MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

(MINISTERUL EDUCATIEI SI CERCETARII STIINTIFICE)

LICEUL TEORETIC DANTE ALIGHIERI

ASSIGNMENT FOR OBTAINING THE PROFICIENCY CERTIFICATE

FOR ALUMNI CLASSES WITH INTENSIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH

(Lucrare pentru obtinerea atestatului de competent lingvistic

pentru absolventii claselor cu studiu intensiv al limbii engleze)

Coordinating teacher: Prof. TONE MONICA

Student: SIMION SORIN GABRIEL, XII-B

BUCHAREST,
2016

HOW DOES THE UNIVERSE W ORK ?

Table
Table of
of Contents
Contents
ARGUMENT
ARGUMENT
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Space
Space
Our
Our Solar
Solar System
System ,Planets,
,Planets, Moons
Moons and
and Dwarf
Dwarf Planets
Planets
Kuiper
Belt
Kuiper Belt
Exoplanets
Exoplanets -Planets
-Planets around
around other
other Stars
Stars
Galaxies
Galaxies
Pretty
Pretty strange
strange stuff
stuff in
in space
space
Nebulae
Nebulae -- The
The Dust
Dust of
of Stars
Stars
Beyond
Our
Solar
System
Beyond Our Solar System
Beyond
Beyond Our
Our Galaxy
Galaxy
UNSOLVED
UNSOLVED MYSTERIES
MYSTERIES OF
OF SPACE
SPACE
What
are
the
Mysterious
Noises
from
What are the Mysterious Noises from Space?
Space? And
And What
What is
is Dark
Dark Energy?
Energy?
Are
Are we
we alone
alone in
in the
the Universe?
Universe?
Where
are
the
White
Where are the White Holes?
Holes?
Why
does
Titan
Have
Why does Titan Have an
an Atmosphere?1
Atmosphere?1
What
are
the
Fermi
Bubbles?
What are the Fermi Bubbles?
Where
Where Are
Are the
the Missing
Missing Baryons?
Baryons?
Where
Where do
do High-energy
High-energy Cosmic
Cosmic Rays
Rays come
come from?
from?
Where
Did
Saturn's
Rings
Come
From?
and
Where Did Saturn's Rings Come From? and Where
Where did
did galaxies
galaxies come
come from?
from?
NEW
DISCOVERIES
and
NEW
TELESCOPE
TECHNOLOGY
NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY
How
How did
did we
we get
get here?
here?
God
Particle'
Higgs
God Particle' Higgs Boson
Boson
Latest
Latest Secrets
Secrets of
of Mars
Mars
NASAs
Space
Telescopes
NASAs Space Telescopes
FINAL
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
CONSIDERATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY &
& RESOURCES.
RESOURCES.

Argument

Since ancient times man has contemplated the night sky, wondering: What is the sky?
What laws govern the motion? But the only thing he could do was to observe the
approximately 6,000 stars visible to the naked eye and write down their positions in socalled constellations.

I feel like explorers who are at the edge of a new frontier. I want to know more. I want to
know why the universe is expanding faster and faster, why galaxies stay together rather than
apart, why less than 5 percent of the universe is ordinary matter made of quarks, electrons
and neutrinos, the rest being dark matters (23 percent) and dark energy (72 percent).

The idea of a universe that does not end, because nobody knows for sure if the universe
is finite or infinite, disturbs me and makes me dizzy, especially in our little world, where we
are used that everything has margins and endings .Therefore, the most troubling questions
that I ask myself about the world, are:"How was the universe created?","How does the
universe work?

These are some of the many reasons I chose these subjects as my project. I can find the
time to think about the questions of existence and the functioning of the universe despite my
school activities

Introduction

What does the universe mean? How big can space be? What does limits mean? Where did
time start and where will it end?
There are many questions associated with the creation and evolution of the major
constituents of the universe. A basic question astronomers must address is, how did the universe
create its first stars and galaxies? How did they influence subsequent galaxy, star and planet
formation?
Our universe is old and large, and expanding outwards every day. This universe, the dark
energy that seems to be behind it, and other questions like the exact nature of the Big Bang and
the early evolution of the universe are among the questions of cosmology.
The universe is filled with stars, galaxies, planets and more, and there are some mysteries
like dark matter to be solved by astronomers and scientists have signaled some of the major
discoveries of our universe.
It is still unknown whether the universe created black holes with the first generation of
stars or whether these weird objects were created by the first generation of stars. As black holes
represent the most extreme physical conditions of space-time and generate some of the most
energetic phenomena following the Big Bang, they are good material for testing the theories of
the universe
Let us talk more about about the subject.

SPACE , SOLAR SYSTEM and

BEYOND

Space is a rocky place. The biggest space rocks are asteroids.

Asteroids are made up of rock and iron like the four planets
closest to our sun, but they are much smaller. All the asteroids put
together would be smaller than our moon. Asteroids are different
from comets, which are mostly rock and ice. Comets have tails

Our solar system is made up of a star - the Sun - eight planets,

146 moons, plenty of comets, asteroids and space rocks, ice and
several dwarf planets, such as Pluto.

The eight planets

are:Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Nept
une

MERCURY

VENUS

EARTH

MARS

JUPITER

SATURN

URANUS

NEPTUN

PLUTO

Remember the order of the planets like this: MyVery

Educated Mother Just Showed Us Neptune

Beyond Our Solar System

Our sun is one of at least 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, a
spiral galaxy about 100,000 light years across. The stars are arranged
like a pinwheel with four major arms, and we live about two-thirds of
the way up one of them.

Beyond Our Galaxy

The Milky Way is part of the Local Group, a neighborhood about

10 million light years across, consisting of more than 30 galaxies that
are gravitationally connected to each other. Aside from our galaxy,
the most massive one in this group is Andromeda, which appears to
be on course to collide with the Milky Way in about 4 billion years

UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF SPACE

For thousands of years scientists have tried to understand the mysteries of
the night sky. Strange noises from the depth of space, unexplained gas
bubbles circling the earth, and mysterious moons are just three of the
unexplained space mysteries scientists are trying to solve.

So far, world wide universe still contains many mysteries that modern
science has not yet fully explored. But with what we know about the
universe, there are many facts that we have to feel surprised. Here are the
things like that.
What is Dark Energy?
Are we alone in the Universe? This question is as old as humankind
itself;
Where are the White Holes?
Where Did Saturn's Rings Come From?
Where did galaxies come from?

NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW

TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY
God Particle' Higgs Boson

In 2012, scientists confirmed the detection of the long-sought Higgs Boson, also known by its nickname
the "God particle," at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most powerful particle accelerator on the planet.

The recently discovered Higgs boson, which helps give particles their mass, could have destroyed the
cosmos shortly after it was born, causing the universe to collapse just after the Big Bang.
Latest Secrets of Mars

These days, in their search for life in the universe NASA confirms evidence that liquid water flows on
todays Mars. New findings from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) provide the strongest evidence
yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day
NASAs Space Telescopes

The Hubble Space Telescope is a large telescope in space NASA launched Hubble in 1990. Hubble is as
long as a large school bus.. Hubble travels around Earth at about 5 miles per second.
Hubble faces toward
space. It takes pictures of planets, stars and galaxies. Hubble has seen stars being born. Hubble has seen
stars die. It has seen galaxies that are trillions of miles away. Hubble also has seen comet pieces crash into
the gases above Jupiter.

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Our ideas about the nature of space and time have changed and they are sometimes similar to
the science fiction ones.
It is difficult to answer the question of how the universe works. There are a lot of effective
things in astronomy and we have new explanations concerning the evolution of the universe
and we now know the nature of matters content. However, some questions still do not have an
answer. We have to be creative and think whether rules of a different nature could govern
empty space, black holes as opposed to those that apply to the dense matter from which the
Big Bang started.
Is the end of the Universe near? There are three alternatives:
The Big Crunch. Everything is governed by gravity and the Universe ends up in a point, all
the matter being gathered there.
The Big Rip. The opposite is true. The Universe expands surprisingly quickly, repelling
forces govern everything.The gravitational attraction disappears.
The Big Freeze. It is a mixture of the above mentioned theories.The system neither condenses
nor expands at a high speed, it expands slowly and it goes on and on and any activity
disappears due to freezing. It seems to be the most feasible theory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY & RESOURCES

TheFabricoftheCosmos:Space,Time,andtheTextureofRealitybyBrian Randolph Greene
(Publisher:RandomHouseLLC,NewYork:VintageBooks,2004);
TheElegantUniverse:Superstrings,HiddenDimensions,andtheQuestfortheUltimateTheoryby
Brian Randolph Greene (Publisher:W.W.Norton&CompanyFebruary1999);
ABriefHistoryofTime:FromtheBigBangtoBlackHolesby Stephen Hawking(Publisher:Bantam
DellPublishingGroup,1998);
AUniversefromNothingby Lawrence Maxwell Krauss(initiallypublishedonJanuary10,2012by
FreePress);
https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/seuforum;
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/;
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem
https://www.nasa.gov/press-release
http://www.bbc.com
https://www.ted.com/speakers/brian_greene;
http://www.astronomia.go.ro/stiri.html;
http://www.scientia.ro;
http://www.descopera.org/;
http://teostie.ro/stiinta/7-mistere-neelucidate-de-stiinta;