25.02.

2015

Course Information
Lecture:

EEE 312
Electronic Circuits

Taner nce
Office Hours: Tuesday 10:00-11:00 AM

Textbook
BJT AC Analysis

R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and

Circuit Theory, Pearson. 11e

Grading

Lecture 1
February 9, 2015

First Midterm (20%)

Second Midterm (20%)
Laboratory (20%)
Final (40 %)

BJT AC Analysis (Chapter 5)

Become familiar with the re, hybrid, and hybrid models for
the BJT transistor.

BJT AC Analysis (Chapter 5)

AC response of the BJT amplifier is examined by using the
models most frequently used to represent the transistor in the
sinusoidal ac domain.

Learn to use the equivalent model to find the important ac

parameters for an amplifier.

There are three models commonly used in the small-signal ac

analysis of transistor networks:

Understand the effects of a source resistance and load resistor

on the overall gain and characteristics of an amplifier.
Become aware of the general ac characteristics of a variety of

re model
hybrid model
hybrid equivalent model

important BJT configurations.

Begin to understand the advantages associated with the twoport systems approach to single- and multistage amplifiers.

25.02.2015

BJT AC Analysis

BJT TRANSISTOR MODELING

The superposition theorem is applicable for the

analysis and design of the dc and ac components of
a BJT network, permitting the separation of the
analysis of the dc and ac responses of the system.

The key to transistor small-signal analysis is the use of the

equivalent circuits (models).
A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC
characteristics of the transistor.

In other words, one can make a complete dc

analysis of a system before considering the ac
response. Once the dc analysis is complete, the ac
response can be determined using a completely ac
analysis.

A model uses circuit elements that approximate the

behavior of the transistor.
Once the ac equivalent circuit is determined, the schematic
symbol for the device can be replaced by this equivalent
circuit and the basic methods of circuit analysis applied to
determine the desired quantities of the network.

BJT TRANSISTOR MODELING

25.02.2015

10

The re Transistor Model

BJT TRANSISTOR MODELING

In summary, therefore, the ac equivalent of a
transistor network is obtained by:

BJTs are basically current-controlled devices;

therefore the re model uses a diode and a current
source to duplicate the behavior of the transistor.

1. Setting all dc sources to zero and replacing them by

a short-circuit equivalent
2. Replacing all capacitors by a short-circuit
equivalent
3. Removing all elements bypassed by the shortcircuit equivalents introduced by steps 1 and 2
4. Redrawing the network in a more convenient and
logical form

One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to

the DC level. This model is designed for specific
circuit conditions.

11

Common-Emitter Configuration

12

Common-Emitter Configuration
The result is that the impedance seen looking into the base of
the network is a resistor equal to beta times the value of re, as
shown in Figure. The collector output current is still linked to the
input current by beta as shown in the same figure.

25.02.2015

13

Common-Emitter Configuration

14

Common-Emitter Configuration

We now have a good representation for the input

circuit, but aside from the collector output current
being defined by the level of beta and IB, we do not
have a good representation for the output
impedance of the device.

15

16

Common-Emitter Configuration

Common-Emitter Configuration

For situations where the Early voltage is not

available the output impedance can be found from
the characteristics at any base or collector current
using the following equation

In any event, an output impedance can now be

defined that will appear as a resistor in parallel with
the output as shown in the equivalent circuit of Fig.
5.16

25.02.2015

17

Common-Base Configuration

18

Common-Base Configuration
In general, common-base configurations have very
low input impedance because it is essentially
simply re. Typical values extend from a few ohms
to perhaps 50
. The output impedance ro will
typically extend into the megohm range.

19

Common-Base Configuration

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

20

The transistor models just introduced will now be used to

perform a small-signal ac analysis of a number of standard
transistor network configurations.

25.02.2015

21

22

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

The small-signal ac analysis begins by removing the dc

effects of VCC and replacing the dc blocking capacitors C1
and C2 by short-circuit equivalents, resulting in the network
of Fig. 5.21.

Substituting the re model for the common-emitter configuration of Fig.

5.21 results in the network of Fig. 5.22.

The next step is to determine , re, and ro. The magnitude of is typically
obtained from a specification sheet or by direct measurement using a curve
tracer or transistor testing instrument. The value of re must be determined
from a dc analysis of the system, and the magnitude of ro is typically
obtained from the specification sheet or characteristics. Assuming that , re,
and ro have been determined will result in the following equations for the
important two-port characteristics of the system.

23

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

24

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

25.02.2015

25

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

COMMON-EMITTER FIXED-BIAS
CONFIGURATION

Voltage Gain, Av = V0 / Vi

Phase Relationship The negative sign in the resulting equation

for Av reveals that a 180 phase shift occurs between the input
and output signals, as shown in Fig. 5.24. This is a result of the
fact that Ib establishes a current through RC that will result in a
voltage across RC, the opposite of that defined by Vo.

27

VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS

26

28

VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS

25.02.2015

29

VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS

30

CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION
Unbypassed

31

32

CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Unbypassed RE

Unbypassed RE

25.02.2015

33

34

CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Unbypassed RE- Effect of ro

bypassed RE

35

CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

36

Example

bypassed RE

25.02.2015

37

Solution

38

Solution (contd)

39

Example (contd)

40

Example (contd)

10

25.02.2015

41

Example (contd)

42

Example (contd)

11