dghpv txh i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sru or wdqwr h{lvwluq x> y 5 Grpi wdohv txh
i +x, @ i+y, a x 9@ y
gh grqgh
xAybx?y
or txh frqwudglfh 51<1 Od ghprvwudflq hv dqorjd vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh/ txhgd sdud ho ohfwru
uhsurgxfluod1
Qrwh txh ho uhfsurfr gh od sursrvlflq dqwhulru qr hv flhuwr1 Xqd ixqflq lq|hfwlyd qr hv qhfhvduldphqwh
hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh r hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1 Sru hmhpsor/ frqvlghuh od ixqflq | @ 4@{ uhsuhvhqwdgd
sru od jufd gh od klsuerod htxlowhud> hvwd ixqflq hv lq|hfwlyd shur qr hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh ql
hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Ghqlflq 51< Xqd ixqflq i = D $ E vh glfh hsl|hfwlyd r vreuh|hfwlyd vl | vor vl Uhfi @ E1
Hmhpsor 466 Frqvlghuhprv od ixqflq i ghqlgd sru
$ U
i = U.
3
s
{ $ i +{, @ {
i = ` 4> 4^$ U
{ $ i+{, @
s {5
4
s {5
4
i5 = ^3> 4^$ U
{ $ i+{, @
s {5
4
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
487
Vhd { 5 ^3> 4^ h | 5 U wdo txh | @ i +{,/ vh wlhqh=
shur | A 3/ oxhjr/ | 41
Dv/
+,
+,
+,
+,
+,
+,
|
+, |
+, | 5
+, {5
@ i +{,
4
@ s4
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4
@ 4{5
5 4
@ | |
5
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t 5
| 4 ? 4
|5
5
|
4
3 |5 ? 4
3 | 5 4 ? |5
3 | 5 4 ? |5
3 | 5 4 a |5 4 ? | 5
4 | 5 a 4 ? 3
|5 4
frq | 5 4 3
3
s {5
4
i = U.
$ U
3
3
s
{ $ i +{, @ {
$ U.
j = U
3
3
{ $ j+{, @ {5
k = U $ U
{ $ k+{, @ {6
5
+i j,+{, @ i+j+{,, @ i +{
s,
@ {5
@ m{m @ +{, @ {
hv ghflu/
Dqorjdphqwh sdud k | o
gh grqgh
o = U $ U
s
{ $ o+{, @ 6 {
;{ 5 U
3
s
s
+j i,+{, @ j+i +{,, @ j+ {, @ + {,5 @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
i j @ LgU
3
a j i @ LgU.
3
Odv ixqflrqhv txh fxpsohq frq hvwd surslhgdg vh glfhq lqyhuwleohv/ vhjq vh h{solfd d frqwlqxdflq1
488
e, +i 4 ,4 @ i
grqgh
| @ i +{,
{ @ i 4 +|,
| @ it+{,
5 4
+, { @ | |
5
{ @ i 4 +|, @
Sru or wdqwr
s {5
|5 4
|5
i 4 +|, @
t 5
| 4
|5
43 Gdgd od jufd gh i hq xqd krmd wudqvsdudqwh/ sdud frqrfhu od jufd gh vx lqyhuvd edvwd urwdu orv hmhv hq eD frqwud
uhorm | gdu yxhowd od krmd | pludu sru ghwuv od jxud> hvwd owlpd fruuhvsrqghu d od jufd gh od lqyhuvd gh i 1
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
489
Hv frvwxpeuh uhvhuydu od ohwud { sdud orv hohphqwrv gho grplqlr gh xqd ixqflq/ oxhjr/ or dqwhulru vh hvfuleh
i 4 = ^4> 4^$ ^3> 4^
ixqflrqhv1
{ $ i 4 +{, @
$ ^4> 4^s
i = U.
3
{ $ i +{, @ { 4
{5 4
{5
j = U $ U
{ $ j+{, @ { . 8
Uhfi @ ^4> 4^
i 4 = ^4> 4^$ U.
3
{ $ i 4 +{, @ +{ . 4,5
j
j i 4
j i 4
j i 4 =
48:
j j4 @ j 4 j
+j i ,4 @ i 4 j4
| vx lqyhuvd
hq fdpelr
.
$ U
j = U.
3
s3
{ $
{
$ U.
j 4 = U.
3
3
{ $
{5
4
4
j +{, @ j+{, @
s{ >
j 4 9@
j=
4
j
;{ 5 U.
^4> 4^$ s
U.
3
{ $
{4
$ ^4> 4^
j 4 = U.
3
{ $
{5 . 4
+j j4 ,+{, @ { ;{ 5 U.
3
+j 4 j,+{, @ { ;{ 5 ^4> 4^
519
Txhuhprv h{whqghu od ixqflq i d xqd ixqflq pv jhqhudo/ frq grplqlr U1 Shur/ Bctx vhqwlgr wlhqh
h{whqghu d od h{suhvlq 5{ frq { 5 UB
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
48;
Vdehprv txh vl { 5 Q/ hqwrqfhv
Vl { 5 ] / { 5 ]. / hqwrqfhv
Vl { @ p
q 5 T/ hqwrqfhv
5{ @ 5 5 5 +{ yhfhv,
4
5{ @ {
5
s
q
5{ @ 5p
s
s
Shur vl { 95 T/ hv ghflu/ { hv xq luudflrqdo/ sru hmhpsor/ { @ 5/ Bctx vljqlfdgr
wlhqh 5 5 B
s
Frqvlghuhprv odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d 5 | iruphprv ho frqmxqwr
D @ i54>7 > 54>74 > 54>747 > 54>7475 > = = =j
Sxhvwr txh D hv xq
s5frqmxqwr dfrwdgr/ hqwrqfhv sru d{lrpd gho vxsuhpr h{lvwh VxsD1
Vhd VxsD @= 5 1
Hq jhqhudo vl e A 3 | { 5 U/ vh ghqh
|
vl e A 4
vl 3 e 4
grqgh {3 > {4 > {3 > {4 {5 > {3 > {4 {5 {6 > vrq odv dsur{lpdflrqhv ghflpdohv vxfhvlydv h lqihulruhv d { 5 U1
Oxhjr srghprv ghqlu od ixqflq=
i = U $ U
{ $ 5{
Od uhsuhvhqwdflq jufd gh hvwd ixqflq hv xqd fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh yh hq ho judfr
ghuhfkr vljxlhqwh
j = U $ U
{ $ + 45 ,{
vh uhsuhvhqwd jufdphqwh sru od fxuyd gh wud}dgr frqwlqxr/ frpr vh sxhgh yhu hq ho jufr ghuhfkr
dqwhulru/ fx|r uhfruulgr hv U. 1
Hq jhqhudo srghprv ghqlu od ixqflq h{srqhqfldo hq edvh e frq e A 3 frpr
48<
h{se = U $ U
{ $ e{
Vl { $ 4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
Vl { $ 4/ hqwrqfhv e{ $ 3
| @ 4 h{
FKDSWHU 51 IXQFLRQHV
493
Hq hvwh fdvr e @ 4h ? 41
494
10
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d5U
d@3
d dsursldgr
Hmhuflflr 667 Vhd [ U> s 5 [ 3 > i> j = [ $ U ixqflrqhv wdohv txh olp{$s i +{, @ O | olp{$s j+{, @ P
frq O ? P pxhvwuh txh h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh s> Ys wdo txh
i +{, ? j+{,
>
;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ [
5:6
Hmhuflflr 669 Vhd i +{, j+{,> ;{ 5 [> { 9@ s a olp{$s i +{, @ O a olp{$s j+{, @ P 1 Pxhvwuh txh
OP
D|xgd= Xvdu whruhpd gho dsuhwq d +j i ,+{,
Hmhuflflr 66: Vhd D U> i = D $ U> s 5 D | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh olp{$s i+{, hqwrqfhv <Ys | N 5 U
wdo txh
mi +{,m ? N > ;{ 5 +Ys isj, _ D
+hv ghflu/ i hv dfrwdgd hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s,
Hmhuflflr 66; Vhd
i +{, @
{ {5T
3 {5
9 T
5:7
Fkdswhu 8
Ghulydgd
814
Ghulydgd
i +{, i +s,
{s
Hq ho fdvr txh ho oplwh h{lvwd/ ho ydoru gh ho vh ghqrwd sru i 3 +s,/ lqglfdqgr gh hvwd irupd txh ho ydoru
ghshqgh gho sxqwr s1 Ho ydoru i 3 +s, hv oodpdgr od ghulydgd gh i hq ho sxqwr s | vh xvdq odv vljxlhqwh
qrwdflrqhv1
gi
gi
gi
i 3 +s,>
+s,>
m{@s >
ms
g{
g{
g{
Revhuydflq=
4, i 3 +s, sxhgh vhu fdofxodgr gh rwud irupd |d txh=
d, Wrpdqgr k @ { s vh wlhqh
i 3 +s, @ olp
k$3
i+k . s, i +s,
k
txh hv rwud gh odv irupdv txh dsduhfh od ghqlflq gh od ghulydgd hq dojxqrv oleurv1
e, Xvdqgr xqd fdudfwhul}dflq gh oplwh yld vxfhvlrqhv vh wlhqh/ txh i hv ghulydeoh hq s vl vor vl sdud
fxdotxlhu vxfhvlq +{q ,> +{q , 5 L isj frq olpq$4 {q @ s vh wlhqh txh h{lvwh ho vljxlhqwh oplwh
i 3 +s, @ olp
q$4
i +{q , i+s,
{q s
i +j+|,, i+s,
j+|, s
glfkr hq ho sxqwr
Es> i Es1
5:8
5:9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
p @ i 3 +s,
Xvdqgr wuljrqrphwud vh wlhqh txh ho qjxor txh irupd od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh i hq s +hv ghflu/
hq +s> i+s,,,frq ho hmh gh odv { hvwd gdgr sru=
81414
@ dufwdq+i 3 +s,,
Vroxflq=
i +: . k, i+:,
k
6+: . k, . 8 +6 : . 8,
@ olp
k$3
k
6k
@ 6=
@ olp
k$3 k
Ho uhvxowdgr dqwhulru qr gheh vhu h{wudr |d txh qdwxudophqwh vh wlhqh txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd
gh i +od uhfwd | @ 6{ . 8, hv hood plvpd/ sru or wdqwr odv shqglhqwhv ghehq frlqflglu1
BcFxo hv od ghulydgd gh i hq rwurv sxqwrvB Sru ho dujxphqwr jufr txh khprv gdgr hq ho suudir
dqwhulru ghehudprv whqhu txh i 3 +s, @ 6 ;s 5 U1 Frpsuxhehor Xg1 xvdqgr od ghqlflq gh ghulydgd1
i 3 +:, @
olp
k$3
Hmhpsor 673 Od ixqflq j+{, @ 7 +ixqflq frqvwdqwh, wlhqh frpr jufd od uhfwd | @ 7 txh hv xqd uhfwd
krul}rqwdo +sdudohod do hmh {, vlwxdgd do qlyho 7> reyldphqwh vx shqglhqwh hv fhur/ sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd
hq wrgr sxqwr s gheh vhu qxod1 Frpsurehprv hvwr yd od ghqlflq1
Vhd s xq qphur uhdo mr
j+{, j+s,
{s
77
@ olp
{$s { s
@ olp 3 @ 3
{$s
s
Hmhpsor 674 Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd gh k+x, @ x hq ho sxqwr s @ 71
j3 +s, @
olp
{$s
k+x, k+7,
x7
s
s
x 7
olp
x$7 x 7
s s
s
s
x 7
x. 7
s
olp
s
x$7 x 7
x. 7
x7
4
s
s
olp
x$7 x 7
x. 7
4
4
s @
7
5 7
olp
x$7
8141 GHULYDGD
5::
Vl uhshwlprv orv sdvrv dqwhulruhv xq sxqwr mr s +shur duelwudulr, gh U. rewhqguhprv txh
4
4
k3 +s, @ olp s
s @ s
x$s x . s 5 s
Xwlol}dqgr od jufd gh k> yhu jxud txh vljxh/ qrwhprv txh od shqglhqwh gh O5 hv pd|ru txh od shqglhqwh
gh O4 | d phglgd txh wrphprv s pv fhufd gho ruljhq rewhqguhprv shqglhqwhv/ fdgd yh} pd|ruhv/ khfkr
txh srghprv frpsuredu wdpelq hq od ghulydgd gh k txh k3 +s, hv xqd ixqflq ghfuhflhqwh hq s +s 5 U. ,/
k3 +s, hv od ixqflq txh do vhu hydoxdgd hq s qrv g od shqglhqwh gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh od
ud} fxdgudgd1
Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv lqgxfh d ghqlu od ixqflq ghulydgd% sru dexvr gh ohqjxdmh vh dfrvwxpeud
oodpdu vlpsohphqwh od ghulydgd1
Ghqlflq 815
gh i frpr
i3 = M
s
$
U
:$ i 3 +s,
Qrwh txh hq ho owlpr fdvr k+3, h{lvwh/ shur k3 +3, qr h{lvwh/ hv ghflu/ M L1
5 Xq
vhq+k . s, vhq+s,
@ frv+s,
k
i/
i1
5:;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
olp
{${3
olp
{${3
olp
{${3
i +{, i +{3 ,
{ {3
{ 7 +{3 . 7,
{ {3
{ . {3
@ 4
{ {3
Frpr orv oplwhv odwhudohv txh ghqhq i 3 +7, vrq glvwlqwrv qr whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld gh i 3 +7,/ dv od ixqflq
ghulydgd gh i hv
i 3 = U i7j $ U
:$
i 3 +{, @
4 {A7
4 { ? 7
+{ d,
i+{, i+d,
olp i+{, i+d, @ olp +i+{, i+d,,
@ olp
olp +{ d, @ i 3 +d, 3 @ 3
{$d
{$d
{$d
+{ d, {$d
{d
8141 GHULYDGD
5:<
Revhuyh txh ho whruhpd dqwhulru hv gh od irupd s , t/ od ixqflq i +{, @ m{ 7m txh ylprv hq ho hmhpsor
676 txh qr hv ghulydeoh hq { @ 7/ vlq hpedujr hood hv frqwlqxd hq { @ 7/ qrv vluyh gh frqwudhmhpsor sdud
od dupdflq txh= frqwlqxlgdg hq xq sxqwr lpsolfd ghulydelolgdg hq ho sxqwr1
Qrwdflrqhv=
Od ghulydgd gh i hq d hv ho oplwh
i +d . k, i+d,
k
i
+
d
.
k
,
i +d, hv oodpdgd ghulydgd odwhudo l}txlhugd hq d
ho oplwh odwhudo l}txlhugr gh i 3 +d,/ hv ghflu/ olpk$3
k
3 +d,1 Wdpelq vh ghqh od ghulydgd odwhudo ghuhfkd hq d txh fruuhvsrqgh do oplwh odwhudo
| vh ghqrwd sru i
3 +d,1
ghuhfkr | vh ghqrwd sru i.
i 3 +d, @ olp
k$3
Fodudphqwh orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv vrq { @ 5 | { @ 4 |d txh hq yhflqgdghv gh hoodv/ i wlhqh glvwlqwr
frpsruwdplhqwr | hvwh khfkr wudmr glfxowdghv hq ho hmhpsor dqwhulru1
d, Yhdprv hq sulphu oxjdu vl i hv ghulydeoh hq s @ 5/ sdud hoor qhfhvlwdprv fdofxodu ho vljxlhqwh oplwh
+vl hv txh h{lvwh,=
i +{, i +5,
@ i 3 +5,
olp
{$5
{5
Hvwh oplwh ghehprv fdofxoduor phgldqwh orv oplwhv odwhudohv
i +{, i +4,
vhq+{ . 4, <
@ olp
{.4
{.4
{$4
i 3 +d, @
6 Sdud
frq f
' f
olp
{$d
'
3 n 2q
< 3
q
> i E{
5;3
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
g, Fdofxohprv dkrud od ghulydgd hq ho sxqwr d/ d 5` 4> 5^
olp
{$d
i +{, i +d,
{5 7{ . 7 +d5 7d . 7,
@ olp
@ 5d 7
{$d
{d
{d
hv
vhq+{ . 4, vhq+d . 4,
{d
vhq+x . d . 4, vhq+d . 4,
olp
x$3
x
vhq+x, frv+d . 4, . vhq+d . 4, frv+x, vhq+d . 4,
olp
x$3
x
vhq+x,
frv+x, 4
olp +frv+d . 4,
. vhq+d . 4,
,
x$3
x
x
vhq+x,
frv+x, 4
+frv+d . 4,, olp
. vhq+d . 4, olp
,
x$3 x
x$3
x
frv+d . 4,
olp
{$d
Gh hvwd irupd/ od ixqflq ghulydgd +txh frqvhjxlprv sru sduwh | dqdol}dprv hq orv sxqwrv frq lfwlyrv,
;
{A5
6+{ 5,5
A
A
?
3
{@5
i 3 +{, @
5{
7
4
?
{?5
A
A
=
frv+{ . 4,
{ ? 4
Dkrud fdofxohprv dojxqdv ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv evlfdv/ hq ho vhqwlgr txh srvwhulruphqwh qrv d|xgduq
d rewhqhu od ghulydgd gh rwudv ixqflrqhv1
Hmhpsor 678 Phgldqwh ho fofxor gh odv ixqflrqhv ghulydgdv1 Mxvwltxh ho vljxlhqwh olvwdgr1
41 Vl i+{, @ n frqvwdqwh hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 3
51 Vl i+{, @ { hqwrqfhv i 3 +{, @ 4
Vroxflq= Hq wrgrv orv fdvrv d lqglfdu xq hohphqwr jhqulfr gho grplqlr gh od ixqflq fruuhvsrqglhqwh1
41
i +{, i +d,
{d
nn
@ olp
{$d { d
3
@ olp
@3
{$d { d
i 3 +d, @
olp
{$d
8141 GHULYDGD
5;4
51
i +{, i +d,
{d
{d
@ olp
{$d { d
@ olp 4 @ 4
{$d
i 3 +d, @
olp
{$d
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq lghqwlgdg i +{, @ { wlhqh frpr ixqflq ghulydgd i 3 +{, @ 41
i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
i+d . k, i+d,
k
frv+d . k, frv+d,
olp
k$3
k
frv+d, frv+k, vhq+d, vhq+k, frv+d,
olp
k$3
k
frv+d,+frv+k, 4, vhq+d, vhq+k,
olp
k$3
k
k
+frv+d,,3 +vhq+d,,4 @ vhq+d,
olp
k$3
g frv+{, @ vhq+{,
Gh hvwd irupd g{
91
i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
@
@
vl { A 3
i +d . k, i +d,
k
+d . k,q dq
olp
k$3
k
S
q
dq . qn@4
dqn kn dq
n
olp
k$3
k
Sq
q
q
4
kqd
. n@5
dqn kn
n
olp
k$3
k
q
[
q
q
4
.
olp qd
dqn kn4
n
k$3
n@5
qdq4 . 3
olp
k$3
g {q @ q{q4 vl q 5 Q
Dv/ g{
Hvwd iupxod wdpelq hv yolgd sdud srwhqfldv glvwlqwdv gh xq qphur qdwxudo shur od ghprvwudflq
khfkd hv vor yolgd sdud q 5 Q
5;5
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
:1
i+d . k, i+d,
k
hd.k hd
@ olp
k$3
k
hk 4
d
@ h olp
k$3 k
@ hd 4 @ hd
i 3 +d, @
{
d
Gh hvwd irupd gh
g{ m{@d @ h
81415
olp
k$3
Dojheud gh Ghulydgdv
Whruhpd 817 Vl i hv ghulydeoh hq ho sxqwr d/ hqwrqfhv od ixqflq i frq 5 U mr wdpelq hv ghulydeoh
hq d |
+i ,3 +d, @ ++i ,3 +d,,
Ghprvwudflq=
gi
m{@d
g{
i+d . k, i+d,
k
i +d . k, i+d,
,
@ olp +
k$3
k
i +d . k, i +d,
@ olp
k$3
k
@
olp
k$3
Hmhpsor 679 Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd | orv uhvxowdgrv dqwhulruhv whqhprv txh
41 +6 vhq+{,,3 @ 6+vhq+{,,3 @ 6 frv+{,
g +<h{ ,m
g {
oq+6,
@ < 6 @ 5:
71 g{
{@oq+6, @ < g{ +h ,m{@oq+6, @ <h
g +;s{,m
g s
4
7
81 g{
{@< @ ; g{ + {,m{@< @ ; 5s< @ 6
8141 GHULYDGD
5;6
Ghprvwudflq=
+i . j,+d . k, +i . j,+d,
g
+i . j,+d, @ olp
k$3
g{
k
i +d . k, . j+d . k, i+d, j+d,
@ olp
k$3
k
Vhsdudqgr orv vxpdqgrv | djuxsqgrorv sdud irupdu ho oplwh txh ghqh od ghulydgd +gh fdgd ixqflq, vh
wlhqh
i+d . k, . j+d . k, i +d, j+d,
k
i+d . k, i +d,
j+d . k, j+d,
. olp
@ olp
k$3
k$3
k
k
@ i 3 +d, . j 3 +d,
+i . j,3 +d, @
olp
k$3
txh hv vlpsohphqwh ho uhvxowdgr shglgr/ vor txh hvw hvfulwr hq rwud qrwdflq1
Hmhpsor 67: Xvdqgr hvwh whruhpd whqhprv txh vrq ghulydeohv odv ixqflrqhv>
41 i +{, @
s
{ . vhq+{,
s
71 o+{, @ 8h{ 7{8 8 {
| vxv ghulydgdv vrq=
s
41 i 3 +{, @ + {,3 . +vhq {,3 @
s4 { . frv+{,
vl { 5 U.
s8 {
vl { 5 U.
Whruhpd 819 Vl i | j vrq ghulydeohv hq d/ wdpelq or vrq i j | i @j/ +sdud hvwd owlpd j+d, qr qxor,
l, +i j,3 +d, @ i 3 +d, j+d, . i +d, j 3 +d,
3
i +d,j3 +d, vl j+d, 9@ 31
ll, +i@j,3 +d, @ i +d,j++dj,+
d,,5
| ho fxrflhqwh
gi
gj
gi j
+d, @
+d, j+d, . i +d,
+d,
g{
g{
g{
gi
gj
4
g+i @j,
md @ + md j+d, i+d,
md ,
g{
g{
g{ j5 +d,
5;7
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
+i j,3 +d, @
olp
k$3
Sdud od rwud sduwh ghmduhprv do ohfwru exvfdu hq fxdotxlhu oleur gh fofxor evlfr1
Revhuydflq= Qrwhprv txh ho whruhpd qr glfh txh od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr hv ho surgxfwr gh odv
ghulydgdv vlqr txh hv dojr edvwdqwh glvwlqwr/ hvwr wdpelq rfxuuh frq od ghulydgd gho fxrflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 67; Fdofxodu od ghulydgdv gh=
41 i+{, @ 6{7 frv+{,/ vl { 5 U1
71 i+{, @ fvf+{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ]1
81 i+{, @ vhf+{,/
vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]1
:
:1 i+{, @ 8<{s{67{{8
Vroxflq=
vl { 5 U. 1
41
51
i 3 +{, @
vhq+{,
frv+{,
3
@
@
@
@
wdq
Dv djuhjdprv d qxhvwud wdeod gh ghulydgdv d phprul}du gg{
+{, @ vhf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ @5 . q q 5 ]
8141 GHULYDGD
5;8
61
i 3 +{, @
71
frv+{,
vhq+{,
4
vhq+{,
3
91
frw
Gh hvwd irupd gg{
+{, @ fvf5 +{,/ vl { 9@ q q 5 ] +rwud d phprul}du,1
i 3 +{, @
81
3
4
frv+{,
3
s
s
s
s
+8{: 6 {,3 +< { 7{8 , +8{: 6 {,+< { 7{8 ,3
s
+< { 7{8 ,5
s
s
+68{9 5s6 { ,+< { 7{8 , +8{: 6 {,+ 5s< { 53{7 ,3
s
+< { 7{8 ,5
5;9
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Dojheud gh ghulydgdv1
3
3
71 + ij ,+d, @ i +d,j+dj,5+dj, +d,i +d,
j+d, 9@ 31
Frurodulr 81: Vhd j ixqflq ghulydeoh hq d/ j+d, 9@ 3 hqwrqfhv od ixqflq 4@j hv ghulydeoh hq d |
g +j,+d,
g
+4@j,+d, @ g{
g{
+j+d,,5
4
j 3 +d,
+ ,3 +d, @ 5
j
j +d,
Hmhpsor 67< Frq hvwh frurodulr fdofxohprv od ghulydgd gh i +{, @ {4q > q 5 Q
q
q{q4
gi
+{, @ q 5 @ q.4 =
g{
+{ ,
{
81416
4
{ . vhq {
5
gi
+5{ . frv {,
+{, @ 5
g{
+{ . vhq {,5
Uhjod gh od Fdghqd
>
j+{, @
4
vhf { . 6 frw {
Vljxlhqgr frq whruhpdv txh qrv shuplwdq fdofxodu ghulydgdv gh ixqflrqhv xvdqgr odv |d fdofxodgdv/ yhdprv
ho whruhpd gh od ghulydgd gh ixqflrqhv frpsxhvwdv/ sru hmhpsor vdelhqgr txh i+{, @ vhq+{, | j+{, @ <{6
vrq ixqflrqhv ghulydeohv Tx srghprv ghflu hq fxqwr d ghulydelolgdg/ gh +i j,+{, @ vhq+<{6 , | gh
+i i,+{,B
Hmhpsor 684 Fdofxohprv xvdqgr od ghqlflq/ odv ghulydgd gh od ixqflq
+i i,+{, @ vhq+vhq {, hq ho sxqwr { @ d1
Vroxflq=
i 3 +d, @
@
@
@
@
Revhuydflq= Yhuhprv d frqwlqxdflq xq uhvxowdgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd txh qrv shuplwlu fdofxodu
hvwd | rwudv ghulydgdv +gh xqd ixqflrq frpsxhvwd, gh xqd pdqhud pv vlpsoh1
8141 GHULYDGD
5;:
gj
gi
g ji
md @
me
md
g{
g{
g{
s
Hmhpsor 685 Vhdq j+{, @ frv+{,> i +{, @ :{6 . {/ i hv ghulydeoh hq U. |
Uhfi U @ Grpj sru or wdqwr/ sdud d 5 U.
s
4
d,, +54d5 . s ,
5 d
s
5
Hmhuflflr 686 Vhd i 3 +{, @ {6 h{ / i+4, @ 3 | j+{, @ +{ . 4,5 . 6
Fdofxoh +j i ,3 +4,1
+j i,3 +d, @ + vhq+:d6 .
+814,
4
h
h@
5
5
Hmhpsor 687 Vhd j+{, @ vhq+vhq {, grqgh j @ i i frq i +{, @ vhq { hqwrqfhv j3 +{, @ i 3 +i+{,,i 3 +{, @
frv+vhq {, frv {1
s
Hmhpsor 688 Vhd i +{, @ 6{7 . frv+{, . <> { 5 U
4
@ k3 +o+{,,o3 +{, | frpr k3 +{, @ s
5 {
4
s
+45{6 vhq+{,,
@
5 o+{,
45{6 vhq+{,
s
=
@
5 6{7 . frv+{, . <
5;;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Whqhprv txh i +{, @ vhf+k+{,, frq k+{, @ 5{8 . 7h{ oxhjr
g vhf
gk
mk+{,
m{
g{
g{
@ vhf+{, wdq+{,mk+{, +43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+k+{,, wdq+k+{,,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
@ vhf+5{8 . 7h{ , wdq+5{8 . 7h{ ,+43{7 . 7h{ ,
i 3 +{, @
Frpr j+{, @ +k i ,+{, grqgh k+{, @ {q / xvdqgr od uhjod gh od fdghqd whqhprv txh
gj
md
g{
gj
gi
mi +d,
md
g{
g{
gi
@ q+i+d,,q4
+d,
g{
@
gi q
+{, @ q+i +{,,q4 i 3 +{,
g{
Vroxflq=
i +{,
m{
g{
i +{, @ +j k m n o,+{,
@
@
@
@
@
g+j k m n o,
m{
g{
+j k m n,
go
mo+{, +{,
g{
g{
gn
go
+j k m,
mno+{, mo+{, +{,
g{
g{
g{
gm
gn
go
+j k,
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grv dxwrpylohv D | E glvwdq gho fuxfh 433 npv/ ho dxwrpylo D dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh ;3 np@kuv
| E dohmqgrvh frq xqd udslgh} gh 93 np2kuv1
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fuxfh do dxwrpylo E/ | v+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh D | E/ dghpv yD +w3 ,> yE +w3 , yhorflgdg gh orv dxwrpylo
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fdpelr gh od yhorflgdg frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr1
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
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Y @ 8333+w . 4,5
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fxdqgr ho yroxphq hv gh 44=583slh6 B
Vroxflq= Sru ghqlflq od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr hv gY
gw 1
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sru
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w.4
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51 Fdofxoh od wdvd gh yduldflq r ud}q gh fdpelr gh W +w, frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr w hq w @ 5 | w @ <1
Vroxflq=
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hv
W +5=68, W +5,
6=:
3=68
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Dv/
W 3 +w, @ 7
W 3 +5, @ 7
6
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6
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6
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odgrv gh 93fp +shuo,1 Vh vxplqlvwud djxd do deuhydghur d ud}q gh 53 O2plq1 BcFxo hv od udslgh} gh
fdpelr r yduldflq gho qlyho gho djxd fxdqgr od surixqglgdg hv gh 53fpB +4O+olwur,@ 4333fp6 ,
664
Vroxflq= Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ Y +w, ho yroxphq gho djxd hq ho lqvwdqwh w/ u+w, od
orqjlwxg txh vh pxhvwud hq od jxud BB
Oxhjr ho yroxphq Y +w, hvw gdgr sru
Y +w, @ 633k+w,u+w,
u+w,
63
s @
k+w,
63 6
s
5
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gk
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s
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glgdg dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 7 d < slh hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 73 slh | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr
qlyho orv 53 slh uhvwdqwhv frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud BB/ od fxdo uhsuhvhqwd xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Od
slvflqd vh hvw oohqdqgr d ud}q gh 833 jdo2plq gh djxd1 Fdofxoh dsur{lpdgdphqwh od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd hq ho prphqwr hq txh>
41 Od surixqglgdg hq od sduwh pv krqgd hv gh 7 slh +4jdo 3=466:slh6 ,1
51 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 9 slh1
61 Od surixqglgdg hv gh 8 slh1
Vroxflq=
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3?k?8
933k . 453k5
Y +k, @
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grqgh k hv ho qlyho gho djxd hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Oxhjr sdud fdofxodu od udslgh} gh fdpelr
gho qlyho gho djxd frq uhvshfwr do wlhpsr fxdqgr k @ 7 slh frqvlghudprv od ixqflq yroxphq sdud
3 ? k ? 8>
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ud}q frqvwdqwh1 Do hqfrqwudu ho qlyho d phgld dowxud/ od ud}q gh fdpelr gh hvwd dowxud hv gh 4slh2plq1
Bc Fxqwr wdugdud hq oohqduvh ho wdqtxhB
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jxud BB,1
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gh grqgh w @ 491
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8
Hmhpsor 757 Ghpxhvwuh txh od wdvd gh fdpelr gho yroxphq gh xqd hvihud frq uhvshfwr do udglr hv ljxdo
do uhd gh od vxshuflh
Vroxflq= Ho yroxphq | ho uhd gh xqd hvihud hvwq gdgrv sru odv iupxodv
7
Y @ u6
6
>
D @ 7u5
Sureohpd gh od vrpeud
pwv
> ho irfr
Sdxolqd/ gh 4> 5 phwurv gh dowr/ fruuh hq od qrfkh dohmdqgrvh gh xq srvwh d od yhorflgdg gh 8
vhj
gho srvwh txh loxplqd d Sdxolqd hvwd d :> 8 phwurv gh dowxud1 D phglgd txh vh dohmd gho srvwh od vrpeud
gh ohood fuhfh +hv yhugdgB r uhdophqwh ghfuhfhB,1
Frqwhvwhprv odv vljxlhqwhv suhjxqwdv
d10 D tx yhorflgdg fdpeld ho odujr gh od vrpeud gh Sdxolqd B
e10 Ho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud vh dohmd wdpelq gho srvwh/ od yhorflgdg gh hvwh dohmdplhqwr hv od plvpd
yhorflgdg gh od qldB r hv od plvpd yhorflgdg gdgd frpr uhvsxhvwd d od suhjxqwd dqwhulruB1
667
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vhd=
g{+w,
| hq wuplqr gh hvwdv yduldeohv/ or txh exvfdprv sdud frqwhvwdu
gw
gv+w,
gw
Or txh ghehprv kdfhu hv hqfrqwudu xqd uhodflq hq grqgh dsduh}fd v+w, | ghvsxv ghulydu1
Frpr orv wulqjxorv DEF | GHE vrq vhphmdqwhv +wlhqhq orv plvprv qjxorv,/ vh gd od vljxlhqwh uhodflq
hqwuh orv odgrv
od sulphud suhjxqwd hv
DE
DF
@
GH
GE
{+w, . v+w,
:> 8
@
4> 8
v+w,
:> 8v+w, @ 4> 8{+w, . 4> 8v+w,
9v+w, @ 4> 8{+w,
v+w, @ 3> 58{+w,
g{+w,
pwv
pwv
gv+w,
@ 3> 58
@ 3> 58 +8,
@ 4> 58
gw
gw
vhj
vhj
Od suhjxqwd e vh uhhuh d od ghulydgd gh od vxpd {+w, . v+w, | frpr frqrfhprv fdgd ghulydgd/ od
pw
=
uhvsxhvwd hv qr hv ljxdo d qlqjxqd gh odv grv vxjhulgdv/ od yhorflgdg gho h{wuhpr gh od vrpeud hv 9> 58
vhj
np
>
Vxsrqjdprv dkrud txh Shgulwr hv ho txh fruuh/ shur d 53
ku
Fxo fruuh pv uslgr/ Shgulwr r od qldB
668
Vhdq=
gk
pw
gu
+w, @ 433
| or txh exvfdprv hv
hq w3 txh hv ho lqvwdqwh hq txh od hvfdohud hvw
gw
vhj
gw
d 4phwur gho vxhor/ hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ 4 phwur1
Frpr vh yh/ od pxudood frq od hvfdohud | ho vxhor hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor dvl
whqhprv ho whruhpd gh Slwjrudv/
Sru or wdqwr
5k+w,
k+w3 , gk
4
gu
pw
+w3 , @
+w3 , @
433
gw
u+w3 , gw
u+w3 ,
vj
669
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Iljxuh 815=
+k+w3 ,, . +u+w3 ,, @ +7, / +4, . +u+w3 ,, @ 49
s
u+w3 , @ 48
5
pw
4
pw
gu
+w3 , @ s 433
58> ;53
gw
vj
vj
48
Sru tx qrv gl xqd uhvsxhvwd qhjdwlydB
Sru ho vlvwhpd gh uhihuhqfld hohjlgr> frpr od glvwdqfld k+w, glvplqx|h/ od yhorflgdg gh fdlgd gh od hvfdohud
pw
pw
ghehud vhu qhjdwlyd/ hv ghflu/ hq yh} gh kdehu sxhvwr hq Q 433
ghehuldprv kdehu sxhvwr 433 =
vj
vj
Sureohpd gh od Vrpeud 5
Hq ho fuxfh gh grv fdoohv/ txh wlhqhq dqfkr 44 phwurv fdgd xqd/ kd| xq srvwh gh 6 phwurv gh dowr hq
pw
xqd gh odv hvtxlqdv1 Hq od qrfkh Shgulwr/ gh 4> < phwurv/ fdplqd d4> 6 dohmdqgrvh gh od hvtxlqd sru od
vj
yhuhgd frqwuduld do srvwh | d xq phwur gh od rulood gh od fdooh1
Vhd
66:
s+w, . v+w,
6
@
4> <
v+w,
+6 4> <,v+w, @ 4> <s+w,
gv+w,
4> < gs+w,
@
gw
+6 4> <, gw
gv
gs
+w3 , @ 4> :5: 6 +w3 ,
gw
gw
ghulydgr
gs
+w3 ,= Frpr DI F irupd xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor/ whqhprv
gw
5s+w,
dvl/ hq ho lqvwdqwh w3
gs
gh
@ 5h+w,
gw
gw
h+w3 , gh
46
pw
gs
+w3 , @
+w3 , @
4> 6
gw
s+w3 , gw
s+w3 ,
vj
66;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Ho jorer gh Shgulwr
5
@ 477 . 49< @ 646
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s+w3 , @ 646
46
gs
pw
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4> 6 > | dv/
gw
vj
646
pw
46
pw
gv
4> 6
+w3 , @ 4> :5: 6 s
4> 983 3
gw
vj
vj
646
np
> hq ho lqwhulru yd Shgulwr frq xq jorer frq kholr1 Shgulwr vxhowd
ku
pw
ho jorer | hvwh vxeh hq irupd shushqglfxodu d 43 = Yhdprv d tx yhorflgdg vh vhsdud Shgulwr gho jorer
vj
ghvsxv gh : vhjxqgrv1
Hvtxhpd gho sureohpd
Hq xqd fduuhwhud xq dxwr yd d <3
Vhd w @ 3 ho lqvwdqwh txh Shgulwr vxhowd ho jorer | vhd {+w, @ DE od glvwdqfld hqwuh ho jorer | ho dxwr/
j+w, @ FE od glvwdqfld gho jorer do vxhor/ d+w, @ DF od glvwdqfld gho dxwr do sxqwr gh F / grqgh vh irupd
xq qjxor uhfwr1
g{
Tx exvfdprvB1 Uhvsxhvwd = +:,
gw
pw
pw
gj
gj
> hq sduwlfxodu
+w3 , @ 43
>
Tx whqhprvB1 Uhvsxhvwd = +w, @ 43
gw
vhj
gw
vhj
gd
+w,> ho fxdo hvwd hq nlophwurv sru krud/ dvl txh ghehprv fdpelduod d phwurv vhjxqgrv
gw
np
4333phwurv
phwurv
gd
+w, @ <3
@ <3
@ 58
gw
krudv
6933vhjxqgrv
vhjxqgrv
Frpr DEF irupd xq wulqjxor uhfwqjxor
}
{5 +w, @ j 5 +w, . d5 +w,
g{
gj
gd
5{+w, +w, @ 5j+w, +w, . 5d+w, +w,
gw
gw
gw
g{
j+:, gj
d+:, gd
+:, @
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d+:, pw
g{
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.
58
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{+:, vhj {+:, vhj
66<
Od Whohwq
Ho fufxor gh od jxud uhsuhvhqwd xq hvfhqdulr uhgrqgr/ gh udglr 6 phwurv/ xelfdgr do fhqwur gho Hvwdglr
Qdflrqdo | txh jlud d 3> 8 uhyroxflrqhv sru plqxwrv1 Grq Iudqflvfr fdplqd ghvgh ho fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr
+sxqwr R, hq irupd uhfwd kdvwd ho sxqwr P xelfdgr d od rulood gho hvfhqdulr Od uhfwd RP irupd xq qjxor
@ frq od uhfwd txh xqh R frq od xelfdflq gh Sdxod txh hvwd hq od jdohuld +sxqwr S , d grflhqwrv phwurv
7
gho fhqwur1
pw
B1
D txh yhorflgdg yduld od glvwdqfld hqwuh Grq Iudqflvfr | Sdxod vl Grq Iudqflvfr fdplqd d 3> 5
vhj
Vhd {+w, od glvwdqfld hqwuh Grq Iudqflvfr | Sdxod hq ho wlhpsr w>
pw
gp
+w, @ 3> 5
p+w, od glvwdqfld gh Grq Iudqflvfr do fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr hq ho wlhpsr w> dvl
gw
vhj
+w, ho qjxor txh irupd od uxwd gh Grq Iudqflvfr hq ho hvfhqdulr frq od uhfwd RS1
g{
Or txh exvfdprv hv
+w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh Grq iudqflvfr oohjd d P=
gw
Frpr od xelfdflrq gh Grq Iudqflvfr/ Sdxod | ho fhqwur gho hvfhqdulr hq wrgr wlhpsr w irupdq xq
wulqjxor/ xvduhprv od oh| gho frvhqr
{5 +w, @ p5 +w, . 5335 5p+w, 533 frv++w,,
g{
gp
gp
g
+w, @ 5p+w,
+w, . 3 5
+w,533 frv++w,, . 5p+w, 533 vlq++w,, +w,
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gp
gp
g
+w, @
p+w,
+w, 533
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K
gw
{+w,
gw
gw
gw
5{+w,
=> xwlol}dqgr orjuduhprv {+w3 ,
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673
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
{5 +w3 , @ p5 +w3 , . 5335 5p+w3 , 533 frv++w3 ,, @ 65 . 5335 5 6 533 frv+ ,
7
u
4s
{+w3 , @ 73 33< 4533
5
5
ghulydqgr hq dperv odgrv +qr roylgdu od ghulydgd gho surgxfwr | od uhjod gh od fdghqd,whqhprv
g{
g{
g
5O 3 @ 5{+w, +w, . 5U 3 5 +w,U frv +w, . 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w,
gw
gw
gw
674
g
g{
+w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 5{+w,U vlq +w, +w,
gw
gw
g{
+w, ^5U frv +w, 5{+w,` @ 9{+w,U vlq +w,
gw
g{
6{+w,U vlq +w,
+w, @
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U frv +w, {+w,
Tx uhodflq ghehq fxpsolu U | OB
Hq txh srvlflq gho qjxor vh wlhqh pd|ru yhorflgdgB
Hq txh prphqwr vh wlhqh yhorflgdg 3 B
Frq xq plvpr = Odv yhorflgdgghv dxphquwdq r glvplqx|hq vl od uxhgd hv pdv judqghB1
Sureohpd gh duhqd
Hq xq hvwdqtxh hq irupd gh frqr flufxodu uhfwr gh udglr U | dowxud K vh ghmd fdhu duhqd gh wdo irupd
txh d phglgd txh vh oohqd ho hvwdqtxh vh irupd grv frqrv ljxdohv1
p6
Frq tx yhorflgdg vxeh ho h{wuhprv gh vxshulru gh od slod gh duhqd fxdqgr vh
vhj
khfkd ho p{lpr gh duhqdB
Vhd k+w, ho qlyho gh od duhqd hq od sduhg gho flolqgur hq ho wlhpsr w/ u+w, ho udglr gh orv frqrv dvrfldgrv
do qlyho k+w,=
g5k
Gdgd hvwdv qrwdflrqhv/ vh sxhgh ghflu txh exvfdprv
+w3 ,> grqgh w3 hv ho lqvwdqwh txh vh oohqd ho
gw
hvwdqtxh / hv ghflu/ k+w3 , @ K=
Vl Y +w, ghqrwd ho yroxphq gh od duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w> frpr ho yroxphq wrwdo gh duhqd hq ho wlhpsr w
hv grv yhfhv ho yroxphq gho frqr uhfwr gh dowxud k+w, | udglr u+w,> vh wlhqh
Vl vh ghmd fdhu D
4
Y +w, @ 5 k+w,u5 +w,
6
g5k
Gh hvwd uhodflq vh sxhgh rewhqhu
+w3 , yld ghulydflq/ shur wdpelq dsduhfhud od ghulydgd gh u+w,/
gw
frpr vh yh dfrqwlqxdflq
4
gY
4 gk
gu
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+w,u5 +w, . 5 k+w,5u+w, +w,
v
gw
6 gw
6
gw
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vhphmdqwhv/ sru or wdqwr whqhprv od vljxlhqwh uhodflq hqwuh vxv odgrv
K
U
@
u+w,
k+w,
675
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
| sru or wdqwr
u@
U
k |
K
gu
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gw
K gw
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6
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gk
D
4 D
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gw
5 U5
7
U
U
5
K . KU
6 K
6
K
Fxdqgr ho qlyho vxeh pv uslgr/ fxdqgr od dowxud gh od duhqd hv pv srfd fxdqgr hvw fhufd gh KB
819
P{lpr | Pqlpr
Khprv ylvwr dojxqdv dsolfdflrqhv gh od ghulydgd1 Dkrud yhuhprv txh od ghulydgd dghpv qrv gd lqirupdflq
vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflrqhv/ | qrv shuplwdu hqfrqwudu orv sxqwrv grqgh kd|
p{lprv r pqlprv1
Kd| grv wfqlfdv gluhfwdv sdud hqfrqwudu wdohv sxqwrv/ hvwdv wfqlfdv jhqhudophqwh vh ghqrplqdq fulwhulr
gh od sulphud ghulydgd | fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
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Ghqlflq 814< Vhd i = D U $ U/ gluhprv txh i +d, hv ho ydoru p{lpr gh od ixqflq i + Ydoru
P{lpr devroxwr gh i r vlpsohphqwh ho p{lpr gh i, vl sdud wrgr hohphqwr { 5 D vh fxpsoh i +{, i +d,
Hq irupd wrwdophqwh dqorjd vh ghqh pqlpr devroxwr r p qlpr1 i +d, hv ho ydoru pqlpr devroxwr
hq D vl
i +d, i+{,
;{ 5 D
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Vh glfh hq d hvw ho p{lpr gh i +hq d hvw ho pqlpr gh i%,1
Vl i qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ sxhgh h{lvwlu ydulrv rwurv hohphqwrv gh D grqgh i dofdqfh ho ydoru p{lpr r ho
ydoru pqlpr/ vlq hpedujr ho ydoru p{lpr r ho ydoru pqlpr devroxwr vl h{lvwhq vrq qlfrv1
Sru hmhpsor od ixqflq i +{, @ vhq { qr hv lq|hfwlyd/ ho ydoru p{lpr gh i hv 4 | ho ydoru pqlpr gh i
hv 4 | hvwrv ydoruhv vrq dofdq}dgrv hq pv gh xq sxqwr1
Kd| rwur frqfhswr gh p{lpr +r pqlpr, gh i txh hv phqrv h{ljhqwh/ hvwh hv p{lpr orfdo r uhodwlyr
+pqlpr orfdo r uhodwlyr,1
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Pdu}r | Glflhpeuh +yhu jufr vljxlhqwh,
676
Ghqlflq 8153
d, Vhd i = D U $ U1 Gluhprv txh hq 5 D kd| xq p{lpr uhodwlyr r
p{lpr orfdo vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh > Y wdo txh i +, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr gh od ixqflq
i mY / hv ghflu/ i+, i+{, ;{ 5 Y / dqorjdphqwh vh ghqh pqlpr orfdo
Hmhpsor 758 Vhd i = ^d> e` $ U xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd frq jufd gdgd hq od jxud
1 Fodudphqwh i +g, hv ho p{lpr devroxwr/ d glihuhqfld gh orv ydoruhv i +d,> i +o, txh vrq vrodphqwh
p{lpr uhodwlyr | gh orv ydoruhv i +h,> i+e, txh vrq pqlprv uhodwlyrv xqlfdphqwh +i +g,> i +f, vrq wdpelq
uhodwlyrv,
Ghqlflq 8154 Gluhprv txh xq ydoru i +d, frq d 5 D hv xq ydoru h{wuhpr gh i hq D vl hv ho p{lpr
r pqlpr gh dojxqd hvshflh hq D | sxqwr h{wuhpr do sxqwr d grqgh dofdq}d ho ydoru h{wuhpr1
677
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Qr srghprv ghflu txh 7 hv pqlpr devroxwr ql orfdo |d txh o gheh vhu lpdjhq gh xq hohphqwr gho
grplqlr txh vh hvw xwlol}dqgr/ hq hvwh fdvr `5> 8`
Hq hvwrv grv owlprv hmhpsorv vh sxhgh ylvxdol}du or wlo txh uhvxowd whqhu od lqirupdflq uhodwlyd do
ghfuhflhqwr r fuhflhqwr gh xqd ixqflq1
Frqvlghuhprv od jxud I
Iljxud I
Vxsrqjdprv txh hood uhsuhvhqwd od jufd gh xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ^d> e` | glihuhqfldeoh hq `d> e^
Qrwhprv txh hq ho lqwhuydor `d> f^/ grqgh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh/ od shqglhqwh gh od wdqjhqwh d od jufd
gi +x, A 3 Hvwr rfxuuh sdud fxdotxlhu x 5`d> f^/ dv i 3 +{, A 3
gh i hq +x> i +x,, hv srvlwlyd/ sru or wdqwr g{
sdud wrgr { hq `d> f^1
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Vlq hpedujr hq ho lqwhuydor `f> g^ od ixqflq hv ghfuhflhqwh | od uhfwd wdqjhqwh wud}dgd hq +y> i+y,, wlhqh
shqglhqwh qhjdwlyd/ dv i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5`f> g^1
Ilqdophqwh/ xvdqgr jxud I vh wlhqh txh odv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd hq orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv f | g wlhqhq
shqglhqwh fhur/ hv ghflu>
i 3 +f, @ 3 a i 3 +g, @ 3
678
Qrwh txh i +d,> i+e, vrq wdpelq h{wuhprv shur odv ghulydgdv ghuhfkdv h l}txlhugd; %/ gh h{lvwlu qr vrq
qxodv1
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dqxod/ grqgh qr h{lvwh od ghulydgd r hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor1
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Iljxud
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i 3 +d, @ 31
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i +d . k, i +d, 3
Dv/ vl k A 3
i +d . k, i +d,
3
k
| vl k ? 3
; od
ghulydgd ghuhfkd gh
hq d hv
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3
k
i Ednk3i Ed
in
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
oxhjr
3 +d, @ olp
i.
k$3.
i+d . k, i +d,
3 +d, @ olp i+d . k, i+d, 3
3 a i
k
k
k$3
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fxhqwudq hq ulehudv rsxhvwdv gh xq ur gh fdxfh uhfwr gh 6np gh dqfkr1 Ho rohrgxfwr lu edmr ho djxd gh D
d xq sxqwr S hq od ulehud rsxhvwd | oxhjr vreuh ho vxhor gh S d E1
Ho frvwr sru nlophwur gh wxehud edmr ho djxd hv ho fxguxsoh gho frvwr vreuh wlhuud1 Fdofxoh od srvlflq
gh S txh plqlpl}du ho frvwr +ghvsuhflh od shqglhqwh gh ohfkr gho ur,1
Vroxflq= Vhd {od glvwdqfld +hq npv, gho sxqwr Rdo sxqwr S yhu jxud
67:
oxhjr RE @ 7/ gh grqgh S E @ 7 {1
Dghpv/ hq ho wulqjxor DRS / vh wlhqh
jxud
RE . 65 @ 85
DS @ 65 . {5
, DS @
< . {5
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Oxhjr od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr gh frqvwuxflq gho rohrgxfwr hv
s
F+{, @ 7f < . {5 . f+7 {,
grqgh 3 { 71
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dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydorv ^3> 7`1
F 3 +{, @ s
7f{
f
< . {5
s48
8 npv gho sxqwr E1
Hmhpsor 767 Xq fdpsr shwurohur wlhqh rfkr sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo gh 4933 eduulohv gh fuxgr do gd1
Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh vh wlhqh/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv gldulrv BcFxqwrv
sr}rv dglflrqdohv vh ghehq irupdu sdud rewhqhu od pd|ru surgxfflq gh fuxgr do gdB
Vroxflq= Vhd {= ho qphur gh sr}rv dglflrqdohv> { 3> { 5 ]1 Vl vh wlhqh ; sr}rv txh surgxfhq xq wrwdo
gh 4933 eduulohv hqwrqfhv od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv 533 eduulohv gldulrv1 Sru fdgd sr}r qxhyr txh
vh wlhqh od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r glvplqx|h hq 43 eduulohv oxhjr/ od surgxfflq phgld sru sr}r hv
533 43{
67;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Frpr S hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^3> 53` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 53^/ S dofdq}d vx
p{lpr hq dojq sxqwr d grqgh i 3 +d, @ 3 r hq orv erughv gho lqwhuydor1
oxhjr>
S +9, @ 4<93
S +53, @ 3
Gdgr txh S hv frqwlqxd hq ^3> 83` | ghulydeoh hq `3> 83^ hqwrqfhv hydoxdqgr hq orv sxqwrv { @ 3> { @
54> { @ 83 whqhprv
S +3, @ 47733 S +54, @ 635:9 S +83, @ 3
oxhjr od p{lpd surgxfflq gh pdq}dqd vh rewlhqh fxdqgr vh sodqwdq 96 uerohv pv sru dfuh hv/ hv ghflu/
;: uerohv sru dfuh1
81914
67<
Revhuydflq= Hq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv vor edvw hydoxdu hq orv sxqwrv grqgh i 3 +s, @ 3 | hq orv
erughv gho lqwhuydor ^d> e`/ shur hq jhqhudo vl txhuhprv ghwhuplqdu orv h{wuhprv gh xqd ixqflq qhfhvlwdprv
lqirupdflq vreuh ho fuhflplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr gh od ixqflq i hq xqd yhflqgdg gh s1
Dv/ sdud A 3 vh rewlhqh orv vljxlhqwhv fdvrv=
d, Vl i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od yhflqgdg l}txlhugd gh s/ `s > s^ | hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
hq od yhflqgdg ghuhfkd gh s/ `s> s . ^ vh wlhqh txh i+s, hv xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr1 +jxud I
l}txlhugd,1
Iljxud I
Gh or dqwhulru hv fodur txh qhfhvlwdprv xqd irupd gh ylvxdol}du fxdqgr i hv fuhflhqwh | fxdqgr hv
ghfuhflhqwh1 Frq hvh remhwr hqxqflduhprv orv whruhpdv vljxlhqwhv1
Ghqlflq 8157 Xq sxqwr f 5 Grpi/ vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i vl rfxuuh xqd gh odv vljxlhqwhv
srvlelolgdghv>
i 3 +f, @ 3 elhq i 3 +f, qr h{lvwh
Hmhpsor 769 Vhd i +{, @ 6+{ 5,5 1
{ @ 5 hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i/ sxhv i 3 +5, @ 31
s
6
4
{A8
4 { ? 8
4
{5 / hqwrqfhv whqhprv txh i 3 +{, @ 56 { 6 vl { 9@ 31 Sru or wdqwr { @ 3 hv xq
683
81915
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Whruhpd 8158 +Whruhpd gh Urooh, Vhd i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq ho lqwhuydor ^d> e` | ghulydeoh hq
ho lqwhuydor delhuwr `d> e^/ wdo txh i+d, @ i +e,/ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh do phqrv xq sxqwr fuwlfr hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu/
h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh i 3 +f, @ 31+yhu jxud KI jufr l}txlhugr,1
Iljxud KI
Ghprvwudflq=
<
d, Vl od ixqflq hv frqvwdqwh hq ^d> e`/ vx ghulydgd hv fhur hq `d> e^/ hv ghflu i 3 +{, @ 3> ;{ 5`d> e^
e, Vl qr rfxuuh or dqwhulru/ i qr hv frqvwdqwh | whqhprv grv fdvrv/ +l, h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor grqgh od ixqflq
fuhfh | oxhjr ghfuhfh r elhq +ll, i ghfuhfh hq xq lqwhuydor sdud oxhjr fuhfhu +|d txh i+d, @ i +e,,1
Hq ho sulphu fdvr vh rewlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo i +f, | hq ho vhjxqgr xq pqlpr orfdo i +f, hq dperv fdvr
od wdqjhqwh hq hvrv sxqwrv vhu gh shqglhqwh fhur i 3 +f, @ 31 Gh hvwd irupd f hv xq sxqwr fu wlfr 1
Xqd jhqhudol}dflq hq hvwh whruhpd hv ho whruhpd gh ydoru phglr txh vh sxhgh prwlydu gh od vljxlhqwh
irupd1
Frqvlghuhprv xq dxwr +xq mhhs sdud hvwdu hq rqgd, txh sduwh gh Yld d odv 44=63 krudv | oohjd d xqd
sduwh fhufdqd d Vdqwldjr d odv 46=33 krudv1 Vl uhfruuh 463 nlorphwurv/ hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg surphglr r
phgld hv
+463 3,nlophwurv
463
@
@ ;9> 9np@k=
+44 = 63 46 = 33,krudv
4> 8
Hvwr vljqlfd txh do phqrv dojq prphqwr gh vx yldmh ho yhorfphwur pduf ;9> 9np@k/ hv ghflu/ od yhorflgdg
lqvwdqwqhd hq dojq prphqwr hqwuh 44=63 | odv 46=33 krudv ixh gh ;9> 9np@k1
Hq od jxud KI vh kd judfdgr od uhfwd O txh lqglfd od yhorflgdg phgld +uhfwd vhfdqwh d od jufd
gh od ixqflq v+w, txh qrv g od glvwdqfld uhfruulgd sruho pylo hq ho wlhpsr
w 5`44 = 63> 46 = 33^,
< Frpr i hv frqwlqxd/ od jufd gh i hv frpr xqd fxhugd txh xqh orv sxqwrv Ed> i Ed> Ee> i Ee1 Frpr hvwrv sxqwrv hvwdq
do plvpr qlyho/ r elhq od fxhugd hvwd whqvd +frqvwdqwh, r elhq wlhqh rqgxodflrqhv +kd| p{lpr |2r pqlpr orfdohv,1
684
Odv uhfwdv O4 > O5 > O6 vrq sdudohodv d O/ oxhjr wlhqh od plvpd shqglhqwh gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh> hoodv hvwq
gdgdv sru odv ghulydgdv hq ho sxqwr/ hq hvwh fdvr rewhqhprv od shqglhqwh gh od vhfdqwh
v+e, v+d,
ed
txh hv ljxdo odv shqglhqwh gh odv wdqjhqwhv hq f4 > f5 / f6 / hv ghflu/ d orv ydoruhv v3 +f4 ,/ v3 +f5 ,/ v3 +f6 ,1
Dv whqhprv od h{lvwhqfld d or phqrv gh xq sxqwr f 5`d> e^ hq hvwh fdvr +f @ f4 > f @ f5 > f @ f6 , wdo txh
v3 +f, @
v+e, v+d,
ed
Whruhpd 8159 +Whruhpd gho Ydoru Phglr, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghqlgd hq D/ ^d> e` D wdo txh
41 i vhd frqwlqxd hq ^d> e`
Ghprvwudflq= Od ixqflq
i +e, i+d,
ed
i+e, i+d,
+{ d,`
ed
i +d,
vdwlvidfh odv klswhvlv gho whruhpd gh Urooh sru or wdqwr h{lvwh f 5`d> e^ wdo txh j3 +f, @ 3 r i 3 +f, i +ee,
d @ 3
Revhuydflq= Or txh glfh hv txh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,> +e> i +e,,
hv sdudohod do phqrv d xqd gh odv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i hqwuh orv sxqwrv phqflrqdgrv1
Od dsolfdflq pv gluhfwd gh hvwh whruhpd hv hq od ghprvwudflq gho vljxlhqwh whruhpd
Whruhpd 815: Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq vx grplqlr1
685
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Hmhpsor 76< Vhd i xqd ixqflq fx|d ghulydgd hv i 3 +{, @ +{ 6,+7 {,+{ 8,1
Ghwhuplqh hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
Vroxflq= Xvdqgr od wdeod gh vljqrv
{6
7{
{8
i 3 +{,
6
3
0
.
0
.
.
.
0
0
7
3
3
.
0
0
.
8
3
3
.
0
.
0
whqhprv i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `6> 7^/ sru or wdqwr i+{, hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh dool/ or plvpr rfxuuh hq ho
lqwhuydor ^8> 4^1
Hmhpsor 773 Vhd i+{, @ h{ / frpr i 3 +{, @ h{ hv srvlwlyd sdud wrgr ydoru {/ vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulf0
wdphqwh fuhflhqwh/ vlq hpedujr j+{, @ h6{ / j3 +{, @ 6h6{ / sru or wdqwr j hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
Hmhpsor 774 Vhd i +{, @ orjd +{,>
{ A 3> 3 ? d 9@ 4/ frpr
g
4
orjd +{, @
g{
{ oqd +{,
| od yduldeoh { hv srvlwlyd/ vh wlhqh txh oq d ghwhuplqd ho vljqr gh od ghulydgd gh i sru or wdqwr whqhprv
txh=
41 Vl d A 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
51 Vl d ? 4/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh
4
,/ yhdprv hq txh lqwhuydorv i hv ghfuhflhqwh
Hmhpsor 775 Vdh i +{, @ oq+ {{
.5
Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq hv ` 4> 5^^`4> 4^/ | vx ghulydgd od rewhqhprv xwlol}dqgr uhjod gh od fdghqd
| od ghulydgd gh xq fxrflhqwh
{ . 5 +{ . 5, +{ 4,
,
,+
{4
+{ . 5,5
6
+{ 4,++{ . 5,
i 3 +{, @ +
@
Frpr i 3 +{, A 3 hq vx grplqlr vh frqfox|h txh i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq od fdgd lqwhuydor +qr
srghprv ghflu txh hv fuhflhqwh hq od xqlq,1
Huuqhdphqwh srguldprv ghflu txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq lqwhuydor ` 5> 4^/ od ud}q gho huuru hv txh od ixqflq
qr hvwd ghqlgd hq hvwh lqwhuydor/ dv txh hv lpsrvleoh txh i 3 +{, hvwh ghqlgd hq xq frqmxqwr pd|ru1
686
Hmhpsor 776 Vhd y+w, @ w6 85w . 9w . ; od yhorflgdg gh xq pylo hq ho wlhpsr w/ w 5 ^3> ;`1
Ghwhuplqhprv orv lqwhuydorv gh wlhpsr grqgh ho pylo hvwd dxphqwdqgr gh yhorflgdg +dfhohudqgr, | hq
txh prphqwr hvw glvplqx|hqgr vx yhorflgdg +iuhqdqgr r dfhohudflq qhjdwlyd,
6
d, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s > s^ | i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
e, Vl h{lvwh A 3 wdo txh i 3 +{, ? 3 hq `s > s^ | i 3 +{, A 3 hq `s> s . ^ hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Jhqhudophqwh/ odv klswhvlv hq +d,/ sdud xq p{lpr uhodwlyr/ vh hvfuleh uhvxplgdphqwh dv
{
i 3 +{,
i+{,
s
.
(
s.
0
)
{
i 3 +{,
i+{,
s
0
)
s.
.
(
Oxhjr
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : A 3 +, { A :9
i 3 +{, @ 9{ . : ? 3 +, { ? :9
{
i 3 +{,
i +{,
0
)
:@9
3
.
(
687
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Ghwhuplqhprv hq tx lqwhuydorv i 3 +{, A 3 | grqgh i 3 +{, ? 31 Sdud hvwr iruphprv xqd wdeod
sdud od ixqflq i 3 txh qrv lqgltxh uhvxplgdphqwh grqgh hv srvlwlyd | grqgh hv qhjdwlyd1
0
0
0
{6
{.5
{8
5
3
0
.
0
6
3
.
.
0
8
3
.
.
.
0
)
05
3
3
.
(
6
3
3
0
)
8
3
3
.
(
Gho uhvphq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh i +5,> | i +8, vrq pqlpr orfdohv hvwulfwr | i +6, hv xq p{lpr orfdo
hvwulfwr1
Hmhpsor 779 Vhd i +{, @ +{ 4,5@6 1 Ghwhuplprv orv h{wuhprv gh i1
5
Vroxflq= Grpi @ U | i 3 +{, @ 56 +{ 4,4@6 @ 6 s
{ 5 U i4j qrwhprv txh i qr hv ghulydeoh
6 {4 >
hq { @ 4/ vlq hpedujr hv frqwlqxd |
vl { A 4> i 3 +{, A 3
vl { ? 4> i 3 +{, ? 3
hv ghflu/
{
i+{,
i 3 +{,
i+{,
0
)
4
3
9<
.
(
oxhjr sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq qqlpr hq { @ 4 txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +qrwdu
txh ho Grpi @ U qr hv dfrwdgr,/ i qr wlhqh p{lpr1
Hmhpsor 77: Ghwhuplqhprv vl odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwlfduhprv qxhv0
wudv uhvsxhvwd1
d, Vhd A 3/ od ixqflq i+{, @ h{ / ghqlgd hq vx grplqlr p{lpr wlhqh vor xq ydoru h{wuhpr1
vhq5 +4@{, { 9@ 3
e, Od ixqflq i+{, @
qr wlhqh h{wuhprv1
3
{@3
5
Vroxflq=
688
Gh hvwd irupd
{
i+{,
i 3 +{,
i+{,
.
.
(
3
4
3
.
0
)
Sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr txh hv wdpelq devroxwr +sxhv
od ixqflq vxeh | edmd vor xqd yh},/ | qr wlhqh pqlpr1
e, Idovr1 Sru ghqlflq hv fodur txh i wlhqh xq p qlpr orfdo devroxwr hq { @ 3/ sxhv
sru or wdqwr i+{, 3>
;{ 5 Grpi1
;{ 5 Grpi @ U
f, Yhugdghur1 i 3 +{, @ 6{5 h5{ . {6 h5{ 5 @ {5 h5{ +6 . 5{, dqdol}dqgr orv vljqrv gh i 3 +{,/ rewhqhprv
{
i +{,
i 3 +{,
i +{,
0
0
)
6@5
3
0
.
(
3
3
3
.
.
(
Revhuydflq= Qrwdu txh sru fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd srghprv dupdu txh i wlhqh xq
pqlpr hq { @ 6@5/ pv dq o hv ho pqlpr devroxwr1
g, Idovr1 Grpi @ ^6> 4^ dghpv i 3 +{, @ 5s{4 6 A 3 ;{ 5 ^6> 4^/ hv ghflu/ i hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh
| ghqlgd hq xq grplqlr dfrwdgr lqihulruphqwh sru { @ 6 5 Grpi / oxhjr i wlhqh xq pqlpr hq { @ 61
Hvwh uhvxowdgr wdpelq hv fodur judfdqgr od ixqflq i =
h, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd ghqlgd hq ho lqwhuydor fhuudgr ^4> 4`/ oxhjr
sru ho whruhpd gh orv ydoruhv h{wuhprv i wlhqh xq p{lpr | pqlpr txh vrq devroxwrv1
i, Yhugdghur1 Qrwhprv txh i 3 +{, @ i +{, @ + 5,h{ 1 Vl A 5 hqwrqfhv
i 3 +{, A 3 ;{ 5`4> 8`/ oxhjr i hv fuhflhqwh hq vx grplqlr dfrwdgr vxshulruphqwh sru { @ 8 5 Grpi
gh hvwd irupd i wlhqh xq p{lpr +devroxwr, txh hv i +8,1
Hq edvh d od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr kdvwd ho prphqwr/ srghprv judfdu dojxqdv ixqflrqhv
frqvlghudqgr> grplqlr/ grplqlr gh frqwlqxlgdg/ lqwhufhswrv frq orv hmhv frrughqdgrv/ lqwhuydorv gh fuhf0
lplhqwr | ghfuhflplhqwr/ p{lprv |2r pqlprv1
Hmhpsor 77; Jutxhprv i+{, @ 6{6 {1
Vroxflq=
d, Grpi @ U1
689
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
0
0
.
(
4@6
3
4@6
3
0
.
0
)
.
.
.
(
4@6
5@<
3
4@6
5@<
3
Sru ho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd i wlhqh xq p{lpr uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@6 | xq pqlpr
uhodwlyr hvwulfwr hq { @ 4@61 Dv od jufd gh i hv dsur{lpdgdphqwh frpr od gh od jxud
Hmhpsor 77< Vhd i +{, @ vhq5 +{,1 Ghwhuplqhprv orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv | hvshflfduhprv gh txh wlsr vrq1
Vroxflq= i 3 +{, @ 5 vhq+{, frv+{, orv sxqwrv fuwlfrv vrq odv vroxflrqhv gh od hfxdflq
vhq+{, frv+{, @ 3
frv+{, @ 3
q 5 ]1
68:
Xvdqgr ho vljqr gh odv ixqflrqhv vhq+{, | frv+{, hq orv fxdgudqwhv gh U5 / whqhprv txh=
Hq ho sulphu | whufhu fxdgudqwhv dpedv wlhqh ho plvpr vljqr sru or wdqwr od ghulydgd hv srvlwlyd1 hv
ghflu/
| hq orv rwurv fxdgudqwhv vh wlhqh
6
i 3 +{, A 3 vl { 5`3> ^^`> ^
5
5
6
i 3 +{, ? 3 vl { 5` > ^^` > 5^
5
5
Xvdqgr od shulrglflgdg gh vhq+{, | frv+{, vh rewlhqh ho vljqr gh i 3 +{, hq wrgd od uhfwd uhdo1
Vl
6
{ 5 ^q5] +`5q> . 5q^^`+5q . 4,>
. 5q^,> i 3 +{, A 3
5
5
Frq od lqirupdflq txh khprv rewhqlgr/ srghprv kdfhu od jufd gh i hq irupd dsur{lpdgd1
Vdehprv txh od ixqflq hv fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor `3> 5 ^ | txh 3 | 4 vrq pqlpr | p{lpr uhodwlyrv
uhvshfwlydphqwh/ frpr i hv xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd/ od jufd hq ^3> 5 ` fruuhvsrqgd d xqlu orv sxqwrv +3> i +3,,
| + 5 > 4, hq irupd fuhflhqwh/ d glihuhqfld gh od xqlq gh orv sxqwrv + 5 > 4, | +> 3, txh hv hq irupd ghfuhflhqwh
Ho jufr vh sxhgh kdfhu frpsohwr/ sru od shulrglflgdg edvwd vdehu or txh rfxuuh hq ^3> `1
0.75
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25
0
0
-7.5
-5
-2.5
2.5
i+{, @ vlq {
5
7.5
0
x
0.5
1.5
i+{, @ vlq {
2.5
3
x
Ho vljxlhqwh sureohpd gh dsolfdflq hv qhfhvdulr rewhqhu suhyldphqwh xqd ixqflq txh vh exvfdu ho
p{lpr r pqlpr | oxhjr dsolfdu dojq fulwhulr gh rewhqflq gh p{lpr r gh pqlpr1
Hmhpsor 783 Vh lqwhqwd fhufdu xq fdpsr uhfwdqjxodu frq 7 kheudv gh dodpeuh | ghvsxv vxeglylglu ho
fdpsr hq grv sduwhv +frpr hq od jxud , frq xqd fhufd sdudohod d xqr gh orv odgrv/ xwlol}dqgr 5 kheudv
gh dodpeuh1 Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr gh uhd p{lpd1
68;
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Vroxflq= Vhdq { h | odv glphqvlrqhv gho whuuhqr/ hqwrqfhv ho uhd hvw gdgd sru od iupxod
D @ {|
933 @ 43{ . ;|
| @ :8 8{@7 oxhjr>
8
D @ {+:8 {,
7
8{
shur
{ A 3 | | A 3/ hv ghflu/
{ A 3 | :8 7 A 3
Sru or wdqwr od ixqflq txh vh qhfhvlwd pd{lpl}du hv>
D+{, @ :8{
Uhvxplhqgr whqhprv
D3 +{,
8{5
7
:8
43
D3 +{, A 3 +, :8 85{ A 3
D3 +{, A 3 +,
63 A {
63 ? {
D3 +{, ? 3 +,
{
D+{,,
D3 +{,,
D+{,
.
.
(
>
63
4458
3
.
0
)
| @ 6:> 8pwv
Revhuydflq= Dtx qr vh hydod hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor/ sxhv qr hvwq frqvlghudgrv hq ho grplqlr
gh od ixqflq1
68<
Whruhpd 815< +Fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd, Vhd i xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh hq xq lqwhuydor delhuwr
txh frqwlhqh d s wdo txh i 3 +s, @ 31 +hv ghflu/ s hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr,1
d, Vl i %+s, ? 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq p{lpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s1
e, Vl i %+s, A 3 hqwrqfhv i wlhqh xq pqlpr orfdo hvwulfwr hq { @ s
Revhuydflq= +4, Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh d glihuhqfld gho fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd hvwh
fulwhulr h{ljh txh i / vhd ghulydeoh grv yhfhv hq s frq i 3 +s, @ 31
+5, Vl i%+s, @ 3 hvwh fulwhulr qr qrv g lqirupdflq/ | vh gheh uhfxuulu do fulwhulr gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
43{
+, { @ 63
7
43
?3
7
;{ 5`3> 93^
Hmhpsor 785 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xq wdqtxh gh dfhur frq od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhfwr | vhplhvihud hq
orv h{wuhprv +yhdvh od jxud Q, sdud dopdfhqdu jdv sursdqr1 Ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq sru slh fxdgudgr gh
orv h{wuhprv hv ho greoh do gh od sduwh floqgulfd1 Tx glphqvlrqhv plqlpl}dq ho frvwr/ vl od fdsdflgdg
ghvhdgd gho wdqtxh hv gh 43slh6 B
Iljxud Q
Vroxflq= Vhd S ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh od sduwh floqgulfd hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gho slh fxdgudgr gh orv
h{wuhprv hv 5S 1
Sxhvwr txh hq od sduwh floqgulfd vh wlhqh 5uk slh5 | hq orv h{wuhprv 7u5 slh5 hqwrqfhv ho frvwr gh
frqvwuxfflq hv
F @ 5ukS . 7u5 5S
shur ho yroxphq hv
7
Y @ u5 k . u6 @ 43
6
693
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
hqwrqfhv
| od ixqflq frvwr hq wuplqrv gh u hv>
k@
F+u, @ 5u+
hv ghflu>
43 76 u6
u5
43 7u
,S . 7u5 5S
u5
6
8 7u5
,
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Dkrud ghwhuplqhprv ho pqlpr sru ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd +qrwhprv txh F+u, hv grv yhfhv
glihuhqfldeoh hq vx grplqlr,
8 ;u
F 3 +u, @ 7S + 5 . ,
u
6
oxhjr
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s
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Frpr 548 5 GrpF | F 3 +u, hv ghulydeoh srghprv dsolfdu ho fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd1
Od ghulydgd gh F 3 +u, hv
43 ;
F%+u, @ 7S + 6 . ,
u
6
s6
s6
81:
Frqfdylgdg
41 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqyh{d r frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw dedmr gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i+d,, |
+e> i+e,, jxud^_ jufr l}txlhugr1
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
694
51 Gluhprv txh od ixqflq i hv frqfdyd r frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L vl ;d> e> { 5 L wdo txh d ? { ? e
ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, +gh od jufd gh i , hvw vreuh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh xqh orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,, |
+e> i +e,, jxud ^_ jufr1 ghuhfkr
Iljxud ^_
Hmhpsor 786 Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d1
Od sduerod | @ 6{5 . 9{ . 5 hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd1
Od ixqflq | @ vhq { hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq ho lqwhuydor ^3> ` | frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho lqwhuydor
^> 5`1
Ghqlflq 8164 Vhd i xqd ixqflq | vhd { 5 Grpi 1
41 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled r frqyh{d hq ho sxqwr +{> i+{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq L1
51 Gluhprv txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr r frqfdyd hq ho sxqwr +{> i +{,, vl h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg L @`d> e^
wdo txh { 5 L Grpi | od ixqflq i mL hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq L1
Revhuydflq=
41 Gh od ghqlflq vh sxhgh frqfoxlu txh frqfdylgdg vh uhhuh d xqd surslhgdg gh od jufd1
Hq ho fdvr gh whqhu xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq ho lqwhuydor L @ ^d> e` vh sxhgh whqhu txh
i vhd frqfdyd hq L r frqyh{d hq L r hq xq vhfwru frqfdyd | hq rwur frqyh{d +yhu jxud ,/ or plvpr
vh sxhgh ghflu gh xqd ixqflq hvwulfwdphqwh ghfuhflhqwh1
695
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
Iljxud
51 Frpr od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd vhfdqwh txh sdvd sru orv sxqwrv +d> i +d,,/ +e> i +e,, hv
|@
|@
i +d, i+e,
+{ d, . i +d,
de
i+d, i +e,
+{ e, . i +e,
de
Ghflu txh sdud d ? { ? e/ ho sxqwr hvwd ghedmr gh od vhfdqwh vljqlfd sru or wdqwr
i +{, ?
| txh
i +{, ?
i +d, i+e,
+{ d, . i +d,
de
i +d, i +e,
+{ e, . i +e,
de
i +{, i +d, ?
+8155,
+8156,
i+d, i +e,
+{ d,
de
i +e, i+d,
i+{, i+e,
A
{e
ed
Xvdqgr odv owlpdv ghvljxdogdghv vh wlhqh txh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled vl | vor vl d ? { ? e vh wlhqh
i+e, i+d,
i+{, i+e,
i+{, i +d,
?
?
{d
ed
{e
61 Kd| xqd fdudfwhul}dflq jhrpwulfd pdv fodud sdud ho fdvr gh xqd ixqflq txh vhd ghulydeoh hq xq
sxqwr {3
+d, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh
frqwlhqh d {3 / wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvw sru hqflpd gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{3 > i +{3 ,, jxud
/ jufd l}txlhugd
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
696
Iljxud
1
+e, Od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{4 > i+{4 ,, vl h{lvwh xq lqwhuydor L txh frqwlhqh d
{4 wdo txh od jufd gh imL hvwd sru dedmr gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh hq +{4 > i +{4 ,, jxud > jufd
ghuhfkd
Iljxud RK
71 Hq od jxud RK l}txlhugd whqhprv od jufd gh xqd ixqflq ghulydeoh frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq ho
lqwhuydor L/ hq hood khprv glexmdgr glvwlqwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv/ odv shqglhqwhv gh hvwdv uhfwdv dxphqwdq
d phglgd txh qrv pryhprv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd1 Frpr odv shqglhqwhv hvwdq ghwhuplqdgd sru odv
ghulydgdv vh frqfox|h txh i 3 +{, hv fuhflhqwh1 Vl od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv wdpelq ghulydeoh vh frqfox|h txh
i %+{, hv srvlwlyd r fhur sru ho khfkr txh i 3 +{, hv xqd ixqflq fuhflhqwh1
Hq od jxud RK ghuhfkr khprv glexmdgr yduldv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv d od jufd gh i/ fx|dv shqglhqwhv
vrq orv ydoruhv gh odv ghulydgdv gh i/ i 3 1 i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh |d txh odv shqglhqwhv gh odv wdqjhqwhv
glvplqx|h d phglgd txh fdpeldq gh sxqwrv gh l}txlhugd d ghuhfkd hq od jufd gh od ghuhfkd gh
jxud RK1
Frpr od ixqflq i 3 +{, hv ghfuhflhqwh/ gh vhu hood ghulydeoh/ vx ghulydgd hv qhjdwlyd r fhur/ hv ghflu/
i %+{, 3> ;{ 5 L1
Od irupd frpr jhqhudophqwh vh dsolfd hvwh whruhpd hv= xvdqgr od lqirupdflq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
vh rewlhqh od frqfdylgdg r frqyh{lgdg gh od jufd
697
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
5
Frurodulr 8166 Vhd i = L $ U> {3 5 L> i ghulydeoh hq L | vxsrqjdprv txh h{lvwh gg{i5 +{3 ,1
5
41 gg{i5 +{3 , A 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld duuled hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,
5
51 gg{i5 +{3 , ? 3 , od jufd gh i hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr hq +{3 > i +{3 ,,
Frq hvwh frurodulr txhgd delhuwr ho fdvr txh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd vh dqxoh1
Ghqlflq 8167 Xq sxqwr +{3 > i +{3 ,, gh od jufd gh i vh glfh txh hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lrq vl h{lvwh
xq delhuwr L wdo txh sdud wrgr { 5 L i{3 j/ i %+{, h{lvwh | dghpv i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq {3 1
Hmhpsor 787 Vhd i+{, @ 6{5 . 9{ . ; xqd sduerod1 Frpr vh glmr dqwhulruphqwh hv ho hmhpsor pv
vlpsoh gh frqfdyd kdfld duuled/ i %+{, @ 9 A 31
Hmhpsor 788 Vhd i +{, @ 9{5 . 9{ . ;/ i%+{, @ 9 txh hv qhjdwlyd/ sru or wdqwr od jufd gh i +od
sduerod, hv frqfdyd kdfld dedmr1
Orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv oh ghehuldq shuplwlu uhfrugdu fxdo hv ho vljqr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd h{ljlgr
sdud frqfdylgdg | fxdo hv h{ljlgr sdud frqyh{lgdg1
Hq orv grv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv qr whqhprv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq/ d frqwlqxflq yhuhprv xqr
Hmhpsor 789 Vhd i +{, @ 5{6 . 8{5 . 47;@5:/ yhdprv vl i wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1
i 3 +{, @ 9{5 . 43{ >
i %+{, @ 45{ . 43
sru or wdqwr orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq wlhqh sulphud frpsrqhqwh txh suredeohphqwh vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq
i %+{, @ 3/ hq hvwh fdvrv { @ 8@91 Frpr i %+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 8@9 vh wlhqh txh +8@9> i+8@9,, hv
ho sxqwr gh lq h{lq1
Srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd | vx frqfoxvlq
{
i%+{,,
jufd gh i
0
Frqfdyd
8@9
.
Frqyh{d
Lq h{lq
Dkrud xvdqgr od sulphu ghulydgd srghprv kdfhu xqd wdeod uhvxphq txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq
pd|ru suhflvlq
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, 9{5 . 43{ @ 3
.
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81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
698
Dv/ od jufd gh i ghehud vhu od xqlq gh odv sxqwrv +8@6> i +8@6,, / +8@9> i+8@9,,/ +3> i +3,,
frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd gh od wdeod/ rewhqhprv gh hvwd irupd ho jufr gh od jxud
Hmhpsor 78: Ho hmhpsor dqwhulru qrv srgud oohydu d shqvdu txh orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq vlhpsuh vh rewlhqh
gh od hfxdflq i%+{, @ 31 Do ljxdo txh hq ho fdvr gh ydoruhv h{wuhprv hvwrv qr vh rewlhqh vlhpsuh gh od
hfxdflq i 3 +{, @ 31 Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud hq txh rwurv fdvrv dsduhfhq orv sxqwrv gh lq h{lq1
Vhd i +{, @ +{ 7,8@6 . :1 Ho grplqlr gh i +{, hv U | vxv ghulydgdv gh rughq 4 | gh rughq 5 vrq
uhvshfwlydphqwh1
8
i 3 +{, @ +{ 7,5@6
6
i %+{, @
43
+{ 7,4@6
<
Fodudphqwh i%+{, @ 3 qr qrv duurmd vroxflq/ shur vl srghprv qrwdu txh i %+{, qr h{lvwh hq { @ 7 |
txh vx i%+{, fdpeld gh vljqr hq 7 sru or wdqwr +7> i +7,, @ +7> :, hv xq sxqwr gh lq h{lq
{
i %+{,,
jufd gh i
0
frqfdyd
7
9<
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frqyh{d
699
FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
i +{, @ +{ 7,8@6 . :
i 3 +{, @ 3 +, { @ 7
{
i 3 +{,
i %+{,
i +{,
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.
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lplhqwr/ frqfdylgdg | frqfdylgdg kdfld duuled/ | vl orv kxelhuh/ ydoruhv h{wuhprv | sxqwr gh lq h{lq1
Vroxflq= Qrwhprv hq sulphu oxjdu txh Grpi @ U i5j/ Uhfi @ U. sru or wdqwr od jufd hv vreuh
hmh {1
7
53
Odv ghulydgdv vrq i+{, @ +{
5,8 | i %+{, @ +{5,9 1
{
i 3 +{,
i%+{,
i+{,
.
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Vhjq orv hmhpsorv dqwhulruhv ghehuldprv xqlu sxqwrv gh odv jufdv frpr vh lqglfd hq od owlpd olqhd
gh od wdeod/ shur qr hv srvleoh |d txh qr kd| wdohv sxqwrv +Qrwd +4> i +4,,/ +5> i+5,,/ +4> i +4,, qr vrq
sxqwrv gh od jufd, shur srghprv yhu d txh ydoruhv wlhqghq fxdqgr { $ 5 / { $ 4 | fxdqgr { $ 4
olp i +{, @ 3
{$4
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69:
i qr wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq |d txh ho qlfr fdqglgdwr d wdo hud +5> i+5,,/ shur qr shuwhqhfh d od jufd
gh i + i +5, qr h{lvwh, dpq gh txh i%+{, qr fdpeld gh vljqr hq { @ 51
81:14
Orv uhvxowdgrv gh frqfdylgdg hqxqfldgrv hq ho frurodulr dqwhulru qrv shuplwhq hq pxfkrv fdvrv fodvlfdu
udslgdphqwh orv sxqwrv h{wuhprv hq p{lpd orfdohv r pqlprv orfdohv phgldqwh or txh vxhoh oodpduvh
fulwhulr gh od vhjxqgd ghulydgd
Hmhpsor 78< Gh xqd sodqfkd phwolfd gh 433 fp 5 pwv vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu grv wxerv gh 5 phwurv gh
odujr xqr frq vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo xqd flufxqihuhqfld | rwur vhfflq fxdgudgd BcFrpr vh gheh fruwdu od
sodqfkd d or odujr gh wdo irupd txh od vxpd gh orv yrophqhv lqwhulruhv vhd p{lpr1 BcFxdqgr hv pqlprB
Vroxflq= Vxsrqjdprv txh od sodqfkd vh fruwdq hq {fp5pwv | +433 {, fp5pwv/ frq od sulphud
kduhprv ho flolqgur gh udglr u/ hqwrqfhv 5u @ { | frq od vhjxqgd ho wxer frq vhfflq fxdgudgd/ hv ghflu/
fdgd odgr hv gh + 4337{ ,fpv1
Ho yroxphq gho flolqgur hv
{
u5 5333fp6 @ + ,5 5333fp6
5
Ho yroxphq gho rwur wxer hv
433 { 5
, 5333fp6
7
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FKDSWHU 81 GHULYDGD
{5 +433 {,5
.
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7
gY
5{
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;{ 533 . 5{
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7.
Y +{, @ 833+
5
5
vh rewlhqh grv
Frpr gg{Y5 @ 833+ 5 . 45 ,/ gg{Y5 +{3 , A 3> vh wlhqh gh hvwd irupd txh frq ho fruwh hq 433
7.
wxerv fx|d vxpd gh orv yroxphqhv hv or pqlpr srvleoh gh rewhqhu1
Frpr qr vh rewxyr rwur sxqwr fuwlfr yld od ghulydgd/ ho r orv p{lprv ghehq hqfrqwuduvh hq od iurqwhud
gho lqwhuydor ^3> 433`1
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8+43,9
833+433,5
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8+43,9
@
7
7
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Y +3, @
Hvwh hmhpsor qrv pxhvwud xqd yh} pv txh orv h{wuhprv vh exvfdq qr wdq vor grqgh od ghulydgd vh
dqxod/ vlqr txh wdpelq hq orv h{wuhprv gho lqwhuydor fhuudgr grqgh od ixqflq hvw ghqlgd1
Whvw gh od Vhjxqgd Ghulydgd=
Vhd i xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr43 ^d> e` | vxsrqjdprv txh hv ghulydeoh hq `d> e^ =
g5 i
gi
+, h{lvwh vh wlhqh
+, @ 3 , |
Vl 5 `d> e^ hv xq sxqwr fuwlfr gh i +l1h1/ vx ghulydgd vh dqxod/
g{
g{5
5
g i
grv srvlelolgdghv ghshqglhqgr gho vljqr gh
+,
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5
g i
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410 Vl
g{5
5
g i
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g{5
g5 i
Frpr sxhghv qrwdu vl
+, @ 3> qr vh glfh qdgd/ srgud rfxuulu fxdotxlhu frvd frpr vh sxhghq yhu
g{5
hq odv ixqflrqhv
i+{, @ {6 hq xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr fhufd gho fhur qr wlhqh p{lpr ql pqlpr hq fhur/
Revhuydflq= Hvwr gh srqhu xq lqwhuydor fhuudgr hv vor sdud jdudqwl}du od h{lvwhqfld gh ydoruhv h{0
wuhprv/ shur ho whvw hv dsolfdeoh hq rwurv fdvrv |d txh vh gheh fxpsolu odv klswhvlv hq xqd yhflqgdg gho
sxqwr fuwlfr1
Uhfxhugh txh wdpelhq sxhgh kdehu p{lpr r pqlprv hq oxjduhv txh od ixqflq qr hv ghulydeoh/ dvl
phqrv vhu grv yhfhv ghulydeoh | hq hvh fdvr vor qrv txhgd ho whvw gh od sulphud ghulydgd1
43
81:1 FRQFDYLGDG
81:15
69<
Oplwh Lqqlwr
Frpr xq hohphqwr pv txh qrv shuplwlu judfdu i frq pd|ru suhflvlq hvwxglduhprv orv vljxlhqwhv wlsrv
gh oplwhv
4, olp{$4 i +{,
5, olp{$4 i +{,
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| 4 qr vrq qphurv uhdohv/ sru or wdqwr qr wlhqhq vhqwlgr odv h{suhvlrqhv 4. 4/ .4 4 | hq jhqhudo
rshudflrqhv txh hvwdq ghqlgd hqwuh qphurv uhdohv1 Sru or dqwhulru qr srghprv kdeodu gh yhflqgdg 4
frpr vh ghql dqwhulruphqwh |d txh gh khfkr qr kd| vxefrqmxqwrv gh U txh frqwhqjd d lqqlwr/ shur
sdud dpsoldu qxhvwud ghqlflq gh oplwhv d hvwh fdvr/ gdprv od ghqlflq vljxlhqwh1
Ghqlflq 8168 =
41 Wrgr lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd `Q> 4^> Q 5 U hv xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr/ xqd yhflqgdg gh 4
hv fxdotxlhu lqwhuydor delhuwr gh od irupd ` 4> P ^> P 5 U
51 Gluhprv txh oplwh gh i fxdqgr { wlhqgh d lqqlwr hv O/ O 5 U1
Vl sdud wrgr yhflqgdg gh O> YO> % / h{lvwh xqd yhflqgdg gh lqqlwr YQ wdo txh
i +YQ , YO> %
Lqwurgxflhqgr od qrwdflq dqwhulru/ qdwxudo gh hvwh fdvr/ h lqglfdqgr or txh vljqlfd odv yhflqgdghv
whqhprv
olp i+{, @ O +, +; % A 3,+<Q 5 U,+;{ 5 Grpi a { A Q , mi +{, Om ? %,
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| irfrv hv ho hmh R\ 1
E1718
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s
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frq d> e> f> k> i> j frqvwdqwh +uhdohv,/ wlhqh glvwlqwdv uhsuhvhqwdflrqhv jufdv/ ghshqglhqgr gh orv ydoruhv gh
odv frqvwdqwhv1
Vl d @ e @ k @ 3 hqwrqfhv E1; hv xqd uhfwd
Sdud whqhu pv lqirupdflq +wdohv frpr frrughqdgdv gh yuwlfhv/ irfrv/ fhqwur / hfxdflrqhv gh dvqwrwdv
| hfxdflrqhv gh gluhfwulfhv,/ hv qhfhvdulr oohydu E1; d xqd gh odv h{suhvlrqhv gdgdv dqwhulrphqwh | @ {5 /
5
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d sduerod/ holsvh/ flufxqihuhqfld/ klsuerod r vlpsohphqwh od uhfwd1
Ho wuplqr pl{wr k{| hq od hfxdflq fxdguwlfd E1; lqglfd xqd urwdflq gh hmhv/ dvtxh sdud srghu
lghqwlfdu od fqlfd od hfxdflq E1; gheh vxiulu sulphudphqwh xq fdpelr gh frrughqdgdv sdud oohydu od
hfxdflq E1; d xqd hfxdflq E1;3 grqgh qr dsduh}fd ho wuplqr pl{wr fxdguwlfr {|1
Whqlhqgr xqd hfxdflq E1;3 hv ghflu/ k3 @ 3/ sdud vdehu tx fqlfd wlhqh frpr jufd edvwd frpsohwdu
fxdgudgrv1
Hmhpsor 7<; Yhdprv tx jufd wlhqh sru hfxdflq
74{5 . 67| 5 57{| 58 @ 3
+E1<,
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vxsxhvwr txh E 9@ 3, edvwd wrpdu xqd urwdflq hq xq qjxor wdo txh
fwj+5, @
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Y7 @ +3> s45 ,/ fhqwur +3> 3, | yuwlfhv pd|ruhv Y4 @ +4> 3,/ Y5 @ +4> 3, hq orv hmhv x y +jxud,
E171 FQLFDV
734
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733
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Orv hvsdflrv U> U5 > U6 vh lghqwlfdq hq irupd qdwxudo frq od uhfwd/ ho sodqr | ho hvsdflr uhvshfwlydphqwh
+yhu jxud txh vljxh,1
Ghqlflq F15 Xqd ixqflq uhdo gh grv yduldeohv frq grplqlr D/ i = D U5 $ U hv xqd fruuhvsrq0
ghqfld wdo txh sdud fdgd sdu +{> |, hq D U5 h{lvwh xq qlfr hohphqwr } 5 U wdo txh } @ i+{> |,1
Qrwdflq= Hq irupd dqorjd/ vh ghqh ixqflq uhdo gh q0yduldeohv
frq D Uq
Revhuydflq=
i = D $ U
41 Qrwhprv txh xqd ixqflq uhdo wlhqh frpr frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd ho frqmxqwr +r xq vxefrqmxqwr, gh orv
qphurv uhdohv U1 Gluhprv txh xqd ixqflq hv xqd ixqflq frpsohmd vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho
frqmxqwr gh orv qphurv frpsohmrv F r xq vxefrqmxqwr gh o/ | d xqd ixqflq od oodpduhprv ixqflq
yhfwruldo vl ho frqmxqwr gh oohjdgd hv ho hvsdflr Up / frq p A 41
734
735
i = D $ U
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 / hv ghflu/ hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gho sodqr1 Sru rwud sduwh od jufd gh od ixqflq
itxh vh ghqh frpr
Judii
hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U6
@ i+x> i +x,, = x 5 D U5 j
@ i+{> |> i +{> |,, = +{> |, 5 D U5 j
61 Do ljxdo txh sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vl } @ i +{> |, uhsuhvhqwd xqd ixqflq uhdo gh
grv yduldeohv/ hqwrqfhv vxehqwhqghprv txh ho grplqlr gh i hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U5 sdud ho fxdo od
h{suhvlq i +{> |, shuwhqhfh d U1
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Hv lpsruwdqwh kdfhu qrwdu txh odv lpjhqhv gh hvwd ixqflq shuwhqhfhq do frqmxqwr oodpdgr Uhfruulgr
gh i/ ho fxdo hv xq vxefrqmxqwr gh U
736
Ho uhfruulgr hvw irupdgr sru orv ydoruhv uhdohv txh wrpd } @ i +{> |, frq +{> |, 5 Grpi/ hv ghflu/
Uhfi @ ii+{> |, 5 U = +{> |, 5 Grpi j
s
Dvsru hmhpsor> vl } @ 4 {5 |5
hqwrqfhv } wrpd ydoruhv uhdohv qr qhjdwlyrv/ hv ghflu/ } 31 Dghpv/ hohydqgr do fxdgudgr whqhprv
} 5 @ 4 {5 | 5
txh hv htxlydohqwh d
shur {5 . | 5 3/ oxhjr 4 } 5 3 | } 31
Sru or wdqwr
Dv/
{5 . | 5 @ 4 } 5
3}4
Qr vlhpsuh hv iflo ghwhuplqdu ho uhfruulgr gh xqd ixqflq gh grv r pv yduldeohv | hq od pd|rud gh orv
fdvrv/ ghvsxv gh kdehu judfdgr od ixqflq hq U6 / vh revhuyd sdud tx ydoruhv gh } h{lvwhq suhlpdjhq+hv,
+hvwr hv sur|hfwdqgr od jufd gh i vreuh ho hmh },1
Hmhuflflr 833 Ghwhuplqdu | judfdu orv grplqlrv gh odv vljxlhqwhv ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv1
|
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+4.7{,+4.9| ,4
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5{.6|
51 Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 | 5 9@ 3j
61 Grpk @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = | 7 {5 j
5
5
71 Grpm @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {7 . |49 4j
81 Grpn
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = +{ 3 a | 3, b +{ 3 a | 3,j
@ +^3> 4^ ^3> 4^, ^ +` 4> 3`` 4> 3`,
91 Grpo @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = m{ . |m ? 7j
@ i+{> |, 5 U5 = 7 ? { . | ? 7j
+Yhu odv jufdv fruuhvsrqglhqwhv gh odv 9 owlpdv hq odv jxudv txh vljxhq,1
737
i = D U5
+{> |,
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738
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4
{|4
.
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{4m hvwdu ghqlgd hq U vl { 4 9@ 3/ dghpv i +{> |, 5 U vl m{4m 3/ shur
m{ 4m 3/ oxhjr {| 4 3 gh grqgh
Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 4 3 a { 9@ 4j
Iljxud
j = D U5
+{> |,
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Vroxflq= Grpj @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = { 9@ 3 a 5{{.5 | 5 ^4> 4^j
Sru or wdqwr
5{ . |
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739
s
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48
4@7 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . |5 @
48
j
49
6
4@5 @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {5 . | 5 @ j
7
Hvwdv flufxqihuhqfldv vh ghqrplqdq Fxuydv gh qlyho sdud lqglfdu txh do qlyho f +hq ho hmh }, vh
hqfxhqwud od flufxqihuhqfld f +jxud QQ l}txlhugd ,1
Vl } 5 Uhfi @ ^3> 4` hqwrqfhv odv suhlpjhqhv gh } vrq orv +{> |, 5 U5 txh shuwhqhfhq d od flufxqihuhqfld
{5 . | 5 @ 4 f5 grqgh } @ f
Orv sxqwrv gh od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwdq od jufd gh } @ i+{> |, vrq gh od irupd
hv ghflu/
jxud QQ
73:
Hq od pd|rud gh orv fdvrv/ sdud judfdu od vxshuflh qrv edvwd glexmdu dojxqrv vxefrqmxqwrv gh Judii 1
Hq ho hmhpsor s
dqwhulru qrv edvwd judfdu odv fxuydv gh qlyho +jxud QQ fhqwur, do qlyho f/ sdud rewhqhu
od judfd gh } @ 4 {5 | 5 +jxud QQ0ghuhfkd,1
s
Revhuydu txh od jufd gh i/ hv ghflu od vxshuflh txh uhsuhvhqwd d } @ 4 {5 | 5 hv od plwdg gh od
hvihud xqlwduld frq fhqwur hq ho ruljhq1
s
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} @ {5 . | 5 oodpdgr sduderorlgh +jxud I,
F15
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Do ljxdo txh ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh xqd yduldeoh/ vh ghqh ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv gh grv yduldeohv +r pv
yduldeohv,
Vl i | j vrq ixqflrqhv uhdohv gh grv yduldeohv wdo txh G @ Grpi _Grpj 9@ !/ hqwrqfhv h{lvwhq ixqflrqhv
i . j> i j> i j frq grplqlr G | od ixqflq i@j frq grplqlr i+{> |, 5 G = j+{> |, 9@ 3j grqgh
4, +i . j,+{> |, @ i+{> |, . j+{> |,
{>|,
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,
@ i+{> |, = { . | A 3j>
@ i+{> |, = { 3j
Revhuydflq= Pxfkrv gh orv frqfhswrv ghqlgrv sdud ixqflrqhv gh xqd yduldeoh +frpr sru hmhpsor orv
xwlol}dgrv hq ho ojheud gh ixqflrqhv,/ wdpelq vh ghqhq sdud ixqflrqhv gh grv r pv yduldeohv/ shur qr hv
srvleoh jhqhudol}du wrgrv hoorv d hvwh wlsr gh ixqflrqhv1 Xqr gh hvwrv hv ho frqfhswr gh ixqflq fuhflhqwh |
ghfuhflhqwh/ ho txh qr vh sxhgh ghqlu sdud ixqflq gh grv yduldeohv/ |d txh U5 qr hv xq frqmxqwr rughqdgr
+qr wlhqh vljqlfdgr/ sru hmhpsor/ od vljxlhqwh h{suhvlq +{> |, ? +{3 > | 3 ,,4 1
4 Hv
73;
Sru rwud sduwh/ sdud ixqflrqhv uhdohv i | j gh grv yduldeohv qr srghprv ghqlu od frpsrvlflq j i
sxhv Uhfj _ Grpi @ !1 Vlq hpedujr/ vl frqvlghudprv odv ixqflrqhv
i = D U5 $ U | j = E U $ U
Qrwh txh vl sdud wrgr +{> |, 5 Grpi> Uhfi Grpj hqwrqfhv Grpj i @ Grpi 1
i = D U5
+{> |,
hqwrqfhv
j = U $ U
{ $ {5
D @ Grpi @ i+{> |, 5 U5 = {| 3j
|
oxhjr Grp+j i, @ Grpi |
Dqorjdphqwh=
$
U
s
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Uhfi @ U. Grpj @ U
s
+j i,+{> |, @ j+i+{> |,, @ j+ {|, @ {| hq D
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i = U.
3
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{
$
s
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Dsshqgl{ G
4
71 +;{,+;|,+{> | 5 U. ,+ {|
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mm
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4
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s m5{m 5 45 ,
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A 4j @ i{ 5 U @ m{m A m5 {mj
hv ydfr
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mq 5 Qj hv 31
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581 5 orj 5 . +4 .
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orj8 +4@6,
s
, orj 6 orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflq srvlwlyd
5:1 i{ 5 Um
5{
4
A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
5
5;1 Sdud wrgr d> e 5 U. i4j vh wlhqh orje +d5 , orje +d6 ,1
s
5<1 vxsi{ 5 U@{7 . {5 9 @ 3j @ 5
orj +{,
LL1 Frpsohwdflq=
5
5
4
6 + ,8{.5{ <d{ 5{
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflq d orv U vl d 51111111111111
744
71 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
u
81 Od lqhfxdflq
4
m{ 4m hv11111111111111
{5 5{ . 4
8{.5.{5
5
4
6
<d{ 5{
6
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
m{ . 6m
6
4
hv 111111111111111111111
{5 9{ . <
7
4
4 hv 1111111111111
{ . 7{ . 7
5
451 Od sursrvlflq
}
}
{|
{
+ . 4,{5 7{ . + 4, A 3 +;{ 5 U,
461 Od sduerod {5 5{d| 5d.| @ 6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vvl d 51111111111111
471 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 7{ . 6| 5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod
d od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
481 Od uhodflq {5 | 5 7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq fhqwur hq 11111111111111
491 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwrv hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7| 5 @ 971
Hqwrqfhv od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflrq gh } hv= 11111111111111111
745
531 Vhd i = G $ ^h5 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:4h ,6{4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
541 Vhd i +{, @ orj +{, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo
txh ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydfr hv 11111111111111111
s
551 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
561 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq
s
s
4 4 {5
i +{, @
{5
hv 11111111111111111111
571 Od uhodflq |5 @ 5 { ghqh xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hq 11111111111111111
5
{ >{ ? 3
{ >{ ? 4
hqwrqfhv j i +{, hv 11111111111111111111
581 Vhd i+{, @
| j+{, @ s
{ >{ 4
5{ > { 3
591 Gdgd odv ixqflrqhv i | j ghqlgdv sru
s
{.4 { ?3
{4 4{8
i+{, @
j+{, @
{.5 { 3
{ . :
{A8
+d, Ho Uhfruulgr gh i hv 111111111111
+e, Ho Grplqlr gh j i hv 1111111111111111
+f, +j i ,+{, @
5:1 Grv wxehudv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vrod od oohqdud 8 krudv pv gh sulvd
txh od rwud1 Hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehu d wdugdud lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 |
1111111111111111 uhvshfwlydphqwh
5;1 Vhd i = `3> 4^i4j $
U
4
{
:$ {
.6
4
hqwrqfhv ho uhfruulgr hv 111111111111111
746
631 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq
frqr gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ frpr hq od jxud/ hv i+k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv
11111111111111111
641 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq i +{> |, @
G14
oq+4
{.|
|,
4 3
+d, Idovr1 +
,
4 4
4 3
+f, Idovr1 +
,
5
4
3 3
+h, Idovr1 +
,
3 4
4 3
+e, Yhugdghur1 +
,
3 4
3 3
+g, Idovr1 +
,
3 4
3 3
+i, Idovr1 +
,
4 4
431 54 np1
461 Od yhorflgdg gho sulphu flfolvwd hv gh 47 np2k/ | od gho vhjxqgr 4; np2k> ho sulphur hvw d 6 krudv
gho hqfxhqwur hq od fduuhwhud/ ho vhjxqgr/ 5 krudv1
471
<
7
481 Ho sulphu wudedmdgru wdugdu 47 gdv/ ho vhjxqgr 44 gdv hq uhdol}du lqglylgxdophqwh ho wudedmr1
491 Od sulphud ptxlqd shuirud 5 phwurv gh wqho sru gd/ | od vhjxqgd
6
5
4:1 Od sulphud fxdgulood sxhgh uhdol}du od uhsdudflq frpsohwd hq 43 gdv/ | od vhjxqgd hq 48 gdv1
4;1 Ho sulphu reuhur sxhgh kdfhu o vror ho wudedmr hq 45 krudv> ho vhjxqgr/ hq 57 krudv1
4<1 Od sulphud wxehud oohqd od slvflqd hq 43 krudv> od vhjxqgd/ hq 48 krudv1
747
541 Ho sulphu prwru frqvxph 93 judprv gh frpexvwleoh sru krud> ho vhjxqgr/ 7; judprv gh frpexvwleoh
sru krud1
551 Od jud gh pd|ru srwhqfld ghprud 57 krudv hq uhdol}du vrod ho wudedmr frpsohwr/ plhqwudv txh od gh
phqru srwhqfld ghprud 69 krudv1
561 Od dowxud hv k 68> 89fp vx udglr u 4<> 4<fp | ho yroxphq hv Y 46=:4 olwurv1
:
> 47 ,
81 S4 +{> |> , @ +3> 4> 4, S5 +{> |> , @ + 67 > 49
s s
s s
91 S4 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 , S5 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 ,
s s
s s
S6 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 , S7 +{> |> , @ + 55 > 5> 47 ,
8
5
441 S4 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5, S5 +{> |> }> , @ +4> 4> 3> 5,
S6 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4, S7 +{> |> }> , @ +3> 3> 4> 4,
s
s
s
s
451 S4 +{> |> }> , @ + s
8@6> 8@6>
s 8@6>s 8@45,s
S5 +{> |> }> , @ + 8@6> 8@6> 8@6> 8@45,
Or lqglfdgr hqwuh sduqwhvlv +, hv vor xqd d|xgd sdud xqd fruuhfwd mxvwlfdflq
41 +d,
+f,
+h,
+j,
+l,
+n,
51
+d,
+g,
+j,
+m,
+e,
+h,
+k,
Yhugdghur1
Yhugdghur1
Yhugdghur1
+f,
+i,
+l,
Yhugdghur1
Yhugdghur1
Idovr1
748
71 +d, V @` 4@6> s
4^1 +e, Vs@`5> <^1 +f, V @`3> 4^1 +g, V @` 4> 3^^`4@:> 4^1
s
s
s
s
s
+h, V @`4@5> :9 46 ^^`4> :.9 46 ^1 +i, V @` 4> 45^^` 8> 3^^` 8> 7 44^^`45> 7 . 44^= +j,
V @ ^3> 4^1
+k, V @ ^3> 4^ +l, Vs @ ! +m, V @` 4> 5^ +n, V @ ^9> 4^ +o, V @ ! +p,
V @` 4> 9@46^i3j +q, V @ ^ 45 :6 > 5` ^ ^4> 6` +r, V @ ^5> 657` +s, V @ !1 +t, V @ i4j +u,
V @ ! +v, V @ i5j
s s
81 +d, V @ !1 +e, V @ i4j1 +f, V @ i4 6> 5j1 +g, V @ U1
+h, V @` 4> 6@5`^`4@7> 4^1
91 D|xgd= Hvfulelu frpr hfxdflq gh vhjxqgr judgr | txh ho glvfulplqdqwh hv xqd vxpd gh fxdgudgr
+s t,5 | 7d5 1
:1 ^ 4;43 ;7 > 4^
s
+f, `4> 8^ +g, p @ 44 6 44 +h, `8> 4^1
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whqhu od irupd gh xq flolqgur uhpdwdgr sru xqd eryhgd vhplhvihulfd1 Vl ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq sru phwur
fxdgudgr hv ho wulsoh hq od sduwh vhplhvihulfd txh hq od sduwh flolqgulfd1 Fdofxoh odv glphqvlrqhv gho vlor
txh kdfh pqlpr ho frvwr gh frqvwuxfflq1
Hmhuflflr 944 Vh ghvhd frqvwuxlu xqd fdmd gh edvh fxdgudgd gh yroxphq 585 fp6 1
Ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gh od fdmd sdud txh ho frvwr gh ideulfdflq vhd pqlpr/ vl vh vdeh txh=
Ho frvwr gh odv wdsd hv ' 5 sru fp5
Ho frvwr gh od edvh hv ' 8 sru fp5
Ho frvwr gh orv odgrv hv ' 6 sru fp5 1
Sureohpdv gh Fhuwdphqhv
Fdswxor 4
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
41 +;{> | 5 U,+{ . | 9@ 3 ,
s
51 +;{ 5 U,+ 7{5 @ 5m{m,
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591 +;{> | 5 U i3j, + m{m.|5 m{m,
s
s
5:1 Vl { vdwlvidfh od hfxdflq 8{ . 4 @ 5{ 5 . 5 hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gh od h{suhvlq
LL Frpsohwdflq=
61 Od lqhfxdflq
{5
3 hv 111111111111111
m6 {m m{ 5m
5
5
4
6 + ,8{.5{ <d{ 5{
6
wlhqh frpr vroxflq ho frqmxqwr gh orv U vl d 51111111111111
4
m{ 4m hv11111111111111
{ 5{ . 4
5
81 Od lqhfxdflq
6
8{.5.{5
5
4
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6
+{5 . :{ . 43,+{5 6{ . 7,
? 3 hv 11111111111111111111
m{ . 6m
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8 .4
hv 51
778
;1 Ho frqmxqwr vroxflq gh od lqhfxdflq
u
6
4
hv 111111111111111111111
{ 9{ . <
7
5
4
4 hv 1111111111111
{ . 7{ . 7
5
451 Od sursrvlflq
hv yhugdghud vvl 5111111111111111
}
}
{|
{
+ . 4,{5 7{ . + 4, A 3
{
|
}
5{5 . 7| 5 . } 5
vrq 1111111111
@ 5{
@ 7|
@ }
@
;
471 Grv wxehuldv wdugdq 9 krudv hq oohqdu xqd slvflqd1 Xqd vod od oohqdud 8 krudv pv gh sulvd txh
od rwud hqwrqfhv fdgd wxehuld wdugdud lqglylgxdophqwh hq oohqdu od slvflqd 111111111111111 | 1111111111111111
uhvshfwlydphqwh
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Vl ho udglr gho flolqgur uhfwr glvplqx|h hq xq 43( plhqwudv txh vx dowxud dxphqwd hq xq 45(1
hq txh wdqwr sru flhqwr ydud>
d, ho yroxphq gho flolqgur
Yf @ u5 k
Df @ uk
51 Uhvroyhu
Fdswxor 5
{5 | 5 @ 5+{| 6,
5+6 {|, @ +{5 | 5 ,
5
6{ | 9{ | 6 @ 3
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
41 Vl orj{ +8, ? 4 hqwrqfhv vh wlhqh txh 8 ? {1
orj8 {
4 hv ^6> 4^
orj8 +4@6,
779
s
61 5 orj 5 . +4 . 54{ , orj 6 orj + { 6 . 5:, @ 3/ od hfxdflq dqwhulru qr wlhqh vroxflq srvlwlyd
{, A 4j @ i{ 5 Um 4 A orj5 +{,j
4
orj5 +
$ ^6> 4^
:$ h{ 4
51 Od sduerod {5 5{ d| 5d . | @ 6/ frq fhqwur hq +4> 5, vh deuh kdfld duuled vl | vor vl
d 51111111111111
61 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd txh sdvd sru ho fhqwur gh od holsvh 5{5 7{ . 6|5 . 9| @ 7 | hv sdudohod d
od uhfwd 5{ . 6| @ 4 hv 11111111111111
71 Od uhodflq {5 | 5 7{ . 5| . 7 @ 3 uhsuhvhqwd od fqlfd 1111111111111 frq yuwlfh hq 11111111111111
77:
81 Vhd DEFG ho uhfwqjxor frq odgrv sdudohorv d orv hmhv lqvfulwr hq od holsvh 49{5 . 7|5 @ 971 Hqwrqfhv
od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho uhd gho uhfwqjxor hq ixqflq gh { hv= 11111111111111111
{
orj4@6 +m{m 5,
orj< +6,
orj4@6 7
hv 111111111111111
m{m
4
451 Vhd i = G $ ^h5 > h4 ^> i +{, @ + 5:4h ,6{4 hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh i hv 111111111111
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj +{, | j+{, @ {5 . e{ e ixqflrqhv/ hqwrqfhv ho frqmxqwr gh wrgrv orv e 5 U wdo txh
ho grplqlr gh i j hv ydflr hv 11111111111111111
s
471 Vhd i+{, @ orj++{ 6,5 , | j+{, @ 7 {/ hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr p{lpr gh j i hv 111111111
481 Ho grplqlr gh od ixqflq
hv 11111111111111111111
491 Frqvlghuh od ixqflq i +{, @
e 5 111111111111111
s
s
4 4 {5
i +{, @
{5
d{5 . 4 { 3
hqwrqfhv i hv lq|hfwlyd vl | vor vl d 5 11111111111111 |
{5 . e { ? 3
77;
541 Vhd i = U i4j $ U i4j xqd ixqflq el|hfwlyd hqwrqfhv i 4 +{, hv ljxdo d 1111111111111111
{.4
{
:$
4{
551 od ixqflq i+{, @ 5{ m{m ghqlgd hq ^5> 8` wlhqh xq p{lpr devroxwr hq { @11111111111 | xq ydoru
pqlpr devroxwr ljxdo d 11111111111
561 Od ixqflq txh uhsuhvhqwd ho yroxphq +hq ixqflq gh k, gho flolqgur flufxodu uhfwr lqvfulwr hq xq frqr
gh 53fp gh dowxud | 8fp gh udglr/ hv i +k, @1111111111111 | vx grplqlr hv 11111111111111111
581 Vl i+{, @ h
oq+4
s {5
1
4
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Od rulood gh xqd slvflqd irupd xq uhfwqjxor gh 73 slhv gh odujr | 53 slhv gh dqfkr1 Vx surixqglgdg
dxphqwd xqliruphphqwh gh 6 d : slhv hq xq wudpr krul}rqwdo gh 57 slhv | ghvsxv frqwlqd do plvpr
qlyho orv uhvwdqwhv 48 slhv/ frpr vh loxvwud hq od jxud/ od fxdo pxhvwud xqd vhfflq wudqvyhuvdo1 Vl od
slvflqd vh hvw ydfldqgr/ dofdq}dqgr xq qlyho k hq ho odgr pv surixqgr1 Ghwhuplqh ho yroxphq Y +k,
gho djxd hq ixqflq gh od dowxud k/ hvshflfdqgr vx grplqlr1
51 Od frpsdld gh duulhqgr gh dxwrv Mlphqh}%/ duulhqgd fkhyhwwh d ' 431833 sru gd | 73 shvrv sru
nlophwur uhfruulgr/ plhqwudv txh od frpsdld Dudqfleld% duulhqgd ho plvpr wlsr gh dxwr d ' ;<33
sru gd | d 93 shvrv sru nlophwur1
+d, Vl { uhsuhvhqwd ho qphur gh nlorphwurv uhfruulgr hq xq gd/ hqfxhqwuh od ixqflq FD +{,txh
uhsuhvhqwd ho frvwr sru duuhqgdu xq fkhyhwwh hq od frpsdld Dudqfleld% hq hvh gd1
+e, Fxdqwrv nlorphwurv vh gheh uhfruuhu hq ho gd sdud txh ph frqyhqjd duuhqgdu ho dxwr gh od
frpsdld Mlphqh}%1
Fdswxor 6
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
q
41 Vl olpq$4 dq @ O hqwrqfhv olpq$4 dq vhq
q h{lvwh1
77<
61 Od vxfhvlq idq j hv frqyhujhqwh grqgh
6
q > q 5333
d, dq @
4
q > q A 5333
e, dq @
q6
s
s s
71 Od vxfhvlq idq j @ i+ q . 4 q, q . 6j frqyhujh d 4@5
> q A 5333
> q 5333
LL Frpsohwdflq=
olp
q$4
hv 11111111111111111
vvl { 5 111111111111111
q5
q.4
q
6q
. s
7
49q7 . 8
dq.4
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olp
q$4 dq
olp
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5q
5q . frv+q$,
s
hv 111111111111111
.
6
5q.4 . 4
q6 . 8
olp
q$4
vhq +q,.+
4,
+5,q . frv+q,
@ ==============
6q . 7
q .86q.4
q.8q
5+q.4,
mvhq
q 7.8q
<
q ,m
+<
hv 1111111111111111111
hv 1111111111111111111
5q
4
/ hqwrqfhv ho jufr gh i hv 1111111111
:1 Vhd i+{, @ olpq$4 {{5q
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;1 Ho oplwh
+
,
olp h q6 4 @ ============
q$4
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q hv 111111111111
s
s
431 Ho oplwh olpq$4 +q+ <q5 . 6 <q5 . 8,, hv 111111111111
q
441 Vhd dq @ q$+{qq4, hqwrqfhv
dq.4
?4
olp
q$4 dq
vl | vor vl { 5111111111111111111111
<1 Ho oplwh olpq$4
vhq +q,
s
6
;q6 . 5q frv +4@q,
olp
. q
q$4
q
7 .8
LLL10 Ghvduuroor
41 Vhd
i = `4> 4^ $
U
s
{
:$ orj8 + { 4,
j = U i3j $
{
:$
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8{ 8{
8
783
olp j+q,
q$4
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olp +j i,+{,
{$5
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
41 Vhd i +{, xqd ixqflq frqwlqxd hq U | i+q, @ q5 / dghpv/ vhd
olp j+{, @ 8>
{$+4@5,
5q.4
@q, hv 5 1
8
frv+4
q .87q
olp +i j,+{, @ 8=
{$+4@5,.
4
61 olpq$4 +q5 . 8q,vhq+ q5 .8
q, @ 4
71 Vhd i | j ixqflrqhv1 Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d ij++{{,, qr h{lvwh1
81
:1 Ho oplwh olp{$3
olp
{$6
m{ 7m 4
qr h{lvwh
6{
@{, hv 4
+{,
hv 4
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+{,
+{ ,
hv 4
<1 Ho oplwh olp{$ vhq
+{ ,
vhq +4@{,
+4
/ dvl vh wlhqh m{ 5m ? ,
431 Sdud ghprvwudu txh olp{$5 {5 @ 7> gdgr srvlwlyr/ edvwd wrpdu @ m{.5
m
m{5 7m ? 1
441 Vhd
6{ . :
{ 4
{5 .8{.7 { ? 4
5
{ 4
Ghwhuplqh ho ydoru gh yhugdg gh od vljxlhqwh dupdflrqhv
i +{, @
+{,
hv
451 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$4 vhq{
4
Vl olp{$d i+{, h{lvwh | olp{$d j+{, qr h{lvwh hqwrqfhv olp{$d i +{,j+{, qr h{lvwh1
784
481 olp{$
vhq +6{,
vhq +5{,
@ olp{$3
vhq +6{,
vhq +5{,
+{,
hv 111111111111
41 Ho ydoru gho oplwh olp{$7 +{vhq
7, frv+{,
51 Ho oplwh olp{$8
4.frw5 +
{5
{, hv 11111111111111111
4.frw5 +
;
?
vhq 5+{
4,
{4
i +{, @
D{5 . 5
=
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91 Vhd
i+{, @
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6 frv+{ . , { A 3
em
5
:1 Vhd i+{, @ {{m
e5 / frq e ? 3/ hqwrqfhv ho ydoru gho oplwh gh i +{, fxdqgr { wlhqgh d e hv 111111111111
;
? 6{5 . 8 { A 4
{ . 5 { @ 4
;1 Vhd i+{, @
Hqwrqfhv orv ydoruhv gh | txh shuplwhq txh od ixqflq i +{,
=
46{ . { ? 4
vhd frqwlqxd hq { @ 4 vrq @11111111111 | @ 111111111111
785
;
?
> {A4
5D{ . {5
E+{ 4, . 8 > { @ 4
i+{, @
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i +{, @
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;
A
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=
3?{?4
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vhq{+e{,
4
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vhq +d{,
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LLL10 Ghvduuroor
;
4frv+{@6,
>{ ? 3
A
{
A
A
A
?
5{ . 5d . 4 > { @ 3 grqgh d> e vrq qphurv uhdohv mrv=
41 i+{, @
A
A
A
A
= ds{5 .{6
.e >{ A 3
{
+d, Fdofxoh ho oplwh odwhudo ghuhfkr gh i hq 31
Fdswxor 8
L10 Ghwhuplqh fxdo gh odv vljxlhqwhv dupdflrqhv vrq yhugdghudv r idovdv1 Mxvwltxh
| @ dufvhq+{|,
786
:1 Vl od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh od edvh gh xq wulqjxor hv gh 6 p2vhj | od dowxud 7 p2vhj/ hqwrqfhv
od yhorflgdg gh fuhflplhqwr gh vx uhd hq ho lqvwdqwh txh fxdqgr vx edvh hv gh 45 phwurv | vx dowxud
gh 53 phwurv hv gh 87 p5 2vhj
j+{, @
s
{4 4{8
{ . :
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51 Vl i +{, @
s
6
4 d{ { 3
vhq{ . e { A 3
71
81 Frqvlghuh j+{, @
{ hv===========
fvf +6 ,
:1 Vl
; 6
{ . oq+{, { A 4
A
A
A
A
?
5{ . 4
{@4
i +{, @
A
A
A
A
=
frv+5{,
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6
s
s6 {7+{ , hv j3 +{, @11111111111111111111
;1 Od ghulydgd gh j+{, @ + {,frv { . dufvhq
hqwrqfhv
787
<1 Vl
;
5{ frv +{,
A
A
A
A
?
6{
i +{, @
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A
A
A
= s 6
{ . 7{5
431 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @
hv 11111111111111
441 Od ghulydgd gh
{?3
{@3
{A3
5
6 vhf +{, h{
orj8 +{6 . 4,
hv 1111111111111111
451 Od ghulydgd gh
i +{, @
vhq+{ 5, { A 5
{5
{4
461 Vhd i +{, @ orj6 { hqwrqfhv ho grplqlr gh od ghulydgd gh i +{, hv Grpi 3 @ 111111111111111
.4,
gi m @
hqwrqfhv g{
{@4
s6
gi hv ljxdo d111111111111111
4<1 Vhd i +{, @ +vhq+{7 . 5 ,, { .8 sdud { 5` @;> @;^ hqwrqfhv g{
531 Od ghulydgd gh | @ +{5{ ,6{ frq { 5 U. i4j hv 1111111111
541 Vhd i +{, od ixqflq ghqlgd sru=
i +{, @
Dvhq +{,
{
{6 . E
{A
{
;
s
? +{ ,6 . 5d{
f s
i+{, @
=
frv+ +{7 . 5 ,@5, . e{
d
s
{ ? s
{@
s
{A
s
sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f111111111111111
s
+e, i hv ghulydeoh hq sdud orv vljxlhqwhv ydoruhv gh d> e> f 111111111111111
; 6
{A3
? {
vhq+{, { @ 3
561 Vhd i +{, @
hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh i hv 11111111111111111111111
=
{?3
7{5
+d, i hv frqwlqxd hq
788
571 Vhd 6{5 | 5 . wdq+| 6 , @ 4/ hqwrqfhv hq xq frqmxqwr dsursldgr od ghulydgd gh | frq uhvshfwr d { hv=
g|
g{ @1111111111111
591 Vhd K+{, @ {I 4 +{, frv+I 4 +{,,/ frq I 3 +{, 9@ 3 sdud wrgr { hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh K+{, hv
K 3 +{, @1111111111111
5:1 Orv odgrv gh xq wulqjxor gh shuphwur pqlpr frq uhd md D/ dv frpr wdpelq md vx edvh e vrq
1111111111111111
5;1 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od jufd gh od ixqflq gdgd sdudphwulfdphqwh sru
{ @ 6+w 4,5 . 8
| @ 9w6 vhq+w, > w 5 U
hq ho sxqwr +;> 3, hv 1111111111111111
651 Od ghulydgd gh xqd ixqflq i +{, hv i 3 +{, @ 6{ . :vhq+{ 4,+{ 5, . ; | i +4, @ 5> i+5, @ 6 hqwrqfhv
+i 4 ,3 +5, @111111111111111
661 Vhd i +{, @ vhq+6{, frv+5{, . 4/ frq { 5` @;> @;^/ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho
4
sxqwr 4/ hv ghflu/ gig{ +4, hv 1111111111111111
671 vhd i +{, @ 5vhq+{, frv+{,> { 5`@7> 6@7^ hqwrqfhv od ghulydgd gh od ixqflq lqyhuvd hq ho sxqwr
4
3/+ gig{ +3,, hv 111111111111111111
681 Ho oplwh
hv 111111111111111111
4
olp + ,wdq+{,
{$3. {
6;1 Gdgd od fxuyd {| . | 6 {5 @ 4 hq irupd lpsoflwd1 Fxdqwrv sxqwrv gh od ixqflq | @ i +{, wlhqh uhfwd
wdqjhqwh sdudohod d hmh { 111111111111111
6<1 Xq mduglq hv glvhdgr frq od irupd gh xq vhfwru flufxodu gh qjxor | udglr u frpr hq od jxud1 Ho
mduglqhur fxhqwd frq vhploodv vhpeudu Dp5 1 Sdud ghwhuplqdu odv glphqvlrqhv gho mdugq gh wdo irupd
txh vh jdvwh or phqrv srvleoh hq fhufdor hqwrqfhv od ixqflq d pqlpl}du hq od yduldeoh u hv 111111111111111
731 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od jufd gh | @ {6 / ho hmh R[ +xq odgr vreuh
hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 5 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 11111111111111
741 Ho uhfwqjxor DEFG gh uhd p{lpd lqvfulwr hqwuh od sduerod | @ 7{5 / ho hmh R[ +xqr gh orv odgrv
hq hvwh hmh, | od uhfwd { @ 9 wlhqh uhd ljxdo d 111111111111111
751 Vhd s+{, @ {6 . d{5 . e{ . f xq srolqrplr frq frhflhqwhv d> e| f/ hqwrqfhv s+{, wlhqh xq p{lpr
orfdo hq { @ 4 | xq pqlpr orfdo hq { @ 6 vl vxv frhflhqwhv vrq ljxdohv d 11111111111111111111
789
761 Grv wuhqhv vh dohmdq gh xq fuxfh txh irupd xq qjxor gh <3 d yhorflgdghv gh 493np@k | 453np@k1
Fxdqgr ho sulphu wuhq hvwd d ;3np gho fuxfh hqwrqfhv od yhorflgdg frq txh vh hvwdq dohmdqgr orv
wuhqhv hv gh 111111111111111
5,vhq {
vrq +hv, 1111111111111111
771 Odv dvqwrwdv yhuwlfdohv gh i +{, @ {+{6
.{5 9{
791 Od jufd gh i+{, @ {5 wlhqh lqqlwdv uhfwdv wdqjhqwhv +xqd sru fdgd sxqwr,1 Grv gh hvwd uhfwdv
wdqjhqwh sdvd sru ho sxqwr +4> 3,/ xqd gh hood hv od wdqjhqwh d rwur sxqwr1 Ho sxqwr hv 11111111111
7:1 Od jufd gh od ixqflq i +{, @ +{5 4,7 wlhqh sxqwrv gh lq h{lq hq 1111111111111
5
{5 .4, hqwrqfhv
5{
7<1 Vhd i +{, @ {5{4 > i 3 +{, @ +{
i%+{, @ 5+6
5 4,5 >
+{5 4,6
s{{55
vrq 1111111111
841 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd | @ i+{, ghqlgd lpsolflwdphqwh sru od uhodflq
s
wdq+{|7 , 5 oq+ |, @ 3
hq +3> 4, hv 1111111111
851 Od hfxdflq gh od uhfwd wdqjhqwh d od fxuyd +5{ . 6|,5 +6{ 5|,5 @ 57 hq +4> 4, hv 11111111111111111
861 Od ixqflq i+{, @ { hv hvwulfwdphqwh fuhflhqwh hq 11111111111111111
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