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Simulations
Cemal Keles, B. Baykant Alagoz, Murat Akcin, Asim Kaygusuz, Abdulkerim Karabiber
Electrical Electronics Engineering Department
Inonu University
Malatya, Turkey
cemal.keles@inonu.edu.tr
Abstract Solar energy maintains life on the earth and it is an
infinite source of clean energy. There is an increasing trend for
the use of solar cells in industry and domestic appliances because
solar energy is expected to play significant role in future smart
grids as a distributed renewable source. Optimal and large-scale
integration of renewable sources into smart grid is possible by the
aid of computer simulations and hence there is a growing
demand for computer modeling and simulation of renewable
sources. This study presents a generalized photovoltaic (PV)
system simulation model for Matlab/Simulink simulation
environment. The proposed model is based on a behavioral cell
model for modeling solar radiance to electricity conversion and
an electrical driver interface for implementing electrical
characteristic of power limited systems in power simulations. The
model is efficient in computational complexity and it is easy to
configure for representing wide-range of PV installations.
Keywords-solar energy; photovoltaic cell; photovoltaic module;
simulink; smart grid
I.
INTRODUCTION
Id
Ish
Iph
Rsh
Icell
IL
Vcell
RL
METHODOLOGY
Rs
PV cell
Vm,Im
VL
Power-limited
Electrical Driver
IL
Load
A. Behavioral PV Modeling
The physics of the PV cell is very similar to that of the
classical diode with a pn junction [6]. When the junction
absorbs light, the energy of absorbed photons is transferred to
the electron-proton system of the material, creating charge
carriers that are separated at the junction [7]. An ideal PV cell
is assumed to have no series loss and no leakage to ground.
However, due to its non-ideal structure in nature, there are
some losses occurred in real PV cells. Therefore, these losses
are expressed by using resistances in equivalent circuits. Fig. 2
shows an equivalent electrical circuit modeling the complex
physics of the PV cells [8-10]. The behavioral model of the
proposed PV model is based on this equivalent electrical circuit
model. Current source, Iph, which is a current produced by the
photons, is constant at a fixed value of radiation and
temperature. The shunt resistance, Rsh, is used to represent the
shunt-leakage current, Ish. The series resistance, Rs, is used to
represent the voltage drop at the output. PV power conversion
efficiency (PPCE) is sensitive to small changes at Rs, but the
PPCE is not sensitive to changes at Rsh. The small increase in
Rs significantly reduces the output of the PV module [8]. In the
equivalent circuit, the current, Icell, delivered to the external
load equals the current IL and voltage over the load equals the
voltage of PV cell, Vcell [2,9]. Current and voltage of PV panel
depends on load value and presents nonlinear, power limited
electrical characteristics.
I cell = I ph I d I sh
(1)
G
I cell = I r +
Gr
G
(Tc Tcr ) +
1 I sc
Gr
(2)
G
I =
Gr
G
(Tc Tcr ) +
1 I sc
Gr
(3)
(4)
(5)
I m = N pc I cell
(6)
Vr
u[1]*Nsc
1
Vm
u[1]*beta
beta*(Tc -Tcr)
25
Rs
Ref. temperature
1
u[1]*Npc
temperature
2
radiation
Deltai
u[1]/1000
u[1]*alfa
G/Gr
alfa*G/Gr
2
Im
Ir
Isc
i
-
IL
1
temperature
1
V+
Vm
temperature
1
Ci
Vg =
Vm
(7)
1 + e ( I L I m )
radiation
Im
eu
radiation
PVModul
2
20
V-
III.
(a)
TABLE I.
0.6
Module Parameters
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
(b)
0.8
0.6
Pm VmI m
MMP
0.4
0.2
0.5
1.5
Values
17.1 V
3.5 A
3.10-3 mA/oC
-73.10-3 mW/oC
3.8
0.47 Ohm
1 Ohm
1.10-2 F
(a)
MMP
40
30
20
10
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-005 s.
pow ergui
temperature
i
-
Current
V+
temperature
+
v
-
Load
Voltage
2
radiation
8
RL
(b)
10
V-
12
14
MMP
radiation
40
Simulink PV Model
IL
PL
30
20
10
5
0.1
0.2
Second
0.3
10
15
VL
Figure 8. (a) Power injection versus load resistance characteristics.
Maxsimum power point is tracked at 4.5 Ohm load resistance. (b) Power
injection versus of load voltage characteristics. Maxsimum power point is
tracked at 14 Volt load voltage.
(b)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.1
0.2
Second
0.3
(c)
50
40
Cur
20
i
-
Current
25
V-
Va-
Measurement
V+
10
Va+
V+
PL
30
DC V +
B
Diod
1000
0.1
0.2
Second
0.3
Figure 7. Current [A] in (a), Voltage [V] in (b) and Power [W] in (c) of PV
module for a load resistance of 4.5 Ohm.
V-
DC V -
Ra
DC/AC Converter
PV Model
Rb
Rc
4000
3000
2000 Transient
Regime
1000
REFERENCES
0
0.2
150
0.4
0.6
Second
(b)
0.8
[1]
[2]
[3]
100
[4]
50
[5]
[6]
0.2
500
0.4
0.6
Second
(c)
0.8
1
[7]
[8]
V -V -V
[9]
[10]
-500
0.306
0.308
0.31
0.312
Second
0.314
Figure 10. (a) output voltage of PV module (VP ), (b) average magnitude of
power injected from PV module to DC/AC converter ( PL), (c) Three phase
line to neutral voltage (Va -Vb -Vc ).
IV.
CONCLUSION
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]