Micro Final Buzzword Cheatsheet

Bacteria
Organism/class
Strep pyogenes
(GAS)
Strep milleri
Strep pneumo
Strep viridans
General GAS

S. agalactiae
(GBS)
Strep Bovis
(group D)
Staph aureus

Diptheria
Listeria

Pertussis
(whooping
cough)
Mycoplasma
pneumonia
Legionella
pneumophilia

Haemophilus
influenza
Community
acquired
pneumonia
Otitis media,

Buzzwords

treatment

Antiphagocytic, toxic shock super-antigen

(streptolysin O)
Caramel color, abscesses of brain, liver,
abdomen, bone, muscle
Lancet shaped diplococcic, meningitis,
otitis media
Dental caries, bloody cauliflower (fibrin
vegetation) endocarditis (subacute)
Pharyngitis, scarlet fever (strawberry
tongue, desquamation spares palms
and soles), impetigo (crusted lesions,
pustules), cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis,
rheumatic fever (molecular mimicry)
Neonatal sepsis, meningitis

penicillin

Colon malignancies

Penicillin +/- gentamycin

Skin furuncle, carbuncle; scalded skin;

bone infections, pelvic syndrome;
endocarditis; food poisoning (vomiting 1-6
hours later); tampons (TSST-1 toxin),
strawberry tongue, desquamation;
destruction of heart valves
AB exotoxin targets EF-2; bull neck,
diptheritic membrane, myocarditis
Survival in monocytes/macrophages by
vacuole escape; intracellular actin-based
motility; soft cheese, Hispanic pregnant
women
3 toxins, inhibits ciliary function, excess
cAMP, targets alveolar macrophages

Oral Bactrim; IV Vancomycin

against MRSA

Cold agglutinin titers; molecular mimicry

autoimmune response; walking
pneumonia; Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Intracellular ER-vacuole replication and
lysis of alveolar macrophages,
aerosolization of contaminated water (no
p2p tx)
Type B - pneumonia, meningitis, URI;
otitis media, sinusitis, croup (thumb sign,
inflamed epiglottis)
Strep pneumo, mycoplasma pneumo, J.
flu; inpatient ICU also suspect staph
aureus and legionella
Strep pneumo, Haemophilus flu,

Sensitive to most antibiotics

Pnemovax vaccine, penicillin

Penicillin, amoxicillin, topical

mupirocin

DTaP, then Tdap, then Td

adult booster; penicillin
Ampicillin, Bactrim (bacteria
invades intestinal epithelial
cells)
Acellular vaccine (Tdap
booster), but is less potent,
macrolides,
Azithromycin, doxycycline,
fluoroquinolones
Urine antigen test, macrolides
fluoroquinolones

Vancomycin + ceftriaxone +
steroids, HiB conjugate
vaccine

Wait and see, amoxicillin if

sinusitis

Moraxella catarrhalis

Vibrio Cholera

Acute watery diarrhea; dehydration in

hours; toxin increases cAMP
Associated with shellfish; can cause
septic shock

Vibrio
parahaemolytic
us
Vibrio vulnificus

Camp jejuni

H. pylori
Diarrhea
Food-borne
infections
ETEC

EPEC

EHEC (O157H7)
Shigella, EIEC
(dysentery)
Salmonella
enterica
Typhoid fever
(Salmonella
typi)

Yersinia
enterocolitica
Klebsiella
UTI

Pseudomonas
auruginosa
Clostridium
perfringens

Tetanus
(clostridium)

Necrotizing cellulitis of wound infections,

septic shock in patients with liver disease
1-3 day incubation, salmonella-like
symptoms, blood and neutrophils in
diarrhea; Guillian-Barre
Chronic gastritis, gastric lymphoma
Top 3 causes: camp jejuni, ETEC, rotavirus
Top 3 causes: salmonella, camp jejuni,
shigella
Water and electrolyte secretion without
tissue damage (no bloody diarrhea), heat
labile and stable toxins
Actin polymerization, epithelial
effacement; non-bloody diarrhea, fever,
vomiting
Shiga toxin, causes gut vasculature
damage hemolytic uremic syndrome
(HUS); fecal-oral
Intracellular invasion of and replication in
colon epithelia via M cells, actin
manipulation; extensive tissue damage
Induces phagocytosis by small intestine
epithelium; animal, food sources
Prolonged fever, rose spots; intracellular
survival in dendritic, macro/mono,
suppresses inflammation and
opsonization; imported cases, human to
human tx (carriers)
Peyers patches, inhibits phagocytosis;
animal sources; appendicitis, lower right
quadrant pain;
Opportunistic pneumonia, sepsis
80% caused by E. coli (green on media),
followed by staph sapro, then other
enterics
Ubiquitous, green on media, forms
biofilms; opportunistic nosocomial
infection (burns), exotoxin targets EF2
Forms endospores food poisoning
(watery diarrhea in 8-12 hours); can also
cause severe tissue necrosis (gas
gangrene)
Sensitive to O2, targets SNARE at
inhibitory interneurons; trismus, spastic
paralysis

necessary; HiB conjugate

vaccine
Fluid and electrolyte
replacement SGLT channel
Antibiotics not indicated

Doxycycline, ceftriaxone,
wound debridement, high
mortality
Macrolide antibiotics

Antibiotics are controversial

Travelers diarrhea
(prophylaxis); supportive
Antibiotics may shorten
diarrhea
Supportive therapy

Strong case for antibiotics

Hydration, antibiotics only for

immunocompromised patients
Appears like appendicitis;
treat with ceftriaxone or
azithromycin

Gentamycin for dessimenated

cases
Multiple antibiotic resistances

Widely resistant, requires

toxic drugs
2nd most freq. isolated;
hydration in food poisoning;
surgery and systemic
antitbiotics in necrosis
Toxoid vaccine (DTap/Tdap, Td
booster); IgG antitoxin, GABA
agonists

Botulism
(clostridium)
Clostridium
difficile
Bacteroides
fragiles
Bubonic plague
(Yersinia pestis)

Brucella

Franceisella
tularensis

Anthrax

Pasteurella
multocida
Streptobacillus
monoiliformis
Cap canimosis
Spirochetes

Leptospira
Lyme disease
(Borrelia)

Recurrent fever
(Borrelia)
Syphilis
(treponem)
Bacterial
meningitis

Neisseria

Pre-formed toxin in improperly canned

food attacks SNARE release of ACh at
NMJs; flaccid paralysis
Appears after normal intestinal flora is
wiped out by antibiotics; colitis fibrin
film
Zwitterionic capsule, interacts with T cells
in gut, causes intrabdominal abscess
formation
Bipolar staining (safety pin); suppression
of local inflammation, plasmin
manipulation; regional lymphadenitis,
blackish hemorrhages, necrosis
Unpasteurized dairy products (Mexican
cheese), intracellular replication in
macro/dend in ER-derived vacuoles;
undulant fever, chronic
Very low exposure needed, survives
phagocytosis in macrophages and
neutrophils, necrotic ulcers, fever,
lymphadenopathy
Very high (10^9) bacteremia, Medusas
head on histology; wide mediastinum and
large pleural effusion on CXR, lethal and
edema toxins; animal carcasses and
hides; skin - ulcers, black eschars;
inhalation abrupt high fever, respiratory
distress respiratory fail
Cat and dog bite

Equine antitoxin, supportive

therapy
Oral vancomycin,
metronidazole; discontinue
previous treatment
Most commonly isolated
pathogenic anerobe, drainage
Streptomycin (toxic),
doxycycline, fluoroquinolones

Doxycycline + gentamycin,
long erm antibiotics

High toxicity drugs

(gentamicin, streptomycin)

10 day antibiotics, 60 day to

protect against germination
(of spores); supportive care
and drain effusions

Do not close with sutures

(anaerobic)

Rat bite, variable rash, abrupt fever

arthritis
Dog bite; sepsis in compromised, asplenic
patients
Binds factor H (hemolysin), FHL-1
(complement regulators)
Renal tubules, CSF
Bullseye rash, erythra migrans, Bells
palsy; recurring arthritis; CT and Marthas
vineyard, antigenic variation, tick
transmission,
Tick and louse, up to 13 times
Chancre rash (includes palms and
soles), genital warts neurological,
keratitis
High CSF opening pressure, low glucose,
high protein, neutrophils and bacteria;
stiff neck, fever, headache
Epidemics in the US in barracks, colleges,

Jarisch Herxhimer reaction

with antibiotics (abrupt onset
of fevers, chills, myalgias)
Penicillin, doxycycline
Penicillin, doxycycline
ceftriaxone no treatment
for chronicl Lynme disease
Beta lacatams and
doxycycline
Non-treponemal and
treponemal tests, penicillin
Empiric antibiotics (strep
pneumo, Neisseria meningitis,
H. flu B), steroids (not
neonates), vaccines
Penicillin G, ceftriaxone,

meningitides
Neisseria
gonorrhea
Chlamydia
trachomatis

Chlamydia
psittaci
Rocky Mt
Spotted fever,
Ricketts
Rickettsia
typhus group
Ehrlichia
Anaplasma
Q Fever
(Coxiella
brunetti)
Bartonella
henselae
Bartonella
Quintana
Tuberculosis
(mycobacteria)

Leprosy
(mycobacteria)
Bacillus cereus
Actinomyces
Israelis

Nocardia

invades endothelium, petechial rash;

fulminant necrosis
Survives in neutrophils, urethritis,
cervicitis, polyarthragis, prurulent
arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis
Induces columnar epithelial cells to
become phagocytic, urethritis, cervicitis;
trachoma = chronic follicular
conjunctivitis, trichiasis blindness
Acquired from pet birds
Intracellular invasion of endothelial cells,
actin-based mobility; worse in patients
with G6PD deficiency; macuolpapular
rash (does not spare soles and palms)
Body lice, rat fleas, chiggers, flying
squirrel; rash spares the palms, soles,
face
Lone star tick, intracellular survival in
monocytes/macrophages
Intracellular survival in neutrophils
intracellular survival in monocytes/
macrophages; no rash

conjugate vaccine
Ceftriaxone; combine with
azithromycin/doxycycline to
cover chlamydia;
erythromycin ointment in
newborns and for trachoma

Doxycycline (good against

intracellular organisms);
parasite control

Cat/kitten scratch disease

No indication for antibiotics

Homeless population, body lice tx, trench

fever, 5 day fever
Red (+) on acid fast stain; intracellular
invasion of macrophages/monocytes
(survives in vacuole); Ghon complexes
caseous granulomas, cavitations (most
contagious); weight loss, night sweats,
low grade fever
Immigrants, armadillos, leonine faces,
saddlenose; spares warm areas (arm pit,
groin)
Rice, food poisoning, fast onset (within 3
hours), self-resolving
Sulfur granules, TB-like symptoms,
indolent, cavitation, pleural masses,
tunnels through tissue; associated with
IUDs
Intracellular survival in macrophage
vacuole, wound contamination, abscesses

sanitation
RIPE combination therapy,
INH for latent disease; PPD
detection

Rifampin, dapsone,
clofazimine
Antibiotics not indicated;
hydration
High dose beta lactam
antibiotics

sulfonamides

Fungi
Organism/class
Candida

Buzzwords
Most common fungal opportunist; germ
tube and pseudo-hyphae on dx, KOH
stain; thrush, curd-like vaginal discharge,
diaper rash, portal vein colonization;

treatment
Fluconazole, except on
glabrata and krusei (use
echinocandin), Ampho B if
severe

Cryptococcosis

Dermatophytes
(superficial
mucoses)
Aspergillus
(ubiquitous)

Zygomycetes
(murcormyosis)

Subcutaneous
Sporotrichosis

Chromoblastomyu
cosis
Phaeohypomycosis
Madura foot
(mycetoma)
Endemic mycoses

Blastomyces
Histoplasmosis

Coccidiodes imitus

Paracoccidiodes
Penicilliosis
Pneumocystis
(PCP)

pneumonia is rare
Douglas Fir trees and San Juan islands,
pigeon and chicken feces; mimics lung
cancer; antiphagocytic polysaccharide
capsule, narrow bud
Tinea class (beard, scalp, groin, body,
feet, nails, nigra), pidra (nodules,
black/white)
Allergic pulmonary: halo sign on CT
Invasive: galactomannan dx in BAL,
crescent sign on CT, 45 hyphae
septation, nodular infiltrate + ground
glass; targets immunocompromised
90 hyphae branching, broad, rare
septation; rhizoids = root-like appendage;
diabetes, immunosuppressed
Traumatic inoculation; chronic infection,
local tissue destruction
Cigar shape + round asteroid cells;
nodular ascension with ulceration of
lymph nodes, Rose handlers disease
Sclerotic bodies on histology, crusted,
warty lesions
Blackened septae, hypae in tissues
Swelling follows sinus tracts, chronic
infection of fascia, muscle, bone
Dimorphic, moulds spores (inhaled)
yeast (disease, pneumonia); primary
pathogens
North Carolina to Wisconsin; histology =
large budding yeast
Mississippi and Ohio river valleys,
Missouri, soil exposure; mimics TB, flulike
American SW desert, acute valley fever;
spherule granulomas, coin lesion on CXR
Mariners wheel on histology; rare in
females
Immigrants from SE Asia
No ergosterol, crackles, progressive
dyspnea; opportunistic, reactivated
during immunosuppression

Fluconazole +/- Ampho B

and 5FC; CRAG antigen dx

Topical azoles, oral

terbinafine or azoles if
severe; Ampho B + 5FC
Itraconazole+steroids
Voriconazole, surgical
resection,
immunosuppression
Lipid Ampho B +
posaconazole; failure of
iron chelation, no
echinocandins

Oral KI or itraconazole

Surgery, itraconazole,
terbinafine
Surgery, azoles
Surgery, Ampho B x
months
Itraconazole, followed by
Ampho B (for disseminated
disease);

BAL dx, more common

than blasto
IgM and IgG serology titers
for dx; fluconazole for
meningitis
Serology 95% sensitive

Bactrim + steroids (no

ergosterol target)

Viruses
Virus/class
HTLV

HIV-1, HIV-2

Buzzwords
Transforms T-lymphocytes (integrating
retrovirus), flower cells, causes acute T-cell
leukemia (ATL) and myelopathy (HAM), causes
abnormally high CD4 counts in HIV patients
GP120 binds to CD4, CCXR4/CCR5, tethered by
GP41; dx w/ EIA+Western Blot and RNA tie-

treatment
No cure or vaccine
chemotherapy and
immunosuppression
Antiretroviral (ARV) against
entry, reverse transcriptase,

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B

breaker; CD4 counts monitor

Acute, fecal-oral (shellfish), enterohepatic
spread in hepatocytes and Kupfer cells
Chronic; ds DNA circularized at host nucleus,
retrovirus w/ no integrase, survives externally

protease & integrase

Inactivated vaccine
prophylaxis,
Serology tests, ARV against
RT; recombinant viral protein
vaccine
Antivirals for RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase & protease;
IFN and Ribvarin
Peg-interferon alpha +/adefovir
Symptomatic treatment

Hepatitis C

Chronic; IVDUs Hep A and alcohol; no jaundice,

cirrhosis; RNA test dx

Hepatitis D

Chronic; satellite superinfection of Hep B

Hepatitis E

Acute, epidemic = water-borne, autochthonous

food-borne; extrahepatic manifestations in
immunocompromised
Herpes - alpha, beta, gamma classes
Rolling circle replication, asymptomatic
Acyclovir (and pro-drugs) =
shedding; lytic infection, inguinal
thymidine kinase
lymphadenopathy, keratoconjunctivitis
latency; HSV-1 = trigeminal ganglion; HSV-2 =
sacroiliac encephalitis (reactivation)
Centripetal rash - dewdrops on rose petals, mild Acyclovir (higher dose), IG
prodrome; Latency in dorsal root ganglia
prophylaxis, Varivax vaccine
(reactivation pain follows dermatomes),
(live attenuated); no aspirin
emergency for pregnant women (esp. 3rd
trimester)
mono, saliva transmission, immortalizes B
Symptomatic, no ampicillin;
cells (latent; heterophile antibodies) and oral
chemotherapy of tumors
epithelia (lytic; oral hairy leukoplakia, cannot
scrape off) lymphoma
Ubiquitous; lifelong, low grade infection, monoToxic drugs: ganciclovir,
like syndrome; owl eyes nuclear inclusions;
foscarnet, cidofovir
neurologic deficits in fetus
Mild URI, diffuse macular, maculopapular rash,
affects mostlyinfants
Ubiquitous, not associated with human disease
latent in B cells, lytic in epithelial cells;
Castlemans disease virus produces Il-6, B cell
differentiation
Warts and genital cancer; transforms cells - E6,
Ablation of lesions, HPV
E7 targets p53, Rb; koilocytes w/ inclusion
vaccine
bodies
Neurotropic, replicates in nucleus; usually
Reduce immunosuppression;
asymptomatic except in immuno; BK virus
no proven therapy
allograft rejection and hemorrhagic nephritis; JC
virus PML (encephalopathy); merkel cell
carcinoma
RBC precursors w/ P-antigen; slapped cheek (5th Self-limiting infection
disease), hydrops fetalis of fetus
Paramyxovirus (MMR)
Highly communicable (droplets), 10 day
MMR vaccine (live,
incubation, cold, cough, conjunctivitis, Koplicks
attenuated)
spots, maculopapular hypersensitivity rash;
giant cells with cytoplasmic inclusions

HHV-1, HHV2

Varicella
zoster
(HHV-3)

EBV
(HHV-4)

CMV
(HHV-5)
Roseola
(HHV-6)
HHV-7
Kaposis
sarcoma,
(HHV-8)
Papilloma
virus
Polyomaviruses

B19
(parvovirus)
Measles,
rubeola

Parotitis, lymph node swelling, bull neck,

MMR vaccine
meningitis with hypoglycorrachia; spontaneous
abortion in 1st trimester, congenital defects
Rubella
Incubation 14-17 days, mild rash,
MMR vaccine
arthritis/arthralgia; congenital disease
Poliomyelitis Virus infects anterior horn neurons (ingestion
Salk (IPV can revert); Sabin
GALT lymph, blood); paralysis
(OPV, oral)
Coxsackie
A hand, foot, mouth disease
B myocarditis, pericarditis, pleurodynia
Variola
Severe disease, high mortality, severe
Vaccine for special situations
(smallpox)
prodrome, centrifugal rash, ballotable lesions,
(eradicated)
sever back pain
Molluscum
STI, molluscum bodies eosinophilc,
contagiosum umbilicated cytoplasmic inclusions
Respiratory viruses (droplet transmission) Dx: antigen is fastest; PCR, serology
Orthomyxovi Antigenic drift, antigenic shift (reassortment
No aspirin, NA inhibitors
rus (RNA
avian, human, swine); humagglutin and
(stops virus from leaving cell)
virus)
neuraminidase surface proteins; influenza
Tamiflu
replicates in nucleus; tx and shedding before
symptoms
Parainfluenz Croup barking cough; steeple sign of airway
Symptomatic treatment
a
Respiratory
Cells fuse in culture; causes bronchiolitis; worse
Ribavirin for severe disease
syncytial
in bone marrow transplant pts
(teratogenic), IVIg
virus
prophylaxis
Hantavirus
Rodent reservoir, progressive pulmonary failure
Rhinovirus
URI, no pneumonia common cold bacterial
Hand washing
sinusitis
Coronavirus
MERS-CoV, from high recombination; IRO,
severe pneumonia, SARS
Adenovirus
Smudge cells, summer camp fever
Treatment not necessary
GI viruses - fecal-oral, contaminated food, water, raw shellfish
Rotavirus
NSP4 enterotoxin malabsorption in small
Vaccines RotaTeq, Rotarix
intestine; vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea, low
fever; segmented genome
Norovirus,
Fecal-oral, outbreaks in contaminated food,
sapovirus
abdominal cramps, nausea, didverse GI
symptoms
Arboviruses
Zoonotic tx, can cause encephalitis and
meningitis
Togaviruses
Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine
encephalitis (WEE, EEE, VEE)
Flaviviruses
Most common arbovirus infection; also includes
St. Louis and Japanese B encephalitis
Dengue
prior infxn non-neutralizing antibodies can
Mosquito control
exacerbate new infxn; most common globally
(standing water), hemorrhagic fever,
muscle/joint pain
Yellow fever
Heptatitis, liver necrosis, councilman bodies in
Live, attenuated vaccines
hepatocytes
West Nile
< 5% mortality; undifferentiated fever, muscle
Dx with IgM in CSF, serum
weakness (viruse infects anterior horn cells);
mainly in elderly
Mumps

Rabies
(lyssavirus)
Ebola,
Marburg
(filovirus)
Bunyavirus
Arenavirus

Dog bite (saliva), fruit bat (aerosolized poop in

caves); long asymptomatic incubation period;
negri bodies on histology
Tx via direct contact, fulminant hemorrhagic
fever and shock; abrupt onset, high mortality
Severe fever with thrombocytopenic syndrome
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) rodent tx
(fecal oral)
Lassa fever acute hemorrhagic disease,
nosocomial

Post-exposure prophylaxis
IVIg before symptoms
Quarantine and isolation

IB ribavirin (against RNA

viruses)

Parasites
Organism/cl
ass
Entamoeba
histolytica
Naeglaria
fowleri
Acanthameba

Trichomonas
vaginalis
Giardia
lamblia

Leischmania

Trypanosoma
brucei
Trypanosoma
cruzei

Malaria
(plasmodium
species)
Babesia

Toxoplasma
gondii

Buzzwords
Amoeba
Liver abscesses more common in men; GIAP
lectin adherence; ingested RBCs inside
amoeba, bloody diarrhea
Passes through cribiform plate severe
headache, unusual smells, tastes coma
death
Contaminated contact lens, mild CNS
infection
Protozoa, Luminal flagellates
Most common STD, antigenic variation;
frothy discharge of the vagina
Water contamination (chlorine resistant),
daycare, causes malabsorption and destroys
lactase fatty stool, explosive diarrhea,
bad odor
Protozoa, Blood flagellates
Sandfly tx and dog, amastigote in
phagocytes; cutaneous (face-eating),
visceral (hepatosplenomegaly)
Tsetse fly; sleeping sickness, chancre,
invades CNS; Rhodesian = subacute,
Gambian = chronic
Reduviid bug (excretes in bite); Chagas
disease: heart disease, GI malfunction
(destroys myenteric plexus), South America
Protozoa, blood sporozoa
High, recurrent fevers (lysing RBCs),
anemia, splenomegaly, blackwater fever;
banana gametocytes (P. falciparum), cysts
hiding in the liver (P. vivax, ovale)
Ixodes tick (Lyme disease), histology =
maltese cross, malaise hemolytic anemia
and renal failure
Cats, undercooked red meat, shellfish;
mono-like symptoms, reactivation in
immunosuppressed encephalitis (ringenhancing brain lesion); acute infection in

treatment

Metronidazole + drug to kill

cysts
Ampho B, miconazole,
rifampin

Oral metronidazole
Metronidazole, nitazoxanide,
tinidazole

Liposomal amphotericin B
(ergosterol)
Toxic: melarsoprol (arsenic);
suramin, pentamidine if not
in CNS
Toxic (for acute only):
benznidazole, nifurtimox

Chloroquine (P. falciparum

resistance); artemesinin for
mild disease; host PfEMPs,
G6PD deficiency
Clindamycin + quinine

Pyimethanimne, sulfadiazine
+ folic acid for severe cases

cryptosporidi
um
Isospora belli
Cyclospora
cayetanensis
Microspora
Pinworm
(enterobius
vermicularis)
Whipworm
trichuris
trichuria
Roundworm
(ascaris
lumbricoides)
Hookworm
(Necator
Ancylostoma
duodenale)
Strongyloides

Toxocara
Ancylostoma
braziliense
Trichinella
spiralis
anisakis
Dracunculus
medinensis
Brugia,
wucheria
Loa loa
Onchocerca
volvulus

Beef (taenia
saginta)
Pork (Taenia
solium)
Dwarf
tapeworm
(Hymenolepsi
nana)

pregnant patients; chorioretinitis in child

Protozoa, luminal sporozoa (use acid-fast staining)
Water-borne, chlorine resistant, watery
No therapy, treat
diarrhea (self-limiting, or explosive and
immunosuppression if
chronic)
present
Haiti, AIDS, mimics giardia, ovoid on stain
Bactrim, hygiene
Fecal-oral; none to severe diarrhea, round on
stain
Swimming pools
Albendazole
Helminths Nematodes (roundworms)
Eggs are immediately infectious, must be
Albendazole, membendazole
excreted/re-ingested; children, pruritis ani
(x2, second time after 2
(itchy butt), scotch tape test
weeks), treat household
Eggs mature in environment, bipolar plugs;
Albendazole, mebendazole
rectal proplapse, secondary bacterial
infections
Eggs gut lungsreturn to intestine;
Albendazole, mebendazole
Loefflers syndrome (eosinophilic
pneumonia), abdominal pain, malnutrition
Penetrates skin, passes through lungs, iron
Albendazole, mebendazole;
deficiency anemia, can penetrate skin,
treat iron deficiency
consumes blood, occult blood in stool
Penetrates skin, autoinfection, full lifecycle
Albendazole, ivermectin
in human; hyperinfection; rhabditiform
larvae invades tissue
Cats, dogs, sandboxes (fecal-oral); can
Albendazole, corticosteroids
mimic retinoblastoma
Cat/dog hookworm, remains in skin of
humans, snake-like linear rash
Eating undercooked bush meat (carnivores); Albendazole, mebendazole,
GI muscles, forms cysts
steroids
Undercooked saltwater fish within a few
Endoscopy removal
hours
Water flea; larvae penetrates GI wall
Slowly wind worm out of leg
migrates to lower leg
Mosquito tx; paracites reproduce at night,
Diethylcarbamazine, treat
retrograde lymphangitis (descending)
before lymphatic obstruction
elephantiasis and joint/pleural effusions
Deer fly, west Africa, crosses eye, causes
Diethylcarbamazine, surgical
migratory clabar swellings
extraction
Black fly (buffalo gnat), elephant or
Diethylcarbamazine causes
lizard skin, subcutaneous nodules river
allergic Mazotti rxn
blindness
Helminths cestodes (tapeworms)
Humans eat undercooked beef (cysts); cattle Praziquantel
get it via fecal-oral
Pork-acquired, neurocysticercosis acquired
Praziquantel (include steroids
from human fecal-oral
for brain involvement)
Whole lifecycle in humans; humans can be
praziquantel
intermediate or definitive host

Echinococcus
multilocularis
Fish
tapeworm (D.
latum)
Dwarf
tapeworm
(H. Nana)
Schistosoma

S. mansoni
S.
haematobium
S. japonicum

paragonimus
Clonorchis
Fasciola
hepatica
Fasciopsis
buski

Dog-sheep-dog; humans acquire via fecaloral; fluid filled cyst (liver, lung, brain,
heart); rupture is severe
Absorbs vitamin B12 pernicious anemia
w/ neurological complications

Aspiration, surgery;
albendazole

Whole lifecycle in humans, USA most

common, abdominal pain, diarrhea

praziquantel

Praziquantel + B12

Helminths trematodes (flukes); snails are intermediate host

Can penetrate skin; swimmers
Praziquantel, with steroids
itchKatayama fever blocks portal vein;
for Katayama fever
pulmonary fibrosis
Inferior mesenteric vein; eggs have lateral
spine; colitis and liver disease
Infects veins around bladder; eggs have
terminal spine
Infects superior mesenteric veins; eggs have
diminutive lateral spine; pulmonary
symptoms
Crab, crayfish, mimics TB (bloody sputum)
Cook shellfish; praziquantel
or lung cancer on CXR
Freshwater fish, biliary cancer
Watercress, infects biliary tract
Water caltrop, chestnuts with cysts;
diarrhea, epigastric pain edema, ascites,
largest trematode