Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Section-5
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to
Know Drive Test Tools, Site Audit Check.
Know definition of RSRP and how to calculate RSRP transmit power for different Bandwidth.
Know definition of SINR and impact of traffic in different traffic usage, and understand how to improve
SINR in some Drive Test Result.
Know how LTE do Cell Search and Reselection Process and Procedure.
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Contents
1.Overview
2.RSRP Introduction
3.SINR Introduction
4.Cell Search & Cell Reselection
5.LTE Scheduling
6.LTE SON Feature
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Overview
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LTE Dongle
Notebook
GPS
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Samsung
Galaxy J5
Mf90
Samsung
Galaxy Note 4
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To make sure
Drivetest result
showing better
performance.
Each time DT
Team will go to
field, they have to
send tools
configuration by
email.
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On Site Hardware
MIMO Antenna
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Compass
View
Electrical
Tilt Meter
View
Panoramic
View
In this part show details Hardware Parameter
Value.
Make sure all data taken with correct way to
prevent wrong measurement.
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RSRP Introduction
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2 or 4
Antenna Port
5/4
4/5
3/5
2/5
PB
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RSRP Contd
Power Boosting for RS
Bandwidth
10M
15M
20M
P =1 by default
B
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PB
1
1
1
PRS ( dBm)
18.2
16.4
15.2
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Items
GSM
UMTS
LTE
43
43
43
Bandwidth (MHz)
0.2
20
Number of RB
N/A
N/A
100
43
33
15.2
CL (dB)
120
120
120
-77
-87
-104.8
Rx Lev/RSCP/RSRP (dBm)
Received RS signal strength
over whole bandwidth
-81.8
RSRP of LTE is much smaller than RSCP of UMTS under same radio environment
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Recommendation Value
PB
PA
-3
-4.77
-6
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SINR Introduction
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More smaller PRB scheduled for one UE in busy hour, will make power transmit will more high which
causing Noise Figure increase for entire cell and impact to SINR. More high PRB Utilization will causing
high probability of collision PRB on the cell edge which contribute to more degradation on cell edge.
93 94 95 96
x
x
x
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97
x
x
x
98
x
x
x
99
x
x
x
100
x
x
x
93 94 95 96 97 98
x
x
x
99
x
x
x
100
x
x
x
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SINR Comparison
Afternoon 16:00
Midnight 02:00
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SINR Comparison
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CQI Comparison
Afternoon 16:00
Midnight 02:00
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CQI Comparison
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DL Throughput Comparison
Afternoon 16:00
Midnight 02:00
During Low Utilization of DL PRB on Cell Level give benefit for single UE can get
higher DL PRB which is related to the Higher DL Throughput.
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DL Throughput Comparison
During Low Utilization of DL PRB on Cell Level give benefit for single UE can get
higher DL PRB which is related to the Higher DL Throughput.
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CQI to MCS
CQI stands for Channel Quality Indicator. As the name implies, it is
an indicator carrying the information on how good/bad the
communication channel quality is. This CQI is for HSDPA. (LTE
also has CQI for its own purpose).
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RNTI
One of the other numbers which you would very frequently come accross is RNTI. RNTI stands for Radio Network
Temporary Identifier.
As the name implies, it is a kind of Identification number. Normally we use indentification number to differntiate one thing
from all other similar things. For example, your driver's license number let you identify yourself from all other drivers.
Social Security number do the same thing as well.
Getting more specifically into LTE, this RNTI is used to indentify one specific radio channel from other radio channel and
one user from another user. As you may recall, in WCDMA is a RNTI concept which is carried as part of MAC header to
deferentiate one user to another while in communication state. and in WCDMA case it used special channelization code to
deferentiate one radio channel from the other.
Types of RNTI
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SRB Mapping
MasterInformationBlock
- Signalling radio bearer: N/A
- RLC-SAP: TM
RRCConnectionSetup
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB0
- RLC-SAP: TM
- Logical channel: CCCH
- Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
MobilityFromEUTRACommand
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
UECapabilityEnquiry
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
-
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RLC-SAP: AM
Logical channel: DCCH
Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
UEInformationRequest
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
DLInformationTransfer
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB2 or
SRB1 (only if SRB2 not established
yet. If SRB2 is suspended, EUTRAN does not send this message
until SRB2 is resumed.)
-
MeasurementReport
-
RRCConnectionReconfiguration
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
RLC-SAP: TM
Logical channel: BCCH
Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
RRCConnectionRequest
RRCConnectionSetupComplete
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
SystemInformationBlockType1
- Signalling radio bearer: N/A
RLC-SAP: AM
Logical channel: DCCH
Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
Paging
-
Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
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In LTE User Equipment (UE) must be able to do cell search, initial synchronization and random access procedure for
downlink and uplink access. To perform cell search, and initial synchronization, two synchronization signals, Primary
Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), are periodically transmitted from the base
station in the LTE system. Using these two signals and making use of the properties of Zadoff-Chu (ZC) and PseudoNoise (PN) sequence, the mobile unit will determine on which of the available cell sites it should lock into and it acquires
time and frequency synchronization. After UE will do random access procedure using Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH). An appropriate design of PRACH preamble is essential to provide frequent enough random access
opportunities and an accurate UE synchronization estimation to adapt to different cell ranges and network conditions
without using unnecessary resources. This paper presents the complete LTE access procedure and more about PRACH
implementation and detection. Then the performance of the PRACH synchronization procedure under different parameter
settings is compared in a typical scenario of LTE.
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PRACH Types
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PRACH Performance
Monitoring Principles
The physical random access channel (PRACH) transmits preambles during random access procedures. Preamble is classified into c ontention
preamble and non-contention preamble. Contention preambles are used in the following scenarios: initial connection establishment,
reestablishment, handover, downlink data transmission for UEs in the out -of-synchronization state, and uplink data transmission for UEs in the outof-synchronization state. Non-contention preambles are used in two scenarios: handover and downlink data transmission for UEs in the out-ofsynchronization state. Therefore, PRACH performance can be measured using the following factors:
Conflict probability for contention-based preambles: The more frequently the contention-based access is performed, the higher
probability that the preambles are conflicted. When the conflict probability reaches a certain extent, the access delay incre ases,
severely affecting user experience.
Assignment success rate for dedicated preambles: The assignment success rate for dedicated preambles decreases with the increase
of non-contention-based accesses. When the success rate decreases to a certain extent, the handover delay increases, affecting user
experience.
Monitoring Methods
Conflict probability for contention-based preambles = L.RA.UeRaInfoRspWithCon. Num / L.RA.UeRaInfoRsp.Num x 100%
Assignment success rate for dedicated preambles = L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleAssign.Num / L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleReq.Num x100%
whereL.RA.UeRaInfoRspWithCon.Num indicates number of times the UEInformationResponse message in which contentionDetected IE value is
TRUE is received, that is, the number of times the conflicting UEInformationResponse message is received.
L.RA.UeRaInfoRsp.Num indicates the number of times the UEInformationResponse message containing RACH information is received.
L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleAssign.Num indicates the number of times the non-connection-based preambles are assigned.
L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleReq.Num indicates the number of times the non-contention-based preamble is requested.
Suggested Measures
If the conflict probability for contention-based preambles reaches or exceeds 5% for X days (three days by default) in a week, enable the
RACH adjustment algorithm by running the command MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: LocalCellId=x, RachAlgoSwitch=RachAdjSwitch-1.
If the assignment success rate for dedicated preambles is less than 99% for X days (three days by default) in a week, enable the RACH
resource adjustment algorithm and reuse of dedicated PRACH preambles between UEs by running the command MOD CELLALGOSWITCH:
LocalCellId=x, RachAlgoSwitch=RachAdjSwitch-1, RachAlgoSwitch=MaksIdxSwitch-1;.
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PLMN Selection
When a UE is powered on or moves from a
coverage hole to a coverage area, the UE first selects the last
RPLMN and attempts to register
with that PLMN. If a UE has registered successfully with a PLMN,
the UE shows the selected
PLMN on its screen, and now it can receive service from an
operator. If the last RPLMN is
unavailable or registration on this PLMN fails, another PLMN can
be automatically or manually
selected based on the priorities of PLMNs stored in the USIM.
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Connection Management
UE State
RRC_CONNECTED
RRC_IDLE MODE
ACTIVE
SLEEP
DRX
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During cell selection, a UE selects an E-UTRAN cell that meets the cell selection criteria. The
UE can camp on a cell only when the RSRP and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of
the cell are greater than the values of the CellSel.Qrxlevmin and CellSel.Qqualmin parameters,
respectively.
A UE selects an E-UTRAN cell to camp on when the cell meets both of the following conditions:
Srxlev > 0
Squal > 0
where:
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RSRP
-70
-70
-80
SIntraSearch = 29 (2dB)
= 58 dB
Srxlev < SintraSearch
RSRP + 128 < 58
RSRP < -70
-90
SIntraSearch
-100
-110
-120
-128 (Srxlevel)
-130
-140
Time Domain
Cell Reselection Trigger
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40
-92
Qhyst = 4 dB
CellQoffset = 0 dB
TRESELEUTRAN = 1 s
-94
R_s=Qmeas,s + Qhyst
-96
-98
TRESELEUTRAN
-100
-102
-104
R_n=Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
-106
Time Domain
Cell Reselection Trigger
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-92
-94
R_n
R_s=Qmeas,s + Qhyst
-96
-98
R_s
TRESELEUTRAN
-100
-102
-104
R_n=Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
-106
Conclusion : With default value, with Serving cell RSRP quite strong,
Cell Reselection Trigger
UE can do cell reselection after elapsed from Timer
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Paging
The purpose of paging is to transmit paging information to a UE in idle mode or to inform all
UEs in the EMM-REGISTERED state about a system information change. A paging procedure
can be initiated by either an MME or an eNodeB.
When an MME initiates a paging procedure, the paging message contains a tracking area list
(TAL) for the concerned UE. In all the cells within the TAs on the list, the eNodeBs transmit
the paging message over the paging control channel (PCCH) to page the UE. To increase the
probability that the UE successfully receives the message, the eNodeBs send the paging message
over the radio interface a number of times specified by the PCCHCFG.PagingSentNum
parameter. The paging message contains the domain information and UE identity. The domain
information indicates the origin of paging, and the UE identity may be the S-temporary mobile
subscriber identity (S-TMSI) or international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) of the UE.
When system information changes, the eNodeB transmits a paging message to notify all UEs in
the EMM-REGISTERED state in the cell and transmits the updated system information in the
next modification period. To ensure that all of these UEs receive the system information, the
eNodeB transmits the paging message on all possible occasions in discontinuous reception
(DRX) cycles.
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S-GW
Internet
TAU Procedure
The tracking area update (TAU) procedure is triggered if one of the follow ing
conditions is met:
The UE detects that the current TA does not exist in the TA list on the UEregistered netw ork.
It is a periodic TAU.
The TAU procedure is triggered during a handover procedure.
On an EPS netw ork, the basic unit of location management is TA List. A TA List
consists of one or multiple TAs. A TA list prevents a UE from initiating the TAU
procedure frequently. In USN1.1, a TA is regarded as a TA List by default.
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MME
TAU
TAC 2
TAC 1
TAC 4
TAC 3
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S-GW
Internet
MME
Under
UE move
One TAL
to
new
no need
TAL need
TAU
TAU
TAL 1
TAC 2
TAC 1
TAC 4
TAC 3
TAL 2
TAC 6
TAC 5
TAC 8
Last TAC is 8
but UE move to
TAC 7, MME
w ill try paging
another TAC
under TAL2
TAC 7
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LTE Scheduling
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Priority of DL Scheduling
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HARQ Retransmission
HARQ retransmissions cannot be performed for a UE in any of the following
scenarios:
l The UE is in a measurement gap or enters a measurement gap when it
sends an HARQACK.
l The UE enters sleep time in DRX and the HARQ operating status is
discontinuous
transmission (DTX).
l The UE is not synchronized with the eNodeB or a radio link failure (RLF)
occurs.
HARQ retransmissions are scheduled after control-plane messages. The
scheduling priorities of different HARQ retransmissions are determined by
the wait time. A longer wait time indicates
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SPS Scheduling
As the importance of supporting
voice in LTE networks (VoLTE)
increases, concerns arise
regarding the number of
simultaneous voice calls that can
be handled. One of the primary
constraints is the amount of
capacity on the Physical Downlink
Control Channel (PDCCH). As a
quick review, the PDCCH carries
all allocation information for both
the downlink and uplink shared
channels, PDSCH and PUSCH
respectively. Each allocation is
carried as Downlink Control
Information (DCI) and the size of
the DCI depends upon several
factors including whether it is for
uplink or downlink allocation.
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MRO
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MRO Contd
The eNodeB identifies
premature handovers,
delayed handovers,
handovers to wrong
cells, and
ping-pong handovers,
and counts the number
of each type of abnormal
handovers.
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MIMO
MIMO is developed to provide doubled and more spectral efficiency. As an extension of singleinput
single-output (SISO), MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or receiver in
combination with some signal processing techniques. Generally speaking, single-input multipleoutput
(SIMO), multiple-input single-output (MISO), and beamforming also belong to the
MIMO category.
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MIMO Contd
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ICIC
Adaptive ICIC:
eCoordinator
Frequency: reuse=1
Frequency: reuse=3
Low
High
30%
improved
Low
Cell Edge
Interference
Cell Edge
Throughput
Cell Edge
Interference
Cell Edge
Throughput
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ICIC Contd
CEU (-1.77 dB)
Mod1
Mod2
Mod3
From the graph we can see on
ICIC there is power control on cell
edge more have high transmit
power than cell center to
differentiate between cell edge into
3 frequency. This theory proven
from the previous slide.
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ICIC is a technology that collaborates with power control and media access control (MAC)
scheduling technologies to mitigate inter-cell interference. ICIC divides the entire system
band into three frequency bands and uses different frequency bands at the edge of
neighboring cells. CEUs, which cause high interference or may be sensitive to interference,
are preferentially scheduled in the cell edge bands to mitigate inter-cell interference. The
interference mitigation enhances the network coverage and improves the CEU throughput.
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ANR Classification
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does not require manual intervention, which reduces the costs of network planning and
optimization.
- Event ANR
- Find the missing neighbor cells when handover measurement is reported, handover success rate
and call drop rate can be improved.
- Fast ANR
- Choose some UE to measure neighbor cells and report periodically, the neighbor cell relations can
be convergent more faster.
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- Fast ANR
- In fast ANR processes, UE will report PCI periodically and read CGI when the neighbor cell is
unknown.
- In intra-frequency scene, periodical PCI reporting does not impact system performance, whereas
CGI reading interrupts UE services.
- In inter-frequency and inter-RAT scene, periodical PCI reporting impacts UE throughput, and CGI
reading interrupts UE services.
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Intra-RAT ANR
Inter-RAT ANR
- Inter-RAT ANR needs UE to support Long DRX cycle and ANR-related
measurement. If ANR measurements need to be performed, a temporary dedicated
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End of Section
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