MECH 313 Engineering

Drawing & Design

Lecture 11 PART 2

Common Threaded Fasteners

Fastener Configuration
Head Styles

Head styles are defined based on the type of driving equipment used (screw
driver, spanner, wrench), type of load and the appearance desired

The head styles shown here are identified with Cap Screws or Machine
Screws

Common Threaded Fasteners

Head Styles

Hex and Square - The hex head is the most commonly used
head style. The hex head design offers greater strength, ease of
torque input, and area than the square head

Pan - This head combines the qualities of the truss, binding, and
round head types.

Washer (flanged) - This configuration eliminates the need for a

separate assembly step when a washer is required, increases
the bearing areas of the head, and protects the material finish
during assembly

Oval - Characteristics of this head type are similar to those of the

flat head but it is sometimes preferred because of its neat
appearance

Common Threaded Fasteners

Head Styles

Binding - Commonly used in electrical connection. The

undercut prevents stranded wires from fraying

Flat - Available with various head angles, this fastener centers

well and provides a flush surface

Fillister - The deep slot and small head allow a high torque to
be applied during assembly.

Truss - This head covers a large area, used when extra

holding power is required, or oversize holes or soft material
assembly

12-Point Commonly used on aircraft grade fasteners.

Multiple sides allow firm grip and high torque during assembly

Common Threaded Fasteners

Drive Configurations

The figure shows

different drive
designs on
fastener heads

Common Threaded Fasteners

Shoulders and Necks

The shoulder of a fastener is the enlarged portion of the body of a

threaded fastener or the shank of an unthreaded fastener (Fig. 10-3-5).

Common Threaded Fasteners

Point Styles

The point of a fastener is the configuration of the end of the

shank of a headed or headless fastener. Standard point styles
are shown in Fig. 10-3-6.

Cup - Used when cutting in action of the point is not

objectionable (most widely used)

Flat - Used when frequent resetting of a part is required

particularly suited for use against hardened steel shafts

Cone - Used for permanent location; spotted in a hole half of

its length

Oval - Used when frequent adjustment of assembled parts are

necessary

Half Dog - Used for permanent location of part with respect to

the other part

Common Threaded Fasteners

Properties and Classes of Fasteners

Inch Fasteners - Size of the fastener and the material with

which it is made provides the strength of fasteners

The mechanical requirement and the identification patterns are

shown in the table

Common Threaded Fasteners

Properties and Classes of Fasteners

Metric Fasteners - For material and mechanical requirements they are

classified under different property classes - designated by numerals

Increasing numbers indicate increasing tensile strength and the

designation numeral consisting 2 parts

First of 2 digit or the first 2 of 3

digit numeral indicate one
hundredth of the tensile strength
in MPa

The last numeral approximates

the ratio of one tenth of the
minimum yield strength to
minimum tensile strength as a
percentage

Common Threaded Fasteners

Properties and Classes of Fasteners

Example 1 - A 4.8 class fastener has 420 as Minimum Tensile strength and
340 minimum Yield strength

1/100th (or 1%) of 420 is 4.2 and the first digit is 4. Min Yield strength 340
is 80% of the min Tensile strength and the last digit is 8

Example 2 - A 10.9 class fastener

has 1040 as Minimum Tensile
strength and 940 minimum Yield
strength

1/100th (or 1%) of 1040 is 10.4 and

the first 2 digits in the 3 digit symbol
are 10. Min Yield strength 940 is
90% of the min Tensile strength and
the last digit is 9

Common Threaded Fasteners

Fastener Marking

All bolts and screws larger than 0.25in or M5 and above are marked to
identify their strength. (lesser than these need not be marked)

The property class

identification symbol can be
marked on the screws on the
top of bolt head or screw

If it is hex head it can also be

marked on the side

For studs larger than 0.25in or

M5, the marking is done on
the extreme end

Studs smaller than 0.50in or

M12 or marked with different
symbols

Common Threaded Fasteners

Nuts

Terms regular and thick nuts

have been replaced by drawing
them in style 1 or style 2

The design of style 1 and 2 steel

nuts shown here are to give
sufficient strength & reduce
possibility of thread stripping

3 property classes of steel nuts

are available

Common Threaded Fasteners

Drawing a Bolt and Nut

Bolts and nuts are not normally drawn

on detail drawings unless they are of a
special size or have been modified.

On some assemblies it may be

necessary to show bolts and nuts
(conventional practice is to show the nut and
bolt heads across corner position in all the
views)

Common Threaded Fasteners

Studs

used in large quantities for needs of design

functions and economy

Double end studs are designated as type and

name, nominal size, thread information, stud
length, material, including grading and coating (if
required)

Example 3

TYPE 2 DOUBLE-END STUD

.500-13 UNC-2A x 4.00

CADMIUM PLATED

Continous studs are designated as product

name, nominal size, thread information, stud
length, material, and finish coating (if required)

Example 4

TYPE 3 CONTINOUS
THREAD STUD

M25 x 3 x 200,

STEEL CLASS 8.8

ZINC PHOSPATE & OIL

Common Threaded Fasteners

Washers

Most common form of

hardware performing different
functions in fastened
assemblies

Mainly used give better bearing for nuts in oversize clearance holes, or
distribute load over greater area; sometimes to provide a seal

Classification of Washers

Washers are commonly the elements that are added to screw systems to keep
them tight, but not all washers are locking types. Many washers serve other
functions, such as surface protection, insulation, sealing, electrical connection,
and spring-tension take-up devices.

Common Threaded Fasteners

Washers
Flat Washers

Washers are Plain, or flat, washers are used

primarily to provide a bearing surface for a
nut or a screw head, to cover large clearance
holes, and to distribute fastener loads over a
large area-particularly on soft materials such
as aluminum or wood
Conical Washers

Used with screws to effectively add

spring

Common Threaded Fasteners

Washers
Helical Spring Washers

These washers are made of slightly trapezoidal wire formed into a helix
of one coil so that the free height is approximately twice the thickness of
the washer section

Common Threaded Fasteners

Washers
Tooth Lock Washers

Made of hardened carbon

steel, a tooth lock washer has
teeth that are twisted or bent
out of the plane of the washer
face so that sharp cutting
edges are presented to both
the work piece and the
bearing face of the screw
head or nut (Fig. 10-3-16).

Common Threaded Fasteners

Washers
Spring Washers

There are no
standard designs for
spring washers. They
are made in a great
variety of sizes and
shapes and are
usually selected from
a manufacturer's
catalog for some
specific purpose.

Common Threaded Fasteners

Washers
Special Purpose Washers

Molded or stamped nonmetallic washers are available in many

materials and may be used as seals, as electrical insulators, or
for protection of the surface of assembled parts

Many plain, cone, or tooth washers are available with special

mastic sealing compounds firmly attached to the washer. These
washers are used for sealing and vibration isolation in highvolume production industries

Common Threaded Fasteners

Terms Related to Threaded Fasteners

Tap drill size

minor of the
thread

Clearance drill size

slightly > thread
major

Counterbored hole
permits head to
rest below the part
surface

Countersunk hole
angular facing
recess for heads

Spotfacing a
machining
operation providing
smooth flat surface
for head to rest

Fig 10-3-18 Specifying Threaded Fasteners and Holes

Common Threaded Fasteners

Specifying Fasteners

In order for the purchasing department to properly order the fastening

device that has been selected in the design, the following information is
required. (Note: The information listed will not apply to all types of fasteners.)

1. Type of fastener

Examples

2. Thread specifications

.375-16 UNC-2A x 4.00 HEX BOLT, ZINC PLATED

3. Fastener length

M10 x 1.5 x 50, 9.8 12-SPLINE FLANGE SCREW,

CADMIUM PLATED

TYPE 2 DOUBLE-END STUD, M10 x 1.5 x 100,

STEEL CLASS 9.8, CADMIUM PLATED

6. Type of driving recess

NUT, HEX, STYLE 1, .500 UNC STEEL

7. Point type (setscrews only)

MACH SCREW, PHILLIPS ROUND HD, 8-32 UNC x

1.00, BRASS

WASHER, FLAT 8.4 ID x 17 OD x 2 THK, STEEL

HELICAL SPRING

4. Material
5. Head style

8. Property class
9. Finish

Special Fasteners

Setscrews

Used as semi permanent fasteners produces strong clamping action and

prevents movement of assembled parts

Selection of setscrew is to find the right from, size, point and head style that
will provide the required holding power

Special Fasteners
Keeping Fasteners Tight

Fasteners are inexpensive, but the cost

of installing them can be substantial.
Probably the simplest way to cut
assembly costs is to make sure that,
once installed, fasteners stay tight

The American National Standards

Institute has identified three basic locking
methods: free-spinning, prevailingtorque, and chemical locking. Each has
its own advantages and disadvantages
(Fig. 10-4-2).

Special Fasteners
Keeping Fasteners Tight

Free-spinning devices - Include toothed and spring lock washers and

screws and bolts with washer like heads.

With these arrangements, the fasteners spin free in the clamping direction,
which makes them easy to assemble, and the break-loose torque is greater
than the seating torque.

However, once break-loose torque is exceeded, free-spinning washers

have no prevailing torque to prevent further loosening.

Prevailing-torque methods - Make use of increased friction between nut

and bolt. Metallic types usually have deformed threads or contoured thread
profiles that jam the threads on assembly.

Nonmetallic types make use of nylon or polyester insert elements that

produce interference fits on assembly.

Chemical locking - Is achieved by coating the fastener with an adhesive

Special Fasteners
Locknuts

Are nuts with means for

gripping fastener to prevent
rotation

Same dimensions and

mechanical requirements as
a nut but with added feature
for locking

They are divided into 3

types, free spinning,
prevailing torque and other

Special Fasteners

Prevailing-Torque Locknuts

Spin freely for a few turns, and then wrenched to final position.
The maximum holding and locking power is reached as soon as
the threads and the locking feature are engaged. Locking action
is maintained until the nut is removed. They are classified by
basic design principles:

1.

Thread deflection causes friction to develop when the threads

are mated; thus the nut resists loosening.

2.

The out-of-round top portion of the tapped nut grips the bolt
threads and resists rotation.

3.

The slotted section of the locknut is pressed inward to provide a

spring frictional grip on the bolt.

4.

Inserts, either nonmetallic or of soft metal, are plastically

deformed by the bolt threads to produce a frictional
interference fit.

5.

A spring wire or pin engages the bolt threads to produce a

wedging or ratchet-locking action.

Special Fasteners

Free Spinning Lock nuts spin freely on the bolt and additional tightening
locks the nuts.

It depends on force for locking action.

Not recommended for joints that relax through plastic deformation or for
fastening materials that may crack or crumble with force

Special Fasteners

Other types

Jam Nuts thin nuts used under full sized nuts. The large nut will have
enough strength to elastically deform the threads of bolt and the jam nut.
Not used mainly because of 2 units and involves more assembly time.

Slotted nuts usually have slots that receive a cotter pin that passes
through a hole drilled in the bolt to provide locking action

Single thread lock nuts spring steel fasteners that can be applied swiftly.
Locking action is provided by the prongs engaging the threads. They are
used in small screw sizes (< 6mm) and non-structural assembly

Special Fasteners
Locknut Applications

Special Fasteners
Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts

Captive or self-retaining nuts provide a permanent,

strong, multiple-thread fastener for use on thin
materials. They are especially good when there are
blind locations, and they can normally be attached
without damaging finishes. Methods of attaching
these types of nuts vary, and tools required for
assembly are generally uncomplicated and
inexpensive. The self-retained nuts are grouped
according to four means of attachment

Plate or anchor nuts: These nuts have mounting

lugs that can be riveted, welded, or screwed to the
part.

Caged nuts: A spring-steel cage retains a standard

nut. The cage snaps into a hole or clips over an
edge to hold the nut in position

Special Fasteners
Captive or Self-Retaining Nuts

Clinch Nuts: Specially designed nuts

with pilot collars are clinched into
parent part with predrilled hole

Pierce Nuts: A similar to Clinch nuts,

but the holes are not predrilled in
the parent part, instead the nut
pierces its own hole

Special Fasteners
Inserts

Inserts are a special form of nut designed to serve the function of a

tapped hole in blind or through-hole locations

Special Fasteners
Sealing Fasteners

In some cases fasteners also provide sealing

2 approaches there

The fastener enters the sealed medium and are separately sealed

Uses a separate sealing element that is held in place by the clamping

force of the fastener

Special Fasteners
Sealing
Fasteners

Fasteners for wood, light metal etc.

Self Tapping Screws

Cut or form their own mating threads on the

drilled hole

One piece fastener, fast assembly and can be

used where access is limited to one side

As the mating thread fits exactly with the self

tapping screw, no clearance is required

This keeps the screws tight

They are case hardened and can be

driven tightly and have a relatively high
torsional strength

Self drilling tapping holes have their own

sharp point which eliminates need for
drilling or punching, but require power
screw driver to drive

Fasteners for wood, light metal etc.

Special Tapping Screws

Self captive screws and double thread combinations for limited drive

They have coarse pitch starting thread (similar to type B) finer pitch
thread farther along the shank

Self tapping screws with

pre assembled washers for
providing seal are available
in variety of styles