THE

PRUNING

An

illustrated

of

pruning

BOOK

of

statement

and

mistakes

warning

DISSTON
By

Published

Henry

B.

and

made.

SONS,

Philadelphla,
1921

Inc.

OILMAN

Copyrighted

Disston

the

for

"

ROLAND

methods

against

commonly

so

Prepared
HENRY

tested

U.

by

Sons,
S. A.

Inc.

Appreciation^^

In
The

need for a book that would tellthe S/toryof pruning in

the most universal of all languages,that of pictures,prompted
the development of that plan in the followingpages.
With this
to secure
the best photoend in view, the writer has endeavored
graphs
showing the representativegood and bad pruning from
various sections of the United States. When
these were
secured,
them.
the text was
built around

attempt has been made

No

to discuss relative merits

of the

of

orchards
and
pruning used in commercial
systems
found
to
vineyards, the aim being to illustrate those methods
the
and
section
under
be generallyadapted to
sion,
discusvariety
and call attention to and warn
mistakes
so
monly
comagainst
made in this line of work.

various

Pruning Book"

"The

is not intended

as

complete work

on

pruning.
writer wishes to express the thanks
the Company
and himself to those

The
both

helped by furnishingthe printsand

as

cuts

so

and appreciationof
who
so
generously
necessary

to success,

follows:
United

Department of Agriculture, Figs.3 to 12, 26 to 29,

44 to 47, 50, 58-A and B, 60, 61-C, 62 and 78-A.
43-A,
31-B, 32,
42,
of Agriculture.
Bureau
of Plant Industry, United
States Department
Figs. 65, 66, 67-B and C, 69, 72, 73, 76, 83 and 84.
of Agriculture,
The Forest Service, United
States Department
Figs. 1,
The

37

13 to 24, 61-A

and

and

64-A.

Kentucky AgriculturalExperiment Station,Figs.36 and 43-B and C.

Nebraska
AgriculturalExperiment Station,Figs. 51, 68, 74 and 75.
North Carolina AgriculturalExperiment Station,Figs.52, 55 and 57.
West
VirginiaAgriculturalExperiment Station, Figs. 53, 54, 58-C

The
The
The
The
and

States

to

59.

The
The

Iowa
Idaho

AgriculturalExperiment Station,Figs. 48 and 49.

AgriculturalExperiment Station,Figs. 30, 34 and 35.

Country Gentleman,Figs. 70, 71, 77, 78-B, 79, 80, 82-B and 85.
Mr. Harvey W. Porch, Figs. 56, 63, 67-A, 81 and 82-A.
Mr. John T. Roberts, Figs. 2 and 86-C.
Mr. L. Willard Minch, Fig. 64-B.
The

largeportionof thanks

is also expressedfor the assistance

and
suggestions by the various

given through
State Agricultural
Experiment Stations,and for the suggestions
of Mr. Frank K. Phillips.
APR 26 1921
information

0)C!.A614209

"i\ ':

CONTENTS
HISTORY

PRINCIPLES

GENERAL
Tree

and

Cause

of Limbs

Fill

to Prevent

TREE

SHADE

11-13

21

Decay

PRUNING

23-27
26

PRUNING

TREE

CATALPA

and

11

of Wounds

AND

9-11

Treatment

to Excavate

How

Removal
Protection

and

91

PRUNING

TREE

PLANTING

31
32

TREES

OF

34

TREES

FRUIT

Apple Tree

Pruning

Renovating
Guards

43

Orchards

Old

48
52

for Trees

Disease

54

Grafting

55

Top-working

58

Peach

59

Buds

Heading

Peach

Tree

Pruning

Plum

59-69

Pruning

Tree

Fruit

Apricot Tree
Cherry Tree
Pear

,...

34-58

Pruning of Apples

Summer

SMALL

PRUNING

Cavities:

FOREST

OF

Structure

Decay:

NUT

PRUNING

OF

Tree

66

Trees
."

71

Pruning

71

Pruning

71

Pruning

FRUIT

70
.

PRUNING

73

Raspberry

73

Dewberry

77

Blackberry

80

Currant

80

Gooseberry

81

GRAPE
VINE

PRUNING

81
86

PRUNING
Wisteria

Pruned

for Blooming

86

SHRUBS
PRIVET

87
91

HEDGES

ROSE

PRUNING

TOOLS

USED

92
IN

9^

PRUNING

Pruning Saws
Pruning Hooks

Pruning Shears

98-99
98-99
,

105

Foreword

regarding

questions
broad

his

field

that

of

of

Publications,

information
At

is

best
of

Station
The

books

best

The

by

L.

and

E.

Judd,
Coit,

the

which

market

should

of

address
Bureau

for

asking

available

local

peculiar

Agricultural

ment
Experi-

conditions

such

exist.
in

generally

are

requirements,

other

been

proper

factors

local

Bailey,

which

Macmillan

of

York

City,
Co.

Co.,

Pruning,"
and

the

on

"Bailey's

Macmillan

Practice
New

published

possibly

are

H.

"Principles

J.

have

known

Prof.

Orange

and

and

work.

pruning

Many

to

be

publications

Agriculture,

Stations

as

cultivation,

the

in

will

Stations.

regarding

from

State

advice

give

to

spraying,
affect

the

of

question.

information

Experiment

State

position

in

hoped
care

Agriculture

C,

as

is available,

free

pruning
of

D.

obtained

proper

Experiment
on

subject

the

of

Department

the

the

is

information
in

information

detailed

times,

conditions

contained

Washington,
on

It

size.

cover

information

such

Agricultural

States

its

additional
of

everydayto

in

Department

desiring

United

interested

so

is

State

Those
the

which

of

the

planned

was

book

quantity

States

various

in

that

vast

United

the

be

shrubs

A
much

the

will

and

trees

and

pruning

of

most

answers

possible

as

reader

the

desired.

of

Book"

"Pruning

This

subject.
Book,"

Pruning
York

New

by
"Citrus

M.

G.

City;
Kains,

Fruits,"

by

History and Development

of Pruning

THE

knowledge

very

fact is that
2300

B.

C,

vineyard."

Horticulturists"

"Modern
modern
"Noah

of fruit

system

vineyards
Gen.

principlesof

of the

began
9: 20.

be

to

Mention
who

of vines and trees by Varro,

about
the year 600 of the Roman
for not
some
writers, criticising

look

to

pruning as
growing.

of in Bible

spoken

were

apt

are

is also made
a book

wrote

He

The

writings about

the

planted

of the

dressing

agriculture

on

quotes

advocating

our

surprising

and

husbandman

Era.

upon

being part of

more

ancient

regular pruning

Eastern
also testifies against that ancient
of the olive tree.
and olive
women
things improve with beating
proverb: "Two
of beating olive trees to remove
trees." He says that the custom
He

"

of 4S. yeercs labbiir,

and now
the fccond time concCicdind
experience
much
fVilUam
by
LAwfori,
enlarged,

Whcrcunro isncwlyadded the Arc of propagaring

thctruc ordering
Plants,v\jth
ofaUmaincr
ofFmts^ tlxh-gathering,
andfrcfcruat'm.
cariymghomc,

Printed at Lcjidon by /.H. for R

ihopneere

g e r

Ia

c k so

FleetftrcctConduic
Figure

n,
1 6

and
a

5.

arc to

be

ffId it J.j$

the

fruit

next

shoots

of the young

destroyed many

reducing the

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

and

fruit

buds,

crop.

quoted the Bible,

Ovid, Virgil,and other ancient authors profusely. These men
thought things through and arrived at conclusions surprisingly
like those we
hold to be true today. Their knowledge of plant
The

writers

disease

and

of the

insects

"Ordering

Lawson,
of all

needed
an

century

great, owing to the lack of proper

not

was

scientific instruments
William

seventeenth

in their

study.
English gardener,wrote
of fruits."

manner

gives his idea of how

pruned, and why:
extract

(Fig. 3.)

standard

book

The

fruit tree

the

on

following
should

be

"A
fruit tree so standing, that there need none
other end of dressing
but fruit (not ornaments
for walks, nor delight to such as would
please their
but both
adorn
and delight),must
only, and yet the best form cannot
eye
be parted from
within two
foot (or there abouts) of the earth, so high to
his
and
to
root
dresse
no
give liberty
higher, for drinking up the sap that
should
feed his fruit,for the boale will be first,and
best served and fed,
because he is next the root, and of greatest waxe
and substance, and that
him
makes
stocke
longest of life,unto two, three, or foure armes,
as
your
into two or more
or
graffesyeeld twigs, and every arme
branches, and every
branch into his severall cyons.
Still spreading by equal degrees, so that his
lowest spray
and
be hardly without
the reach of a mans
hand
his highest
be not 2 yards higher, rarely (especiallyin the middest) that no one
twig
touch
his fellow.
Let him spread as far as he list without
masterany
sadder and fall
bough, or top equally. And when
bough doth grow
any
lower, than his fellows (as they will with weight of fruit)ease him the next
spring of his superfluous twigs, and he will rise: when any bough or spray
shall amount
above
the rest, either snub
his top with a nip betwixt your
with
finger and your
a
thumb, or
sharp knife, and take him clean away,
and
would
so
use
reform, and as your tree shall
you
may
any
cyon
you
in stature and strength, so let him rise with his tops, but equally, and
grow
in bredth
also, and follow him upward with lopping his under growth and
distance of two yards but not above three
water-boughs, keeping the same
in any wise, betwixt the lowest and highest twigs.
"1.

Thus

shall you

have

well

liking,cleane skinde, beautifuU, great and

trees.
long-lasting
"2. Thus shall your
tree grow
be great, broad and weighty.
"3.
one

as

Thus

much

drooping

low, and

growing broad, shall

as

sixe of your

and

common

your

safe from

trees beare

trees, and

winds, for his top will

much
fruit (I dare say)
good without shadowing,
and
twigs shall be many,

fretting: for his boughs, branches

they (not the boale) which beare the fruit.
"4. Thus shall your
boale being little (not small but low) by
shortness take little,
and yield much
to the fruit.
sap
and

those

"5.

are

Thus

reason

of his

of strength in time of setting shall put

your trees by reason
blossoms, and more
fruit,being free from taints,for strength is a
and safely,whereas
weakness
fails in setting
great help to bring forth much

forth

more

tho the

season

be calme."

THE

Ghap.II.

BOOK

PRUNING

^nOnhard.

Dri^mg,

37

The perfcfl
forme of a Fruirtt"c.

totube

bjougljttotl)i0
fo;nic
Diucts of t^cm tnOcc ttoentg
fl)cto

cannot
Htfan^ttjinUcairce

Expert0 eredi Roberto. ^ can

veare0ofa"c"
fo"pjopnwg td as of grafting.Time
time ef t^efl!9oottc
C^e fitteft
flirre
to
i0
(
notpjousip
fiKrring
rcaDp
)ano fo to bcftfor
to^n t^cfap
mont^
of
tijc
bcfojc(oj at Icaft proiiBouno, anD
pcrrc,a
f ottct ttje
2D?eire
Scares,
aipncobs,
^Searijcj,
Ctjc iiing.
tobcn) vougcaffe.
fooncr. ^no old trees befojcpoungplants,
rie",antt:i2ullps
ilcafe ano iLcafc. 0na
an? time bcttoirt
von
map ii;t"reat
5ote,
toljere
aUjav"tije
next funv
faptljc
tl)at
pou tahe anp tt)inc
be
b
e
furct^ercfojcUjljen
a buo \xi
totll
teputs
putting:
iwr
.

anp

not tjauc l)im,rubit offtuitl}

tot)c"pou\x30ulo
pour
place

finget"

janfi"eere
pcu matt

remember

eommon
t!)t

l)omelp|5jo*Dreifc

nerbe: Soone crookes the tree that good Camrcll mull bee. bctimc,
iBeginnebetiwe Uiit^trees, ana Doe to!)at
pou lift: but if
letttjemgrotD
great"no fiubbo^ne,pon muS boe as tf)e
be Ujound tmtt""
not beno but b;eat(e,no}
trees lift*
C^eptoill
vou

millbecome aboug^, and a boug^

ontsanger.afmallbjancl)
if
anarmetnbigittffe.^
Wm
?o" cnt^j^istDounotoiUfe*
ob(la
s^til,
veconec : tt)erefo}ty
i^rt^,
toitl^ottt
aoo
goO
iter,
Figure

William Lawson
"Imagine that the paper makes but
says:
will
side of the tree to appeare, the whole round compasse
one
giveleave for many more armes, boughs,branches and cyons.

Lawson

general

had

the

with

idea

same

of the

structure

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

is held

that

tree

regard

the

to

by

and

shape

present-day

many

orchardists.
makes

He

fii'st and

best

Modern
the

mistake

served

is in

and

has

research

roots

when

fed

shown

wood

of the

trunk

after

which

it is carried

and

branches

and

that

he
the

must

the

bark

be

root."
from

comes

through

where

will

the

it

as

sap
pass

inner

boale

is next

leaves

to the

through

"the

that

says

because

us

form

crude

he

the

sap

digested,
to the growing
(See Fig. 5- A,
it is

needed.
roots
twigs, fruit, branches
or
as
Modern
his advice
to disagree with
10.)
practice seems
page
limbs.
the lower
to remove
Compare
52, where
Fig. 42-A, page
this has been
done, with Fig. 32-B, page
41, and
readily
can
you
of
the
value
lower
and
the
air
limbs, provided they get
see
light.
Samuel
"A
Hartlib, in 1653 A. D., wrote:
designe for plentie
He
by a universal
planting of fruit trees."
suggests legislation
intended
land
and
to compel
to plant and
owners
overseers
care
for

fruit

trees.

A.

Austin

in

the

of the
gives us "Arguments
the
of planting."
This
book
is
art
dignity of fruit trees and
ancient
largely quotations from
writers, and gives long lists of
and
who
interested
in fruit culture.
Some
kings
were
great men
of these
lived in ancient
and
China.
Babylon
The
of these
old-time
does
writers
not
to
knowledge
seem
have
been
made
of
the
of
the
farmers
and
larger part
use
by
R.

fruit

same

year

growers.

The

general lack of knowledge

and
for writing the book.
These
good practice as their reason
efforts of the early authors
largely annulled
by the lack of
were
education
of
the
and
thegeneral
public
relatively high cost of
the printed book.
The
of transportation
and
markets
development
during the
last

half

writers

century

times

many

has

resulted

give the

in

vast

amount

of research

and

in connection
with
fruit growing.
In spite of
experimenting
little
has
been
added
of the printo our
this, very
knowledge
ciples
of pruning.
The
details
of practice have
been
varied
to
suit the peculiar demands
of climate, soil, and
variety of fruit,
and

the

has

been

mystery
somewhat

which

surrounded

clarified.

plant growth

and

diseases

THE

PRUNING

General
The

work

classes:
In

that

persons

"tree

of

trainingand

that

be divided
of

into two

general

repair or

tree surgery.
principlesmust

few

fundamental
results
to
be realized.
There are
are
good
who
feel that great mystery surrounds the work
a

if

doctor"

or

in
specialist
who

unprincipledmeA

this work.

encourage

There

this idea.

The

are

many

some

truth

be

of the
few
is that

this work
who
has a general knowlundertake
edge
may
of the tree's structure
ease
and growth , of how insects and disaffect the tree; and who
the shears, saw, mallet,
can
use

any

person

gouge,

A
The

Principles

of tree pruning may

all of this work

observed

BOOK

and
cross

brush

with

section

of

patience and
a

tree

trunk

care.

is shown

dark

in Fig. 5-A, page 10.

is practicallydead sue.
tis-

portion (a)is the heart wood, and

Its chief value to the tree is to give rigidity
to the trunk and
The
branches.
lightersection (b) next to the bark is the sap
wood.
Through the minute sap tubes of this portion of the tree

the crude sap passes from the fine feeding roots to the leaves
and twigs. There
the tree uses
it to manufacture
The
food.
action of sunlight is necessary
this
to
digestiveprocess and

explainswhy
and

trees

strive

to

reach

the

sunlight when

shaded,

dwindle and die when

thus digested,the
they fail. When
food is carried from the leaves in solution through tubes in the
inner bark (d) to those parts of the tree where
it is needed for
be
The food is transformed
stored for future use.
growth, or to
in the cambium
to
tissue.
wood
bark
No growth takes
or
(c)
place in the tree except in the cambium, the inner bark, the
tips of the twigs and roots, and the leaves. The oldest bark is
the surface of the trunk and limbs, and usually consists of
on
dead corky tissues (e).
Plant diseases and organisms which cause
decay seldom gain
entrance
tissues if the bark and cambium
remain
to the wood
such
substitute
uninjured. Where
injury takes place some
should be provided, such as lead paint, tar, or asphalt. Where
the bark becomes
broken, or a limb is removed, exposing the
the
heart, or
sap wood, there is an opportunity for disease and
decay to gain a foothold.
left by the removal
of a
Fig. 5-B, page 10, shows a scar
that
the
limb.
Notice
is
the"
at
large
scar
healingmore
rapidly
sides than at the top or bottom.
No provision has been made
in this case for the protection of the heart and sap wood against
decay. The lack of protection has also permitted the heart
wood to become
dry and to crack, or check.

THE

10

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

three-fourths healed over.

shows
decay resultingfrom an axe cut
The heart is nearly all destroyed,though the wound
healed over.

Fig. 5-C
Fig. 5-D

is

scar

about

or

blaze.

is almost

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

11

The line indicates the proper

shape of the cavity if this had
been excavated.
in Fig. 5-E is entirelyhealed over.
The scar
If decay has
commenced, it will continue, even
though the wound is healed.
Fig.5-F shows a very small opening into a largearea of decay;
only a thin shell of sound wood remains.
Many times, there
detection until a storm
are
large cavities that escape
very
breaks
the
blows
tree
a
limb, or
down, exposing the decay.
The
treatingof such cavities is seldom practical,
except where
is
The
shown
in
not a factor.
decay
Fig. 5-D and 5-F
expense
could have been prevented if the injurieshad received proper
in the first place. The old adage: an ounce
treatment
of prevention
is worth a pound of cure, is doubly true in the case
of
Careful work is always well repaid
pruning and tree surgery.
in the results obtained.
The
of poor
dull tools will
use
or
the
not
handicap
greatly
workman,
only delaying the work,
but causing very poor results.
should
Climbing spurs and double-edged saws
of unnecessary
a great amount
used, since they cause

never

be

damage.
kind, the

limb
When
it is necessary
to remove
of any
a
all
the
workman
should never
hesitate to do
work needed
to
make
kind will exact full toll,
a complete job. Neglect of any
The
both in trouble and expense,
in the future.
fact must
be lost sight of that the removal
of a limb of any size
never
the wood tissue to infection until the wound
is covered
exposes
again by paint or new
growth. Should a limb be permitted to
split,as shown in Fig. 6-A, page 12, the resultingcrack will
^affordan excellent breeding place for rot-producingfungi,and,
even
though protected by paint,the wound will be much longer
the work
in healing than would
be the case
were
properly
done.

The proper
method
of removing largelimbs is one item that
should be thoroughly understood
before much
pruning work is
undertaken.
One

slowly in making the decision to cut

after
largelimbs, since replacement is usually impossible,even
the
Also,
largewound resultingwill requirea long
many
years.
time

should

to heal.

go

The

very

workman

must

realize that the cut surface

be protected against decay for a long period where the

is large. One method
of protectinga largecut would be
to cover
it with tin to within one-half inch of the edge of the
cut surface.
The tin must be in one piece,or if more
than one
pieceis required,the jointshould be soldered. After smoothing
the cut surface and giving the usual treatment
of disinfectant,
must

wound

THE

12

PRUNING

FiGtmE

BOOK

shellac,and tar or paint, the tin should be tacked on

edges are tight against the surface. The tin should
or

painted on

both

sides.

so

that the
be

tarred

PRUNING

THE

Fig.6-A, page
stripas it falls.

BOOK

13

12,is a heavy limb improperly cut, allowingit to

The saw-cut
in the under side of the limb, shown

Fig. 6-B, is the first step in the proper removal of a largelimb.

This is to prevent stripping when
the limb falls. The second
and
made
the
first
cut is
from the top, as in Fig. 6-C.
justbeyond
in Fig. 6-D, and should always be made
The third cut is shown

in

main
limb.
This will
close to and parallelwith the trunk
or
also shows
how
leave an oval scar, as shown
in Fig. 6-E, which
chisel.
the scar
is dressed smooth
with a gouge
or

Fig. 6-F
The
all the
trunk

shows

bark

the

why

reason

of these stubs

died, mainly
above.

food-producing organs
from

stubs should

not

be left.

result of removing
Decay has entered the
as

these stubs.

14, shows cavities in two trees excavated

page
several
would heal better if the
openings. The scars
through
oval and pointed at top and bottom.
openings were
Fig. 7-A,

in Fig. 7-B.
bad case
of neglected horse bite is shown
the decay has
view
is given in Fig. 7-C.
Another
Note how
It is possible,though hardly practicable,
affected the roots.
owing to the great expense, to try to save a tree in this condition.
The

of cavities

treatment

can

be

regarded

as

comprising

three

cayed
essential operations: (a) removing all diseased and deand waterproofingall cut surfaces,
matter, (b) sterilizing
ing
the cavity in a manner
that will favor rapid healand (c)filling
and exclude all rot-producingorganisms.
tree trunk,
Fig. 8- A, page 15, is a cross section of a young
wood
into
and bark grow
unfilled cavity
an
showing how the new
If the original
had
from the margin.
been
given proper
injury

the

treatment

healed
needed

over.

trunk
The

in

the

scar

entirely

of excavating

the cavity.
before filling

Fig. 8-B shows

and

be sound and
would now
indicates the amount

line

with

nails

the

placed

cavitybraced with a bolt

filling.The cross section
of using two bolts in a long,deep

section of
to hold cement

cross

Fig. 8-C shows the manner

cavity. Fig. 8-D gives the

of countersinking
If round washers are used, the
the oval washer on
the bolt.
countersunk
should
be
area
pointed at the top and bottom to
section of the tree
facilitate healing. Fig. 8-E shows a cross
The surface of the
in
8-B
cement.
shown
after filling
with
Fig.
conforms
cement
with the general shape of the woody portion
of the trunk and does not extend beyond the cambium.
proper

method

ing.
Cavities less than two feet long do not ordinarilyneed boltIf the cavity is very
long, the bolts should be placed

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

14

FiGUKE

about

every

securely
The

two

bolted

best material

bark is shellac.
to

use

bark.

feet.
and

as

All

splitcavities and crotches must

protected after all diseased wood is
to

use

on

the

on

This should be followed with

of all cut surfaces to prevent

moved.
re-

of the sap wood

and
of the best materials

to be one
appears
all cut surfaces,except the cambium

Creosote

sterilizer

edges

be

asphalt

or

The

and
ment
treat-

of the most
one
the
If
in
of
this
is
filling a cavity.
important steps
neglected,
the filling
of the cavity will not prevent further decay, and all
than lost,since the cement
the work
will be worse
will
filling

hide any

further decay and

decay

is

tar.

prevent treatment.

THE

PRUNING

FlQUKE

BOOK

15

THE

16

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

a
Fig. 9-A, abov", shows
cavity in a large elm filled with
with stripsof tar felt between
cement
the layers. This felt allows

the cement

to

expand

or

contract,

or

the tree to sway

without

THE

18

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

11

of covering cavities
17, shows the method
page
Excavate
and treat as if for cement, except
sheet metal.
should be cut back about one-half inch
that bark and cambium
from the edge of the opening to permit nailing of the sheet
that
metal, which should be painted on both sides. Be sure

Fig. 10-B,

with

Figure

12

THE

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

19

13

cavity is sterilized and waterproofed before covering. Nail

with a coat of tar or asphalt.
the cover
tightlyand cover
Fig. 11-A, page 18, shows a method of attaching a guy chain
of a hook bolt. The tupelo tree in Fig. 11-B is nearly
by means
strangledby the wires wrapped around the trunk. Wire or rope
the

should

be attached

never

to

tree in this way.

of a
splitcrotch in Fig. 11-C has been guyed by means
limbs
crotch.
The
the
long bolt about eighteen inches above
18.
in Fig. 12, page
should receive additional support, as shown
The

have been guyed by several independent

This is the best
above
the crotches.
feet
fifteen
chains, about
of preventing splitcrotches.
method
and the opening
In Fig. 13-A the cavity has been excavated
The

limbs of this elm

tightly with tar paper ready for the charge of carbon

disulphidethat is being injected. The fumes of this liquidwill

is closed

penetrate the insect tunnels and destroy the insects.

should
not

reach

not

be removed

for several hours,

insect.

the fumes

ing
cover-

may

cavity after filling

tar prevents the cement
forming fine surface cracks,

Fig. 13-B is the

and coating with tar. The

every

or

The

same

with cement
and
from
absorbing moisture
in
time
will
which
spread,destroying the filling.

THE

20

Figure

Fig. 14-A
put

on

cement

over

has

BOOK

PRUNING

14

shows
the result of
The
cement
poor work.
the edge of the growing bark.
Growth
under
cracked
it and forced it off. The
cavity was

was

the
not

r HE

I N

Figure

properly treated and

shown
and

in

The

The

Another
the

covers

by

away

shows

cement

15

cement

will be broken

in time

beneath.

badly decayed.

is

Fig, 14-B,

the

many

of the cambium
cracks, which will

growth
fine

spread,admitting moisture and disease

The
applying of tar or lead paint

bark

job is
poor
at the sides

to the heart

wounds

to

of the tree.
as

shown

in

of the cavity fillingin the

most
exercised to prevent the tar or paint
from
covering the edge of the bark, as it is apt to retard the
The edge of the bark, as well as the cambium
healing process.
and sap wood, should be protected with a coat of shellac. If this
protectionis not given, the bark will dry out and shrink away
to be healed
from
the edge, leaving a much
over.
larger area
the whole wound
ifa previouscoat of
The paint or tar may
cover
and edge of the bark.
shellac has been applied to the sap wood

Fig. 14-C-D, would

The

linden

removed,
used
shows

on

so

eliminate

should

Care

future.

as

in
to

be

Fig. 15-A
open

up

has
the

had

large number

view.

black

the cuts.
The same
tree is shown
how
is covered
from the
the scar

efforts to form

more

direct sap

passages

of limbs
has

paint
in Fig. 15-B
sides by the

across

the

scar.

been
which
tree's

THE

22

Figure

A
The

good example
lower

of

16

of Nature's
pruning is given by Fig. 16.
died because of lack of light. Close planting
trees will lead to a similar loss of lower limbs.

limbs have

city street

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

Forest

and

23

17

Shade

Trees

One of our
greatest natural assets is our timber land. Its
have received a vast amount
of study in the
and
utilization
care
United States during the past few years.
The
pruning needed in forest work consists for the most
part in removing dead branches and a careful thinning of the
stand of trees. Any tree that is decliningin vigorthrough crowding
The removal
insects and disease should be removed.
or from
of undesirable trees would permit the better development of the,
valuable trees.
more
Fig. 17 shows the result of such a thinning and pruning.
This
The brush should always be piled and carefullyburned.
insects and greatlylessen the fire risk.
will destroy many
Insects and diseases are more
apt to attack weak and dying

"

PRUNING

THE

24

Figure

trees; if such

are

removed, the

close two
cracked
and
prevents
Fig. 18-B shows
cut

trees

remaining will be better

a better
growth.
left to prevent bleeding
the pines. These
stubs
later.
This method
also

three years
or
loose knots in conifers.
white
pine and Scotch

properly pruned. Only

straight trunks of the white pine.
Many mixed stands of hardwoods
dead

18

able to resist these attacks and make

The stubs shown
in Fig. 18-A were
live limbs were
where
removed
from
will be

limbs

were

pine plantation

removed.

will be found

Note

the

to contain

THE

'iii

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

21

catalpa plantationshown in Fig. 21 has been pruned to

form
clean, straight trunks for posts and poles. Care should
leaf surface
be used to leave enough limbs to produce abundant
for maximum
growth.
The practiceof cutting the tops off at the ground after each
year's growth for the first two or three years is often resorted
The

to in order to obtain

straighttrunks.

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

27

Figure

it is necessary
to remove
When
large limbs, the wounds
tacks
be sterilized and painted, as the catalpa is subject to atof the
of a fungus that causes
decay in the heartwood
live trees.
must

PRUNING

THE

28

Figure

BOOK

23

Fig.22-A and B, page 27, shows the effect of continued annual

heading back of poplars. (A) After headingback in the spring. (B)
Similar trees after a year's growth.
Beauty has been destroyed.
In time the tree will be filled with a mass
of decayed stubs.
The trees in Fig. 23 have been butchered.
Judging from the
wanted
small trees.
location,the owner
He has made
the mistake
of planting Oriental
Plane
are
trees, which
naturally a
The
mistake
is
tree.
made
strong-growing
worse
by cutting the
back

trees

the

roots

in the
to

feed

stronger growth.
in the

growing

tree would

never

dormant
when

growth

Better

season.

have

season,

which
starts.

results would
This will check
natural

form

leaves

fewer

buds

for

This will result in a

be obtained
by pruning
the

growth, though the

by either method.

PRUNING

THE

Figure

The

BOOK

29

24

Fig. 24-A are old soft maples that have

been planted too closely and permitted to form long, slender,
main
The tops
limbs, which were
apt to be broken by storms.
have
been removed
without
regard to form or future growth.
Ko protection was
and the trees have
provided for the scars
been allowed
their former faulty habits of growth.
to resume
In a few years the limbs will be justas tall and straggly as before,
trees

with

the added

such

shown

consequent

to

cavities at the base of the limbs.

Just
the damage shown
in Fig. 24-B.
Prompt
and
the
have
would
prevented decay

danger of

cavity caused

attention

in

wounds

damage

to the tree and

house.

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

30

Figure

25

The
poplars in Fig. 25-A have been damaged
by horses
that have chewed
the bark.
This destruction
of the bark leaves
the wood
tissues exposed to decay. This would
weaken
the
trunk
and make
loss
of
the
the
in
25-B.
tree as
possible
Fig.
This damage would
have been prevented if proper
guards
had been placed around
the trees.
Where
such cavities exist
and the tree is worth
the expense,
the proper
would
treatment
be to excavate
pages.

Where

and

treat the

cavities

dangerously weak,

the

are

cavity as described in the preceding

the tree
large enough to make

top should

be headed

back

somewhat.

THE

Nut

BOOK

31

Trees

to produce
a manner
as
surface.
and
bearing
Spra3i.ng
a strong
of too
harvesting need not be considered, though a tree
great
such
liable
be
to
is
not
trees
desirable;
damaged
by
are
height

Nut

trees

and

frame

pruned

be

should

in such

maximum

wind.
A

is the

placed frame,
The

produce

to

necessan,'

all

subject

all wounds

The

pruning shade

early spring,

the

loss of the

Proper
while

the

years.

described
this work.

subject

are

on

over

nut

one

trees

are

tree

part
are

is yoxmg

to

not

in

almost
the

be
may

making
sure

to

formation

pruned
result

in

pages

will

trees

late

as

in

all cuts, and

decay

winter

or

''bleeding."

from

stubs
and

should

possibly

follow.
of

strong

all the cost

will well repa\'
of the pruning of young

study
the following

nut

is concerned.

tree, since

of the

rapid decay

to

healed.

framework

damage

much

be exercised

careful

absolutely

those

of the

Z^Iost

untU

the

as

should

walnut

attention
tree

far

so

be left in any

never

when

except

sterilized,and

walnuts

protected

are

since

should

Care

be

painted.

be

Persian

trees

Persian

is

eased
dis-

from

free

general principles apply in pnming

same

The

head

diseases.

and

Pecans

The
imless

fimgus

to

be removed

not

should

cuts

should

in diameter

inch

than

pruning

more

any

well balanced

strong,

should

Large limbs
and

strong, well

with

limbs.

broken

or

receive

not

form

natural

desirable.

most

should

trees

needed

height and

of medium

tree

be

of

much

framework

during later
fruit

trees

assistance

as

in

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

32

Tree

Planting

Many failures in orchard or shade tree growing are directlyMost

due to neglect of proper
precautions at planting time.
received from the nursery
when
and
trees are in good condition
when
received should be placed in proper storage until planting
of the best methods

One

is to "heel

"

the trees in a trench

that the tree roots are protectedfrom the drying effect of sun
so
and wind.
The soil should be well packed about the roots and
dried through exposure,
the roots have become
in case
a soaking
will be a great help. The preparation of the soil for
with water
planting should be thorough, but will depend largelyon the type
time.

of soil and

planting will depend

time

is

as

and

the purpose
soon

on

the soil

as

extent

local weather

be

can

of planting. The
time of
conditions,though the usual

properly worked

in the

spring.

If the trees to be planted are large shade trees,the excavation

should be made
largeenough to receive the roots without cramping,
and deep enough to permit the tree to stand from two to six
inches deeper than it stood
in the nursery
depending on
row,
the size of the tree.
If the trees are
small, such as are planted in fruit orchards,
the usual method
is to plow a deep furrow
where
of
a
row
and use a spade to deepen the furrow at the
trees is to stand

points where
The

trees

are

trees should

to be

not

placed.

be taken

from

the trench

The trees should

plant them.
and
all diseased
and
stunted

placesprepared
before planting

to

Bulletins of the United

the State Experiment
should be studied, and
disease

described

develop properly

States

of

until there are

be examined

rejected.
Agriculture and
various diseases,
ones

Department
Stations,describingthe
all trees showing the symptoms

of the

should be discarded.
A diseased tree
and may
the
infect
whole orchard.

cannot

If the tree is a good one

the top and roots should be pruned
described
later and
the tree set so that the roots spread
as
and
the
soil
should
be well packed around
and between
naturally
Good
the roots.
top soil should be used for this and no stable or
be used in the excavation.
should
A handful
strawy manure
scattered through the soil packed about the roots
of bone-meal

will help give the

vegetablematter

tree

in contact

good start, but

with the cut roots

too
may

much
cause

decaying
trouble.

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

34

Figure

Fruit

"ZG

Trees

five years of the tree's lifeshould be devoted

top growth in order that good crops or a good form
the results desired.
If the
be obtained, depending on
may
is
for
of
shade or ornament,
tree
a well-supportedtop
pleasing
of healthy foliageis the chief considerform
with a maximum
ation.
If the production of fruit is the aim, then a very different
be considered.
set of conditions must
first four

The

firstfew

The
far

the

as

or

and

to root

of

years

pruning

is

tree's life is

concerned, since

very

mistake

critical period so
made
then becomes

The
difficultto correct with each succeeding year.
formed at this period retains its character and position
during the life of the tree, unless there is a loss of limbs
through accident or pruning.
more

framework

The
is

work

planted.

trees

as

pruning should
Fig. 26-A shows
of

received

straight growth,

from
free

commence

six

the tree

typical one-year-old apple

They have made
a good,
The
branches.
of
these
pruning

the nursery.

from

at the time

THE

BOOK

PRUNING

FlGTTKE

27

35

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

36

simple. The roots should be attended to before

Any broken or badly bruised roots should have
the injuredparts removed, and the larger roots should have the
ends cut smooth
to aid in the healing process.
Very long roots
with the length of
should be cut back to correspond somewhat
trees will be very
settingthe tree.

the other
After
or

roots.

setting,the top should

and

two

one-half

determines

the
will be formed.

feet above

point

at which

be cut ofT to a point about two

the surface of the ground. This
the head or crotches of the tree

When

in
two-year-old trees are used, such as are shown
Fig. 26-B, page 34, the height of the tree's head has usually
been determined
at the
by the pruning done in the nursery
end of the first year's growth.
The laterals (a) grew
during the second year.
They usually
develop better in the open field or orchard than in the nursery
and this,combined
with the lower price,makes
the onerow,
best
for
commercial
the
tree
year-old
planting.
After the two-year-old tree is set, three or four of the laterals
should be selected as evenly spaced around
the tree as possible.
These

should

be about

four to six inches

be shortened
shown
as

apart in

vertical

direction,and should
by the tree at the
The
will
seldom
such
in
trees
to make
a
as
right.
manner
grow
this ideal of pruning possible,so the workman
should study the
habits of growth of each variety of tree he comes
in contact
with, paying particular attention to the type of crotches or
unions
made
between
and
branches.
the trunk
Fig. 27-A-B,
is
after
before
and after
tree
an
one
apple
year'sgrowth,
page 35,
in Fig. 27-C after the second
tree is shown
pruning. The same
season's growth and pruning. This tree has a tendency to very
scaffold
or
upright growth, and while the usual framework
branches
have
been
selected, others have been permitted to
remain
make

for
a

more

Fig. 27-D
limbs, which

few

seasons,

so

that

the permanent

branches

will

spreading growth.

main
(A) and has too many
development of fruit spurs
prevent
proper
inside the tree.
As the limbs increase in diameter, they will
in contact
at the point indicated
which
come
by the arrows,
will tend to splitthe crotch as the pressure
increases.
The
two

sets

shows

many

Fig. 28-A-B
of main limbs, one

tree

stubs

the

in

has
above

been

pruned

the other.

so

The

as

upper

to

leave

set will

become the dominant

one, and unless suppressed by pruning
will soon shade the lower limbs, causing them to weaken and die.
soon

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

Figure

too

Most

of the

many

limbs

28

trees in the orchard

starting at

or

near

in

four-year-oldRome
Beauty apple trees in Fig. 29-A,
decided
tendency to upright growth.
38, show a very

The
page

Fig. 28-C have

point. This wilK
develop and will result

shown
the same

all to
for them
leave enough room
in the growth of slender branches.

not

37

THE

38

PRUNING

Figure

One

or

and

leave

two

BOOK

29

of apples will
crops
of
the tree more
center

good
the

the limbs

cause

open.

to

spread

The
tendency of
outside and under

this type of tree is to develop a fruitingarea

the axis of the main
limb, causing the limb to bend
away
from the center of the tree. Study the tree in Fig. 29-B and note
the horizontal development of the main limbs, and the fact that
the most
of the load of fruit will be above
which
will have a tendency to twist.
The

apt to be injuredby teams

The
too

and

the axis of the limb

limbs are also more

tools.

tree in

ing
Fig.30-A-B, page 39, has a good form, but is makdormant
strong a wood growth to need such severe
ing.
prun-

The

tree would

come

into

profitablebearing much

sooner

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

39

30

if some
of this pruning were
done during the growing season,
which would check wood growth and favor the development of
fruit buds.
Too many
of the twigs have been removed
from the
lower part of the tree, leavinglong,bare branches.
The tree in Fig.30-C and D has developed its main branches
at an
angle of about forty-five
degrees,which is about as wide
desirable.
is
an
angle as

PRUNING

THE

40

Figure

The

orchard

what

can

Note

that

shown

be done
the

BOOK

31

in

Fig. 31-A is a
by intelligentwork in

main

limbs

develop lateral branches.

have

been

very
a

good example

commercial

given plenty

of

orchard.

of

room

to

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

42

Figure

3S

the larger Hmbs.

Fruit spurs
on
though they appear
should
be
limbs
by
larger
encouraged
on
keeping the top of
the tree thin enough to admit
sunlight to the center of the tree.
The trees in Fig. 32-A and B, page 41, are two excellent arguments

off,even
the

in favor of low-headed
from

The

trees.

the tree in Fig. 32-B to show

fruit from such trees can

The

the
be

leaves have
even

been

stripped

distribution of fruit.

gathered with comparative

from the ground or short stepof the largest

of
the harvesting
the fruit is one
sider
single items in the cost of production,it would be wise to conit at pruning time and so shape the tree as to bring the
bulk of the bearing surface as near
the ground as practical.
ease,

as

most

ladders.

of it can

be reached

Since

low limbs, claiming that

to such
Objection is made
by some
make
difficult.
cultivation
This can
they
a
hardly be termed
serious objection,since any cultivation that might be done near
the trunk of trees of this size would
damage
probably do more
to the large roots than it could do good to the tree as a whole,
and
would
extension
disc-harrows
and
smoothing-harrows
reach

considerable

damage
Note
is carried

distance

under

part of the tree.

that the tree has been

the low

limbs

without

doing

to any

outside

of and

under

trained that the load of fruit

so
the axis of the main limbs.

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

43

The twelve-year-oldEsopus apple tree in Fig. 33, page 42,

could be made
self-supporting
by shortening the branches, but
this would
also reduce the fruiting
The props
of the tree.
area
are
a
good solution of the problem where the required labor
and material is available.
EXPERIMENTS

The summer
little attention

IN

pruning

SUMMER

of the

PRUNING

apple

tree

has

received

very

in most
of the commercial
orchards,,though
there are some
fruit growers
both in the East and the West that
in
results
are
getting good
improved color and qualitythrough
careful summer
letin
pruning. The followingquotations from Bul-

98, of the University of Idaho AgriculturalExperiment

Station, give the results of careful experiments with summer

pruning covering a period of three

years

"The
the determination
of the
primary object of the experiment was
effect of winter vs. summer
the yield and color of the fruit.
pruning upon
In order
blocks.
to study the problem, the orchard
divided into two
was
The
trees of one
block were
pruned in the winter time and those of the other
in the

pruned

were

"The

trees

summer.

have

been

developed that they will produce a good quality

time ample wood
to bear
good crops without the
All the trees were
or
vasepruned to the open

so

of fruit and at the same

aid of artificial supports.

shaped type.
"Approximately

in each case.
the same
amount
of wood
removed
was
done
after the terminal
buds
had
"The
set.
summer
pruning was
work
the trees have
"The
was
performed at this time because
practically
finished their growth for the year.
"If the summer
pruning is done before the trees have ceased growing,
buds
the cuts, which
will push out below
adventitious
results in a growth of
On the other hand, if pruned too late in the season,
shoots.
no
opportunity
is one
is given the buds
to swell into fruit buds, which
of the objects sought

by

pruning.

summer

"1.

The

presented in this bulletin

data

apple
period of eleven
the value
Grimes

The

from
"3.

pruning compared

fruit.
Wagener, and

color

and

"2.

years.

of winter

and

yield

year

winter versus
on
summer
ing
prununder
the results secured
the two
methods
for a
The
to test
was
object of the experimental work

trees, shows

of

nature

both

There

of

of the

blocks

were

with

were

seventy-four

pruning as measured
by
^Jonathan, Rome,

summer

four
trees

pruning and the

practicallythe

varieties
under

amount

of wood

favor

removed

each

same.

terminal
growth in Jthe summer-pruned
average
inches; in the winter-pruned block 14.02 inches;
of summer
pruning of 1.38 inches.
The

15.4

was

"

observation.

block in 1916
difference in

"4. The measurement

of the height and width of all trees in both blocks
that summer
the close of the season's growth in 1916, shows
pruning,^
with most
varieties,checked the wood
growth slightly.
at

"5.
we

The

Taking the diameter

find that

the

trees

diflference,
however,

are

is

of the tree trunks

as
a basis for judging vigor,
somewhat
larger in the winter-pruned block.

practicallyinsignificant.

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

44

Figure

"6.

With

of young

"7.
and

crop

some

trees

The

and

varieties,summer
increased

evidence

shows

crop

that

35

has

pruning
production.

thinning has

hastened

the

bearing

direct relation to pruning

production.

the basis of the total production for the first seven

mer
sumcrops,
has produced the greater yield in all varieties.
The
average
for each variety was
annual
increase
follows: Jonathan, 5.17
tree
as
per
pounds; Rome, 8.37 pounds; Grimes, 7.22 pounds, and Wagener, 40.98
"8.

On

pruning

pounds.
was

all red varieties of apples under

"9. With
experimentation
intensified as a direct result of summer
pruning.

the

color

value per acre

determined
"10. The
as
by holh, color and yield
crop
shows
winter prunan
gain in the three summer-pruned
plats over
average
ing
follows: Jonathan, $52.33; Rome, $53.64, and Wagener, $30.69."
as

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

Figure

Fig. 36-A

and

36

are
examples of very low and
These
headed
about the same
trees.
trees
are
high
age,
very
size. The low-headed
tree is
and the tops are about the same
forming a second series of branches in the center of the top,
The
before it becomes
too dominant.
which should be removed
formed
It has
tree in many
high-headed tree is a badly
ways.
from
that is expensive to prune,
which
to
or
a high head
spray,
of the main
branches.
harvest. It also has a very bad formation
This type of tree will later develop into just such a tree as is
crotches and long, bare limbs.
in Fig. 36-C, with its weak
shown

The

trees in

45

of information
best sources
older trees are our
things. Early mistakes are emphasized and the value
in the early life of the tree is clearlyshown.
care

The

on

many

of good

shows
The
some
good crotch formation.
very
has
is
the
lack
of
low
limbs.
tree
fault
this
This
is
aii
greatest
expensive type of tree to harvest fruit from, since most of the
be reached by the use
of ladders.
crop must

Fig.

36-D

THE

46

BOOK

PRUNING

FlGUBE

37

Fig. 37 shows trees that are typicalof most of the neglected

The younger
trees (Fig. 37-A) are still vigorous, but
orchards.
and
and
dense
too high
are
beginning to interfere with each
are
lower limbs will die and decay, with results similar
in the older trees. Fig. 37-B.
to those shown
been well pruned, though in
The trees in Fig. 38-A have
need to be thinned
sections with less sunlight they would
some
is in Indiana.
This
orchard
air
and
admit
more
light.
a littleto
other.

The

THE

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

47

38

This tree has had all

in Fig. 38-B.
fine tree is shown
its
has
it
the room
needed for
development. The trees in the
are
forming
background are too close, and as a consequence
valuable bearing
high and unprofitabletops, while the more
and
weak.
shaded
is
wood near
the ground
becoming

A very

THE

48

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

39

in
first step in renovating a neglected tree is shown
and some
of
Fig. 39. All of the dead wood has been removed
should
been thinned
The wounds
the live branches
have
out.
There
be treated to prevent decay and induce
healing.
early
stubs in the upper
moved,
a few
are
part of the tree that should be reThe

since

they will either die back, causing

largerwound,

THE

50

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

41

in
Very good and very poor jobs of this type are shown
In the first case, the cutting has been done
Fig. 40-A and B.
that the general form
of the tree has been prein such a way
served
is abundant
bearing wood to produce a crop
erals,
latAll the cutting has been done just above
the next season.
that will heal quickly. The second
thus leaving wounds
and

there

job is just plain tree butchery.

of the upper
limbs
The
needs some
tree in Fig. 41-A-B
and the large
removed, but owing to its vigorous condition

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

51

42

in the thinning process,

removed
of live wood
any
the
next
deferred
until
be
should
pruning season.
cutting
Fig. 41-C, page 50, shows the result of too close planting.
The lower limbs are being weakened
by lack of air and sunlight.^
of
The orchard in Fig. 42-A has been ruined by the removal
be
valuable lower limbs. These lower limbs can never
the more

amount

further

replaced.
Fig, 42-B
orchards.

farm
illustrates the unsanitary condition of many
the
of
insects
and
Such neglecthelps
disease,
spread

THE

52

PRUNING

BOOK

Figure

43

cultivation,and makes
unsatisfactory and dangerous.

prevents proper
both

The

chief function

orchard

work

fruit tree is to produce crops of fruit.

a
strong frame, in order that maximum
crops
be
borne
without
injury to the tree. Careless pruning is
may
of cavities at vital
practicallycertain to lead to the formation
This

of

the other

demands

points in the tree, as shown in Figs.43-A and 43-B. These cavities

form
in apple trees, therefore every
soon
step should be
very
taken

in the proper
The scar shown

If it is

Fig. 43-C
kept protected, the new

prevent
Three
page

treatment

53.

infection
forms
These

in

of all wounds.
is properly made

growth will

soon

and protected.
cover

it and

in the future.

of tree guards are shown

in
useful
in
sections
where
are

Fig.44-A, B, and C,
trees

are

subjectto

THE

PRUNING

1-k;ure

attacks by rabbits.
moth

larva

may

destroy them.

BOOK

44

band under which codling

it a littleeasier to find and
of combating this
efficient method

Fig.44-D shows
hibernate,making

The

most

53

Figure

45

PRUNING

THE

54

BOOK

Figure

pest is proper

spraying of the

shows
should

forms

various

hairy
planted.

great deal could

disease
trees

be

never

of

on

the work

of

46

Fig. 45-A, B, C, and D

apple. Such trees

tree.

of the

root

be said in connection

pruning.

of the diseases

Many

be spread

may

tools after

through the orchard by

working in a diseased tree.

and

should

be used

in

especiallyafter working
Trees

influenced

by

many

use

of

large-mouthed
of about

1 to

ment.
pruning equip-

the tools at intervals

disinfecting

on

in their resistance

vary

affecting

the careless

pruning
bottle containing corrosive
solution
sublimate
and
1000 strength
should be part of every
a swab
This

the effects of

with

factors,such

diseased tree.
to disease.

This

variation

is

variety of fruit,the climate,

as

soil,density of the foliage,cultural treatment, weather

tions,
condi-

and

insect attacks.
The tree shown
in Fig.46-A has been injuredby blight. The
of
the
disease is rapid,and the infection usually starts
progress
in growing twigs that have been injured by insects.
eased
Any dis-

branches
well below

from

tree

the

should
diseased

The

be removed.

portion.

to tree unless the

tools

This
are

cut

should

disease

may

be
be

made

spread

disinfected.

Fig. 46-B shows the injury caused by the woolly aphis. The
tree will outgrow this defect if tha insect is controlled,otherwise

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

55

47

become
weak
and
unable
to produce good
fruit
fruit. The commercial
tree of today is produced by one
of
the graftingof a scion from a tree of the desired
two methods:
variety on a hardy seedling,or by insertinga bud, taken from
the proper
variety,in a slit made in the bark of the stock.
After the bud starts growth, the portion of the stock above the
bud is removed, permitting the new
shoot to form the top of
the tree.
Fig. 47-A is an apple scion grafted on a seedlingroot.
and
The scion has been tied in place and is ready to be waxed
is
the
to
The
and
the
sues
tiswax
planted.
applied
joint,
prevents
becoming dry, which would prevent growth.
Fig.47-B shows a similar tree after one year's growth. This
most
is the ideal tree to plant under
conditions,since there is
for
the
better
chance
a
top to develop in the field than in the
the

limbs

nursery

The
nursery

will

row.

in Fig. 47-C has grown

for two years in the
tree shown
since being grafted. Most
of the roots were
left in the

ground when the tree was dug. This calls for a correspondingly
heavy pruning of the top at planting time.
Any shoots or suckers that start from below the point where
the tree was
at once.
If the tree
grafted should be removed
is not planted deep enough to prevent these sprouts from forming,
trouble.
there will be constant
than
were
they
deeper

to six inches

All trees should be set four

in the nursery
row.

THE

56

Figure

Apple

trees

top grafted

BOOK

PRUNING

that bear

48

undesirable

varieties

of fruit may
be
tree is in a

variety wanted, provided

any
healthy growing condition. The work should be extended
to

the

over

58

PRUNING

THE

Fig. 50 shows

BOOK

largeapple tree before top working and after

half of the branches
have been grafted. The
other branches
be
the
next year.
grafted
may
a

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

59

51

the fruit buds of the peach which are formed

either side of the leaf buds on
wood
of the current
on
year's
the
the
habit
of
51-B
shows
fruiting
growth. Fig.
plum, while
that of the cherry and apricot are
shown
by Figs. 51-C and'
51-D.
These fruits set fruit buds on both the current
year's
wood and on fruit spurs. It is important that this be remembered
at pruning time.

Fig. 51-A shows

THE

60

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

52

peach tree, hke the apple,should be carefullypruned at

planting time.
Only one-year-old trees should be planted.
Fig. 52 shows the various steps in the pruning of a typical
peach tree. The head should be formed about eighteen inches
erals
above the ground. Where
possible,several nicely placed latin Fig. 52-B; these should be
should be left as shown
The roots need attention,as
cut short, as in Fig. 52-C-D.
The

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

Figure

indicated in Fig. 52-E and

the roots.
for just above

by

the

any

are

presence

of gum

found, they

must

53

should be looked
is usually indicated
Their presence
If
surface
of the bark.
the
sap on

F, page
or

be

61

dug

60.

out

to

Borers

prevent further damage.

The tree should be watched

during the first season, and any
desirable
undesirable sprouts rubbed
off,permitting the more
Aside from this,the tree should
shoots to develop unhindered.

pruned during the first growing season.

Fig.53 shows the pruning of a one-year-oldpeach tree. This
tree was
pruned to a straightstalk or whip when planted, and
branches have started from it at various points. It may
seven
not

be

made
have
the strongest
the lowest branches
of
all
peach trees, therefore,if
growth. This is generallytrue
be formed
at a certain point, all
it is desired that the head
as
soon
branches
startingbelow that point should be removed

be

as

noted

that

possible.
The

average

tree

in

under

ordinary culture

severelyas the one

growth the followingseason.

may

be

pruned

as

should make
a strong, healthy
Trees that are apt to make
very

Fig. 53, and

62

THE

BOOK

PRUNING

FiGUKE

54

strong growth because

of cultural conditions or variety should

be pruned like the tree shown
in Fig. 54.
The
branches have
been left somewhat
of the lateral twigs have
longer,and some

been

retained, so

that the

next

season's growth will be

more

widely distributed.
These
lateral twigs should always be tipped; that is,a few
inches of the tip should be removed, which eliminates the weak
buds and permits the more
mature
buds to continue the growth
in the spring. It may
be noted in Fig. 54 that the branches did
not start from the top of the tree, but from a much
lower point.
The stub should always be removed
close to the top lateral as
heal
shown, so that the wound
properly.
may
Fig. 55-A, page 63, shows a peach tree after the second season's
This
has
been
and
tree
should
growth.
making good growth,
produce a good crop of fruit the next season.
Enough of the
small branches or laterals having fruit buds on them are left to
this crop.
Care should be taken to have these laterals
carry
well distributed,
that air and lightmay
have free access
so
to
all parts of the tree.

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

"3

This tree was

too severelycut back, but not thinned out enough
If only three instead
of six
after the first season's growth.
in
branches had been retained,and the three been pruned as shown
Fig.54-B, a much better type of growth would have been secured^

64

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

56

Fig. 56 shows a typicalcommercial

of the fifth year'sgrowing season.

orchard

at the

beginning

66

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

Figure

Fig. 58-A shows an advanced

tree pruned as in Fig. 57-B, page

58

stage in the development of a

65; that is,headed in but not

in the top to provide for the multiplying

The tree has lost nearly all of its low-bearing
of the branches.
wood
through being shaded by the dense growth above. A proper
have
permitted
thinning of the upper
part of the tree would

properly thinned

out

enough sunlight to reach the lower growth for the

proper

devel-

THE

PRUNING

Figure

opment

of

good

fruit. The

severe

BOOK

67

59

pruning shown

in

Fig. 58-B,

given in order that a new low head might be secured.

is also given after winter injury,but otherwise^
treatment
be called for if the earlier pruning is properly done.^
need never
The
tree in Fig. 58-C
was
pruned after the first season's
out
growth and then permitted to make three year'sgrowth with-

page

66, was

Such

further pruning.

THE

68

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

The

of

GO

Fig.59 has been well pruned, though it is in need

locality.
thinning unless it is growing in a very sunny
is
head
of
low
quite
an
apparent at
advantage
open,

tree in

more

The

The trees in Fig. 60 are easy to cultivate or spray,

harvest time.
be reached easilyfrom the ground or from
and the fruit may
short ladders.
The sunlightis able to reach all parts of the tree,
insuring a better development of the foliage,and fruit having
finer flavor and color than could be expected from trees as dense
in Fig.61-A and B, page 69. Sunlight is essential
the
to
development of good flavor and color in fruit of any
kind, and the admission of sunlight to all parts of the tree should
be kept in mind
when
pruning a fruit tree.
The
in Fig, 61-A and B are growing in Eddy
trees shown
County, New Mexico, and have retained their vigor in spiteof
as

those shown

their dense

tops because

sunlight.
good soil and abundant
photographed. Most of the bearing

of the

ten years old when

in
makes
is
the top of the tree, which
harvesting difficult.
The forming of a low head does not insure a low top, as may
be seen
in Fig. 61-C.
This tree has a low head, but the main
have
branches
been stripped of their low laterals,leaving the

They

were

wood

bearing surface of the

tree very

high.

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

Figure

The
the

pruning of all the

treatment

called for

stone

by

the

69

61

fruits does not

peach.

vary

much

all should

from
be so

They
healthy growth each year
without becoming too dense, or too large. This will mean
a
systematiccutting back and thinning of the growth each year.
pruned

that

the

tree

will make

THE

70

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

62

With the exception of the cherry,which is the largestof the

fruit trees, a large size is seldom attained before the tops
show signs of decline and the tree attempts to send out new
the trunk.
growth near

stone

The

is very apt to set more

fruit than it can
properly
and
small
increased
weakened
and
fruit,
mature,
trees,
decay are
the result unless the fruit is thinned
when
about
half grown.

plum

Fig. 62 shows

being

thinned.

well-pruned Burbank

plum

tree.

The

fruit is

THE

PRUNING

Figure

The

plum

the tops

are

BOOK

71

63

trees in
too

Fig. 63 have very well placed limbs, though

thick for the best development of the fruit.

Apricots and prunes need the same

as the
generaltreatment
and
plum.
peach
The
The
cherry needs careful pruning every year.
open
head is the best form for most
sections, since the fruit requires
of air and sunlightfor the best development and
abundance
an
freedom
A

from

disease.

cherry tree will form long, slender branches unless

careful heading back
is practiced during the early life of the
Most
cherries are upright in their growth, and care
tree.
sweet
should be taken to prevent them from becoming too high. Both
and
cherries will bear good crops
their lower
sweet
sour
on
if
the
limbs
It should
tops of the trees are kept open and low.
be remembered
that the harvesting of the cherry crop is a tedious
and expensive operation, and that broad, low heads will
bear the most
profitablecrops.
The
sour
spreading in its growth than the
cherry is more
sweet
cherry, and is apt to form a dense top. Unless the top
is kept open, the lower limbs soon
become
weak and die.
Pear trees are upright in their habit of growth, and have a
sweet

PRUNING

THE

72

BOOK

Figure

tendency

to form

tried to

64

top that is too thick.

Some

growers

heading back

the

have

the vertical
shown
case

overcome
upright growth by
shoots, as has been done for several years in the
in Fig.64-A, with the result of forming very stiff,
upright branches

that

that fruit will not develop properly.

crowded
The trees in Fig. 64-B have been headed
in closelythe first
without
two
and
then
allowed
to grow
cutting back,
years

become

so

except to keep the

tree

in

given

out

the

thinning

to

the

good form,
branches

so

chief attention
that

they would

being
have

will be bent
These
branches
for development.
room
outward
with the heavy crops
of pears, and will need attention
the
they will become overloaded and
or
during
growing season

abundant

break.

After

horizontal
them
a

harvest

the

will be

branches

position. This will check

heavy crops of fruit. If

to set

limb, the leaves will

not

the fruit will be small and

growth and

many

pears

are

induce
set

on

supply enough food and

quality.

be able

of poor

their
too

apt to retain their

to

THE

74

PRUNING

BOOK

Figure

buds

66

the

These
die after one
one-year-old canes.
canes
son's
seafruiting,and should be removed immediately after harvest.
Fig. 65-D, page 73, shows raspberry plants with the old
on

fruited
next

canes

removed

and

the

new

which

canes

will bear

the

season.

The

raspberriesshown

the hedge system.

The

in
canes

Fig. 66-A
are

not

are

being

given any

under
artificialsupgrown

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

Figure

port.

This

is not

advisable

75

67

where

the

make

canes

over

four

feet of growth.
Two
methods
and C, page

66-B

of

supporting the

canes

are

shown

in

74.

that
The old canes
should be burned.

are

removed

after fruitingin the

summer

Fig.

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

76

Figure

68

in the spring,
be cut back to healthy wood
The
removed.
be
diseased
canes
canes
or
may
tied in place at this time and will need no further pruning until
after fruiting.

and

The canes
all weak

should

Fig.67-A, page
stakes.

with
75, illustratesthe supporting of the canes
in Fig. 67-B and
of the dewberry is shown

fruit spray

THE

PRUNING

BOOK

77

"*I,A^-:

"

"

Figure

-/""".,

69

in Fig. 67-C.
The
of supporting the fruitingcanes
the
be seen trailingon
for next year'scrop may
ground.
canes
be tied to wires, but since the canes
are
The dewberry may
small, and easilybent and broken, the stakes make the best

the method
new

so

support.
The

pinching

back

or

heading in of the raspberry

canes

78

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

70

THE

PRUNING

Figure

during the

growing

season

BOOK

79

71

is not advised unless no

The top row
of Fig. 68, page

means

of

76, shows
support can be provided.
be
how
encouraged by this summer
branching may
A,
prunmg:
and then the laterals pinched back; B, the mam
the cane
cane

THE

80

Figure

I N

(I

BOOK

72

pruned. The bottom row

only pinched back; C, not summer
the same
the
early spring pruning.
plants after
The summer
of
the
induces fruit bearing.
blackberry
pruning
The
blackberry and logan blackberry produce their fruit in
the same
does the raspberry; that is, on
as
one-year-old
way
and
should
that die after producing one
receive the
canes
crop,
shows
same
a
general treatment.
Fig. 69-A, page 77,
logan
have
been removed
and the
blackberry after the fruited canes
tied in place so they can
continue
their development.
new
canes
base
of
the
69-B
the
shows
same
Fig.
plant and the stubs left
shows

when
been

the old
cut

The

much
currant

canes

were

removed.

These

stubs

should

have

shorter.

produces

the best fruit from

buds

on

one

and

THE

8-2

Figure

I N

(J

73

trellisshould be erected at the end of the first year and a

decision made as to the system of trainingto be followed in the
A

future.
the successive steps in the development of the
of the vine under two different systems.
framework
of the second,
the pruning at the end
shows
73-A
Fig.
third,and fourth years in the development of a vine supported

Fig. 73 shows

on

an

trellis. Future

overhead

renewal

of

bearing

arms

should

the head of the vine, which,

the wires at the top of the stake.
in this case, is near
The
pruning given at the end of the second, third, and
in
is shown
fifthyears to a vine trained to six horizontal arms
be

from

made

point

at

or

near

been pruned by the spur

method; that is,the previous season's growth is cut back to
buds proThese
buds during the dormant
two
season.
or
one
duce
is not
This method
the bearing shoots for the next crop.

Fig. 73-B.

Both

of these

vines

have

renewal, since the best bearing shoots

the middle of the cane.
from
Fig. 74 shows
near
come
in Fig. 73-B, after the fourth seathe same
vine that is shown
son's
all
the
Instead
of
cutting
growth and before pruning.
two
back to spurs having one
or
buds, a better crop
canes
as

good

as

the long
the buds

cane

THE

I N

Figure

(i

BOOK

8.S

74

would

of the vine were

be secured if each arm
pruned like those
four-arm
vine shown
in Fig. 75-A, page 84, which
was
pruned by the long-cane renewal method. Instead of cuttingback
of the

each

the arm
to
selected which grow
cane

on

having

spur

the

crop

The

which
Each

other

and
cane

if too

long

is cut

the

or

two

buds, two

canes

close to the main stem

of the plant as possible,
is removed
and the balance of the arm
will produce
is tied in its place. This cane
and the best cane

are

from

one

be cut

may

back

arm

to

spur

as

back, reducing the crop.

having one or two buds,

for renewal
will provide a good cane
should be given the same
treatment
arm

the next season.

each spring.

Fig. 75-B, page 84, shows a vine pruned according to longprinciples. Spurs have been left at the base of each
for the purpose
of producing canes
for renewal next season.
cane
The
left
be
long or short, depending on the^
long canes
may
strength of the vine and the space to be occupied.
Fig.75-C has been pruned according to a modification of the
back
and cutting them
canes
long-renewalsystem, using more
to six or eight buds.

renewal

84

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

75

THE

PRUNING

Figure

BOOK

85

76

Fig 76 shows two modifications of the fan system of trammg

and long renewal. While the long renewal of the bearmg wood
is much
better than spur renewal, the system of trammg
must
depend on the location, climate, variety, and type ot support
from
the overhead
trellis supported
stool or unsupported vmes
of the
stockier varieties of Vinifera.
t
^-u^
All dormant
the
pruning of the grape should be done ubefore
to
loss
of
the
in
strength
bleedmg.
by
spring
prevent
sap_starts
This

training will

Rotundifolia

to

vary

the

THE

86

BOOK

PRUNING

Figure

77

for which
pruning of vines will depend on the purpose
the vine was
planted. If the vine is to be used only for shade
to cover
or
some
unsightly place, the only pruning required
would
be the removal
of dead portions and a heading in of
shoots that were
Vines
growing beyond bounds.
planted for
The

their

bloom

Fig. 77
should

or

shows

fruit should
wisteria

as

receive

example

an

Horizontallytrained

shoots

have

the expense
of bloom.
Such
vines as the wisteria

shoots
not

hanging

to bloom

tend
be

to

down.

and

bear

rapidgrowth

heavily pruned

of the blooming wood

season,
will be removed
that
time.
and
at
dead wood
Only remove
defer the main pruning until the vine has bloomed.
Occasional
heading in of strong growing shoots and a little thinning of
dense portions of the vine will help in the production of late
should
be exercised to prevent portions of
bloom.
Great care
the vine growing around
or
through any part of the wood work,
since the future growth of the vine may
destroy the wood work
make
it impossible to remove
the vine from the building
or
when
needed.
are
painting or repairs

during

the

dormant

tendency

should

treatment.

of this type of vine.

It
is on those portions

be noted that the heaviest set of bloom

of the vine that are
horizontal or are

trained
fruit or seed while vertically
at

careful

more

since

much

THE

PRUNING

Figure

The

BOOK

87

78

understoo
to be a greatlymispruning of blooming shrubs seems
subject,since very few are properlypruned.

THE

88

I N

Figure

Shrubs

BOOK

79

if
better appearance
formal
is
effect
a
permitted
desired, a hedge plant such as privet or box should be used.
Fig. 78-A, page 87, shows
Forcythia in bloom, while 78-B
shows
from buds
a
spring floweringmagnolia. These bloom
formed the previous season, and much
of the bloom would be lost
if the pruning was
done in the dormant
Such shrubs may
season.
have the broken
while dormant, but
diseased parts removed
or
the general pruning should be deferred until after the blooming
period. First all dead or weak shoots should be removed, then
the canes
that have been growing for a number
of years should
for
be taken out to make
the
room
growth. The best
younger
is borne on
wood
that is from
bloom
old.
to three years
one
is
On such shrubs as Forcythia, the bloom
the
older
wood
on
of
borne in clusters on spurs and from lateral buds in the case
the one-year-oldwood.
Some
ating
spring-bloomingshrubs send out short shoots terminin a cluster of bloom.
These
shoots spring from the lateral
buds of the previous year's growth.
Like the Forcythia,
these should be pruned immediately after blooming, so as to
the formation
wood.
of new
encourage
of bloom
obtained when
the
Fig. 79 shows the abundance
shrubs are properlythinned and pruned after blooming.
will

to

produce

retain

more

bloom

(i

their natural

and

form.

If

90

II N

Figure

1 N

(;

BOOK

81

A careful shaping of the bush after blooming will produce

better results than the shearing that is sometimes
given in the
spring in an effort to give a good form to the bush. The location
should be considered
when
determining the form of the bush.
The shrub in Fig.80-A, page 89, has a good form for its position,
but would not appear
as well in a shrubbery border
as the one
in Fig.80-B, which is so formed that it becomes
a part of the
of shrubbery.
mass

HE

Figure

I N

(i

BOOK

91

82

catalpa tree shown in Fig. 81, page 90, shows one way
this tree is subject.
to prevent the spHtting of Hmbs
to which
This tree should be thoroughly thinned out each year, as shown,
the dense
or
foliagewill be injuredby disease.
The
pruning of a privet hedge is a very simple operation;
be taken into
of the principlesof plant growth must
a few
still,
consideration if a dense, well-shaped hedge is desired.
The
be given at planting time.
The
first pruning should
plants should be set in a trench as in Fig. 82-A and the soil
firmly packed about the roots to within about two inches of
The

the

top of the trench.

This

will make

watering

easy,

and

the

After setting,the
be entirely filled the next year.
with the top of the
plants should be pruned to a point even
without
the entire season
trench and then be permitted to grow
should
be cut
the
further pruning. The
second spring
hedge
of
When
most
to a uniform
height of about four inches.
the shoots
have
reached
a
length of ten inches, the hedge
should be trimmed
to a height of about
eight inches and the
width throughout the
side branches pruned to give a uniform
be
length of the hedge. The top of the hedge should never
the
or
permitted to become
greater in width than the bottom
weak and possiblydie.
lower branches will become
trench

may

PRUNING

THE

BOOK

Figure

83

succeeding prunings should

The

the

permit

not

hedge

to

height or width until

hedge should be
This gradual
pruned often enough to keep it in good form.
size
will
dense
the
insure a
hedge from
ground up.
growth in
The hedge in Fig. 82-B, page 91, was
not
cut low enough when
planted. The result is a weak hedge with little or no growth
the ground. The
near
only remedy is to cut the hedge back
shown
and start over
as
again.
increase

than

more

desired

the

two

size is

three

or

inches

in

reached, after which

the

ROSES

The
location

pruning
as

well

individual
should

be

The
tea

as

blooms

quality

severelypruned.

teas

and

Where

dead

wood,

hybrid

teas

any

The

remaining

weak

shoots

If the

shoots
cut

plant had

back
not

wanted,

are

cuttingback
should

be

more

the

to

made

about
so

one-third

much

bushes

severely pruned
pruning of a hybrid

entirelyremoved

were

the

of bloom
is desired,
the plants one-half.

mass

other variety. Fig. 83 shows

rose.

height.

is influenced by the variety and

for which
the plant is grown.
If

rose

the purpose
of high

the old and

remove

than

of the

and

the three

their

former

the

pruning

growth,

THE

I N

Figure

should

be

time.

Note

in

long

the

Fig. 84-B, which

left with

was

eleven

not

was

about

canes

blooming shoots

of those

the

on

distributed

first
the

on

so

with

second

The

blooming
the

second

bush

busti

long. It has produced

about one-half of the length
that the growth is not well

Note

The

unless

apt

at

inches

bush.

by the foliage,and
blooming the plant is not

9:5

it with

closelypruned.
stems

plant.

plant

same

compare

fourteen

hidden

to

are
unsightly stems
after
the
closely pruned
produce enough strong,

not

first
new

for renewal.

canes

If not
soon

removed

the

as

to leave

will start
removed.
The

sooner,

only one
growth

rose

or
soon

shown

in

It has

thinningthe branches.
new

shoots

bloom.

from

One-half

removed, leaving

Many

hybrid

every

bloom

should

be

removed

as

be made
so
as
These
shoot.
buds at the base of the
two
and reproduce the shoot that has been

petalsbegin

poorly pruned.
of

is the

and

stems

() O

84

Fig. 84-A

severe.

more

(;

to

fall.

Fig. 85-A

only
The

been

The

and

should

cut

B,

page

94, has been

in each

headed

very

without

year

top is too dense to permit the growth

the ground, or
of the wood
shown
near

to

develop

in

good

Fig. 85-B

crop

should

of
be

the youngest.
tea

roses

are

budded

on

strong gi'owingstocks.

94

THE

PRUNING

Figure

85

THE

PRUNING

Figure

stocks often send up

would

rob

more

95

80

suckers,which, if permitted to grow^,

desirable top of proper
ing
nourishment, causand
suckers have leaves with seven
leaflets,

These

the

BOOK

it to die. These
the tea and hybrid teas have leaves with only five leaflets.
The pruning of the hybrid perpetualsfor cut flowers is the

THE

96

same

and

will

canes

length

if bent

Rugosa
each

need

roses

brier

See

only

or

other

shoots

little

give.

their

of

entire
stakes

to

86-C,

Fig.

one-

removed.

tied

out

D,

strongest

along

thinning

to

wood

and

position

and

85-C

pruning

of the

be

These

spring.

proper

all

should

Fig.

explanation

only

and

light

not

air

and

blooming
bloom

is

after

start

95.

page

old

the

canes

The

in

canes

better

greatest

bloom

the

cane

was

position

only,
in

along
six

and

its

is obtained

be

let

to

pruned

removed.

the

did

not

page

treatment

cane

have

best

86-A,

proper

dead

The

after

The

Fig.

canes.

receive

86-C.
and

has

of

bloom

The

cane

bloomed
the

by

horizontal

was

strength

the

climbers

Both

ground.

when

Note
or

that

leaf

mitted
per-

enough

(a)
the

The
for
canes

the
the

This

third

upper

marked

blooming,
cut

is

trained

was

cane

were

canes

vertical

growth.

marked
from

stubs.

position

length.
of

from

position.

devoid

entire

inches

spring

year.

indicated

as

trained

within

Fig.

not
season.

years

are

by

bloomed

one-year-old

horizontal

86-B

Fig.

shown

bloomed

plant

in

vertical

two

third

trained

are

for

should

teas

did

each

erals,
lat-

ramblers;

the

as

wood

from

grow

bush.

the

has

previous

the

out

the
that

the

bloom

to

that

on

rambler

blooming

of

that

pruned

oldest

climbing

wood

produced

shows

95,

all

closely

the

parts

and

shoots

on

as

of

all

reach

ramblers

The

be

enough

removing

bloom

usually

roses

should

and

in

the

three

and

blooming

wood

inches.
the

horizontal

place.

in

old
in

year.

The

to

in

and
two

selected

produce

the

six

type

wanted,

be

over

them

keep

this

is

of
out

about

to

of

rose

All

thinned

canes

should

canes

These

to

BOOK

teas.

back

cut

of bloom

quantity

year-old

new

be

94, shows

page

hybrid

the

should

canes

If

the

given

as

removed

PRUNING

of

(b)

and

has

from

the

THE

98

PRUNING

BOOK

'^LITTLE

GIANT"
HOOK

PRUNING

AND

SAW
Simple

The

Knife

durable.
its

and

Steel.

Disston

This

of cost

of two

Saw

of trees

the Frame

on

designed

be reached

can

be used

may

is

as

required.
forms

to

the aid of

When

in the

also show

Pole

by

Handle.

or

of this style

Attachment.

KNIFE

AND

20

for attachment

without

shown

as

Pruning Hook

the Saw

{" rJ.iWa'aifittmi

This

attaching

SAW

No.

without

the Hook

which
illustrations,

also make

PRUNING

to

clamp-screws,

of

it

as

user.

is attached

accompanying

IMPROVED

to the

Saw-blade

without

when

long-feltneed,

useful tools in one,

increase

We

and

strong

be detached

may

fills

two

the method

is

of

made

required for cutting large limbs.

Pruner

means

both

are

tool

Saw

combines

The

Saw

The

The

is not

use

Durable

and

a
a

.UIBBIIMI

pole, so that the

desired,the Pole

the

Either

ladder.
can

upper

branches

Knife

or

Saw

be detached; the socket

excellent handle.

an

"""

The
causes

and

peculiar formation
an

equal strain

prevents the

of saw,

10 inches.

saw

on

from

of the
the limb

Tooth

enables

being cut,

the

insures

Saw

cut

to

smooth

becoming jamftied in cutting green

and

both

ways,

rapid cutting,

wood.

Length

PRUNING

THE

BOOK

ORCHARD"

"THE

PRUNING

AND

HOOK

SAW

This
The

Knife

The

two

tools in

made

of Diss-

appreciated.

will be

and

Steel,and

ton

combining

of

economy

one

generalrequirements.

tool meets

Saw

are

be used

can

with

or

out
with-

pole. Although possessinggreat

strength,the tool is of lightconstruction,
with
crescent
shaped blade, which has
a

long, slender teeth, so formed

the

into the wood.

saw

adapted

for

It is

as1;o draw

particularly

sawing the smaller branches

generalpruning.

in

The

Saw

Hook

the

removed
We

can

Blade, which

to

be
clamp-screws, can
when the Hook
only is required.
furnish this style of Pruning

by

without

Hook

is attached

two

the

Saw

attachment

if

so

desired.

Malleable iron handle, Japanned, with

socket.

No.

Ill

Similar in quality and

Malleable

iron

PRUNING

style to

SAW

Orchard," without

"The
with

socket.

handle, Japanned,
length;long, slender teeth.

Disston

Pruning

Hook.^

Steel, crescent-

shaped blade, 10 inches in

The
be

blade is fastened to handle with

adjusted to

any

angle.

Can

be used

wing-nut and
with

or

so

without

arranged that
a pole.

it may

THE

100

DISSTON

Disston
Brass

PRUNING

TABLE

Steel, Grained

AND

PRUNING

Blade, Warranted,

No.

SAW,

Apple Handle, Polished Edge,

Screws.

TABLE

BROWN'S

Grained

AND

Beech

Length
Toothed

PRUNING

Blade, Apple Handle, Polished

YORK

STATE

Handle, Varnished
of Blade, 20

inches;

five

Edge, Brass

No.

Screws.

inches

Screws, Narrow
wide

at

butt,

Steel Blade, Blued.

one

inch

at

point.

pointsto the inch.

seven

Hardwood,

SAW,

PRUNER

Edges, Brass

GRAPE

inches

BOOK

Open

long, 1%

PRUNER

Grip Handle, Brass

inches wide

at

butt, %

Screws, Disston
inch at point.

Steel Blade, 103^

are
use

Steel Frames,

Disston

specially desirable

Pruning

in

14-inch

narrow

spaces.

101

SAWS

PRUNING

TAPERED
Polished

BOOK

PRUNING

THE

Steel

Saws,

Blades, Hardwood
the shape of Frame

Handles.

permitting their

Blades.

POMONA,

No.

No.

SWIVEL,

DOUBLE

Adjustable Blade.

Without

Pole.

No.

FOREST,"

"'THE

Socket

10

Handle, Adjustable Blade.

CLIMAX,

No.

12

Adjustable Blade.

PACIFIC

COAST,

No.

15

These

THE

1012

PRUNING

BOOK

PRUNING

TAPERED

No.

SAWS

16

-_""
..."..,."Ui-J'-

Flat
screws.

Blued

steel back, narrow

handle,
tapered point, Beech
Handle
has extra largegrip for use in gloved hand.
steel blade, 14 inches long.

No.

two

steel back, straight tapered point, Beech

handle, three
has extra
Handle
large grip for use in gloved hand.
blade, 20 inches long.
Oval

YORK

stretcher.

17

screws.

NEW

nickel-plated

Swivel

PATTERN,

No.

nickel-plated
Blued

steel

18

Flat steel back, narrow

tapered point. Beech handle, three brass screws.
for use
Blued steel blade,
in gloved hand.
has extra
Handle
large hand-hold
18 H inches long.

No.

19

handle, three brass screws.

Flat steel back, narrow
tapered point, Beech
for use
in gloved hand.
Swivel stretcher
Handle
has extra large hand-hold
blued steel blade, 18 inches long.
No.

25

Flat steel frame, slightly

tapered, riveted sockets,swivel stretcher.
Blued steel blade.
Length 14 inches
screws.
handle, two nickel-plated
to centre

of holes.

Beech
centre

PRUNING

THE

BOOK

PRUNING

103

SAWS

CALIFORNIA,

^
/rJ^"'^''^"''"''
'""^vvwv

No.

50

No.

^S

51

^^^_;vNW"'V.'v7"//y,v.V,VvWHv,
[

nT^^-

",^'

Curved

Beech

Blade, slender
blade

handle,

teeth

brass

similar to the

Crescent-shaped

screws.

"Orchard"

Pruner.

Made

Steel

Disston
with

12-inch

only.
No.

Straight Beech

handle,

brass

52

Crescent-shaped

screws.

Disston

Stee

Blade.

ADELAIDE,

No.

60

"/
,,i-*^'''

PRUNING

SAW,

No.

61

steel blade, teeth arranged

Special shaped, Disston
Made
stroke; comfortably shaped handle; two screws.
inch

blades.

to

cut

with

on

the

draw-

12, 14, and

lb

PRUNING

THE

104

BOOK

SAWS

PRUNING
7H

No.

Similar

to the No.

large hand-hold
teeth for

for

7
use

Ship Pattern Handsaw, with the exception of extra

in gloved hand, slightlyheavier blade, and coarser

pruning.
No.

D-24

Point

Narrow

Steel Blade, Copper

Disston

No.

Similar
for

to the No.

with

Handle

The

four brass

26-inch

with

Beechwood

Grip.

D-26

with

Handsaw,

the exception of extra

in gloved hand, slightly heavier

use

pruning.

D-20

.J

v"v..vvv^,^v"vvvvv

."..,,,.,

is fitted with

blade,

five brass

screws;

and

hold
largehandteeth

coarser

24-inch, and

for

smaller,

screws.

POLE

ADJUSTABLE

Without

PRUNER,

11

No.

Pole.
--

CZZZ"
Adapted
malleable

sawing

for sawing by hand

iron, with

at different

socket, and
angles.

or

attached
the

Blade

to

pole.

of Disston

The

Handle

Steel.

is made

of

Adjustable for

LIBRARY
OF

000

934

CONGRESS

499