lghfdtL ;]jf klqsf

CIVIL SERVICE JOURNAL

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

i

ii

;DkfbsLo
cfof]usf] c4{jflif{s k|sfzgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf] gof c ;dod} k|sfzg
u/L kf7s ;dIf NofPsf 5f} . klqsfsf] ljutsf] c jflif{s csf] ?kdf k|sflzt ePsf]df
o; c b]lv k'gM c4{jflif{s ?kd} k|sfzg ug]{ ljut cdf ul/Psf] k|ltj4tf k"/f ePsf]df
xfdLnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf o;n] lg/Gt/tf kfO{/xg] s'/f k|lt cfdkf7s ju{
;dIf lgj]bg ug{ rfxG5f} .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu pko'Qm hgzlQm 5gf}6 u/L lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ d'Vo ;Dj}wflgs
lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] o; cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf nflu ljleGg tf}/t/Lsf / pkfox? cjnDag
ub}{cfPsf] 5 . dfu ;+sng, b/vf:t Aoj:yfkg, z}lIfs of]Uotf k'g/fjnf]sg, kf7\oqmd
kl/dfh{g, k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/, k/LIf0fdf u'0f:t/Lotf / glthfnfO{ a9L ljZj;gLo jgfpg]
sfddf cfof]uaf6 s|lds ?kdf ykk|of;x? x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . cfof]usf] gof ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf,
sf7df08f} pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf, z}lIfs of]Uotf ;d]l6Psf] k':tssf] k|sfzg,
/fhkq cglst ck|fljlwstkm{ PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL nfu', k|ZgkqnfO{ ljleGg v08x?df
ljefhg / k/LIf0f k|lqmofdf bIflj1x?sf]] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng h:tf s]xL b[i6fGtx?n]
cfof]ujf6 kl5Nnf] ;dodf ePsf ;'wf/sf k|of;nfO{ O+lut ub{5g\ . o;f] x'bfx'b} klg k/fdz{
sfof{Gjog, ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Aoj:yf, sfo{tflnsf4f/f lgb]{lzt ;do ;Ldfsf] nf}x cg'z/0f
nufotsf ljifox?df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf] kvf{Odf g/x]sf eg] xf]Ogg\ .
cfof]usf] agf}6 / sfo{ k|s[lt x]bf{ of] s]jn k|zf;lgs k|lqmofjf6 u'lh|g] /fHo;+oGqdfq xf]Og
cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 ltvfl/Psf lj4fgx?sf] jf}l4s cEof; ug]{ kljq:yn ;d]t xf] . o;
k'gLt cEof;df cfk\mgf] uxg zf]w, cd"No ljrf/ Pj+ oyfy{ cg'ejx?df cfwfl/t n]vx?
pknAw u/fpg] >4]o lj4fg n]vsx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ Pj+ :g]xk"j{s xfd|f cx? vf]hLvf]hL
k9\g ?rfpg] ;d:t kf7sx?k|lt wGojfb AoSt ub{} eljiodf klg oy]:6 ;xof]u kfpg] ck]Iff
ub{5f} .
kf}if, @)^*
;Dkfbs d08n

iii

iv

ljifo ;"lr
qm=;+=
zLif{s
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a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r'gf}tLx?
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g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof; ;jn /
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&=
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ljsf; k|zf;g / o;sf r'gf}tLx?
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ul/aL dfkg / o;sf] k|efj
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!!= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf]
cj:yf
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Dr. Niranjan Prasad

Upadhaya
Hari Datt Pandey

152

Global Development Approaches and Their

Internalization in Nepal
Good Governance

Ganesh Prasad Adhikari,

Ph.D.

176

Chet Nath Dahal

188

Role of Community Forestry Management

in Nepal for Tackling Climate Change
Issues: Some Observations
De"cit Financing and Its Impact on the
Nepalese Economy
Administration Reforms in Nepal Rhetoric
or Reality

Yshada Acharya Ka!e

197

Kumar Bhattarai

206

Teeka Ram Dhakal

218

/ljnfn kGy
ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL
;fljqLb]jL clwsf/L
lzj/fd Gof}kfg]

c+u|]hL v08
!#=

Managing frustration in Organization

!$=
!%=

Managing change in organizations

!^=
!&=
!*=
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162

vi

a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf r'gf}tLx?

Zofd k|;fb d}gfnL1*

;f/f+z
Nffdf] ;do ljb|f]xsf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] g]kfn xfn zflGt k|s[ofdf k|j]z ubf{ klg b]zn] bL3{sfnLg
uGtAo lgwf{/0f ug{ ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g, :yfloTjsf] cefjsf ;fy} pko'Qm j}slNks cj;/sf] sdLsf
sf/0f b]zleqsf] hgzlQm jflxl/b} uPsf] 5 . o;/L jflxl/Psfx?df vf;u/L lzIff cfh{g /
/f]huf/Lsf nflu k|:yfg ug]{u/L b]zleq u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof Go"g x'g'
Pj+ /fhgLlts ult/f]wsf sf/0f w]/} ;do vlr{g' kg]{ kl/l:ylt ljBdfg x'g' lzIff cfh{gsf nflu
aflxl/g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx? x'g . ;fy} ck|ToIf?kdf /f]huf/L ub}{ lzIff cfh{g ug]{ / s]xL ;do
Aoltt u/]kZrft ;DkGg d'n'ssf] gful/s eO{ :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ cfsif{0f cGt/lglxt b]lvG5 .
of] p2]Zo lnP/ hfg]x?sf] uGtAo o"/f]k, cd]l/sf, ci6]lnof nufotsf b]zx? ag]sf 5g .
bf];|f], bIf g]kfNfLx? cfkm\gf] bIftf / s'zntf cfkm\g} b]zleq k|bz{g ug{ kfpg] ca;/ kfpbf
klg pgLx?sf] k|fyldstf o"/f]k, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, hfkfg h:tf d'n'sx? ag]sf 5g . o;sf]
k5fl8 /fd|f] ;'lawf k|fKt x'g] cfsif{0f /x]sf] 5 . cljefjsx?n] k9fO{ vr{ jfkt /sd k7fpg]
ub{5g . u'0f:t/, of]Uotf cg';f/sf] /f]huf/L k|fKt gePdf To; b]zsf gful/sx?n] :jLsf/
gu/]sf hf]lvdo'Qm sfdx?df ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] /f]huf/L k|fKt ug{ c;dy{x?,
j[4j[4fx?, cfkm\gf] :jfledfgsf sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd lab]zL e"lddf /xg g;Sg]x? dfq :jb]z
kmls{g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ o; n]vdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf cfd;xeflutf x'b} cfPsf] lgDg /
cbIf Pj+ cw{bIf >ldssf ?kdf ljb]zdf uO{ /f]huf/L k|fKt ug]{ o'jf ju{x?nfO{ ;+jf]wg ug{
vf]lhPsf] 5 h;n] k7fPsf] ljk|]if0faf6 g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf 7"nf] d2t k'u]sf] 5 .
;+qmd0fsfnn]] d'n'snfO{ cqmfGt kf/]sf] 5, cfly{s cj:yf pT;fxhgs 5}g, pBf]u Aofkf/ km:6fPsf]
5}g, nufgLstf{n] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f k|fKt ug{ ;ls/fv]sf] l:ylt b]lvb}g, zflGt;'/Iffsf] cj:yf
lbgk|ltlbg ljlu|b} uPsf] sf/0f b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; b|"tultdf eO/fv]sf]5, oL ;j}
sf/0fx?n] ubf{ b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ vf;} b]lvb}gg\ . cfly{s cj:yf ;'9[9 x'g g;Sg', gofF
pBf]u snsf/vfgfx? vf]Ng] cj:yf gx'g' / ePsf pBf]u wGbfx?n] klg vf;} k|ult ug{ g;Sg'
h:tf sf/0fx?n] g]kfnsf] /f]huf/Lsf] If]q lzlyn x'Fb} uO/fv]sf]5 . o; kl/l:yltdf xfd|f] o'jf
hgzlQm lj:tf/} ljb]ztkm{ knfog x'g' :jefljs} xf] . g]kfndf a}b]lzs d'b|f cfh{gsf] k|d'v >f]t
* ;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

log} o'jfx?n] cfh{g u/L d'n'sdf k7fPsf] ljk|]if0f /sd x'g k'u]sf] 5, o;n] d'b|f jhf/df t/ntfsf]
cefjnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd k"/f ul/lbPsf] 5, g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4df /fd|f] of]ubfg ul/cfPsf] 5 .
a}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] g]kfnLx?sf] cfly{s / z}lIfs cj:yfn] /f]huf/Lsf] k|sf/ Pj+ uGtAosf
d'n'sx? lgwf{l/t x'g] ub{5g\ . cToGt u/Lj ;d'bfosf o'jfx? h'g cbIf 5g, kl/>d j]Rgsf]
nflu ldq/fi6 ef/tdf hfg] ub{5g\ . lgDgdWod:t/Lo kl/jf/sf AolQmx? Pl;og d'n'sx?df
hfg] ub{5g\, To;df dn]l;of k|d'v uGtJo /xFb} cfPsf] 5, dWod kl/jf/sf] uGtJo hfkfg, blIf0f
sf]l/of x'Fb} l;ldt ;+Vofdf o"/f]ksf ljsl;t d'n'sx?df klg k'Ug] ub{5g\ t/ pRr:t/Lo kl/jf/sf
bIf g]kfnLx? k|foM o'/f]k / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /f]huf/ jhf/df vkt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF
pNn]vgLo kIf s] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4b/df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lgDg cfly{s cj:yfaf6
u'lh|Psf g]kfnLx?sf] /x]sf]5, pgLx? s8f zf/Ll/s kl/>daf6 cflh{t /sd :jb]zdf k7fpg]
ub{5g\ . pRr dWod ju{ / pRr ju{sf AolQmx?sf ;Gtlt o"/f]k, cd]l/sfdf cWoog ug{ k7fpFbf
7"nf] /sd lab]zL d'b|fsf] ?kdf jflxl/b} uPsf] 5 . o:tf g]kfnLx? cWoog kZrft\ ljsl;t
d'n'sx?d} :yfoL a;f]jf; ug]{ k|j[lQ a9\b} hfFbf klg g]kfnsf] ;DklQ / u'0f:t/o'Qm hgzlQm
ljb]ztkm{ knfog eO/fv]sf] cj:yf 5 .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 ljk|]if0f k|fKt x'g] nufotsf kmfObfx? b]lvPsf 5g\, t/ of] If]q sd r'gf}tLk"0f{
5}g, ;j{k|yd t d'n'sleq} /f]huf/sf cj;/x? >[hgf ug{ ;Sg' kb{Yof], h;n] ubf{ ljsf;sf
cfwf/ :tDesf] ?kdf /x]sf o'jfzlQm d'n'sleq} ;]jf/t /xGy] . g]kfnsf ufpF a:tLx? o'jfljxLg
5g\, j[4fj[4 / jfnjflnsfx? dfq pNn]vgLo ?kdf e]6\g ;lsG5 . o;n] d'n'ssf] k|ultnfO{
kl5lNt/ ws]ln/fv]sf] 5 . g]kfnLx?sf] cfsif{s uGtJo ljz]ifu/L >ldsx?sf nflu blIf0f sf]l/of,
Oh/fon, dWok"j{ Pl;og d'n'sx? / dn]l;of /x]sf 5g . oL d'n'sx? :jo+ cfgf gful/sx?nfO{
/f]huf/Lsf nflu cGoq ljsl;t d'n'sx?sf k7fpg] ju{df kb{5g\ . oL d'n'sx?leq ;Dkfbg ul/g'
kg]{ hf]lvdk"0f{, :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] vt/fk"0f{ / sl7g sfdx? hf] tL d'n'ssf gful/x?n] ub}{gg\
To:fdf ljb]zL sfdbf/x? cfoft ul/g] ul/G5 . o:tf /f]huf/sf If]qx?df sfd ug]{ >ldsx?sf]
kfl/>lds b/ klg vf;} cfsif{s b]lvb}g .
>lds ju{sf g]kfnLx? cfg} d'n'ssf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sDkgLx?, tL sDkgLsf :yfgLo k|ltlglwx?,
>ldsx? lng] d'n'ssf sDkgLx? ;a}af6 7luPsf 5g\, k|tfl8t 5g\, zf]lift 5g\ . pgLx?n]
b'Mv u/L cfh{g u/]sf] ! jif{b]lv @ jif{;Ddsf] cfh{g sfo{:yndf k'Ubf;Dd vlr{;s]sf x'G5g\ .
sfg"g ;Ddt k|s[ofaf6 /f]huf/ sDkgLx? dfkm{t dfq g]kfnLx? ljb]z k'u]sf 5}gg\, u}/ sfg"gL
lx;fjn] ldq/fi6 ef/t x'Fb} g]kfn ;/sf/n] /f]huf/Lsf nflu k|ltjGw nufPsf d'n'sx?df klg
k|j]z ub{5g\, / hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ul//fv]sf 5g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6o If]qdf 5lj ljlu|Psf]
5 / o;/L cj}w lx;fjn] k|ltaGw nufPsf d'n'sdf sfo{/t\ g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] bfloTj klg
;/sf/n] lng' kg]{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu O/fsdf cj}w?kdf sfo{/t\ !@ g]kfnLx?sf] ljeT;

xTof x'g' / tTkZrft\ klg y'k|} cj}w g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] p4f/ ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n]
lnPsf] oyfy{af6 xfdLn] cg'ej ul//fv]sf 5f}F . >ldsx?sf jLr u/fOg] >d;Demf}tf g]kfndf
Ps lsl;dsf] sfo{:ynsf nflu leGbfleGb} u/fOPsf y'k|} pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . ;dfg sfdsf nflu
c;dfg kl/>lds k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5, >ldsx? hfoh]yf lwtf] /fv]/, crn ;DklQ ljqmL u/]/, C0f
lnP/ sfo{:yndf cfOk'u]sf x'G5g\, pgLx?nfO{ k|fKt /f]huf/L u'Dnf eGg] ;Gqf; /xG5 . cGofosf
lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg ;Qm}gg\ . /fxbfgL nufotsf ;j} sfuhftx? >ldsjf6 sfof{nodf k'u]
kZrft\ sDkgLx?n] lng] ub{5g, >ldsx? uGtJo ;Dd k'Ubf pT;flxt b]lvG5g, sfo{/t\ cjlw
kL8fbfoL aGg k'Ub5 / kms{bf b'Mvsf syfx? ;fydf lnP/ lg/f; eO{ kms{g] ub{5g\ . sfdbf/x?
/x]sf ;j} d'n'sdf b"tfjf; :yfkgf ePsf 5}gg\, ePsf :yfgaf6 k|fKt ;]jf ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvb}g .
dlxnf sfdbf/x?sf] kL8f 5'} 5, cbIf ePs} sf/0f dlxnfx? 3/]n'sfddf nfUg] ub{5g\,\ ljz]ifu/L
j[4j[4fx?sf] ;]jf ug]{ ub{5g\, of}g zf]if0f nufotsf kL8fx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt5 . uGtJo
d'n'sdf k|:yfg ug'{ k"j{ lbOg] k|lzIf0f clwsf+zn] /fd|/L kfPsf x'Fb}gg\, dfq cf}krfl/stf k'/f
ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ uGtJo;Ddsf] ofqf / sfo{:yndf sfo{/t\ cjlw cToGt} c;xh aGg
k'U5 . ljb]zL >ldsx?;+u ePsf c;+Vo ;d:ofx?, ljljwtfx?, ;+:s[lts wfld{s / b}lgs ljlw
Jojxfl/s c1fgtfx?n] ubf{ klg ;d:of pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx?sf sf/0f >ldsx?n]
d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] pkef]u ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
;d:ofsf] ;"qwf/sf] ?kdf /f]huf/ sDkgLx?nfO{ dfq lnOg' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . pgLx?sf cfg}
;d:ofx? 5g\, ;/sf/L k|s[ofsf] hl6ntf, gLlt lgodx? ;f}xfb{ gx'g', ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 o;
If]qsf] k|jw{gsf nflu pNn]vgLo sfo{ ug{ g;Sbf lghL If]q cfkm} jl9 lqmofzLn x'g' kg]{ l:ylt 5 .
OdfGbf/ 5lj agfPsf ckjfb :j?k /x]sf sDkgLx?k|lt hg;fwf/0f / ;/sf/sf] gh/ Pp6} x'g]
ub{5 . Joj;foLx?sf] ;+u7g dfkm{t kx"Fr w]/yf]/ eP klg uGtJo d'n'ssf /f]huf/bftfx?;+u xfd|f
a}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;foLx?sf] k|ToIf kx'Fr vf;} b]lvb}g, pgLx?n] ;Dks{ ug]{ /f]huf/bftf;+u
;DaGw ePsf dWo:ystf{x?;+u xf] . o;n] ubf{ sfdbf/x? ljb]z k7fpg] k|s[of yk vlr{nf] x'Fb}
uPsf] 5 . ckjfb jfx]s clwsf+z /fhb"tfjf;af6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jfsf] klg cfg} syfJoyfx? 5g,
ljjfbdf cfP kZrft\ d'lQm kfpg klg lgSs} hl6ntfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 . sf]6f k|fKt ldlt /
sfdbf/ k7fpg' kg]{ ;do k|foM ghLs /x]sf] x'G5, obfsbf ;/sf/L k|s[of k"/f ug{ g;Sbf k|fKt dfu
cg';f/ k"lt{ ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf klg 5, h;n] ubf{ k|fKt sf]6f u'Dg hfg] x'G5 . g]kfnaf6 :jf:Yo
k/LIf0f kZrft\ k7fPsfx?nfO{ /f]huf/ bftfx?n] k'gM :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpFbf c;kmn ePsf
JolQmx?nfO{ If]ltk"lt{ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . /f]huf/ sDkgLx?n] ljr}lnofx?nfO{ df]6f] /sd k|ltAolQm
sldzg jfkt ltg'{ kg]{ l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] Go"gtd kfl/>ldseGbf sddf klg
g]kfnL sfdbf/ ljb]z uPsf 5g\, o;sf nflu /Lt k'ofpg Go"gtd kfl/>lds k|fKt x'g] sfuhft
tof/ kfg]{ sfd x'g] ub{5 . d'n'sleq j]cg'zfl;t eO{ lx8]sf ;DkGg kl/jf/sf o'jfx? j}b]lzs
/f]huf/df hfg] / sfd ug{ g;sL kmls{P kZrft /f]huf/ sDkgLx?sf] jbgfd u/fpg] k|j[lQ klg

b]lvPsf] 5 . ljleGg k]zf / ;d"xsf JolQmx?nfO{ ;do;dodf cfly{s ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjaf6
sDkgLx?n] pGd'lQm kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . oL ;j} kIfx?sf] cfly{s nufot cGo ;j} k|sf/sf] jf]em
u/Lj >ldsdfly y'kfg]{ ul/Psf] 5 . 7"nf] wg/fzL vr{ u/L /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z uPsfx? s/f/
cjlwdf g} kms{g] ;+Vof sd x'G5, lsgls lgwf{l/t cjlwleq kms{bf cflh{t /sdn] C0fd'Qm x'g
dfq ;lsg] x'Fbf yk cfh{g ug]{ ;f]r >ldsx?df /xG5 . o;sf nflu cj}w?kdf ljgf k|j]zf1f
a:g' kg]{ x'G5, o;/L j:bf sd Hofnfb/df sfd ug{ tTk/ x'g] x'Fbf ;DalGwt sDkgLx?nfO{ kmfObf
k'Ug hfG5 . cj}w?kdf j;]sf >ldsx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]sf] cf/f]k /f]huf/ sDkgLnfO{
nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .
of] If]q cJojl:yt x'g'df ;j}eGbf j9L lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/n] lng'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgod
sfof{Gjog lkmtnf] b]lvG5 . >ldsx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ clek|fon] s]xL d'n'x?df >d ;xrf/Lsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf >d ;xrf/Lx?nfO{ pko'Qmtf, of]Uotf / c'gejsf] cfwf/df sd}dfq
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx?nfO{ kof{Kt k|lzIf0f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5}g . logLx?n] b"tfjf;df /xL sfd
ug'{ kg]{ / g]kfnL b"tfjf;x?n] cfgf] e"ldsfdf ;+s'rg cfPsf] ;f]r jgfO{ lbFbf d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0fsf]
pkef]u ug{ kfO/fv]sf] 5}gg\ . kfFr xhf/ sfdbf/ ePsf] d'n'sdf Ps >d ;xrf/L /fVg] gLlt eP
tfklg ;/sf/n] ;j} 7fpFdf gLlt c'g'?k kb:yfkg ug{ ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . d'n'sleqsf] dfu k|fKt
u/] kZrft\ lbOg] k"j{ :jLs[lt, clGtd :jLs[tL lbg], ;DalGwt uGtJo;Dd k'ofO{ s/f/ cg'?k sfd
ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt u/fpg], sfo{/t\ sDkgLaf6 d'n's lkmtf{ eP;Ddsf cjlwdf ;j} lqmofsnfkx?sf]
;'k/Lj]If0f / lgu/fgL u/L sfdbf/x?sf] kIfdf ;/sf/ k"0f{?kdf :yflkt x'g;s]sf] 5}g .
sfdbf/x?n] cflh{t u/]sf] /sdsf] pko'Qm nufgLsf] of]hgf lbg] / k|fKt ;Lksf] e/k"/ pkof]u
u/fpg] sfo{qmd ;/sf/;+u 5}g . oxf;Dd ls k|To]s lj1fkgdf k|fKt ;L6dWo] bz k|ltzt
;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/zdf k7fpg] pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 t/ cf}krfl/s ?kdf of] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf
cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, hgtfdf e|d dfq k}bf u/]sf] 5 . k//fi6 dGqfno / >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf
dGqfnosf jLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo eO{ /fv]sf] b]lvb}g . ;/sf/n] ljZj jhf/df cfgf sfdbf/x?
j9L kmfObf x'g] :yfgdf k7fpg k|efjsf/L kxn sbdL s'6g}lts dfWodaf6 ug{ ;Sg' kb{Yof],
tfklg of] kIf sdhf]/ g} b]lvG5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ k|:yfg x'g' cufl8 lbOg] k|lzIf0f cf}krfl/stf
lgjf{x ug]{ vfnsf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj:yf ljefusf] jl/kl/ s]xL k|lzIf0f ;+:yfx? k|df0fkq
;lxt laqmLsf nflu pkl:yt /x]sf x'G5g\, dxflgb]{zs nufotsf sd{rf/Lx? k|lzIf0f k|df0fkq
x:tfGt/0f k|s[ofsf] cjnf]sg ul//fv]sf x'G5g\ t/ tL ;+:yfx?nfO{ lgu/fgL /fVg] sf/jfxL ug]{
x}l;ot b]vfpb}gg\ . cGt/ dGqfno jLrsf] ;DaGw / ;f]r ljlrqsf] 5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g
ug]{ p2]Zon] >d dGqfnoaf6 sfo{qmd to kfl/G5, cy{ dGqfnon] o; sfo{qmddf /sd vr{ ug{
pT;fx b]vfpb}g, ljb]z e|d0f ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx? e|d0fsf pknlAw ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . >d
ahf/sf] cj:yf cWoog u/]/ tb\g'?k bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;/sf/sf
tkm{af6 cl3 ;f/]sf] hfgsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oxfF;Dd ls k|fKt dfu kmf/fd nufotsf k|df0fx?

e/kbf{ x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ eGg] k/LIf0f ug]{ Ifdtf;Dd ljefun] /fVg ;s]sf] 5}g, jhf/ cWoog
kZrft\ pko'Qm tl/sfn] Go"gtd Hofnf tf]Sg] / ;do;dodf tYodf cfwfl/t /x]/ k'g/fjnf]sg
ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . >d k|zf;gnfO{ >f]t, ;fwg / bIf agfpg] ks[ofsf] k|f/De
g} ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
;/sf/n] ;sf/fTds sfo{ ub}{ gu/]sf] eg] xf]Og . ljutsf ;dox?df ;/sf/n] o; If]qdf u/]sf
/fd|f] sfd / sfd ug{ rfFxbfrfFxb} klg x'g g;s]sf k|ltlglw pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]
b]lvG5 . xfnsf uGtJox?dWo] ;j}eGbf cfsif{s blIf0f sf]l/of xf] . /f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnLdf k|j]z
ug'{k"j{ o; d'n'sdf k|lzIffyL{ sfdbf/x? k7fOg] ul/GYof] . Ps JolQmaf6 sf]l/of sfd ug{ k7fpbf
Go"gtd ?k}Fof rf/ nfvb]lv clwstd cf7 nfv;Dd e'QmfgL u/]sf] lttf] oyfy{ To; ;do sf]l/of
hfg] sfdbf/x?af6 1ft x'g' cfPsf] 5 . /f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnL nfu" u/] kZrft sf]l/of sfdbf/
k7fpg] k|s[of b'O b]zsf ;/sf/L dfWodaf6 ;DkGg ug]{, lghL If]qnfO{ efiff k|lzIf0fsf] e"ldsf
dfq lbOg], efiffsf] k/LIff ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] ;Ifd ;+:yfaf6 lng], efiff k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sfnfO{
k|:yfg ug'{k"j{ lbOg] k|lzIf0f ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} lbg], oL ;j} sfdsf] nflu k};L xhf/ ?k}of
sfdbf/x?af6 lng] ub{5 . o;af6 xjfO{ ef8f, k|lzIf0f b:t"/, le;f b:t"/ ;dfj]z x'g] Joj:yf
ul/lbPsf] 5, kmn:j?k sfdbf/x?n] 7"nf] /fxt dxz'; u/]sf 5g\ . lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf k|ToIf,
ck|ToIf s'g} klg ?kdf ePsf] / unt lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg ePsf] kfOP o;nfO{ /f]Sg], sf/jfxL
ug]{ bfloTj ;+alGwt d'n'ssf] ;/sf/sf] /xg] / bfloTjsf] lgjf{x gePdf s'g} klg ;do ;Demf}tf
vf/]h ul/g] u/L l4kIfLo ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] >ddGqfnosf] g]t[Tj hlt;'s} k6s km]/abn
eP klg of] k|s[ofdf s'g} km/s gcfpg] k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/ lbPsf] 5 . sNkgf u/f}F, bz xhf/sf]
xf/fxf/Ldf sf]l/of sfdbf/x? k|j]z u/L;s]sf 5g\ . lghLIf]qn] ;fljs cg';f/ /sd p7fpFbf
k|ltJolQm ;/b/ rf/nfv eGbf jl9 /sd p7fOGYof] . o;af6 c/jf}sf] rnv]n aGb ePsf] 5, oBlk
o;af6 k|efljt kIfx?sf] /f]huf/ cg'dlt k|0ffnL k|lt cfqmf]z eg] tLj| /x]sf] 5 . sfdbf/ v';L
5g\, k|s[ofdf ;+nUg JolQmx?nfO{ ;Gt'i6L ldn]sf] 5 .
xfn;Ddsf] bf];|f] cfsif{s uGtJo xf] Oh/fon . Oh/fon j[4j[4fx?sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu
clwsf+z dlxnf sfdbf/ lng] d'n's xf], kfl/>lds nufotsf ;'ljwfx? klg cfsif{sg} 5g\, t/ cj}w
tl/sfn] k|j]z ug]{, ljgf k|lzIf0f sfdbf/ k7fpg], sfdbf/x?af6 jl9 /sdf c;'Ng] h:tf kIfx?n]
ubf{ Oh/fon ;/sf/n] g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf] ;DaGwdf k|Zg lrGx nufof] . g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf]
b]vefn / ;+/If0f ug{ b"tfjf; vf]Ng' kg]{ clgjfo{ zt{ /fVof] g]kfnL b'tfjf; vf]lnof], tTkZrft
sfdbf/ k7fpg], k7fpg'k"j{ k|lzIf0f lng] h:tf lghL If]qaf6 ;+rfng eO cfPsf lqmofsnfkx?
g]kfn / Oh/fon ;/sf/sf jLraf6 dfq ul/g], lghL If]qnfO{ k|lzIf0f;Dd k|bfg ug{ lbg] t/
k|lzIf0fsf] u'0f:t/sf] k/LIf0f ;/sf/n] ug]{ u/L lhDd]jf/L lng' kg]{ cyjf oL k|s[ofx?df ;/sf/
;+nUg gx'g] xf] eg] cfk|jf;gsf nflu cGt/fli6o ;+:yf -I.O.M_ dfkm{t ug{ ;lsg] Go"gtd zt{
/fv]sf] lyof] . xfdLn] ;fljs adf]lhd sDkgLx?af6} sfd sfh cl3 j9fpg Oh/fonnfO{ ljZj:t

jgfpg} ;s]gf}, d'n'sleq Oh/fon ;/sf/sf zt{ cg';f/ ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f klg ug{ ;s]gf},
kl/0ffd:j?k Oh/fon h'g dlxnfx?sf nflu cfsif{s a}b]lzs /f]huf/ uGtJo dflgG5 lgnlDjt
cj:yfdf 5 . o;df ;DalGwt dGqfno sfdofjL gb]lvPs} xf] . Oh/fon ;/sf/ cfgf] k|:tfjaf6
sd /sddf g]kfnL sfdbf/ lng rfxG5 . xfd|f sfdbf/nfO{ ;/n / sd vr{df k7fpg] Oh/fonL
;/sf/sf] k|:tfjnfO{ :jLsfg{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg, ;s]sf] eP Oh/fon hfg] k|s[of w]/} ;/n aGg] lyof],
of] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;/sf/n] ;s]g .
ljb]zdf /f]huf/sf nflu k|:yfg ug]{ g]kfnLx?dWo] 7"nf] ;+Vof clgoldt t/Lsfn] hfg] u/]sf]
kfOG5, o:tf sfdbf/x?dWo] clwsf+z :yndfu{ x'b} ef/tsf] lbNnL / jDjO{ cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn
k|of]u u/L jflxl/g] ul/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ lgodg u/L sfg"gsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;lsPsf]
b]lvb}g . sfdbf/x?sf] enfOsf nflu a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g jf]8{sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5, o; af]8{df
Pp6f sf]if v8f ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] sf]ifdf k|To]s sfdbf/x?af6 ljb]z k|:yfg ug'{k"j{ Psd'i6 /sd
hDdf u/fOg] ul/Psf] 5 . sf]ifn] sfdbf/x?sf] enfOsf of]hgfx? th'{df u/]sf] hfgsf/Ldf 5}g,
t/ sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u ePsf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] 5fgjLg ul//fv]sf]
;dfrf/ ;~rf/ dfWodx?af6 hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] 5 . of] eGbf 7"nf] lj8Djgf s] x'g ;S5 <
t;y{ a}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g / sfdbf/x?sf] enfOsf nflu /fHon] w]/} sfd ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, ug'{
kg]{ l:ylt 5 .
a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ;'wf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f h?/L 5, ;/sf/L Psn k|of;n] dfq of] ;Dej 5}g .
a}b]lzs /f]huf/ sDkgLx? OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy cfgf] k]zf ug]{ klg 5g\, t/ clwsf+z sDkgLx?n]
o; k]zfnfO{ dof{lbt jgfpg ;ls/fv]sf 5}gg\ . sDkgLx? ;+ul7t 5g\, >f]t / ;fwg ;DkGg
5g\, pbfl/s/0fsf] cjnDjg / lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ /fli6o gLltsf sf/0f of] If]q k|f]T;flxt
jlg/x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L lbg] sDkgLx?jf6 ;/sf/L lgsfo k|efljt x'b} uPsf] 5 . gLlt lgdf{0f
ubf{, lg0f{o lnObf, sfg"g lgdf{0f ul/bf dxTjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/sf lx;fjn] sDkgLx?n] cfgf lxtdf
k|efj hdfO/fv]sf 5g\ . sfdbf/sf] lxt uf}0f x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf of] s'g} kf/bzL{
k4ltsf cfwf/df sfdsf/jfxL cl3 a9\g' kb{5, k4lt g} bf]ifk"0f{ / ckf/bzL{ b]lvbf ;j}n] cfgf]
lxtdf e"ldsf v]Ng] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5g\ t;y{ ;/sf/ lqmofzLn x'g'kb{5, . dfu k|fKt ug]{, k"j{
:jLs[lt lbg], k"j{ :jLs[lt lbPkZrft\ sDkgLx?sf] lqmofsnfk ghLsaf6 cg'udg ug]{, clGtd
:jLs[lt lbg], dfusf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] u'0f:t/ x]g]{, /f]huf/bftf sDkgL / sfdbf/x?sf jLr ul/g]
s/f/sf zt{x? / :jLsfo{ zt{x?sf] kfngf u/fpg], sDkgLx?df sfo{/t\ /xFbf pTkGg u'gf;fx?sf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{, s/f/ cjlw ;DkGg ePkZrft\ 3/ kmls{Psfx?sf] ;Lksf] ;b'kof]u u/fpg],
cflh{t /sd pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgLsf] of]hgf tof/kf/L kf/bzL{ k4ltsf] ljsf; u/]/ cfgf
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|s[ofdf ljleGg lgsfox?sf] jLrsf] ;dGjo
cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu >d ;xrf/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g'k"j{ of] sfo{ ;DalGwt

b"tfjf;af6 x'Fb} cfPsf] lyof] . dn]l;of, Oh/fon, vf8LIf]qsf d'n'sx?df / blIf0f sf]l/ofdf
b"tfjf;x? k|fo sfdbf/x?sf] Joj:yfkg, a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf k|a4{gsf nflu s'6g}lts kxn ug]{
p2]Zon] g} :yfkgf ul/Psf x'g,\ oBlk b"tfjf;x?sf] a}b]lzs /f]huf/ If]q jfx]s cGo lhDd]jf/L x'g]
ub{5 . ;/sf/n] >d ;xrf/L kb >[hgf ug]{ ljifodf hj sfo{qmd Nofpg nfUof] To; ;dodf g}
xfd|f dGqfnox?n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf eGbf cd's dGqfnox?sf] dxTj / sfo{If]qsf]
kIfdf blnn ub}{ k|:t't x'g] u/]sf] kfOof], h:t} ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ts{ /fv]sf] lyof] k|zf;g
;]jfsf hf] sf]xL JolQm >d ;xrf/L x'g ;S5, >ddGqfnon] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf If]qdf cg'ej l;4
JolQmdfq of]Uo x'g] wf/0ff /fVb} uof], k//fi6 dGqfno of] sfd cfkm} x]g{ rfxGYof] / >ldsx? ePsf
b]zsf /fhb"tfjf;sf]] cfsif{0f g} olx laifo aGb} uPsf] 5 . oL tLg j6} dGqfnox? ;femf wf/0ff
tof/ kfg{ c;kmn eP . s]xL kbx? >[hgf eP, kbk"lt{ klg eof], t/ a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf ljifodf
s'g} cg'ej xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf, s'6g}lts If]q;+u ckl/lrt /x]sf JolQmx?n] lhDd]jf/L kfpb}
uP . >d ;xrf/Lx? b'tfjf;d} 8]:s sfod u/L sfd ug'{ kg]{, b"tfjf;sf] ;xof]u ljgf k|efjsf/L
x'g g;Sg], >d ;xrf/Lx?sf] lgikIf / jkmfbf/L >d dGqfno;+u /xg], s'6g}lts kqfrf/ ug]{,
;DalGwt kIf;+u kxn ul/lbg] h:tf ljifox?df b'tfjf; lqmofzLn eOlbPg eg] >d ;xrf/Lx?
k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . oL b'j} jLr ckjfb jfx]s d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f sfod u/L cl3
j9g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . t;y{ b'O{ dGqfnosf jLr ;dembf/L / ;dGjosf] vfFrf] 5, /fli6o :jfy{sf
ljifodf b'O{ dGqfno Ps 7fpFdf pleg] jftfj/0f zL3| aGg' kb{5 cGoyf of] If]q emg\ kl5 kb{5 .
;/sf/;+u jt{dfg cj:yfdf slt g]kfnL /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z uPsf 5g\ eGg] PsLg ;+Vof
5}g, y'k|} g]kfnLx? ;/sf/L cf}krfl/stf k"/f gu/L ef/tsf] dfu{ x'b} ;/sf/n] k|ltaGw nufPsf
d'n'sx?df uO/fv]sf 5g\, o;nfO{ /f]Sg] OR5f zlQm b'j} dGqfno;Fu b]lvPg . ef/t ;/sf/;Fu
;dembf/L u/L cj}w?kdf hfg] g]kfnLx?nfO{ /f]Sg ;lsGYof], /fxbfgLdf k|ltaGw nufPsf d'n'sdf
sfd ug{ hfg gkfOg] u/L 5fk nufO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsGYof], w]/} k6s of] ljifodf 5nkmn eP
klg o;n] d"t{?k lng ;s]g, cfgf gful/sx?sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu klg of] kxn sbdL h?/L 5, >d
dGqfnon] o;sf] ljifodf zL3| ;s[otf b]vfpg' kb{5 . /f]huf/bftf sDkgLx?n] k|bfg u/]sf] sf]6f
;DaGwL sfuhft, b"tfjf;af6 ePsf] k|dfl0fs/0f, sfdbf/;Fu ePsf s/f/gfdf h:tf k|df0fx?
klg lst]{ sfuhft tof/ kfl/Psf] ;'lgG5 . of] ;DalGwt sfdbf/ 7luP kl5 dfq ;txdf cfpg]
ub{5 . o;sf nflu ;DalGwt sDkgLx?, b"tfjf;x?;+u j]j;fO6 dfkm{t / cgnfOg kqfrf/af6
ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . oL ljifox?n] klg vf;} dxTj kfPsf] b]lvb}g zL3| b"tfjf;, >d ;xrf/L /
k//fi6 dGqfno o; lbzfdf kl/rflnt x'g' h?/L 5 . sfdbf/x?dfly zf]if0f ug]{, 7uL ug]{, unt
;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ sDkgLx?dfly sf/jfxL ug{ sfg"g kof{Kt 5, t/ Jojxf/df vf;} k|ult x'g ;s]sf]
5}g, o:tf unt lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg sDkgLx?, /fi6;]js sd{rf/Lx?dfly s8f sf/jfxL u/L
;f]sf] k|rf/k|;f/ tLj| kfl/g' h?/L 5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df 7luPsf oL kLl8tx?n] 7lu ug]{ sDkgLsf
lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf sf/jfxLsf nflu a'emfPsf] t/ k|efjsf/L sf/jfxL

x'g g;s]sf] ;dfrf/af6 ;';"lrt x'g' k/]sf]5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf nflu cfsif{s uGtJox?,
To; :yfgdf cfjZos kg]{ sfdbf/sf] of]Uotf / ;Lksf] klxrfg ul/ To:tf d'n'ssf ;dsIfL
k|ltlglwx?sf jLr e]63f6 / ;f}xfb{tfsf] clej[l4 u/L /fd|f uGtJodf sfdbf/ k7fpg] gLlt lng'
h?/L5, o; ;Gbe{df lkmlnlkG;n] cToGt w]/} kmfObf lnO/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . o; d'n'saf6 xfdLn]
l;Sg' kg]{ l:ylt 5 . Oh/fonn] g]kfnLx? 7luPsf ljifodf lrGtf JoQm u/L ;dfwfg lbFbf ;d]t
xfdLn] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]gf}, ljjflbt sfd uofF}, Oh/fonsf] k|s[ofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg g;s]/ xfd|f
g]kfnL 7luPsf] ljifodf lrGtf Oh/fon ;/sf/eGbf klg xfdLnfO{ x'g' kg]{ xf], o; lbzfdf >d tyf
oftfoft Aoa:yf dGqfnon] pknlAwd"ns kxn sbdL u/L oyfy{ jflx/ Nofpg' kb{5 .
;du|df, a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] ljifodf w]/} ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 . ;/sf/n] jt{dfg cj:yfdf a}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf] ljsNk d'n'sleq} lbg;Sg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sbf o; If]qsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;'wf/sf
nflu pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf o'jfx? a}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfg /sdsf] cefjn] ;St}gg\, o;df ;/sf/ hdfgL j;L C0f pknAw u/fpg] / cflh{t
/sdaf6 ls:tfjGbLdf e'QmfgL u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg dfq ;lsof] eg] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ul/jx?sf]
cfly{s :t/ j[l4 x'\G5 . pNn]lvt ljifox?df Wofg k'ofpg ;lsof] eg] a}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] If]q
Jojl:yt / dof{lbt x'g hfg] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df h?/L 5 lqmofzLntf / OR5fzlQmsf] h;sf]
cefjdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/k|lt cgf:yf j[l4 x'b]} hfG5 . ctPj, o; ljifodf zL3| ;/sf/ nufot
-AolQmut cg'ejdf cfwfl/t n]v_
;j} kIfx? ulDe/ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0f /

;}4flGts ljsf;

o'j/fh kf08]*

;f/f+z
;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] t/Lsf / gLltn] kfg]{
k|efjsf] ;DjGwdf j}1flgs t/Lsfsf] cfwf/df hfrj'em ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] nflu
ljleGg lj2fgx?af6 xfn;;Dd k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0fsf] ;DjGwdf s'g} Pp6f
dfq ;j{dfGo l;4fGt 7x/ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . To;}n] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] ;DjGwdf k|ltkflbt
l;2fGtx?nfO{ k|lt:klw{ ge} k"/ssf] ?kdf lng kg]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't
n]vdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf ;}4flGts kIfx? / o;sf] pkfb]otf jf/] rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg
ul/Psf] 5 .

!= ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f

(Public Policy Making) /

ljZn]if0f

(Analysis)

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f (Public Policy making) elgG5
eGg] s'/fsf] ;xh cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fnfO{ cWoogsf] Pp6f k[ys ljwfsf]
?kdf ;d]t kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljwf (Public Policy Discipline) ;Fu ;DjlGwt
k':tsx? jf ;"rgfx?nfO{ sltko /rgfsf/x?n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f (Public Policy Making)
eGg] gfd lbPsf] kfOG5 eg] sltko /rgfsf/x?n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt (Public Policy Analysis ) gLlt
lj1fg (Policy Science) sf] ;+1f ;d]t lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L gLltsf] cWoog ;DaGwL ljifout
ljwfnfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt gLlt lgdf{0f (Public Policy Making), gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy analysis)
/ gLlt lj1fg (Policy Science) h:tf zAbfjnLx?sf] ;dfg cy{df k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
xf]Uj'8\ / u'gn] klg gLlt ljZn]if0f, gLlt lj1fg / gLlt cWoog h:tf zJbfjnLx?nfO{ sltko
n]vsx?n] kof{ojfrL zAbsf] ?kdf / sltko n]vsx?n] km/s km/s cy{ lbg] zJbsf] ?kdf k|of]u
u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] eg]sf 5g\
Terms such as 'policy analysis', 'policy sciences', and 'policy studies' are used by various
authors in different ways, at times interchangeably, at times in an attempt to impose a particular
meaning on a specific term ( Hogwood & Gunn, P984, P.26)
* k"j{ ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

xf]Uj'8\ / u'gn] gLlt cWoog (Policy Studies) eGg] zJbn] j0f{g / AofVof ug]{ s'/fdf / gLlt
ljZn]if0fn] gLlt k|lqmofsf] s'/fdf eGbf ;"emfj k/s s'/fdf j9L rf;f] /fVg] s'/f jtfPsf 5g\ .
gLlt lj1fg eGg] zAbnfO{ sltko n]vsn] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] cy{df / sltko n]vsx?n] gLlt
cWoog / gLlt ljZn]if0f b'j}sf] ;di6LnfO{ hgfpgsf] lglDt k|of]u u5{g eGg]s'/f ;d]t pgLx?n]
jtfPsf 5g\ . pgLx? :jo+n] rfFlx cfkm'x?n] gLlt lj1fgnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt cWoogsf]
;di6Lsf] ?kdf x]/]sf] s'/f klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] eg]sf 5g\
The term 'policy studies' is normally used to indicate unessentiality descriptive or explanatory
set of concerns... The term 'policy analysis is often, but by no means always, reserved for
prescriptive, activates (Knowledge in rather than of the policy process,...) The term 'policy
sciences is used by some writers as a synonym for (prescriptive ) policy analysis and by other
to encompass both policy studies and policy analysis. We have a mild preference for using
'policy studies ' for descriptive accounts and 'policy analysis' for prescriptive exercises, with
'policy sciences' as an umbrella phrase to cover both types of undertaking ( Hgwood & Gunn,
1984, p.29)
pgLx?n] gLltsf] ljZn]if0fsf pkfud jf k4lt (approach) x?nfO{ lgDg ljleGg ju{df ljefhg
u/]sf 5g
!= gLltsf] cGt/j:t'sf] cWoog (Sudies of Policy Content)
@= gLlt k|lqmofsf] cWoog (Studies of Policy Process)
#= gLltsf pTkfbgx?sf] cWoog (Studies of Policy Outputs)
$= d"Nofg cWoog (Evaluation Studies)
%= gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lglDt cfjZos ;"rgf (Information for Policy making)
^= k|lqmofut kIfkf]if0f (Process Advocacy)
&= gLltut kIfkf]if0f (Policy Advocacy)
*= ljZn]if0fsf] ljZn]if0f (The Analysis of Analysis)
pgLx?n] gLltsf] cGt/j:t'sf] cWoog, gLlt k|lqmofsf] cWoog, gLltsf] pTkfbgsf] cWoog, /
d"Nofg cWoognfO{ gLlt / gLlt k|lqmosf] 1fg (Knowledge of Policy and the policy process)
eg]sf 5g\ / oL $ j6f s'/fsf] cWoog gLlt cWoog (Policy Studies) sf] If]qdf k5{ eGg] s'/f
jtfPsf 5g\ .
csf{lt/ d"Nofg cWoog, gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lglDt cfjZos ;"rgfsf] cWoog -;+sng / ljZn]if0f_,
k|lqmofut kIfkf]if0f, gLltut kIfkf]if0f / ljZn]if0fsf] ljZn]if0f ;d]tsf kfFrj6f kIfsf] cWoognfO{
pgn] gLlt klqmofdf /x]sf] 1fg (Knowledge in The Policy Process) eg]sf 5g\ / o:tf] 1fgnfO{

10

gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] If]qsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . o;/L pgLx?n] d"Nof+sg cWoog gLlt cWoog /
gLlt ljZn]if0f x'g]sf] If]qdf k5{g eGg]s'/f jtfPsf 5g\ . pgLx?n] ljZn]if0fsf plNnlvt ljleGg
cfofdnfO{ ljZn]if0fsf ljleGg k|sf/ (Different Types of Analysis) / ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf
k|sf/x? (Types of Public Policy making ) eg]/ lrgfPsf x'gfn] pgLx?n] gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt
lgdf{0fnfO{ ;d]t ;dfg cy{df k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvg cfp5 (Hogwood and Dunn, 1984, pp.28-29) .
o;/L zflAbs lx;fjn] gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy Analysis) eGg] zAbn] gLltsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ gLltsf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{sf] ?kdf dfq gx]/]/ gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ lawf (discipline) sf] ?kdf x]g'{
pko'Qm x'G5 . o; k[i7e"lddf gLltut ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu gLlt ;DjGwL ;"rgfsf]
;+sng / k|zf]wg ug{sf lglDt 5fgjLg / jx;sf ljleGg tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u ug]{ Jofjxfl/s
ljwfnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0f elgG5 eGg] ljlnod 8'gsf] sygnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0fnfO{ jf:tljs 9n]
kl/eflift ug]{ k|oTgsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . pgn] eg]sf 5g\
Policy analysis is an applied discipline which used multiple methods of inquiry and argument
to produce and transform policy relevant information that may be utilized in political settings
to resolve policy problems ( William Dunn, Quoted by Supru, 2010, p 44 ).
/f08n l/kn]n] vf; gLltut d'2fdflysf] hf]8 / cg';Gwfgsf] s'g xb;Dd tTsfn k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f >[nf (a continuum based on "specific policy issue focus" and the
degree to which the research can be applied immediately) sf] cfwf/df gLlt cWoog / gLlt
ljZn]if0fsf] jLrdf /x]sf] ldqtf b]vfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] jx'ljwfut gLlt cWoog
(multi-disciplinary policy studies) nfO{ >[nfsf] Go"gtd hf]8 jf pkof]lutf b]vfpg] 5]p (Low
end of focus, utility) df /fv]sf 5g\ gLlt cWoog / gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] of] >[nf (Continuum or
spectrum) nfO{ tnsf] lrqjf6 b]vfpg ;lsG5

11

gLlt cWoog
-w]/} ljwfx?_

/fhgLlts lj1fgdf
xg' ] gLlt cWoog

/fhgLlt lj1fgdf
ul/g] gLlt ljZni] f0f

k[ys

ljwfsf]

?k d f

vf; gLltut d2' f dflysf] Gog" hf]8

ljz]if gLltut d4' fdflysf] pRr hf8] /

(low specific policy issue focus) /

cg';Gwfgsf] pRr pkof]lutf

cg';Gwfgsf] Go"g pkof]lutf

gLlt

ljZni] f0f -gLlt lj1fg_

lrqM gLlt cWoog / gLlt ljZni] f0fs]f >[nf

o; >[nfn] /fhgLlt lj1fgdf ul/g] gLlt ljZn]if0f / k[ys ljwfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf]
jLrdf /x]sf] km/snfO{ ;d]t :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;jf6 l/Kn]n] k[ys ljwfsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt lj1fgnfO{ Pp6} ljwfsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ eGg]s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5 . o;/L
xf]Uj'8\ / u'gn] gLlt ljZn]if0f / gLlt lj1fgnfO{ k[ys cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . xf]j'8 /
u'g Pj+ l/Kn] ;j} gLlt ljZn]if0fnfO{ gLlt ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / ljj]rgf ug]{ Pp6f k[ys ljwfsf]
?kdf x]g'{k5{ eGg s'/df ;xdt 5g eGg]s'/f ;d]t o;jf6 :ki6 x'G5 .
gLltsf] cWoog d"Nof+sg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfddf j}1flgs ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|of;sf] kl/0ffd
:j?k g} k[ys ljwfsf] ?kdf gLlt ljZn]if0fs]f pbo / ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . k'6 / l:k|/ (Putt
and Sprinjer) n] !(#) sf] bzsb]lv !(^) sf] bzs ;Ddsf] cjlwdf gLltut cg';Gwfg /
ljj]rgf ug]{ sfddf tYof+ssf] pkof]u ug]]{ ljifodf sltko k|of]ux? ePsf] / !(^) sf] bzsb]lv
To:tf] k|of]udf cem j[l4 ePsf] s'/f jtfPsf 5g\ eg]/ Xo'U;n] jtfPsf 5g\ . !(*) b]lv gLlt
ljZn]if0fsf] t];|f] r/0f z'? ePsf] s'/f ;d]t k'6\ / l:k|/n] jtfPsf 5g\ . gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] !(*)
eGbf cufl8sf] cjlwdf gLltut ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg tYof+s jf k4ltsf] k|of]ujf6 dfq ug{ ;lsG5
eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] !(*) b]lv gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lg0f{os]f lj:yfkg
ug]{ sfd gu/]/ gLlt lg0f{onfO{ ;xh jgfOlbg] sfd u5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] s'/f ;d]t
Xo'U;n] jtfPsf 5g\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g\
The early period of policy analysis is generally regarded as a failure by being oversold, that
is, by assuming that numbers alone or techniques alone can solve public policy problems. It is
only from 1980 that Putt and Sprinjer see what they term a 'third stape' in which policy analysis

12

is perceived as facilitating policy decisions, not displacing them ( Hugher, 1998, p 133).
o;/L gLltut ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg j}1flgs ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ dfu ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfsf]
ljsf; ePsf] !(^) b]lv !(*) ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] bf];|f] sfn jf r/0f (Second
Stage or period) / To; eGbf cl3sf] cjlwnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] klxnf] r/0f (First Stage) sf]
?kdf x]g{ ldN5 eGg] lg:sif{df k'Ug Xo'U;sf] egfOn] ;xof]u k'ofp5 . gLlt lg0f{odf /fhgLlts
k|lqmofsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 eGg]s'/fsf] :jLs[ltnfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] t];|f] jf kl5Nnf] o'usf]
ljziftfsf] ?kdf lng'k5{ . k'6\ / l:k|/n] klxnf] / bf];|f] r/0fsf] ;+1f lbPsf] cjlwdf ljj]szLn
gLlt lgdf{0fsf] l;4fGtsf] k"0f{?kn] kfngf ug]{ k|of; ul/GYof] eg]] t];|f] r/0fdf ljj]szLn
9frfdfly j9L lge{/ x'g' x'b}g eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGgs'/f Xo'U;n] jtfPsf 5g .
pgn] eg]sf 5g
In what Putt and Spriinger termed the first and second stages of policy research, The rational
model was expressly followed, but this was then changed in the third stage of policy research...
Policy analysis in the third stage always warns against placing too much reliance on the rational
model ( Hugher, 1998, p.141)
oxfF Xo'U;n] gLlt cg';Gwfg (Policy research) / gLlt ljZn]if0f (Policy analysis ) nfO{ Pp6}
cy{df k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;jf6 gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLltut ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfosf]
klxrfg ug{sf nflu cg';Gwfg k4ltsf] k|of]u ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 eGg]s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5 .
t/ gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] t];|f] r/0fdf k|of]ufTds jf j}1flgs ljlw (Empirical Methods) nfO{ lg0f{o
k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'ofpgsf] lglDt dfq} k|of]u ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] s'/f klg
dflysf] p4/0fjf6 :ki6 x'G5 . o; r/0fdf gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0fn] tYof / j}1flgs ljlwsf]
k|of]udf hf]8 lbP klg o;n] /fhgLlts k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t 7fp lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ ;d]t
cfn]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L gLltut ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;fwf/0f lj1fgsf lgodsf cfwf/df dfq ug{
;lsFb}g eGg] dfGotfsf] hudf gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] pQ/j:t'jfbL o'u (Postpositive era) sf] k|f/De
ePsf] dfq ;lsG5 . o;/L pQ/j:t'jfbL o'udf gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] j}1flgs l;4fGt dflysf]
lge{/tfd} k|Zg p7]sf] kfOG5 . Dofss'nn] eg]sf 5g\
In recent years policy science has gone through an era of soul-searching and self-doubt. The
very foundations of its existence are being called into question, especially the reliance on the
traditional positivist paradigm ( McCool, 1995, p. 398)
o; o'udf n]vsx?n] k/Dk/fut j:t'jfb (traditional positivism) sf] ljsNk k|:t't ug]{ k|of;
;d]t ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . o; qmddf l8 lncf]gn] OG6gn] clw ;f/]sf] /fhgLlts lg0f{o k|lqmofsf]

13

sfnf] jfs;nfO{ lg0f{onfO{ v'nf ?kn] x]g{ / j'g ;lsg] j9L kf/bzL{ l;dfsf] jfs;df kl/0ft
ug]{ pQ/ j:t'jfbL gLlt lj1fgsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] s'/f Dofss'nn] jtfPsf 5g\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g
A number of authors have proposed alternatives to traditional positivism, some of which
are specific to policy theory. De Leon proposes a "post-positivist policy science that" would
transform the Eastoniar 'black-box' of periodical decision -making into a more transparent
'glass-box' in which decision could be openly viewed and understood, if not always influenced
" (McCool, 1995, p.399)
k/Dk/fut j:t'jfbsf] ljsNk vf]Hg] qmddf n]vsx?n] cGt/lqmofTds ;fdflhs cg';Gwfg
(Interpretive social inquiry) / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfjfb (Social Constructionism) Pj+ d"No pGd'v
1fgsf] lj1fkg (a value oriented epistomology) h:tf gjLg cjwf/0ffx? cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
xfp; (House) n] cg'ej (experience), ljrf/ ljdz{ (brainstroming) k:o'{P;g (persucsion) /
;fdfGo r]tgf (common sense) nfO{ cf}krfl/s, gLlt 9frf lgdf{0fsf ljsNksf] (as alternative
fromal policy modeling) cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
o; cjlwdf gLlt 9frfg (policy design) sf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] s'/f klg Dofss"nn]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Dofss"nn] gLlt 9frfg (policy design) nfO{ ljZn]ifs / ljifosf] jLrdf
cGt/lqmof x'g] jftfj/0fk|lt ;+j]bgzLn cGt/lqmofTds ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf
5g\ . o;df cg';Gwfgn] ljifoj:t'sf ljifodf k|fKt hfgfsf/Lsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgdf km]/jbn
Nofpg] k|of; u5{ . Dofss"nn] eg]sf 5g\
Another area of promising conceptual development consists of a growing literature on design
is a contextually sensitive, creative analytical process in which analyst and subject interact.
This may mean that the researches alters the research in response to changing inputs from the
subject, or it may mean that the researches attempt to create or control the subject to be studies
(McCool, 1995, p.399)
lk6;{n] gLlt 9frfgnfO{ ;d:ofsf k'gMJoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ljz]iftfx?sf] lglZrt p4]Zo jf
nIo /fv]/ u/Lg] k'g Aoj:yfkg jf k|jGw (purposeful or goal-directed rearrangement of a
problem's manipulable features) eg]sf 5g\ .
jf]j|f] / 8fOh]s (Bobrow and Dryzek) n] gLlt 9frfgnfO{ cg';Gwfg jf 5fgjLgsf] bz{gjf6
9frfgsf] bz{glt/sf] df]8 (Move from the philoshophy of inquiry to the philosophy of design)

14

eg]sf 5g\ . pgn] 9frfglt/sf] df]8nfO{ cfwf/e"t k[ystflt/sf] df]8sf] ?kdf glnP/ hf]8df
cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] ?kdf j9L x]g'{k5{ (it is "more a shift in emphasis than a radical local) eg]sf
5g\ .
ldnf/ (Miller) n] cl3 ;f/]sf] 9frf lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Design Science) n]
cGt/lqmofTds k4lt, kl/jt{gzLn 9frf / k[i7kf]if0fdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . (interactive techni,
dynamic models, and feedback) s'/f Dofss"nn] atfPsf 5g\ . 9frfg ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffsf]
ljsf;jf6 l;4fGtnfO{ jf:tljs ;d:ofdf k|of]u ug]{ xfd|f] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df pT;fxhgs ;xof]u
k'u]sf] s'/f ljZn]ifsx?n] jtfPsf 5g\ . j:t'jfbsf] ljsNk cl3 ;fg]{ k|of;sf] kmn:j?k xfd|f]
Ifdtf j9]sf] eP klg To:tf k|of;x?n] j:t'jfbsf] lj:yfkg gu/]/ kl/k"/ssf] sfd dfq} u/]sf]
s'/f Dofss"nn] jtfPsf 5g\ . j:t'jfbL lj1fg clxn]klg ;fdflhs lj1fgdf ;jf{lws k|efjsf/L
/x]sf] s'/f ;d]t pgn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] eg]sf 5g\
Alternatives to positivism, along with traditional positivist approaches, provide an
epistemological diversity that increases our ability to match theory to application. Thus
I think the significance if alternative approaches is not as a replacement for positicism, but
as a complement to positivism.... Despite the enduring criticism positivist science is still the
dominant force in social science as a whole - and probably still the dominent force in policy
science (McCool, 1995,p.400)

@= gLlt ljZn]if0fsf l;4fGt jf pkfudx?

(Approaches of Policy Analysis)

gLlt ljZn]if0fsf 9frf jf pkfudx?n] ljZn]if0fsf lglDt lglZrt k4ltsf] k|of; x'G5 /
x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg lj4fgx?n] ljleGg gLlt pkfudx?sf] k|:tfj
cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . To:tf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ gLlt pkfudx? lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\

!= /fhgLlt k|0ffnL l;4fGt

(Political System Therory)

8]lj8\ O:6g (David Easton) n] cl3 ;f/]sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{
jftfj/0fsf dfu ;dy{g / ;fwgx?sf] k|ltlqmof :j?k /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn] ug]{ pTkfbgsf]
(Output) ?kdf x]/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L o; l;4fGtn] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfhsf dfunfO{
gLltdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfnf] jfs; ( a black box which converts the demands of the society
into policies) sf ?kdf x]/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= clej[l4jfbL 9frf

(incremental Model) jf c;r]t

(The 'Muddling Through' incremental Model)

k|oTgd'vL clej[l4jfbL 9frf

15

clej[l4jfbL 9frfn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ eO/x]sf gLltdf ul/g] ;fdfGo kl/jt{gsf kl/0ffdsf]
?kdf x]/]sf] kfOG5 . rfN;{ ln08a|f]d (Charles Lindblom) n] o; l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf x'g\ .

#= ljj]szLn 9frf

(Rational Model)

ljj]szLn 9frfn] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] klxrfg / d"Nof+sg u/]/ ;jf{lws
nfebfoL ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ?kdf gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ x]/sf] 5 . o;
l;4fGtsf] ljsf;df xj{6{ ;fOdg sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg 5 .

$= gLltr/0f jf k|lqmof l;4fGt

(Policy Stages or Process Models)

xf/f]N8 nf;j]n (Horold Lasswell) n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf ljleGg ;ftr/0fsf] k|:tfjgf
cufl8 ;f/]kl5 gLlt k|lqmofnfO{ lglZrt k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df kl/eflift ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf;df
of]ubfg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] vf]hljg (Intelligence), k|j{4g (Promotion), l;kmfl/;
(Prescription), :jLs[lt (Invocation), k|of]u (application), ;dfKQL (Termination) / d"Nofs+g
(Apprarsal) ;d]tsf & r/0fsf] klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ . P08/;gn] cl3 ;f/]sf] sfof{Tds k|lqmofsf]
l;4fGt (Functional Process Theroy) n] ;d:ofsf] lgdf{0f, (Problem Formation), th'{df
(Formulation), :jLs[lt (Adoption), sfof{Gjog (Implementation) / d"Nof+sg (Evaluation)
;d]tsf % r/0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .

%= ;+:yf l;4fGt;+:yfjfb

(Institutional output)

;+:yf l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf pTkfbg (Institutional output) sf]
?kdf x]5{ .

^= ;d"x l;4fGt

(Group Model)

;d"x l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ ;d"xx?sf] jLrsf] ;+3if{sf] ;Gt'ng (The equilibrium
reached in the group struggle) sf] ?kdf x]5{ .

&= s'nLg ju{jfbL l;4fGt (Elite Theory)

s'nLg ju{jfbL l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ s'nLg ju{sf d"Nox? / k|fyldstfx? (elite and
values preferences) sf] ?kdf x]5{ .

*= ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGt

(Public Choice Theory)

;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf lglDt cfly{s l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug]{ sfd ;fj{hlgs
5gf}6sf] l;4fGtn] u/]sf] 5 . o; l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ gLlt :jfy{jf6 k|]l/t JolQmx?n]

16

ug]{ ;fd'lxs lg0f{o k|lqmof (Collective Decision making by self-interacted individuals) sf]
?kdf x]/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGtn] JolQmn] /fhgLltdf jhf/df eGbf leGg
tl/sfn] Jojxf/ u5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{ . ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGtn] jhf/ ;+oGqn]
;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg] sfd ;/sf/n] ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs j:t' / ;]jfsf]
pkef]u ug]{ sfdjf6 To; j:t'sf] pkef]u ug{sf lglDt nufgL gug]{ JolQmnfO{ klg jlGrt
u/fpg g;lsg] x'gfn] o:tf j:t' / ;]jfsf] ljt/0f jhf/ ;+oGqn] ug{ ;Sb}g . JolQm , ;+:yf
jf pBf]usf sltko sfdjf6 cGo JolQm / ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg xfgL k'Ug] lsl;dsf] jfXo k|efj
(externality) pTkGg x'G5 . o:tf jfXo k|efjsf] l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{sf] lgodg / lgoGq0f ug]{
sddf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf cfjZos k5{ . ljZja}s+n] cl3 ;f/]sf] jhf/ jhf/d}qL pkfud
(Market friendly approach) sf] ljsf;df klg ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGtsf] k|efj k/]sf]
dfGg ;lsG5 .

(= v]n l;4fGt

(Game Theory)

v]n l;4fGtn] ;fj{hlgsnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf ul/g] ljj]szLn 5gf}6 (rational

choice in competitive situations) sf] ?kdf x]5{ . b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf j9L ;xefuLx?n] ug]{ 5gf}6
jf lg0f{odf c? JolQmn] ug]{ 5gf}6 jf lg0f{osf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf v]n l;4fGtn]
/fv]sf] 5 .

!)=cfsl:dstfjfbL pkfud

(Contingent Approach)

cfsl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtn] kl/j]z cg'?k pko'Qm tl/sfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 .
s'g} Pp6f vf; l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df gLlt k|lqmofsf] ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] JofVof ug{ ;lsb}g eGg]
dfGotfsf] kl5Nnf] cfwf/df cfsfl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtsf] cfjZostfsf] cg'ej x'g yfn]sf]
kfOG5 . o; l;4fGtn] xfd|f] cWoogsf] p2]Zo / rfxgf cg'?k pko'SQ tf}/ tl/sf / l;4fGtsf]
k|of]u ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . Dofss"nn] eg]sf 5g\
The contigent approach advocated here is simply a beginning a first step- designed to
emphasize choices of therory. Additionally it could be argued that contingent approach
could be developed seperately for theory, methods and formal knowledge acquisition. The
point is that we must tailor our research tools to fit the task at hand; we must select the
appropriate theories, concepts and approaches depending upon the purpose of our research
and what we hope to accomplish (McCool, 1995, p.406)
xf]Uo' / u'gn] klg ;j} d'2f jf ljifox?sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f (in-depth analysis) ug{ ;fwg
/ ;|f]t ckof{Kt x'g] s'/f / sltko cj:yfdf ;Lldt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df l56f] lg0f{odf
k'Ug'kg]{ /fhgLltscfjZostf /xg] s'/f jtfPsf 5g\ . o;af6 kl/l:ylt cg'?k km/s km/s

17

9sf] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] cjnDjg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 eGg] ljZn]ifsx?sf] b[li6sf]0fn]
cfsl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtsf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf cf}NofPsf] kfOG5 .

#= gLlt ljZn]if0fsf l;4fGt jf 9frfx?sf] pkfb]otf

gLlt lgdf{0f / gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] s'g} klg Pp6f l;4fGtn] gLltlgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] ;Dk"0f{ ?kn]
AofVof ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] xfdLx?n] xfd|f] cufl8 /x]sf l;4fGtx?sf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ kl/l:ylt
;'xfpbf] l;4fGt / 9frfsf] pkof]u u/]/ gLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotfn] g} kl5Nnf] ;dodf
kl/l:yltd'vL l;4fGt jf cfsl:dstfjfbL l;4fGtk|ltsf] cfsif{0f j9]sf] dfGg'k5{ .
nf;j]nn] lj1fgsf] ;xof]uaf6 gLlt lgdf{tfn] c;n, gLltsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 eg] dfGotfsf]
cfwf/df gLlt lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf eP klg gLlt lj1fgn] clxn];Dd klg gLlt
;DaGwL l;2fGtx?n] 7f]; gLltut dfu{bz{g ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . Dofss"nn] eg]sf 5g
Lasswells's seminal call for a policy science was based on the assumption that science could
help policy makers produce good policy. This was supposed to be the instrumental end of
policy scienceBut in the ensuing forty years that goal has proven illusive as policy science
continues to suffer from an inability to translate existing theories into concrete policy guidance
(Mc cool, 1998, P. 396).
o;sf] cy{ clxn];Dd k|ltkfbg ePsf l;4fGtx? sfd nfUb}gg\ eGg] lg:sif{df klg k'Ug'x'b}g eGg]
klg Dofss"n nufotsf n]vsx?n] cWo]tfx?nfO{ ;r]t u/fPsf 5g . xfdLx?n] pRrtd nfe
k|fKt x'g] lx;fjn] l;4fGtx?sf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ eGg] pgsf b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pgn] eg]sf
5g\
Rather than abound on positivism or immediately dismiss the many new epistemological
contributions, it is much more constructive to utilize all approaches, but to do so in manner that
maximizes their utility rather than exposes their limitations. This call for a careful application
of multiple techniques and theories contingent upon the task at hand (McCool,1995, P. 401)
;fj{hlgs gLltsf l;4fGtx?sf cWo]tfx?n] s'g rflx bfrf jf l;2fGtnfO{ ;jeGbf pko'Qmx?
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lng'k5{ of s'g rflx l;4fGtsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] ;jeGbf
j9L ;6Ls a0f{g ug]{ ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eGg] h:tf k|Zgx? klg p7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 /
o; k|sf/sf] lh1f;fnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd hfoh klg dfGg ;lsG5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf
clxn];Dd k|ltkflbt l;4fGtn] gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0fsf leGgleGg cjojx?df hf]8 lbPsf]
kfOG5 . To;}n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf l;4fGtx?nfO{ Ps csf{sf k|lt:kwL l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lng
ldNb}g eGg]s'/f ljZn]ifsx?n] jtfPsf 5g . lele l;4fGtsf] ;xof]usf] gLlt k|ls|ofsf le
le cjojx?sf ljifodf yfxf kfpg d2t k'U5 .

18

yf]d; cf/ 8fOn] /fhgLlt lj1fgsf l;4fGtsf ljifodf k|s6 u/]sf] ljrf/ gLlt lgdf{0fsf
l;4fGts]f ljifodf ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . pgn] eg]sf 5g
Political science, like other scientific disciplines, has developed a number of concepts and
models to help describe and explain political life. Those models are not really competitive
in the sense that anyone could be judged as the "best". Each focuses on separate elements of
politics and each helps us understand different things political life( Dye,2002, p.xc)
pgn] w]/}h;f] gLltsf ljj]szLn of]hgf, clej[l4jf6 ;d"xut k|lt:kwf{, s'nLgju{sf] k|fyldstfx?,
;fj{hlgs 5gf}6, /fhgLlts k|ls|of / ;+:yfut k|dvsf] ;lDd>0f x'G5 eGg]s'/f ;d]t pgn]
jtfPsf 5g . pgn] eg]sf 5g
Most public policies are a combination of rational planning, incrementalism, competition
among groups, elite preferences, public choice, political processes, and institutional
influences(Dye,2002, P.XI)
o;af6 ;fj{hlgs gLltsf gofF l;4fGtx?n] k'/fgf l;4fGtsf] k|lt:yfkg gu/]/ k'/fgf l;4fGtn]
Wofg s]lGb|t gu/]sf kIfdf Wofg s]lGb|t u/L tL kIfnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ ;kmntf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
To;}n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;fj{hlgs 5gf}6sf] l;4fGt jf jhf/ d}qL l;4fGt h:tf gof l;4fGtx?
cufl8 cfPsf eP klg tL l;4fGtx?n] klg gLlt k|lqmofsf] k"0f{?kn] AofVof ug{ ;kmntf kfPsf]
b]lvb}g . o; cy{df gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] lglDt kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf Pj+ k|fyldstf cg'?k lele
l;4fGtnfO{ dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] kl5Nnf] ;dodf kl/l:yltd"ns
cjwf/0ff jf 9frfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;nfO{ ljZn]ifsx?n] yk ult k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;af6
gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gofF lbzf / cfsf/ u|x0f ug{ yfn]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cf/s] ;k|'n]
gLlt k|lqmofn] u}/ ljZn]if0fTds k2ltlt/sf]] df]8sf] ;1f+ lbPsf 5g . pgn] eg]sf 5g
However, at present there in a marked shift towards a more anti- analytical approach to public
policy (supon,2010, P.43)
t/ ;k'|n] klg 1fg, ts{ / j}1flgs ljZn]if0f 1fgsf] cdfjsf] cj:yf eGbf ;w} /fd|f x'G5g eGg]
s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g . pgn] ;"rgfsf] cefjsf] cj:yf eGbf ;"rgf /fd|f] x'G5 / pQ/ lglZrt
geP klg k|Zgsf] cefj eGbf 7Ls k|Zg g} /fd|f x'G5g eGg] lng] j]/Lsf] egfO sf] klg ;dy{g
u/]sf 5g . pgn] eg]sf 5g .
Reason, knowledge and scientific analysis are always better than the absence of any knowledge
Robert Lineberry notes that policy analysis rests on the assumption that information is better
than no information, and the right questions are better than no questions asked, even when the
answers may not be definitive (sapm, 2010, p.55)

19

$= gLlt ljZn]if0fsf ljz]iftfx?

(Characteristics of policy Analysis)

xf]Uj' / u'gn] gLlt ljZn]if0fsf lgDg ljz]iftf x'G5g\ eGg]s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\
s_
j0f{gfTds Pj+ l;kmf/L;d"ns ;d:of lg/k]If eGbf j9L ;d:of pGd'v (Descriptive
as well as prescriptive, problem oriented rather than problem blind and applied
rather than pure)
v_
cGt/ljwfut Pj+ jx'ljwfut (Inter-disciplinary as well as multi-disciplinary)
gLlt ljZn]if0fn] ljleGg ljwfsf cjojx?sf] pko'Qm ;+of]unfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug]{,
PsLs[t jf cGt/ljwfut k4lt (Integrated or inter-disciplinary approach) sf]
pkof]u u5{ .
u_
/fhgLlts?kn] ;+j]bgzLn of]hgf (Politically Sensitive Planning)
gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] j9L ljj]szLn k4ltsf] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{
s'/fsf hf]8 lbP klg o;n] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf cj/f]wx? / hl6ntfx?nfO{
;d]t cfjZos dxTj lbG5 .
3_
u|fXspGd'vtf (Client-Orient)
s'g} ;+:yf jf AolQmsf] lglDt gLlt ljZn]if0f ubf{ klg gLlt ljZn]ifsn] ;do
;dodf kg]{ k|efj / To;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fV5 / /fVg'k5{ eGg]
dflgG5 tfklg gLlt ljZn]ifsn] ;DalGwt ;+Vof jf JolQmsf] cfjZstfnfO{ klg
pk]Iff ug{ g;Sg] b]lvG5 .

%= pk;+xf/
gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] k4lt :j?k / If]qdf kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] eP klg Pp6f k[ys
ljwfsf] ?kdf o;sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . gLlt ljZn]if0fn] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf
ljleGg kIfx?;+u kl/lrt u/fp5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M

20

R.K. sapru, 2010, public policy, PHI learning private limited, New Delhi.
Daniel C. McCool, 1995, Public Policy Theories, Models and Concepts, An anthology, Practice Hall,
Upper saddle River, New Jersey.
Thomas R dye, 2002, understand public policy, person Education.
James E. Anderson, 2000, Public Policy making, Boston.
Owen E. Hughes, 1998, Public Management and Administration, Mac millon prem Ltd.
David L. Weimer and Aidan R. Vining, 1989, policy analysis, pearons/prentice hall
Brian w. Hogwood and Lewis A. Gunn 1984, Policy Analysis For The Real world, Oxford University
press
o'j/fh kf08],@)^), ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ sf7df8f}+ .

;DkGgtf / cj;/ M ljkGgtf / jl~rtLs/0f

uf]kLgfy d}gfnL1*

;f/f+z
hf];u cj;/ 5 pxL of]Uo x'G5 / hf];u ;DkGgtf 5 p;n] g} cj;/ k|fKt ub{5 . of] s'g}
:yflkt l;4fGt xf]Og, t/ Jofjxfl/s / ;dfhzf:qLo cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L lgsflnPsf]
lgisif{ xf] . ljZjdf cfh;Dd s'g} klg o:tf] d'n's / ;dfh 5}g hxf lgw{g / cfjfhljxLgx?
;fdflhs cj;/nfO{ ;xh ?kdf bf]xg ug{ ;Ifd xf]pg . :jtGqtf klg ;DkGgtfsf] lj:tf/ xf] .
;DkGg JolQmx? g} ljkGgsf t'ngfdf :jtGqtfsf] a9L pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\, j}olQms ljsf; /
;DkGgtfaLr klg ;/n/]vLo ;DaGw /xb} cfPsf] 5 . u/Ljsf cy{zf:qL eg]/ lrlgPsf cdTo{
;]gn] eg]sf lyPljsf; :jtGqtfsf] lj:tf/ xf] . csf]{ sf]0faf6 eGg ;lsG5, :jtGqtf rflx
;DkGgtfsf] sdfO{ xf] .

ljsf;, ;fdflhs Gofo / /fHo k|0ffnL

ljZjsf ;j} d'n'sx? dfgj sNof0fsf nflu nfluk/]sf 5g\ . ;j} vfn] ;/sf/ / zf;sx?
cfkm"x? hgtfsf nflu g} sfd ul//x]sf] eGg yfSb}gg\ . t/ ljsf;sf] ;\ul7t ofqf z'?ePkl5
;fdflhs c;dfgtf klg lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . k|To]s b]zsf] lugL ;"rs -c;dfgtfsf] cj:yf
hgfpg] ;"rs_ n] oxL s'/f k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf] 5 . ljZjsf dfgjtfjfbL ;+:yfx? dfgj ljsf;
/ hgsNof0fsf cfjfh p7fO{/x]sf 5g\ . ljsf;nfO{ x]g]{ cfofd klg abNb}5g\ . dxj'j pn xsn]
ljsf;nfO{ cfo, cfo' / r]tgfsf] Plss[t ?k -h;nfO{ dfgj ljsf; ;"rs gfd lbOPsf] 5_ af6
x]g{'kg]{ wf/0ff em08} aL; jif{cl3 k|sfzdf NofPsf lyP, h;nfO{ /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn]
clxn] klg b]zx?sf] dfgj ljsf; :t/ ljj]rgf ug{ pkof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . c;Lsf] bzsdf
ljsf;nfO{ dfgj s]Gb|Lt agfpg] cleofgdf ;Ndfg, 8]le8 sf]6]{g, xfO8]g / /a6{ RofDj/n]
j}rfl/s cleofg g} rnfPsf lyP . /fi6;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] klg dfgj cfs[lt;lxtsf] ljsf;
/0fgLltnfO{ ljZjJofkL cleofg s} ?kdf lnPsf] lyof] . t/ ljsf;df u/Ljsf] cfs[lt e]l6Pg .
* ;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/

21

oxf ;DdsL ljZj a}+s, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+s h:tf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx? klg u/Ljd'vL ljsf;sf
nfluk/]sf] atfOG5 . t/ clxn];Ddsf k|of;x? ljTyfdf uPsf] o; sf/0f b]lvPsf] 5 ls s'g}klg
;dfhdf ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf / lgikIftf k"0f{ ;+:yfut x'g;s]sf] 5}g . u}//fHo kxnsf ;kmn
k|of; dflgPsf dxf]Ddb o'g'; / cfo{/Tg]sf lgw{g / ;jf]{bo cleofgsf] kl/lw klg lgs} ;fgf] 5 .
nufgL, k|ljlw / ljZjJofkLs/0fn] cfly{s pTkfbgsf] kmn 7"nf] t agfPsf] 5, t/ hj o;nfO{
;dfhdf ljt/0f ul/G5, Toltj}nf ahf/sf xftx? lgs} lgb{oL / s7f]/ b]lvFb} cfPsf 5g\, ;DkGgx?
g} cfly{s ljsf; / a[l4sf pknlJw lng ;Ifd e}/x]sf 5g\ . s'g}klg gLlt, l;4fGt / ;+oGqn]
of] k|lqmofnfO{ qmde ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, ;Sg] klg 5}g . ;DkGgsf ;\ul7t k|of;x? ljkGgdfly
bof / ;xfg'e"lt lbgdfq ;Ifd 5g\, ;fFRr} ;+j]bgzLntf b]vfpg xf]Og . To;}n] u/La / ljkGgx?
wgL / ;DkGgsf snd l;lh{t syfsf kfq, sljtfsf efj / k|ltj]bgsf cfFs8fdf :yfoL 7fpmF
lnO/x]sf 5g\ . of] d'u'8f]Nkfsf] u/LjL jf ?s'dhfh/sf]6sf] dxfdf/L xf];\ jf ;'8fgxfO6Lsf]
k|sf]kdf xf];\, ;dfg ?kdf b]lvPsf] lrq xf] . ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))( n] o:t} tYosf] Ps
kf6f] p3f/]sf] 5, hGdg] 7fpsf] kmfObf -Kn]; lk|ldod_ sf gfdaf6 . JolQm hGd]x's]{sf] 7fpmF /
p;sf] k|ultaLr ;fk]lIfs ;DaGw /xg] ub{5 . cjsf] s]xL bzs;Dd cd]l/sfdf hGdg]n] pxL;Fu
hflDjofdf hGdg]n] eGbf ;of+F} u'0ff hLjgsf] cj;/ -nfOkm 6fod ck/Ro"lg6L_ pkof]u ug]{ ;xh
x}l;ot /fVb5 . Tof] cd]l/sgn] hfDjLog ;dsIfLeGbf b'O{ bzs a9L hLjg ef]u ub{5 . hGds}
:yfgsf sf/0f o"/f]kLogn] eGbf clkm|sL u|fdL0f jfl;Gbf p;sf] hLjg cfwfdf g} ;dfKt ug{
jfWo 5 . gfOh]l/ogsf] hLjgsfnsf] sdfO{ s]jn !) xhf/ 8n/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'G5 eg] p;sf]
;dsIfL cd]l/sLsf] $ nfv %) xhf/ 8n/ gf3\5 . o; k|sf/sf] cj;/nfO{ ljsf; cy{zf:qLx?n]
xfn}sf lbgdf Kn]; lk|ldod sf] lbPsf 5g\ . Kn]; lk|ldod gkfpg]x? u/LjL, ljkGgtf, cl:y/tf
/ Gbsf df/df 5g\ . Kn]; lk|ldod kfpg]x? ;LdfxLg cj;/ / ;+efjgf pkof]u ul//x]sf
5g\ . cj;/ kfpg]x? cj;/ lslg/x]sf 5g\, gkfpg] ljkGgx? jl~rtLs/0fsf] lj:tf/df efl;Fb}
5g\ . /fHo jf o; cGtu{tsf gful/s lgsfox?sf k|of; ;dfg Kn]; lk|ldod lbg jf hGds}
cfwf/df cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g glbg Odfgbf/ b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . To;}n] /fHonfO{ g}lts / Goflos
lgsfo eGg x'G5 / < eGg] g}lts k|Zg /fHo;fd' ndtGg t]l;{Psf] 5 . cfw'lgs /fHo k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf;;Fu} zlQm ;+3if{, cj;/sf] k|lt:kwf{ / c;dfgtf lj:tf/ klg lg/Gt/ ePsfn] /fHosf] k"0f{
k'gjf]{w jf ;fy{s qmdetf cfjZos dflgPsf] xf] . Kn]6f], Pl/:6f]6n, dfS;{, ?;f], cdTo{;]g jf
hf]];]km :6LUnLh s'g}klg bfz{lgs of] ;TonfO{ ;f]nf]8f]nf] ptfg{ / ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;lqmo ePgg\ .
/fhg]tfx? o; vfn] cfly{s ;fdflhs Ph]08fdf eGbf /fhgLlts sfo{;"rLdf /dfpF5g\ .
u/Lj ;+w} lsg u/Lj x'G5 < s] u/LjL / ljkGgtf j+zfg'ut xf] < o;sf] kl5 ;fdfGot xf] eGg]
hjfkm /xG5 . sf]xL u/Ljsf] sf]vdf hGdg'sf] ;Lwf cy{ p nueu u/Lj g} x'g' xf] . p;sf nflu
;DkGgtf / cj;/sf] ofqf lgs} si6s/ ;+3if{do 5 . JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos lzIff,
:jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;DaGw / cGo cj;/x? ;xh pknJw x'b}gg\, e}xfn] klg p;sf] j}olQms
ljsf;sf nflu ckof{Kt b]lvG5g\ . ;fdflhs k"hL l;h{gf -cfk;L ;DaGw, cGt/lqmof cflb_ df klg

22

u/Ljx? lgs} kl5 k5{g\, kl/0ffdtM ;fdflhs ;+:yf / lqmofsnfkaf6 pgLx? lsgf/f nfUb} hfG5g\ .
;DklQsf c? ?kx? -ef}lts, cfly{s / dfgjLo_ df klg pgLx?sf] kx"Fr Go"g /xG5 . To;}n]
ljkGgx? cfkm\gf ljifodf klg jf]Ng ;Qm}gg\ . pgLx?sf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / k|fyldstf klg
pgLx?sf] ;Dj]bgf gj'em]sf ;DkGgx?n] g} jf]lnlbg' k5{ . p;sf ljifodf c?n] n]lvlbg], elglbg]
/ ul/lbg] nfhnfUbf] cj:yf :jt lgdf{0f e}/x]sf] 5 . hf] t'ngfTds ?kdf ;r]t, :j:Yj / ;DkGg
5, p g} lgwf{ / ljkGgx?sf] cfjfh / cfjZostfsf] jf/]; aG5 . oyfy{df u/Lj ljkGgx?sf nflu
hLjg g} Pp6f kL8f xf], ljgf ck/fwsf] ;hfosf] cj:yf . Kn]; lk|ldod kfpg]x? o; ;x;|fJbLn]
NofPsf cgGt cj;/ pkef]u ul//xFbf / v';Lx? dgfO/xFbf ljkGgx? cgGt kL8fjf]w ul//x]sf
5g\ . lsgsL u/LjL Pp6f kL8f xf], ef}lts, efjgfTds / g}lts kL8fsf] ;dli6 .
Kn]; lk|ldod ljZjJofkL ;To xf] . ;dfh, ;d'bfo, ;\u7g, b]z / ljZj txdf l;4 ePsf]
;To . xfd|f ;Gbe{df lrtjg, lj/f6gu/, emfkf / sf7df8f}}+ Kn]; lk|ldod sf k|ltlglw pbfx/0f
x'g\ . oxfsf afnjflnsf 8f]Nkf, bfr'{nf, d'u' / x'Dnfsf jfnjflnsfsf t'ngfdf /fd|f] efiff, /fd|f]
lzIff / /fd|} jf]nL l;S5g\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, pgLx?sf] cfFvfdf klg /fd|f b[Zox? 6fFl;G5g\ . dL7f
:j/x?df pgLx?sf sfg cEo:t x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu pgLx?;Fu ;fdYo{ / ljsNk b'j} 5 . o;n]
oLgLx?sf] dfgl;s / h}ljs ljsf;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ To;} cg'?k 8f]ofpF5 . t/ ptf ss{; :j/,
:t/xLg lzIff, phf8 b[Zo / ;Lldt ljsNk clg ;fdYo{sf afnjflnsfx?sf] h}ljs tyf dfgl;s
ljsf; c;xh / ?U0f ?kdf cl3 a9\5 . Gb, ck/fw / e|i6frf/sf] df/ klg ToxL s]Gb|Lt x'gk'U5 .
;DkGgtfn] JolQmsf] dg / r]x/fnfO{ x/x/fpbf] kf5{ eg] dfgl;s lIflth klg ;lj:tf/ pl3|G5 .
;dfhdf p;sf] :j/ km/fFl;nf] x'G5, ofqf ;fxl;nf] x'G5, p lge{o;fy k|:t't x'G5 . To;}n] p
j}1flgs, zf;s, lrGts, ;flxTosf/, ;fws h] klg aGg] ;fdYo{df 5 . o;y{ ljZj g} p;sf nflu
xf] . t/ PlS;6d lrqsf] csf]{ kf6f] lgs} bf?l0fs clg sxfnLnfUbf] 5 . klxnf] kms|bf] u'nfkm xf],
bf];|f] d'emf{Psf] knfF; . Pp6f ;Fw} zf;s aGg] / csf]{ ;Fw} zfl;t x'g] ofqfdf 5g\ . ef]s, kL8f,
lg/fzf, ;fdflhs PSNofO{, c;'/Iff, zlQmxLgtf, cfjfhxLgtf, cfTd;DdfgxLgtf ;j} g} zfl;t
x'g] of]Uotf x'g\ . o; vfn] k|j[lQ x/]s ;dfhdf df}g ;\6snfO{ :jfefljs cfdGq0f ug{k'U5 .
;DkGgtf w]/}xbdf u}/cfrf/sf] kl/0ffd klg xf] . t];|f] ljZjdf of] cln a9L g} b]lvG5 . sf]xL
;DkGg aGg'kl5 p;n] cj;/ lsGg] qmozlQm :jtM kfPsf] 5 eGg] x'G5 . ;fdflhs d"No;+:s[lt
gjl;;s]sf] ;dfhdf rf]/L, 5nL, ei6frf/, ckx/0f / cGo cfk/flws sfo{af6 cj;/x? ;xh
?kdf lsGg] ul/G5 . o;/L cj;/ lsGg ;Sg]x? g} cfkm\gf efjL k':tfnfO{ ;d]t lzlIft, ;DkGg,
zlQmzfnL / zf;s agfpg] k|lqmofdf x'G5g\ . ;lhnf] cfh{g ug]{sf ;Gtfgx? g} x/]s cfofdsf
cj;/sf ;Rrf efu]bf/ x'g\ . cj;/sf] ahf/df ;fdYo{sf] g}ltstf / cfwf/ x]l/b}g . s'g}klg
;dfh o;sf] ckjfb xf]Og . xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 clkm; lk|ldod kfpg]x? cfkm\gfsf nflu
lgD;/f sfof{nodf a:g]sf eGbf ;of}F u'0ff cj;/sf] lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . x'DnLsf nflu sf7df8f}+
hlt 6f9f 5, sf7df8f}sf] ;De|fGtsf nflu Go"of]s{ Tolts} glhs . of] kmf;nf cj;/ / ;fdfYo{sf]
klg kmf;nf xf] .

23

cl3Nnf] jif{ ljsl;t /fi6x?sf] ;d"x* j}7sdf dfnf]k a|fpgn] eg] em}F wgL /fi6 ljkGgnfO{
;xfg'e"lt b]vfpg dfq ;xof]usf] /fu cnfkL/x]sf 5g\, of] klg Pp6f /fd|f] clego xf] . /fli6o
/fhgLlt1x? hgtfs} gfddf bof / eLIff lbO/x]sf 5g\, of] csf]{ ;zQm clego . ;'lsnf ;DkGgn]
ljkGg ?U0fsf] cfjfh af]Ng] clego eO~h]n ;dfhdf Gofo / ;dfgtf h;n] eg] klg :yflkt
ug{ eg] ;lsb}g, g ;du| cy{sf] ljsf; g} ;Dej 5 . ljsf; eg]sf] s'g} Ps ju{ / tKsfnfO{
dfq cj;/ ;'/lIft ug'{ / csf]{ ju{nfO{ kl5lNt/ ws]Ng' lsdfy{ xf]Og . jf:tljs ljsf; t
h;sf] cfjfh 5}g, pgLx?nfO{ cfjfh lbg] / zlQm gePsfnfO{ zlQm lbg] k|lqmof xf] . of] dfgj
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ dfgj ;+efjgf lj:tf/ ug}{ cgGt k|lqmof xf] . ljsf;n] g}ltstf, ;dGofo,
c;dfg cj;/, ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLkgnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ l;wf / b]Vo ?kdf dfq
x]/]/ k'Ub}g, ljsf;sf] nfIfl0fs cy{ klg 5, ;j}n] cfkm"nfO{ d"Nojfg dxz'; ug]{ cj:yf g} ljsf;
xf], hxfF ;'/Iff, clwsf/, cj;/ ;j} ;j}sf nflu p;;Fu pknJw x'G5g\ . To;}n] /fHo / /fHo
k|lqmofnfO{ g}lts / Gofok"0f{ agfpg] xf] eg] /fHosf Jojxf/ klg ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;d]6\g
;fy{s k|of; x'g'k5{ . gofF /fhg]tfx?, gofF ljsf;ljbx?, gofF bfz{lgsx?sf] gofF k|of; dg}b]lv
x'g'kb{5 . s;}sf] sf]vdf hGdg' g} a/bfg / csf]{sf] sf]vaf6 hGdg' cleiffk aGg] jt{dfg cj:yf
eTsfpg ;j}n] ;j}k|lt lhDd]jf/L / g}ltstfaf]w ug'{ cfjZos 5 . lhDd]jf/x?sf] ;f]rfO{, z}nL,
Jojxf/ / ;+:yf clg k|lqmofx?sf] cfd"n kl/jt{gljgf of] ;Dej 5}g .

;fdflhs ;dflxtLs/0f t/ s;/L <

ljsf;sf k|of;df dfq blnt, pTkLl8t / dlxnfx? jl~rt ePsf xf]Ogg\ ls ;du| gLlt Jojxf/af6
klg pgLx? jl~rtLs/0fsf] cj:yfdf kg]{ ub{5g\ . /fHo k|0ffnLn] 7"nf] ;d"xnfO{ If]qLo, hftLo
/ n}\lus ?kdf g;d]6]sf]n] ;fdflhs ;b\efj / xflb{stf klg kftnf] eP/ uPsf] 5 . zf;sLo
Joj:yfsf] of] jl~rtLs/0f nfdf] ;dob]lv /fHon] ckgfpFb} cfPsf] gLlt, ;fwg / zlQm cEof;
/ ;fdflhs Pj+ kfl/jfl/s zlQm ;+/rgfsf] pkh xf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNbf cltzof]lQm x'g]5}g .
Oltxf; / k'/f0fb]lv g} hftLo ?kdf ;fdflhs sfo{ljefhg ePsf] 5 eg] kl/jf/ txdf ePsf] n}\
lus lje]bn] dlxnfx? c? ;LdfGts[t ePsf 5g\ . o;y{ ;fdflhs ;b\efj / zf;sLo ;bJojxf/
Ps} k6s kfpg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . /fHosf cf}krfl/s k|of;n] Ps;fy oL s'/fx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg
ug}{ ;Qm}g t/ yk al~rtLs/0faf6 pGd'lQm lbg] / qmlds ?kdf zf;sLo d"nk|jfx ;d]6\g] nfdf]
ofqfsf] cfwf/ eg] v8f ub{5 . To;}n] ;fdflhs al~rlts/0fsf] ;d:of ;du| /fHo k|0ffnLsf]
/fhg}lts ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s cfofdnfO{ ;d]6g\] ;d:of xf] .
;fdflhs al~rtLs/0fsf] lbzf xfdL sxfF tLj| 5 . rfx] zx/ / ufpF x]/f+} jf k'?if / dlxnf clg
ljleGg hftx?sf] ;fdflhs :t/ Pj+ cj:yf x]/f}+, jf csf]{ cy{df 3/ kl/jf/sf] sfo{ ;+/rgfb]lv
juL{oIf]qLo ;+/rgf x]/f}+, ;a}df al~rtLs/0fsf] :ki6 k|efj b]Vg ;lsG5 . k|hftflGqs / pbf/

24

/fHo Joj:yfdf ;d]t oL ju{x? cwf]ultlzntf (8fpgjf8{ df]ljln6L) df 5g\ . of] eg] ;fx}
lrGtfsf] ljifo xf] . /fHon] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;sf/fTds lje]bsf cj;/x? s]xL tn
uP/ lylu|Psf 5g\ h;n] jf:tljs cy{df ToxL ju{sf] ;DkGgnfO{ emg} ;lhnf] cj;/ lbg] sfd
dfq u/]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf k|of;n] ;a} ju{nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf ;d]6\g'k5{, /fHosf gLlt Jojxf/n]
;a}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf rnfodfg agfpg' k5{ / ;dfhsf Ps ju{b]lv csf]{ ju{, If]q,/ n}+lus
;d"x cfkl;stfsf] sfo{hfn]fdf ;d]l6g' kb{5 . To;kl5 dfq ljsf;sf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f eof]
eGg ;lsG5 . cem /fHosf] ;+ul7t k|of;n] ;a}sf] ;dfg ;+nUgtf / ;zQmLs/0fsf] dfu{ k|z:t
ug'{k5{ . h'Dnfsf] Hj/f]n] sf7df8f}+ ddf{lxt x'g'k5{, u'?sf] kL8f 7s'/Ln] / r]kf\sf] b'Mv g]jf/n]
dx;'; gu/];Dd ;fdflhs;f+:s[lts PsLs/0fsf] k|lqmof Jojl:yt 5 eGg ;lsFb}g . t/ clxn]
o; k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf nflu /fHosf] k|of; dfq gePsf] xf]Og ls /fHo g} ;+:yfTds
cj/f]w ePsf] cf/f]k nflu/x]sf] 5 . of] efjgf w]/} lbg;Dd ljsf; x'g lbg' eg] x'Fb}g . s'g} klg
/fHosf nflu cf}krfl/s cj/f]weGbf efjgfTds ljefhg lgs} vt/fk"0f{ x'G5 .
;fdflhs al~rtLs/0fnfO{ s] n] an k'ofof] < dfly g} elg;lsof] of] dfgl;s ljefhg Nofpg
y'k}| /fHo / u}//fHosf sfo{n] Jojl:yt ?kdf nuftf/ of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf k|d'v kIfx?
oL x'g\ eGg ;lsG5 M

ljsf; k|lqmof: ljsf; k|of; eg]sf] /fHosf ;fwg ;|f]tnfO{ dfgj cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ul/g]
cEof; xf] . k|d'vtM /fHosf] cfly{s, k|fljlws / k|fs[lts ;fwgnfO{ dfgjLo k|fyldstfsf If]qdf
ljlgof]hg u/]/ g} ljsf; k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cEof;df ljleGg tKsfsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?
ljgf lxlRsrfj6 ls|ofzLn x'g'kb{5 . ljsf;n] dflg;sf] ef}lts kIfnfO{ dfq xf]Og, dfgl;s
/ efjgfTds :t/nfO{ prf] agfpF5 . t/ ljutdf ePsf ljsf; k|of;x? ;'ljwf s]lGb|t eP .
sf7df8f}+ / bfr'{nfsf] nufgL ;dGoflos /x]g . To:t} ;fdflhs ?kdf vf; ju{ s]Gb|Lt jf
;fdYo{ s]Gb|Lt ljsf; 9fFrf ePsf]n] ;fdflhs lje]bLs/0f a9]/ uof] . b'u{d / vf; hghfltdf
s]Gb|Lt u/]/ nfluPsf ljsf; cfof]hgfx?df klg ck"/f, vf; ju{df Wofg lbg g;Sg] /
;zlSts/0f ug]{ eGg] t/ lgl:qmo pkef]Stfsf ?kdf x]g]{ ul/of] . pgLx?sf] cfjZostf k"/f
ug{{] k|fyldstf w]/} km/flsnf] ef}uf]lns kmf;nf / c?sf] gh/af6 ul/of] . kmntM ;fdflhs,
ef}uf]lns / n}+lus ?kdf vf8n a9\b} uof] . g]jf/, a|fXd0fsf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rssf t'ngfdf
emfFu8, d';x/ cToGt} tn dfq xf]Og ls pgLx?sf] l:ylt o; ztfJbLsf dfgj dfkb08 elgg
;Sg] cfwf/df g} b]lvPg . To:t} sf7df8f}+, lj/f6gu/;Fu bfr'{nf / d'u'sf] t'ngf ug{ ;lsg]
cj:yf klg b]lvPg . oL ju{ / hftLo pGgltnfO{ ;dljGb"df Nofpg] sfo{sf nflu cTof;nfUbf]
ofqf kf/ ug'{ k5{, h'g km/s b]zut ?kdf g]kfn / o'/f]k]nL b]zx?sf] aLrdf b]Vg ;lsG5 .

25

;fdflhs ;]jf k|jfxaf6 jl~rtLs/0f: /fHon] pknAw u/fpg] ;fdflhs ;]jfx? h:tf] ls
lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sdhf]/ ju{ nlIft x'g'k5{ . jl~rtLs/0f eGg' g} gLlt
tyf ;]jf k|jfxjf6 5'l6[Psf] cj:yf xf] . ;DkGg ju{n] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf t'ngfdf o; ju{n]
ljz]if cg'bfg, ;x'lnot, ljgf x}/fgL / ;lhnf] ?kdf /fHosf ;]jf ;'ljwf kfpg' kb{5 . Tof]
u'0f:t/k"0f{ klg x'g'k5{ . t/ ljutdf xfdLn] to u/]sf] o; tkm{sf] ofqf klg lg/fzfhgs /x\
of] . /fHon] u/]sf] ;]jf k|jfx nlIft ju{;Dd yf]/} dfqfdf k'Ug], ;]jfx? k|jfx dfu{d} x/fpg],
;]jfsf] 6f7f jf7fn] g} pkef]u -PnL6 SofKr/_ ug]{, ;]jfdf e|i6frf/ x'g] / ;]jfsf] :t/Lotf
g/xg] h:tf lj;+ult b]lvPsfn] /fHosf] ljz]if ;x'lnot sfo{qmddf 'gsf/fTds ;dGoflos
k|efj' b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] klg ljkGg / jl~rtLs/0f k/]sfx?nfO{ yk jl~rtLs/0f tkm{ ws]Ng
k|z:t ;3fp k'ofpb} cfPsf] 5 .

zlQm cEof;jf6 jl~rtLs/0f: zlQm ;+/rgf hftLo :j?kdf /xg] u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s
ljsf;qmdn] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljutdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fdflhs sfo{ ljefhgn] dlxnf k'?if,
j|fXd0f, If]qL, g]jf/, u'?, ls/fFt / cGo pTkLl8t hflthghfltnfO{ ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf
cg'?k g} sfo{ ug{ nufPsf] 5 . To;}n] dfgl;s sfd ug]{ hftsf ?kdf :yflkt ju{ / zf/Ll/s
;Lksf] sfd ug]{ ju{ :jfefljs ?kdf zlQm ;+/rgfjf6 k[ys eP . k|hftGq cfO;s]kl5sf
;a} ;+ljwfgjfbL, /fhfjfbL, ;fDojfbL bnx?sf] g]t[Tj vf; ju{ / hftn] g} lnPsfn] To;}sf]
k|ltljDa cf}krfl/s ?kdf /fHo ;+u7gdf klg k/]sf] 5 . To;}n] /fHob]lv 3/ kl/jf/ /
;dfh;Dd /x]sf] zlQm cEof;sf] ;+/rgfn] ;dflxtLs/0fnfO{ jf:tf gu/]sf] :jt k|li6Psf]
5.

xLgtfjf]wL d"No ;+:s[lt: oL cf}krfl/s / d"Nout k|yf, sfg"g, /fHosf gLlt dfq jl~rtLs/0fsf
;Gbe{df sf/s tTj xf]Ogg\, nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] sfg"g, gLlt, /fhgLlt, ljsf; k|0ffnLn] ubf{
vf; ju{df xLgtfjf]wL ;+:s[lt klg ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o;n] cfkm}k|lt / cfkm\gf] ;+efjgfk|lt
Go"g cf+sng ug]{, cfgf] ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ 7fGg], ;fdflhs kl/j]zn]
:yflkt u/]sf] cgf}krfl/s tx ;+/rgfdf r'gf}tL ug{ 8/fpg] xLgtfjf]wL k|j[lQ ljsf; ePsf]
5 . h:tf] ls y'k|} gf/LjfbL ;lqmotfsf] :j/ u'~hfpg] gf/L klg 3/ kl/j]zdf k'u]kl5
rf/lbjf/Ljf6 dfly p7\g] k|of; ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . Tolt dfq xf]Og, k'?ifnfO{ klxnf] bhf{ :jtM
lbg k'U5g\, o;sf] jbnfdf pgLx?n] dfof kfp5g\ . dfof / ;Ddfgsf] ljlgdodf ;Ddfgn]
zlQm / dfofn] xLgefjgf -zlQmxLgtf_ dfq k|flKt ub{5 .

s] k|of; ug]{ <

;fdflhs ;b\efj ;dGoflos ljsf;sf] klxnf] v'8lsnf] xf] . ;dfh / /fHo >[+vnfdf JolQmju{x?n]
cfcfgf] ;fdYo{ / ;Defjgf cg'?ksf] e"ldsf vf]Hg' k5{ . clxn]sf] :j/ -cfjZostf_ eg]sf] cfgf]

26

e"ldsfsf] vf]hL xf] . /fHo klg Toltv]/ g}lts ;+:yf aGb5 hltv]/ ;DfefjL zf;g lbg ;S5 . of]
k|flKtsf nflu nfdf] ;do;Dd /fHon] lg/Gt/ k|of; ug'{k5{ . tfklg tTsfn o; lbzfdf of]ubfg
ug{ vf; sfo{x? cfjZos 5g\ M klxnf] s'/f /fHo Jojxf/ g} ;dlGjt x'g'k5{ . /fHosf gLltx?,
sfg"gx? ;a} ju{, hft / ln+unfO{ ;dfg ;Djf]wg ug]{ vfnsf x'g'k5{ . gLlt / sfg"gn] ljefhg
ug{ x'Fbg} . To; kl5 ;fwg ljlgof]hgdf ;dGoflostfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g' k5{ . ';fdflhs d]l6S;'
cg'?k /fHosf k|fs[lts, cfly{s, k|fljlws ;fwgnfO{ ljlgof]hg ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu ;fdflhs
kl/;"rssf] t'ngf, ljZn]if0f, d"Nof+sg ul/g' cfjZos x'g cfFp5 . sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ nlIft u/]/
ljz]if k|of; cNksfnsf] /0fgLltsf ?kdf clVtof/ ug'{k5{ . ljz]if k|of; cGtu{t oL kIf ;d]l6g'
k5{ -s_;dfg cj;/sf] ;doj4 sfg"g Nofpg] -v_ ;sf/fTds sfo{ of]hgf / cf/If0fsf] k|of]u
ug]{ -u_ r]tgfd"ns;+jb] gfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{x? ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf nflu gful/s
;dfh kl/rfng / ;fdflhs sfo{hfnf] lgdf{0fnfO{ If]qut ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 .

pk;+xf/
;fdflhs ?kdf jl~rtLs/0fnfO{ lgd"{n kf/L ;fdflhs ;b\efj Nofpgsf nflu /fHojf6 ;+:yfut
k|of;x? ul/g' kb{5 t/ ;fdflhs d"No;+:s[lt klg tb\g'?k geO{ ck]lIft ?kdf ;fdlfhs ;b\efj
/ ;zlQms/0f ;Dej x'Fb}g . o;y{ /fHo / u}x| /fHosf] x:tIf]ksf/L k|of; / ;fem]bf/Ln] dfq ;a}
ju{, ln+usf] c;dfgtf x6fO{ ;f+:s[lts ?kdf g} ;defj :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs ;b\efj
;a}eGbf 7"nf] phf{ / zf;sLo j}wflgstfsf] cfwf/ xf] eGg] jf]w ;a}df x'g'kb{5 .

27

g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL / laKkfM ;+efjgf,

cj;/ / r'gf}tL

s]bf/axfb'/ af]u6L1*

;f/f+z
s'g} klg Ps b]zsf JolQm jf ;+:yfn] csf]{ b]zdf Joj;flos tj/af6 gfkmf cfh{g ug]{
p2]Zon] nufgL ub}{ z]o/sf] cfwf/df xs ;'lglZrt x'g] nufgLnfO{ a}b]lzs nufgL elgG5 .
o; k|sf/sf] a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL / kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL u/L b'O{
lsl;djf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . a}b]lzs nufgL dfkm{t k"hL / k|ljlw lelqG5 . hlt a9L a}b]lzs
nufgL lelqG5 Toltg} a9L ultn] b]z lasf;sf] lbzftkm{ nDsLG5 . t;y{ ljb]zL nufgL
cfslif{t ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ug{ ckgfOg] laleGg pkfox?dWo] b'O{ d'n's aLr ul/g] nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;+emf}tf
-laKkf_ klg Ps xf] . k|:t't n]vdf a}b]lzs nufgL, laKkf ;+emf}tf / g]kfndf o;sf] l:yltjf/]
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!= k[i7e"ld
;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] nx/ ljZjel/g} Jofks ?kn]
km}lnof] . a}b]lzs nufgLsf] If]qdf klg To;n] k|efj kfof] . s'g} klg Ps b]zsf JolQm jf ;+:yfn]
csf]{ b]zdf Joj;flos tj/af6 gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ p2]Zon] nufgL ub}{ z]o/sf] cfwf/df xs
;'lglZrt x'g] nufgLnfO{ a}b]lzs nufgL elgG5 . nufgLstf{ JolQm, sDkgL jf kmd{n] ljb]zL
d'n'sdf uO{ l;w}F nufgLsf] k|:tfj /fvL cg'dlt k|fKt u/L pBf]u jf Joj;fo ;+rfng u/]df
To;nfO{ k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL elgG5 . To;}u/L nufgLstf{x? ljb]zdf uO{ O{lSj6L jf z]o/sf]
dfWodaf6 pBf]u Joj;fodf nufgL u/L nufgLsf] cg'kftdf pBf]u Joj;fosf] ;+rfng, lgoGq0f
/ d'gfkmfdf ;xefuL x'g] k|s[ltsf] nufgLnfO{ kf]6{kmf]lnof] nufgL elgG5 . k|ljlwsf] x:tfGt/0fn]
pBf]u jf nufgLstf{ aLr s'g} kmd"{nf, k]6]G6 k|fljlws 1fg, 6]8dfs{ jf :jfldTj pkof]u ug]{ u/L
;+emf}tf u/L :jb]zdf pkof]u ug]{ ax'/fli6o sDkgLx? [Multinational Companies) sf] lj:tf/af6
klg a}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlw lelqG5 . ljb]zL nufgLaf6 BOT & BOOT cGtu{t jf cGo tl/sfaf6
7]Ssf dfkm{t s'g} klg ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L lglZrt cjlw;Dd ;+rfng / pkof]u u/L kl5 To:tf]
;+/rgf :jb]zL ;/sf/ jf ;+:yfnfO{ g} lkmtf{ jf :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f ul/g] k|ls|ofnfO{ klg k|ToIf
j}b]lzs nufgL elgG5 .
* pk;lrj nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

28

lab]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( n] ljb]zL nufgL eGgfn] ljb]zL nufgLstf{n]
pBf]u Joj;fodf z]o/sf] cfwf/df u/]sf] nufgL / ;f]af6 k|fKt cfosf] k'gn{ufgL / C0f jf C0f
;'ljwfsf] ?kdf u/]sf] nufgLnfO{ a'emfpF5 . To;/L z]o/df u/]sf] nufgL pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfngfy{
k|jfx u/]sf] k"FhLs} lx:;f dflgG5 . a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ kl/efiff u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
"Foreign investment is a transfer of funds or materials from one country to another country in
return for a direct or indirect participation in earning the enterprise". By- Encyclopedia of PIL

@= laKkf ;+emf}tf
s'g} klg b'O{ d'n's aLr ul/g] nufgL k|jw{g tyf ;+/If0f ;+emf}tf [Bilateral Investment Promotion
& Protection Agreement = BIPPA] nfO{ laKkf elgG5 . b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;Da[l4sf nflu
pBf]u Joj;fosf] If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ of] laKkf ;+emf}tf ul/g' cfjZos
x'G5 . of] ;+emf}tfn] ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f, k|jw{g Pj+ ;+/If0f u/L nufgLnfO{ ;'/Iffsf]
;'lglZrttf k|bfg ub{5 . ;+;f/sf ljsl;t d'n'sx?n] cGo d'n'sx?;Fu o:tf] ;+emf}tf ug]{
ub{5g\ . of] ;+emf}tfn] ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ plrt / ;dGoflos Jojxf/ (Fair & equitable treatment)
ub{5 .
g]kfnn] xfn;Dd k|mfG;, hd{gL, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, df}l/;;, lkmgNof08 / ef/t u/L ^ j6f d'n'sx?;+u
o:tf] ;+emf}tf ul/;s]sf] 5 . l5d]sL ldq/fi6 ef/tn] xfn;Dd *# j6f d'n'sx?;+u laKkf ;+emf}tf
u/]sf] / rLgn] klg ljZjsf !@* j6f /fi6x?;+u o:tf] ;+emf}tf ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] ut
@)^* sflt{s $ ut] -;g\ @! cS6'j/ @)!!_ df ef/t;+u u/]sf] laKkf ;+emf}tf ljZjsf k|foM
;a} d'n'sx?n] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 9fFrf / zt{x? cg'?k g} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/t aLr ;DkGg ;f]
;+emf}tfdf hDdf !^ j6f wf/fx? /x]sf 5g\ . of] ;+emf}tf nfu" x'g b'a} kIfn] cfcfgf] sfg"gL
zt{x? k"/f ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ kl5Nnf] s'6g}lts ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ePsf] ldlt b]lv of] ;+emf}tf
nfu" x'G5 . ;+emf}tf nfu" ug{sf nflu s'6gLlts kqx? cfbfg k|bfg x'g' k5{ . of] ;+emf}tfsf] Dofb
bz jif{sf] /x]sf] 5 . bz jif{ k'u]kl5 s'g} Ps kIfn] ;+emf}tf cGTo ug]{ ;"rgf lbPdf To;sf]
Ps jif{kl5 ;+emf}tf cGTo x'g]5 . olb To:tf] ;"rgf hf/L gu/]df of] ;+emf}tf lg/Gt/ nfu" e}/xg]
Joj:yf 5 . g]kfnn] cfufdL lbgdf rLg, stf/, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, Sofgf8f / kfls:tfg;Fu
klg of] laKkf ;+emf}tf ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] a'lemG5 . g]kfn ;fs{sf] klg ;b:o /x]sf] cj:yfdf
;fs{df ;d]t nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL If]qLo ;+emf}tf (SIPPA) ;DkGg x'g] s|ddf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .

laKkf ;+emf}tf / Ifltk"lt{ Joj:yf

laKkfsf] d"ne"t kIf eg]s} ;+emf}tf ug]{ b'O{ d'n'saLr Ps b]zsf nufgLstf{n] csf]{ b]zsf] pBf]u
Joj;fodf u/]sf] nufgL k|j4{g, ;+/If0f / ;'/Iff ug'{ xf] . laKkf ;+emf}tf ug]{ b'O{ d'n'sx? dWo]

29

s'g} Pp6f d'n'sdf o'4 ;z:q Gb, /fli6o ;+s6sf] cj:yf, /fHo laKnj / b+ufsf] sf/0fn] pBf]u
Joj;fodf Iflt k'Uof]] / To:Tff] cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] cfgf] :jb]zL nufgLsf pBf]u Joj;fonfO{
Ifltk"lt{ lbg] 3f]if0ff uof] eg] /fli6o nufgLnfO{ lbPsf] Ifltk"lt{ h:t} u/L ljb]zL nufgLsf pBf]u
Joj;fonfO{ klg ;dfg / ;dGoflos Jojxf/ u/L ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kb{5 . To;a]nf
s'g} lje]b jf km/s Jojxf/ ug{ ldNb}g . t/ ljb]zL nufgLsf pBf]u Joj;fox?df /f]huf/bftf
/ >lds aLr s'g} ljjfb pTkGg eO{ x8\tfn jf aGb ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;+emf}tf cGtu{t s'g}
Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kb}{g . ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ ul/g] o:tf] ;+emf}tfsf] af/]df s]xL cfnf]rgf klg
ePsf] b]lvG5 . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] of] ;+emf}tfaf6 :jb]zL cy{tGqnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ s'g}
;+efjgf b]lvb}g . casf lbgx?df j}b]lzs ;xfotf C0f / ljk|]if0f (Remittance) n] dfq s'g} klg
d'n'ssf] cy{tGq lbuf] /xg ;Qm}g . cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u
u/L pTkGg r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ g;s]df gofF g]kfnsf] efjL cy{tGq :jfwLg / cfTdlge{/ aGg
;Qm}g .

#= a}b]lzs nufgLsf] p2]Zo

g]kfndf a}b]lzs nuflgsf] p2]Zo lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
d'n'sdf pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L cfo tyf /f]huf/d"ns cj;/x? l;h{gf
u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ .
g]kfnsf] ckf/ hn>f]t, ko{6g, s[lif, pBf]u k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf ljb]zL
nufgL leqofO{ d'n'snfO{ ;d[4 / ;DkGg agfpg] .
ljb]zL k"FhL, gjLg k|ljlw / Joj:yfksLo tyf k|fljlws ;Lk :jb]zdf leqofO{ cfGtl/s
;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/rfng ug]{ .
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] k|ls|ofdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf / ;ls|otf a9fpg] .
cGt/f/f{li6o ahf/df g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s Pj+ ;]jf If]qsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf
a[l4 ub}{ Joj;flos ;+:sf/ (Corporate Culture) sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ .
ljb]zL k"FhL / To;af6 cflh{t gfkmfsf] pkof]u / ;'/Iff ug]{ .
lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg a[l4 u/L lgof{t Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{ .
Trade not Aid eGg] ljZjJofkL dfGotf cg'?k d'n'snfO{ j}b]lzs C0fsf] vf8naf6 d'Qm
ug]{ .
cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s If]qdf gofF gofF ;"q (Formula) k]6]G6, 6]8dfs{ / u'8ljn leqofpg] .

30

$= g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cfjZostf / dxTjM

ljb]zL / :jb]zL k"FhLnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf cfslif{t ub}{ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s
If]qdf Jofks ?kn] /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s a[l4 b/ xfl;n ug{ .

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cy{tGq j:t' cfoft ug]{ / >d lgof{t ug]{ k|s[ltsf] ePsf]n] To:tf]
cy{tGqsf] :yfloTj gx'g] x'Fbf j}b]lzs k"FhL / gjLg k|ljlw cfoft ug]{ lbuf] cy{tGqsf]
ljsf; ug{ .
g]kfnsf] ckf/ hn>f]t ko{6g, s[lif k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf :jb]zL tyf
ljb]zL k"FhLnfO{ Jofks ?kdf nufgL u/fO{ d'n'snfO{ ;DkGg / wgL agfpFg .
g]kfndf lgof{thGo pBf]u Joj;fosf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ u/L lgof{t a[l4 u/L / To;af6
g]kfnsf] a9\bf] a}b]lzs Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug{ .
d'n'sdf /fh:j a[l4 u/L jflif{s jh]6 3f6f k"lt{ ug{ .
g]kfnnfO{ eljiodf a}b]lzs C0fsf] vf8naf6 d'Qm ug{ .
g]kfnsf] lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;d'bfosf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu sNof0fsf/L
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L d'n'sdf ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug{ .
ljsf; of]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ g]kfnsf]
;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf; u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{ .

%= a}b]lzs nufgLsf] ljZjJofkL kl/b[Zo

j}b]lzs ;xfotf cGtu{t C0fsf] dfqf a9\b} hfFbf ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx? a}b]lzs C0fdf r'n'{Dd
8'a]sf 5g\ . d]lS;sf], lu|;, hflDaof, g]kfn, gfOh]l/of cflb d'n'sx?n] o:tf] ;d:of a]xfb}{ cfPsf
5g\ . ;+;f/sf clwsf+z cNk ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?n] cfgf] j}b]lzs C0f a9\b}
uPsf]n] C0f df]rgsf nflu wgL /fi6x? ;dIf dfu ug]{ u/]sf] 5g\ . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df cfly{s
pbf/Ls/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|ls|ofdf ;+;f/e/ a}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ eGbf k|ToIf a}b]lzs
nufgLnfO{ a9L dxTj;fy x]g{ yflnof] .
Jofkf/ / ljsf; ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo ;Dd]ng [UNCTAD] n] ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df
ljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg / nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . To;}u/L cGt/f{li6o ljQ
lgud [IFC] / ax'kIfLo nufgL k|Tofe"lt ;+:yf [MIGA] n] klg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf nufgL k|j4{g
ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpFb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

31

cfhef]ln a}b]lzs nufgLsf cfsif{s uGtJo /fi6x?df rLg cu|k+lQmdf /x]sf] 5 . rLgn] cfgf
;d'b|L lsgf/sf zx/x?df ljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg z'? ub}{ uP/ clxn] rLgdf kfFr ;o eGbf
a9L ax'/fli6o sDkgLx? :yfkgf eO{ ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/sf b]zx? dWo] rLgn] ;aeGbf
a9L k|ToIf a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFg ;kmn eO/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf rLgdf a}b]lzs
nufgL leqofpFg] s|ddf rLgsf tTsfnLg /fi6klt b l;cfcf] lksf] a9L cfnf]rgf ePsf]
lyof] t/ clxn] rLg sxfFaf6 sxfF k'Uof] ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofPsf] sf/0fn] . rLgkl5 ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sf, ef/t, a|flhn, b= sf]l/of, hd{gL, ci6]lnof, Sofgf8f, d]lS;sf], kf]Nof08 a]nfot cflb
b]zx? kb{5g\ .
l5d]sL /fi6 ef/tn] klg ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpFg /fli6o :t/d} ljleGg k|of; ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .
s]xL jif{b]lv ef/tdf o'/f]k]nL, hfkfgL, sf]l/ofnL / cd]l/sg k|ltli7t sDkgLx?n] df]6/ uf8L
pTkfbg ug]{ sDkgLx? vf]n]/ c6f]df]jfOn If]qdf /fd|f] pknlAw xfl;n ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(^)
sf] bzsdf g]kfn / blIf0f sf]l/of Pp6} cfly{s :t/df lyP . t/ cfh g]kfn blIf0f sf]l/ofdf
sfd ug]{ >lds k7fpg] d'n'sdf kb{5 . To:t} s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd g]kfns} :t/df /x]sf leotgfd,
k]?, so"af, Olyof]lkof, d+uf]lnof cflb d'n'sx?n] klg j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f u/L ljb]zL k"FhL /
k|ljlw leqofpFg ;s]sf]n] Ps bzss} cjlwd} k|lt JolQm cfo a[l4 ug{ ;kmn x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ .
dfly k|:t't cj:yfaf6 xfdLn] lzIff lnP/ o; If]qdf cl3 a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

^_ g]kfndf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ xfn;Dd ul/Psf k|of;x?

^=! gLltut txdf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #%-!@_ adf]lhd b]zdf /fli6o ljsf;sf] nflu :jb]zL
nufgLnfO{ k|fyldstf ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfjlws of]hgfx?df klg
a}b]lzs leqofpFg ljleGg gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv d'n'sdf
ljb]zL nufgL k|jw{g ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5sf gjf}+, bzf}+ / tLgjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf
klg o;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPs} b]lvG5 . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] lqjifL{o of]hgfdf g]kfndf
a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ;'/Iff a9fpg],
g]kfnsf] hnljB't, ko{6g ljsf;, s[lif cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, xjfO{ d}bfg tyf ;8s lgdf{0f 7"nf
xf]6]n, jfo';]jf ;+rfng dgf]/~hg, lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg k|fyldstf
lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/sf] jflif{s gLlt / sfo{qmd / ah]6 jQmJodf klg o; If]qnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f /fli6o gLltx?df a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ljleGg
gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf 5g\ . jfl0fHo gLlt, @)^%, ko{6g gLlt, @)^%, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, @)^&,
hnljB't gLlt, @)%*, b"/ ;+rf/ gLlt, @)^) ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)^# / /fli6o xjfO{ gLlt,
@)^#, df :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 .

32

^=@ sfg"gL Joj:yf

g]kfndf ljb]zL nufgL cfslif{t ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf b]lvG5g\ M
ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(, /fli6o >d P]g, @)$*, k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfngdf lghL nufgL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^#, cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(, lgdf{0f
Joj;fo P]g, @)%%, u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL P]g, @)^$ g]kfn /fh:j / s/ ;DaGwL ljleGg P]g
sfg"gx? / laKkf ;+emf}tfx? / ef/t;Fu xfn} ;DkGg ePsf] bf]xf]/f] s/ gnfUg] ;+emf}tf (DTAA)
n] g]kfndf j}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFg w]/} ;3fp k'ofpF5 .

^=# ;+:yfut Joj:yf

g]kfn ;/sf/sf pBf]u, cy{, k//fi6 >d tyf oftfoft / ko{6g dGqfno / dftxtsf ljefu
tyf sfof{nox? pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{, g]kfn ko{6g af]8{ / gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f cflb
lgsfox? a}b]lzs nufgL;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . To;}u/L g]kfnsf] lghL If]q, ljz]if cfly{s If]q
(EPZ) / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL (NRN) sf] e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ nufgL jif{sf] ?kdf
dgfpg] 3f]if0ff g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5 .

^=$ nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ ;/sf/af6 pknAw ;'ljwfx?

nufgLsf] :jLs[lt lbg] %) s/f]8 ?k}Fof ;Dd l:y/ h]yf ePsf] pBf]usf] xsdf pBf]u
ljefun] cfkm} / ;f]eGbf a9L l:y/ h]yf ePsf] xsdf cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g af]8{n] tL; lbg
leq ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug{ :jLs[lt lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .
ljb]zL nufgLstf{n] cfgf] nufgLsf] z]o/ ljs|Laf6 k|fKt /sd nfd jf nfef+zsf] ?kdf
k|fKt /sd ljb]zL C0fsf] ;fjfF Jofhsf] e'QmfgLsf] ?kdf k|fKt /sd g]kfn /fHo aflx/
n}hfg kfpg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5 .

nufgLstf{ / lghsf cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ cfjf;Lo le;f ;'ljwf lbg] . ljb]zL nufgLstf{
dfkm{t g]kfndf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{ cfpg] ljb]zL gful/snfO{ ^ dlxgf;Ddsf]
u}/ ko{6s eL;f lbOg]5 .
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yf x'g] .
s'g} klg pBf]u Joj;fosf] /fli6os/0f gul/g] .
Psf/ ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/L Pp6} ynf]af6 ;a} ;'ljwfx? pknAw u/fOg] .
pBf]un] cfgf] pTkfbg lgsf;L u/]df lgsf;Laf6 cflh{t /sddf @) k|ltztsf b/n]
dfq s/ nufOg] .
pBf]un] cfg} pTkfbg lgsf;L u/]df j:t'df d"No clea[l4 s/ / cGtz'Ns lkmtf{ lbg] .

33

 lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ pBf]un] k|of]u ug]{ d]lzg cf}hf/, pks/0f oGq Pj+ sRrf kbfy{df /
pTkfbgdf s/ cGtz'Ns / b:t"/ nfUg] 5}g .
/fh:j tyf s/ ;DaGwL sfg"gn] 5'6 u/]sf s/b:t"/ ;DaGwL ;'ljwfx? lgDgfg';f/ k|bfg
ul/g] .
h:t} cfos/ P]g, @)%* cg';f/ lgsf;Laf6 cflh{t cfodf aL; k|ltztsf b/n] dfq s/ nufOg]
Joj:yf 5 . d"No clea[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@ cg';f/ lgsf;L ul/g] a:t' pTkfbg ubf{ lt/]sf] d"No
clea[l4 s/ lgj]bg lbPsf] ^) lbg leq lkmtf{ ul/g] 5 . ;f] /sd lkmtf{ gePdf ;f] sf] Jofh
;d]t lbOg] 5 . e+;f/ P]g lgoddf pBf]un] k}7f/L ug]{ d]lzg/L cf}hf/df e+;f/ ;x'lnotsf] ;'ljwf
lbOg] Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L pBf]un] g]kfn aflx/ lgsf;L u/]df cGtz'Ns gnfUg] Joj:yf cNtz'Ns
P]g, @)%* df ul/Psf] 5 .

&_ g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgLsf ljBdfg cj;/x?

g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{ u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ nfO{
nufgL jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] g]kfn ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf nufgL cfsif{0f ug{ xfn}
;/sf/n], hnljB't, ko{6g, s[lif, pBf]u / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L % j6f d'Vo If]q / lzIff tyf
:jf:Yo @ j6f ;xfos If]qnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ckf/ hn;|f]tsf] If]qdf nufgL u/L
7'nf7'nf hnljB't cfof]hgf lgdf{0f u/L bzf}F xhf/ d]3fjf6 ljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgf
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf bf];|f] hg cfGbf]ngaf6 /fhg}lts kl/jt{g eO{ nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ePsf] cj:yf 5 . dfgj clwsf/ / gful/ssf] df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs
?kdf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL d'n'sx? rLg / ef/tdf a}b]lzs nufgLstf{x? k|z:t
/x]sf 5g\ . ljut kf+r bzssf] cjlwdf g]kfndf ef}lts / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ v8f ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf ;:tf] Hofnfb/df pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos >ldsx?sf] pknAwtf 5 . g]kfnsf]
lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFg cg's"n b]lvG5 .

*= ljBdfg sdL sdhf]/Lx?

/fhg}lts cl:y/tf / gLltut c:ki6tf
g]kfndf /fhg}lts cl:y/tfn] d'n'ssf] zflGt ;'/Iff l:ylt emg emg lkmtnf] aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 .
Psflt/ d'n'sdf b08xLgtfn] k|>o kfO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{lt/ d'n'ssf clwsf+z If]qx?df
cfjZos eGbf a9L /fhgLlts/0f eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn} ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] laKkf cfjZos lyof],
Tof] /fd|f] 5 eg]/ Pp6f k|d'v /fhg}lts bnn] eGb5 eg] csf]{ k|d'v /fhg}lts bnn] To;sf]
cfnf]rgf ul//x]sf] l:ylt 5 . b]zsf 7"nf7"nf cfof]hgfx? dWo d:of{\bL hnljB't cfof]hgf

34

/ d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfx?df :yfgLo cj/f]w / k|lt/f]wn] ubf{ tL cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog

r/0fdf w]/} ;d:ofx? b]lvP . g]kfnsf] ljb]zL nufgL tyf Psf/ gLlt / o; ;Fu ;DjGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yfx? jf6 g]kfndf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g ;s]g .

bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] sdL

g]kfndf ljb]zL nufgL cfsif{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf bL3{sfnLg ;f]r (Longterm Vision) sf] sdL
b]lvPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] s] s] ug]{ < slt jif{df sxfF k'Ug] < eGg] bL3{sfnLg of]hgf /
uGtJosf] cefj b]lvG5 .

nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ g;Sg'

g]kfndf ljB't nf]8;]l8 ubf{ pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu lgoldt ?kn] ljB't cfk"lt{ ug{ ;d:of
v8f ePsf] 5 . pBf]u Joj;fosf nflu hUuf clwu|x0f ug{, ;8s oftfoft lgdf{0f ug{ / kof{Kt
kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ljleGg sl7gfO{ / cj/f]w /x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .

cf}Bf]lus /f]huf/bftf / >lds aLrsf] ;DaGw ;f}xfb{k"0f{ aGg ;s]sf] 5}g

g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s k|lti7fgx?df k|rlnt >d P]g cg';f/ dhb"/ egf{ ePsf]
Ps jif{kl5 :jtM :yfoL ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . >ldsx?sf] kfl/>lds b/ klg Psbd lgDg:t/sf]
b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ ;]jf ;'ljwf a[l4 ug{sf nflu dhb'/x?sf dfux? /f]huf/bftfn] k"/f ug{
cg]s k|sf/sf ljjfbx? pTkGg x'g] u/]sf / To;jf6 pBf]u Joj;fox? aGb x'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . >d P]gdf /f]huf/bftfn] >ldsnfO{ cfgf] cfjZostfg';f/ Hire & fire ug{ ;Sg]
:jfoQtf / clwsf/ lbPsf] 5}g .

cfly{s s'6gLlts Ifdtf sdhf]/ b]lvg'

g]kfnsf] k//fi6 dGqfno / ljb]z l:yt s'6gLlts lgof]ux? cfgf k/Dk/fut s'6gLlts (EIA)
ultljlwd} clNemg] u/]sf]n] g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu cfly{s s'6gLlt ;ls|o
/ ;Ifd x'g ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g .

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f gLlt / sfg"g nufgL d}qL x'g g;Sg'

g]kfndf s'g} pBf]u Joj;fo / ljsf; cfof]hgfsf nflu To;sf] jftfj/0f k|efj d"Nof+sg
j:t'k/s / l56f] 5l/tf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ xfd|f jftfj/0f ;+/If0f
gLlt / sfg"g ;do ;fk]If b]lvPsf 5}gg\ .

35

3/hUuf (Real estate) If]qdf ljb]zL nufgL v'nf gx'g'

ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( n] g]kfnsf] 3/hUuf (Real Estate) If]qdf ljb]zL
nufgLnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ l5d]sL /fi6 ef/tdf o; If]qdf nufgL v'nf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qdf 3/hUuf sf/f]af/df nufgL u/]sf] sf/0fn] sltko a}+s / ljQLo
;+:yfx?sf] C0f c;"nL x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] yk ;d:of pTkGg eO{/x]sf] l:ylt 5 .

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] lghLs/0f k|of; ;kmn x'g g;Sg'

g]kfndf sl/a !% jif{sf] cjlwdf #) j6f ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f eP . To;/L lghLs/0f
ul/Psf ;+:yfgx? p2]Zo cg'?k ;+rfng x'g ;s]gg\ . lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgx?df ;dfof]hgsf]
lx;fa ldnfg x'g g;s]sf], pgLx?sf] hUuf cltqmd0f ePsf], ;DklQ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]sf] /
cg'udg / d"Nof+sg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] lghLs/0f k|ls|of ;kmn ePsf] b]lvPg .

;fj{hlgs oftfoft If]qdf l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL /xg'

g]kfn ;fj{hlgs oftfoft If]qdf cem} klg sf6]{ln / l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL /x]sf]n] To;n] cf}Bf]lus /
Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf sl7gfO{ a9fPsf] 5 . g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3n] ;d]t o;sf] cfnf]rgf
ul//xbf klg l;lG8s]6 k|0ffnL cGTo x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf] sl7gfO{ /xg'

g]kfn Pp6f e"kl/j]li7t /fi6 x'gfn] ;fd'lb|s aGb/ufxaf6 nfdf] b"/Ldf cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnsf]
kxf8L / lxdfnL e"efu a9L x'Fbf le/fnf] hdLgdf pBf]u Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ sl7gfO{ pTkGg
x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ahf/ klg ;fgf] / ;fF3'/f] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Ldfgf tLg lt/ ef/t hf]l8Psf] / v'nf
;Ldfgf ePsf] sf/0fn] ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu t:s/L / sfnf] ahf/Lsf] ;d:of gsf/fTds x'g
uPsf] 5 .

;g\ @)!@ nufgL jif{ 3f]if0ff ubf{ kof{Kt u[xsfo{ gx'g'

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ nufgL jif{ 3f]if0ff ug'{ :jfut of]Uo sfo{ ePtf klg o; If]qdf
kof{Kt u[xsfo{ gu/Lsg nufgL jif{ 3f]if0ff ubf{ st} ko{6g jif{ 3f]if0ff h:t} x'g] t xf]Og eGg]
cfz+sf a9fPsf] b]lvG5 .

(= ;'wf/sf If]qx?
/fhg}lts l:y/tf sfod ug{ hf]8 lbg]
d'n'sdf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg] afx]s csf]{ e/kbf]{ ljsNk b]lvb}g . l5d]sL /fi6 ef/t / rLgsf]
cfly{s a[l4sf] cWoog u/L cfufdL lbgdf a}b]lzs nufgL Jofks ?kdf leqofpFgsf nflu xfd|f

36

k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx?n] Pp6} Ph]08f agfO{ /fli6o ;xdlt sfod ul/g' h?/L 5 . ut @)^*
sflt{s dlxgfdf ef/t;Fu ul/Psf] laKkfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx? ;xdlt x'g'
cfjZos 5 . /fhg}lts If]qdf /x]sf ljjfbx?nfO{ ;xdlt u/]/ tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldfleq gofF
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L b]zdf /fhg}lts l:y/tf sfod ug{ k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx?sf] cxd\ e"ldsf
b]lvPsf] 5 .

bL3{sfnLg ;f]r / /0fgLlt agfpg]

g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpFgsf nflu cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ?kdf s] s]
ug]{ < / cfufdL @) jif{df sxfF k'Ug] eGg] uGtJo tf]Sb} bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] Jofkfl/s
of]hgf (Business Plan) agfP/ g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ul/g' kb{5 . g]kfnn] cfgf]
k|d'v zx/x?df /nj] ;]jfsf] ;+hfn ljs; u/L ef/t / rLg b'a} b]z;+u /]nj] ;]jf hf]8\g pRr
k|fyldstf lbg] gLlt cjnDag u/L sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug'{ kb{5 .

gLltut ;'wf/ u/L ;dGjo sfod ug]{

g]kfnsf] a}b]lzs nufgL gLlt / ;f] ;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
;do ;fk]If ?kdf kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 . To; ;Gbe{df g]kfndf nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug{ >d gLlt tyf sfg"g, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f gLlt tyf sfg"g, /fh:j gLlt tyf sfg"g,
hn ljB't gLlt tyf sfg"g / ;'zf;g ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg"gx? aLr plrt tfnd]n / ;dGjo
sfod ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ nufgL jif{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;Gbe{df of] 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;a}
;/f]sf/ kIfx? aLr plrt ;dGjo u/L ;kmn agfpg hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .

cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]

a}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] cfjZos k"jf{wf/x? h:t} lgoldt ljB't cfk"lt{,
cfjZos hUuf k|flKt, ;8s oftfoft Joj:yf, kof{Kt kfgLsf] Joj:yf, bIf >ldssf] pknAwtf
/ zflGt ;'/Iff cflb s'/fx? ;xh t/Lsfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] gofF gofF :yfgx?df
ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgf u/L tL :yfgdf cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ul/g' kb{5 .

3/hUuf (Real estate) If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL v'nf u/L k"FhL kl/rfng ug]{
g]kfndf klg ef/tdf h:t} 3/hUuf Joj;fodf ljb]zL nufgL v'nf u/]df /fli6o cy{tGqdf To;sf]
k|efj ;sf/fTds kg]{ b]lvG5 . g]kfndf a9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;:tf cfjf;x? (Low
Cost Housing) lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]df 3/hUufdf a[l4 ePsf] d"No 36fpg ;lsg] 5 .
ca aGg] gofF ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnL gful/ssf] cfjf;sf] xs (Right to Shelter) sf] ;'lglZrttf sfod

37

ug{ d'n'sdf ;:tf cfjf;x? k|z:t lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu :jb]zL nufgL
k|jfx ub}{df dfq of] If]qsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;Qm}g . To;sf nflu a}b]lzs nufgL leqofpg'
h?/L b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] cfly{s s'6gLlts ;+oGqnfO{ ;Ifd / ;ls|o agfpg]

g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu gLltut, sfg"gL ;+:yfut / k|ls|ofut Joj:yfx?
ul/Psf / o; If]qdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf ;d]t JoQm ePsf] l:ylt /x]sf]n] ljb]zL nufgLstf{x?n]
g]kfndf nufgL ug{ cfPdf oxfF ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu nfebfoL cj;/x? k|z:t 5g\ eGg] k|rf/
k|;f/ ljb]zL d'n'sx?df ug{ g]kfnsf] ljb]z l:ylt s'6gLlts lgof]ux? ;ls|o eO{ cfgf] If]dtf
ljsf; ug{ uDeL/ x'g' h?/L 5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] k//fi6 gLltsf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} cfly{s
s'6gLlt (Economic Diplomacy) ePsf] 5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] nflu a}b]lzs ;xfotf
(Trade not Aid) eGg] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ cl3 a9\g' cfjZos 5 . eGbf k|ToIf
a}b]lzs nufgL a9L dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

pRr:t/Lo nufgL af]8{nfO{ ;zQm kfg]{

g]kfndf xfn} u7g ePsf] pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs / ljQLo
;|f]t ;fwgx? pknAw u/fO{ ;zQm agfpg' kb{5 .

lgisif{
a}b]lzs nufgLsf] p2]Zo, dxTj r'gf}tL, cj;/, ;+efjgf / ljZj kl/j]znfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ g]kfndf
ljb]zL nufgL leqofpFg xfn;Dd ul/Psf ljleGg k|of;x?sf] cWoog / ;dLIff ubf{ g]kfnn]
ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg /fli6o:t/d} ;+efJo pkfox? ckgfO{ cl3 a9\g' kg]{ l:ylt b]lvG5 .
g]kfnn] pRr :t/Lo nufgL af]8{ u7g u/L sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ z'? u/]sf], ;Gbe{df ;g\ @)!@ nfO{
nufgL jif{ 3f]if0ff u/L ;/sf/n] cfgf] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] ePtf klg o; ljifodf g]kfnsf]
cfly{s s'6gLlts kIf Psbd sdhf]/ / oyfl:yltjfbL x'gfn] g]kfndf ljb]zL nufgLsf nfebfoL
cj;/x?sf af/]df ljb]zL d'n'sx?df kof{Kt dfqfdf k|rf/k|;f/ x'g ;ls /fv]sf] b]lvb}g .
g]kfndf a}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f u/L nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ xfd|f k|d'v /fhgLlts
bnx?sf g]t[Tj ju{ / clwsf+z pRr k|zf;sx?df k|ltj4tfsf] sdL blvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf
b08xLgtf / e|i6frf/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ /fHosf clwsf+z If]qdf gsf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
lghL If]q klg d'n'sdf Jofkfl/s ;+:s[lt (Corporate Culture) :yflkt ug{ lhDd]jf/ / ;ls|o
gePsf]] b]lvPsf] 5 .

38

xfn} ef/t;Fu ;DkGg ePsf] laKkf ;+emf}tfsf] af/]df g]kfnL /fhgLlts If]qdf cfnf]rgf a9L eof] .
t/ Tof] ;+emf}tfsf] k|fjwfgx? cWoog ubf{ g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgLstf{x?sf] nufgL leqofpFg
of] ;+emf}tf w]/} xb;Dd dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . laKkf ;+emf}tfn] g]kfnnfO{ a9L
kmfObf k'Ug] b]lvG5 . lsgeg] g]kfnsf] k|rlnt P]g sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[lt lbPsf]
cj:yfdf dfq ef/tLo nufgL g]kfn lelqg] xf] . of] ;+emf}tf cGtu{t x'g] nufgLaf6 ;+rfng
ul/g] pBf]u Joj;fodf g]kfnsf] >d sfg"g nfu" eO{ g]kfnL dhb"/x?n] g} /f]huf/L kfpg] xs
:yflkt x'G5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt geO{ s'g} klg ef/tLo >ldsx? To:tf pBf]u Joj;fodf
sfd ug{ ;Qm}gg\ . ef/tsf 7"nf 7"nf sDkgLx?n] g]kfndf nufgL ug]{ ;+efjgf a9\5 . To;n]
g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|z:t a9fpg d2t ug{ ;Qm5 . g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgLdf w]/}
pBf]u Joj;fo v'Ng yfn]kl5 g]kfnL s[lif pkh cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf pkof]u eO{ g]kfnL
o'jfo'jltx?n] :jb]zd} /f]huf/L kfpg yfNg] 5g\ . t;y{ g]kfnn] cfufdL lbgdf l56} g} rLg, stf/,
;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, Sofg8f / kfls:tfg;+u klg laKkf ;+emf}tf ug'{ h?/L 5 . laKkf ;+emf}tf
ub}{df tL b]zx?af6 g]kfndf nufgLsf] cf]O/f] g} nfU5 eGg] xf]Og . laKkf t ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu
Pp6f ljZjf;sf] cfwf/ dfq xf] . o; ;DaGwdf ljb]zL nufgL leqofpg g]kfndf nufgL d}qL
jftfj/0f / nfebfoL cj;/ 5 ls 5}g Tof] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] hnljB't, 7'nf7'nf cfof]hgf
lgdf{0f ug{ ljleGg nf]s dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{, cGt/fli6o / If]qLo :t/sf ljdfg:ynx? lgdf{0f ug]{
7"nf7"nf ;Ld]G6 pBf]u ;+rfng ug{, /;folgs dnsf] pTkfbg sf/vfgf ;+rfng h:tf 7"nf 7"nf
cfof]hgfx?df jflif{s ?kdf slDtdf % ca{ o"=P;= 8n/ /sd j}b]lzs nufgLsf] ?kdf g]kfndf
leqofpg' clt cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

g]kfnsf] cfjlws of]hgfx?
cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^&^*
ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$(
j}b]lzs nufgL gLlt, @)$(
jfl0fHo gLlt @)^%, ko{6g gLlt @)^%, cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&
g]kfnsf /fli6o gLltx?, ;'j]bL lji0f'sf] ljZn]if0fTds ;+lxtfs/0f,k}/jL k|sfzg,@)^%
g]kfn / ef/t jLr ;DkGg ePsf] nufgL ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL k'l:tsf,
@)^* -pBf]u dGqfnojf6 k|sflzt_
(= cf=j= @)^*^( sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / jh]6 jStJo
!)= uf]/vfkq / sflGtk'/af6 k|sflzt nufgL k|j4{g ;DaGwL ljleGg n]vx? .

39

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg M

l;4fGt / Jojxf/

k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n*

;f/f+z
sd{rf/L lgo'lQm x'g] a]nfdf lghaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf] glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sof] ;s]g eg]/ lgSof}{n
ug]{ lgoldt sfo{n] ;+u7gnfO{ ;kmntfsf] l;9Ldf r9fpb} n}hfG5 eg] sfd ug]{ / gug]{ aLrdf e]b
ePg jf ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] d"Nofg ug]{ kl/kf6L g} ePg jf unt / xr'jf 9+un] d"Nofg ul/of]
eg] To:tf] ;+u7g ktgsf] af6f]df cf]/fnf] nfUb5 . o:tf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgn] sd{rf/LnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg u/L eljiodf ;'wf/sf nflu cj;/ klg k|bfg ub{5 . sd{rf/L pk/ Joj:yfkgn] s;/L
x]/]sf] 5, To;sf] hfgsf/L klg lbG5 . To;}n] sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{
dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn sfo{leq kb{5 . j:t'lgi6 9+un] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg
;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df ul/g] d"Nofgn] ;+u7gsf] pGglt / k|ult tyf sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut sfo{
Ifdtf ;'wf/ ;Dej x'G5 . pko'Qm sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+sn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{
kf/bzL{ agfpg / sd{rf/LnfO{ lgZkIf 9+un] k[i7kf]if0f lbg ;Dej agfp5 . k|:t't n]vdf
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf ljljw kIfx? / g]kfndf o;sf] cEof;jf/] k|sfz kfg]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljifo k|j]z
s'g} klg ;+u7g lglZrt p2]Zo tyf nIo k|flKtsf] nflu :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 . o:tf] p2]Zo / nIo
xfl;n ug{ cGo ;fwgsf] t'ngfdf dfgj ;+zfwgsf] a9L dxTj x'G5 . ;+u7gsf] nIo / p2]Zo
xfl;n ug]{ s'/f sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L s] slt k|efjsf/L 9+un] k"/f u/]sf] 5, ;do /
nfut k|efjsfl/tf s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 h:tf kIfx?df lge{/ /xg] ub{5 .;dfhdf ;+u7g jf ;+:yfsf]
cl:tTj;Fu} k|To]s /f]huf/bftf ;+:yfn] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg
ul/cfPsf] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . s;}n] s;}nfO{ /f]huf/ lbG5 eg] To;n] s] sfd u/]sf] 5,
ck]lIft sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sof] ;s]g, u/]sf] 5, 5}g, h:tf s'/fsf] vf]hL tyf d"Nofg ub}{g eg]/
kTofpg ;lsb}g . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ ;j{k|yd Jojl:yt ?kn] k|of]u ug]{ >]o eg] pBf]uklt
/j{6 cf]j]g (Robert Owen) nfO{ hfG5 . ;g\ !*)) df pgn] :s6Nof08sf] Go" ngfs{df ;~rfng
u/]sf] cfkm\gf] sk8f ldnsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug{sf nflu u'0frl/q k'l:tsf
(Character Books) / rl/q Jnsx? (character Blocks) k|of]udf NofP .1
g]kfndf sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd s:tf] 5 eg]/ x]g]{ k|rng lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# tyf
lgodfjnL, @)!# hf/L ePkl5 z'? ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# df k|To]s dGqL,
pk ;lrj, pBf]u dGqfno
1 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, k]h g+= @)(

40

ljefuLo k|d'v tyf c8\8fsf xflsdn] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] l/kf]6{ uf]Ko u/L /fVg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] lyof] . 2 t/ Toltj]nf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg gePsf] / k|of]hg klg vf;} ePsf] b]lvb}g .

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg s] xf] <

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] rrf{, o;sf] dxTj, cf}lrTo / cfjZostf w]/} ljfgx?n] cf}NofP klg
o;sf] kl/efiff eg] w]/} sd ljfgn] lbPsf 5g\ . k|zf;gsf k|Voft ljfg O.Glenn Stahl n] s'g}
klg ;+u7gn] cfk\mgf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Jojxf/ / k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofgaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg ;Sb}
g eg]/ o;sf] cfjZostf cf}NofPsf 5g\ t/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] kl/efiff eg] u/]sf] b]lvb}
g . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] kl/efiff lbb} R.W. Griffin n] eg]sf 5g\ M Performace appraisal
is a formal assessment of how well employees are doing their job. To;} u/L Performance
Evaluation sf] kl/efiff lbb} S.L. Goel n] eg]sf 5g\ M Performance Evaluation is the process of
measuring quantitatively and qualitatively an employee's past or present performance against
the background of his work environment and about his future potential for an organization.
o;/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ sd{rf/Ln] p;nfO{ tf]lsPsf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg u/]
gu/]sf] ljifodf j:t'lgi6 9+un] ul/Psf] d"Nofg g} sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg xf] eg]/ eGg ;lsG5 .

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf nflu cfjZos cfwf/ / zt{x?

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf nflu lgDg cfwf/ zt{ clgjfo{ dflgG5 . cGoyf j:t'lgi6 d"Nofg x'g
;Sb}gM
-s_
lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 ls6fgL
-v_
:ki6 sfo{ ljj/0f
-u_
dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rsf

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf p2]Zox?

-s_

-v_

-u_

sfd;Fu ;DalGwt p4]Zox?

-!_
Control :
-@_
Efficiency :
-#_
Assignment M
-$_
Job Evaluation M
j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt p4]Zox?
-!_
tflnd M
-@_
Career M
-#_
Development Assignment M
-$_
Career Goals M
;"rgf ;+rf/ ;DaGwL p4]Zox?
-!_
Feedback M

2 sd{rf/L k|zf;g, k]h g+= *(

41

-3_

-@_
Clarity of Goalss M
-#_
Counseling M
-$_
Assessment M
k|zf;lgs p4]Zox?
-!_
a9'jf M
-@_
;?jf M
-#_
Incentive M
-$_
Termination M

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf tl/sfx?

ljleGg lj4fgx?n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf ljleGg tl/sf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . C.B Mamoria /
S.V. Gankar n] cfkm\gf] k':ts Personnel Management df sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf tl/sfnfO{
lgDg cg';f/ k/Dk/fut / cfwf'lgs u/L @ efudf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ . k|fWofks 8f= eLdb]j
e6\6n] ;d]t log} d"Nof+sg ljlwsf] pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 M
-s_ k/Dk/fut tl/sf (Traditional Methods) M
o; cGtu{t lgDg !! j6f tl/sf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M
-!_
Straight Ranking Method
-@_
Man to Man Comparison
-#_
Grading
-$_
Graphic Rating Scales
-%_
Forced Choice Description
-^_
Forced Distribution Method
-&_
Check List
-*_
Free Form Essay Method
-(_
Critical Incidents
-!)_ Group Appraisal
-!!_ Field Review Method
oL tl/sfx?sf] 5f]6s/L kl/ro lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_
;Lwf >]0fLs/0f ljlw (Straight Ranking Method) M sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf of]
k'/fgf] / ;/n tl/sf xf] . JolQmn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ csf]{ p:t} k|lt:kwL{
JolQm;Fu t'ngf u/L !,@,#==== c+s k|bfg u/L d"Nofg ul/G5 . JolQm JolQmaLr
t'ngf u/L Ranking ug{ of] ;lhnf] / pko'Qm x'G5 . t/ JolQm slt bIf / pko'Qm
5 eg]/ of] k4ltdf dfkg ug{ ;lsb}g .
-@_
JolQm JolQmsf] t'ngf ljlw (Man to Man Comparison) M bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf
cd]l/sL ;}lgs k|zf;gdf z'? ul/Psf] of] ljlw g]t[Tj, c?df e/ kg]{ gkg]{
tyf cu|;/tf h:tf cfwf/x? to u/L k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps csf{l;t t'ngf
ul/G5 . of] cln hl6n k|sf/sf] d"Nofg k4lt ePsf]n] Jojxf/df Tolt k|of]u
ePsf] kfOb}g .
-#_
juL{s/0f ljlw (Grading Method) M o;df clt pQd, pQd, ;fwf/0f, g/fd|f] jf
clt g/fd|f] h:tf dfks (Scale) /fvL sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ul/G5 .

42

-$_

-%_

-^_

-&_

-*_
-(_

-!)_

-!!_

-v_

/]vflrq ljlw (Graphics or Linear Rating Scale) M Jojxf/df a9L g} rNtLsf] of]
ljlwdf sd{rf/Lsf ljz]iftf -hfu?stf, g]t[Tj, ;xof]uLkgf, c?df e/kg]{ dfqf,
k|j[lQ, phf{zLntf, cf1fsfl/tf, l;h{gzLntf, lg0f{o Ifdtf, ljZn]if0f Ifdtf,
;+j]ufTds Ifdtf tyf ;dGjo_ / sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfg -;Dkflbt sfo{sf] kl/df0f
/ u'0f:t/, ck]lIft lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/] gu/]sf], ljlzi6 nIo xfl;n u/] gu/]sf]
cj:yf, g]t[Tj axg u/] gu/]sf], dflyNnf / tnsf ;Fu u/]sf] Jojxf/ cflb_ sf
cfwf/df pgLx?sf] d"Nofg ul/G5 .
hj/h:t 5gf}6 j0f{g ljlw (Forced Choice Description Method) M of] ljlw
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] bf}/fgdf ;}lgs ;]jfdf nfdf] cg';Gwfgkl5 ljsf; ul/Psf]
ljlw xf] . o;n] ljifout eGbf j:t'ut d"NofgnfO{ dxTj lbG5 . o;n]
sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofgsf ;Gbe{df d"Nofgstf{sf] k|j[lQ (Tendency) nfO{ l:y/tf
(Consistency) k|bfg ug{ d2t ub{5 .
hj/h:t ljefhg ljlw (Forced Distribution Method) M of] ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{
lj4fg hf];]km l6lkmg (Joseph Tiffin) x'g\ . o;df sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg ;d"xdf
ljefhg ul/G5 . clt/fd|f, /fd|f / g/fd|f u/L ljefhg ul/G5 . o;sf] ljefhg
hlt 6'qmfdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
kl/If0f ;"rL ljlw (Check List) M o; ljlw cGtu{t sd{rf/LnfO{ ljleGg k|Zg
tof/ u/L ;f]wgL ul/G5 . To;df p;sf] hfgsf/L, ;sf/fTdstf / gs/fTdstfsf
cfwf/df p;sf] d"Nofg ul/G5 .
:jtGq lgjGw ljlw (Free Form Essay Method) M o;df sfd;Fu ;DalGwt v'Nnf
k|Zg ;f]lwG5 . To;}sf cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ul/G5 .
ljZn]if0ffTds 36gf ljlw (Critical Incidents Method) M of] ljlw l4tLo
ljZjo'4tfsf cd]l/sL ;}Go kmf];{n] cg';Gwfg u/L k|of]udf NofPsf] xf] . d"Nofg
cjlwdf 36]sf ljlzi6 36gf tyf sfo{nfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L To;sf cfwf/df
sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ul/G5 .
;fd"lxs d"Nofg ljlw (Group Appraisal Method) M o; ljlw cGtu{t sd{rf/Lsf]
d"Nofg ;d"xaf6 ul/G5 h'g d"Nofg ;d"xdf sd{rf/Lsf ;'kl/j]Ifs / lghsf]
sfdsf af/]df yfxf ePsf cGo ;'kl/j]Ifs ;d]t /xG5g\ .
sfo{If]q l;+xfjnf]sg ljlw (Field Review Method) M of] ljlw cGtu{t sd{rf/L
k|zf;g ljefusf sd{rf/L ;DalGwt ljefusf ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu sd{rf/Lsf af/]df
cGtjf{tf{ lnP/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] d"Nofg ub{5g\ .

cfw'lgs tl/sf

(Modern Methods)

o; tl/sf cGtu{t lgDg $ j6f tl/sfx? kb{5g\ M

43

-!_

-@_

-#_

-$_

44

d"Nofg s]Gb k4lt (Assessment Centre) M of] ljlw ;g\ !(#) lt/ hd{gLdf ;}lgsLo kl/
l:ylt (Military Situations) df k|of]udf NofOPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ljlwdf w]/} d"Nofgstf{
;Fu} a;L ljleGg kl/l:yltdf ljljw qmfO6]l/ofsf] k|of]u u/L sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ub{5g\ .
o;df ;fdfGotof sfuh l;;fsnd kl/If0f (Paper and Pencil Test), cGtjf{tf{ tyf
kl/l:yltsLo cEof;x? k|of]udf NofOG5 . sfd;Fu ;DalGwt e"ldsf cg's/0f Job related
role play simulation), g]t[TjlaxLg ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, In basket exercise, business game
h:tf tl/sfx?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . klZrdL d'n'sx?df o;sf] cEof; ePsf] eP
klg g]kfndf eg] o;sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5}g . txut k4lt nfu" ug]{ ;DaGwdf tof/ ePsf]
ltjf/L k|ltj]bgdf of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] eP klg o;sf] k|of]u cBlk ePsf]
5}g .
p4]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg ljlw (Appraisal by results or Management by Objectives) M of]
ljlwsf] ljsf; jf k|ltkfbg k|lz4 Joj:yfkgljb\ lk6/ 8s/ (Peter Drucker) d"Nofg
k4ltdf of] a9L k|rlnt / j}1flgs ;d]t dflgG5 . o; ljlwdf afXo lgoGq0f sd eGbf
sd / cfGtl/s pTk|]/0ffsf] a9fjf ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOg5 . ;+u7gsf] nIo;Fu sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ bfFh]/ x]l/G5 . o;df sd{rf/Lsf] Jofks ;xeflutf4f/f nIo lgwf{/0f,
lhDd]jf/L tyf lqmofsnfksf] ls6fgL ;d]t ul/Psf] x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clea[l4df
;d]t Jofks hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . o;af6 of] glthfd"ns x'g] s'/f :ki6 g} 5 .
dfgj ;DklQ clen]v k4lt (Human Asset Accounting Method) M s'g} ;+u7gdf
sd{rf/L slQsf] ;Gt'i6 5g\, ;]jfu|fxL slt ;Gt'i6 5g\, ;+u7g 5f8]/ lx8\g] k|j[lQ s:tf]
5, o:tf kIfsf] clen]vLs/0f u/L ;+u7g slt kfgLdf 5, cfkm\gf] p4]Zodf s] slt ;kmn
5 eg]/ cfsng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;+u7gsf] gLlt, sfo{ jftfj/0f, g]t[Tj cflb
;a} kIfdf Wofg lbOG5 .
cfr/0fut ;xf/f dfkg ljlw (Behaviourly Anchored Rating Scales) M d"Nofg k4ltdf
of] gofF xf] . o;sf kfFr j6f r/0f x'G5g\ h'g lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_
l;lh{t3l6t 36gfx?sf] ljZn]if0f (Generate Critical Incidents) M o;df
sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] af/]df 1fg, ljlzi6 sfo{ jf 36gfdf p;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]
cj:yf h:tf kIf x]l/G5 .
-v_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg cfofdsf] ljsf; (Develop Performance Dimentions) M o;df
sfo{ ;Dkfbg cfofdnfO{ ;fgf ;fgf Clusters df ljefhg u/L k|To]s Clusters
nfO{ kl/eflift ul/G5 .
-u_
36gfx?sf] k'gMljt/0f (Reallocate Incidents) M sfo{df hfgsf/ s'g} klg
;d"xnfO{ k"j{ ;Dkflbt ljlzi6 sfo{x? (Critical Incidents) k'glj{t/0f ul/G5 .
tL 36gfx?sf] k'gM l8hfOg ug{ elgG5 .
-3_
36gfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f (Scale of Incidents) M bf];|f] ;d'xnfO{ ;fdfGotof ljlzi6
36gfdf b]lvPsf k|j[lQnfO{ & b]lv ( a"Fbfdf c+sg ug{ elgG5 . tf ls pko'Qm
cfofddf -k|efjsf/L jf ck|efjsf/L 9+un]_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] k|ltlglwTj u/f];\ .
-_
clGtd dfkg ljsf; ug'{ (Develop Final Instrument)

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg s;n] ub{5 <

ljZjsf ljleGg ;+u7gsf] k|rlnt k/Dk/fnfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ ;+u7gsf] xflsd (Boss) n] dftxtsf
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ cfw'lgs ;+u7gx?df of] cjwf/0ff cj
k'/fgf] ePsf] cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug]{ w]/} cjwf/0ff ljsl;t
e};s]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug]{ jt{dfgdf k|rlnt stf{x? lgDg cg';f/
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_
;'kl/j]Ifs (Immediate Superviser) M ;+u7gsf] tNnf] / demf}nf tx (Lower and Middle
Level) df sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg lghsf] tTsfn dflysf] ;'kl/j]Ifsn]
ug]{ ul/G5 . ljZjdf of] j9L k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . glhssf] xflsd (Immediate Boss)
af6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{ a9L ljZj;gLo x'G5 . sd{rf/LnfO{
glhsaf6 a'em\g] p;sf] ;'kl/j]Ifs g} xf] . g]kfndf klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] s"n
$) c+sdf @% c+s cyf{t\ ^@=% k|ltzt c+s ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
-@_
;dsIfL (Peers) M ;dsIfLaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{ klg sltko
;+u7gdf k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . glhssf] xflsd (Immediate Boss) af6 sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg ug]{ eg]sf] Pp6fn] dfq Rating ug]{ xf] . p;sf] d"Nofg
Bias eof] eg] d"Nofgn] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . To;}n] d"Nofgstf{ Ps hgf
eGbf w]/} hgf x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf cfPsf] xf] . w]/} d"Nofgstf{af6 Pp6}sf] d"Nofg
ubf{ Average df ;Totfsf] glhs k'Ug] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . t/ o; d"Nofg k4ltdf
;dsIfLn] lgZkIf d"Nofg u5{g\ eGg] x'b}g lsgeg] ;+u7gleq ;dsIfL ;w} cj;/ lng]
;Gbe{df k|lt:kwL{ e}/x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6fnfO{ tn gkf/L cfkm"n] cj;/ lng ;lsb}g eGg]
dfGotfn] h/f uf8\of] eg] of] d"Nofg k4lt k"/} c;kmn x'g hfG5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL
;]jfdf of] k4lt k|rlnt 5}g .
-#_
cfTd d"Nofg (Self Evaluation) M sd{rf/L cfkm"n] cfkm\g} d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{ cfTd
d"Nofg xf] . cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ ljj/0f, sfo{ ;Dkfbg dfkg ;"rssf
cfwf/df cfTd d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{n] sd{rf/L cfkm" slt kfgLdf 5' eGg] dx;'; ub{5 .
o;n] sd{rf/L eljiodf ;'lw|g] df}sf kfpF5 . lsgeg] aflx/ eg] klg geg] klg cGt/
cfTdfn] cfkm\gf sdL sdhf]/L p;n] kQf kfO;s]sf] x'G5 . t/ o; d"Nofg k4lt Tolt
ljZjfl;nf] eg] dfGg ;lsb}g . cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg cfkm}n] d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{ pko'Qm
x'g};Sb}g . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of] k4lt k|rngdf /x]sf] 5}g .
-$_
clwg:y sd{rf/Lx?af6 (Immediate Subordinates) M sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg p; dftxtsf
sd{rf/Laf6 ul/g] k4lt klg sltko ;+u7gdf k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} klg
sd{rf/LnfO{ p;sf] xflsdn] dfq xf]Og, p;sf ;xfosx? klg plQs} a'em]sf x'G5g\ .
emg\ sd{rf/LnfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/, pgLx?nfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]/, v'nf, pbf/,

45

-%_

ldng;fl/tf b]vfP/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ v'jL 5, 5}g, dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;zQm
(Empowered) agfpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 5}g h:tf kIfsf] oyfy{ d"Nofg dftxtsf
sd{rf/Laf6 x'G5 . t/ of] d"Nofg k4ltdf Jojxf/df ckgfpg s]xL ;d:of b]lvPsf
5g\ . cfkm\gf] xflsdsf] g/fd|f] Rating u/] cfkm"nfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 gf]S;fg x'g] cj:yf
b]Vg] l:ylt /xG5 . of] k4lt klg lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|rngdf cfPsf] 5}g .
#^) l8u|L d"Nofg (360 Degree Evaluations) M of] d"Nofg k4lt kl5Nnf jif{x?df
lgs} dxTjsf ;fy p7fOPsf] kfOG5 . cd]l/sfsf !@ k|ltzt ;+u7gdf of] d"Nofg k4lt
ckgfOPsf] ;e]{n] b]vfPsf] kfOG5 .3 of] d"Nofg k4ltsf] k|of]u lbgfg'lbg a9\b} u}/x]sf]
5 . of] d"Nofg k4ltdf d"Nofgstf{ lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ pRr Joj:Yffkg -v_ ;]jfu|fxL -u_ ljt/s -3_ ;dsIfL -_ ;xfosx? -r_ lgs6td
xflsd
of] d"Nofg k4ltsf af/]df g]kfndf w]/} jx; ePsf 5g\, o;nfO{ nfu" ug{'kb{5 eg]/
;DalGwt lj1x?af6 n]v /rgf k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ t/ Jojxf/df eg] of] k4lt klg
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cBlk nfu" ePsf] 5}g .

d"Nofg k|lqmof
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg k|lqmofsf af/]df David A Decenzo / Stephen P. Robbins n] cfkm\gf]
k':ts Human Resources Management df o;/L pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M

3 Organizational Behavior page 501

46

d"NofgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ h] h:tf d"Nofgsf dfkb08x? agfOP klg, hlt ;'s} /fd|f d"Nofgstf{
ePsf] cj:yfdf klg zt k|ltzt j:t'lgi6 / oyfy{ d"Nofg x'g lgs} sl7g x'G5 . d"Nofgdf
k|efj kfg]{ w]/} tTjx? 5g\ h;dWo] d'Vo d'Vo lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M
-!_
Leniency Error M of] d"Nofgstf{sf] d"No dfGotfn] d"Nofgdf k|efj kfg]{ cj:yf xf] .
pxL vfnsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf d"Nofgstf{n] cFufn]sf d"No dfGotfn] d"Nofgstf{lkR5]
sd jf a9L dfqfdf >]0fLs/0f (Ranking) x'g hfg] cj:yf Leniency Error df b]lvG5 .
-@_
Halo Error M
-#_
Similarity Error M
-$_
Central Tendency M
-%_
Inflationary Pressures M
-^_
Inappropriate Substitutes M

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] cfjZostf / dxTj

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy lnOPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,
@)$( sf] -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ n] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf s"n Ps;o c+sdf
$) c+s cyf{t\ $) k|ltzt sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] /flvPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ a9'jf ug]{ ;Gbe{df
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] ljz]if dxTj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
To;} u/L P]gsf] bkmf @$3! cg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nofg4f/f ul/g] j9'jfsf] nflu
kl5Nnf] tLg jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf cf};tdf gAa] k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
sd{rf/Ln]] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf clVtof/jfnfn] gl;xt lbg] jf a9Ldf b'O{
tnj a[l4 /f]ssf ug]{ jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ Joj:yf /x]af6 sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo
;hfodf klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf !% adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] ljefuLo k|d'v, sfof{no k|d'v jf cGo kbdf
sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L kb:yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] / ;f] sf] cg'udg ;DalGwt dGqfno / ljefun]
lgoldt ?kdf ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfo{ gu/]df lgh
pk/ ljefuLo ;hfo ;d]t x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fsf] lgldQ dgf]gog ug]{ cfwf/df

47

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ klg cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fsf] nflu k|fKt
5fqa[lQdf dgf]gogsf nflu tf]lsPsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd
z}lIfs of]Uotf, h]i7tf, ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/]sf] cg'ej / sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgjfkt a9L
c+s kfpg] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df dgf]gog ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg klg Ps
dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .
dflysf s'/fx?n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08 lbg k|of]udf NofPsf] cg'ej
ug{ ;lsG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ b08 / k'/:sf/ lsg t eGg] k|Zg klg TolQs} dxTjsf] 5 . ;+u7gfTds
nIo k|flKtsf nflu cxd\ e"ldsf v]Ng] dfgj ;+zfwgnfO{ OlR5t lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] ;Gbe{df
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg h?/L b]lvG5 . ;Dkflbt sfo{sf cfwf/df p;nfO{ yk pTk|]l/t ug{, ;Dkflbt
sfo{s} cfwf/df yk lhDd]jf/L jf km/s lhDd]jf/L lbg, ;+u7gsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clea[l4
ug{, tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L sd{rf/Ldf cefj ePsf s'/fsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{, hgzlQm
of]hgf agfpg ;d]t cfjZos kb{5 .

g]kfndf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug]{ k4lt, tl/sf / cEof;

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg tLg txaf6 ul/g] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . s"n $) c+sdWo] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] @% c+s, k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] !) c+s / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn]
# c+s lbg kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ug{ ljsl;t ul/Psf] sf=;=d"= kmf/fddf
nIo tf]lsPsf jf gtf]lsPsf sfdx?, cfkm\g} kxndf u/]sf cGo sfo{x? tyf sfdsf] kl/df0f,
nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/ klg pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf=;=d"= sf] nflu ljsl;t kmd{nfO{ dgg
ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg jf:tjd} j:t'lgi6 agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 t/ Jojxf/df o; adf]lhdsf]
d"Nofg lj/n} x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sf=;=d"= k|fo ;a} xr'jfsf e/df eg]{ ul/Paf6 o;nfO{ j:t'lgi6
agfpg g;lsPsf] tLtf] oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfg}{ kg]{ x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg @ k|sf/sf] 5 . Pp6f cw{jflif{s / csf]{ jflif{s . cw{jflif{s
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg /fhkqflt sd{rf/Lsf] nflu dfq ul/g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 eg] /fhkq
cg+lst sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf jflif{s dfq k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . k|To]s /fhkqflt sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s
cfly{s jif{sf] klxnf] ^ dlxgf Joltt e};s]kl5 ;ft lbgleq cw{jflif{s sf= ;= d"= b'O{ k|lt e/L
a'emfpg' kg]{, ;'kl/j]Ifsn] To;df csf]{ ;ftlbg leq d"Nofg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kg]{ ;f] ;d]t
pNn]v u/L Ps k|lt ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofg kmf/fdsf] xsdf k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] tLg k|lt e/L k]z ug'{kg]{, To;df ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;fpg
dlxgfleq d"Nofg ul/;Sg'kg]{, k'g/fjnf]sg stf{n] ebf} !% leq / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] ebf}
dlxgfleq} d"Nofg u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / a9'jf ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnodf k7fO{;Sg' kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 .

48

g]kfndf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ kf/bzL{ / lgZkIf agfpg w]/} klxn]b]lv g} vf]lhPsf] xf] t/
o;nfO{ d"Nofgsf j:t'lgi6 ;"rssf cfwf/df kf/bzL{ / lgZkIf agfpg eg] ;lsPsf] 5}g .
k|zf;lgs k|s[ltsf sltko sfo{x? dfkgof]Uo agfpg ;lhnf] 5}g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf klg
o:tf ckm\6]/fx? kfOn}lkR5] cfpg] ub{5g\ . csf]{lt/ k4ltdf afFlwg grfxg] / xr'jfsf e/df
d"Nofg ubf{ g} cfkm\gf] zlQm a9]sf] cg'e"lt ug]{ k|zf;lgs dgf]j[lQn] klg sfd gu/]sf] 5 eGg
;lsGg .
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] cw{jflif{s sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofgsf]
cjwf/0ff NofP klg Jojxf/df To;sf] cToGt Go"g k|of]u ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . jflif{s
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf ;Gbe{df klg Pp6f b'O{6f 36gfn] ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ kf/]sf] k|efjsf cfwf/df
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf pRrtd c+s k|fKt ug]{ jf c+s 36\g] cj:yf ;d]t /x]sf] k|zf;gleq
cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5 . ;'kl/j]Ifssf] lgxLt :jfYo{ k"/f ug{ dltof/ gePsf] cj:yfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofgdf c+s 36]sf 36gfnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] :jLsf/ u/]sf s'/fx?
klg Jojxf/df b]Vg ;lsG5 .
csf]{lt/ c;n k|zf;sx? hf] ;fRrLs} sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]s} cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ub{5g\,
ltgLx? ;d]t cgfjZos ljjfbdf kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . Pp6f dGqfnosf d"Nofgstf{n]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]s} cfwf/df d"Nofg u/L @.# c+s sd lbP t/ csf]{ dGqfnodf Tof] eGbf gfsfd
sd{rf/Ln] cTo'Qd c+s k|fKt u/\of] / p;sf] a9'jf eof] eg] lgZkIf d"Nofgstf{ cfkm"n] ;Tsfo{
u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg sd{rf/Ldfly cGofo x'g hfg] l:ylt b]lvbf /fd|f d"Nofgstf{ PSnf] a[x:klt
em'6\7f h:t} ePsf] l:ylt klg 5 . sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"x? aLr t'ngf ubf{ sd;nn] k'/:sf/ kfPsf]
dx;'; u/L l;+uf] lghfdtL k|zf;g xtf]:;fx (Frustration) sf] bnbndf km:g k'U5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf Pp6f sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf eP/ hfg] sd{rf/Ln] sfo{/t
cjlwsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg e/]/ gofF sfof{nodf hfg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/] klg Jojxf/df eg] To;f]
ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;} u/L cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] & leq sd{rf/Ln] sf=;=d"=
kmf/fd e/L cfkm" sfo{/t sfof{nodf a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] / ;f] cjlwleq btf{ gu/L
;'kl/j]Ifssf] cg'dlt lnO{ yk !% lbgleq To:tf] kmf/fd e/L a'emfpg kfOg] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]
cjlwkl5 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd e/L a'emfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofgdf Ps c+s 36fOg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . Dofb gf3]/ cfPsf kmf/fdx? / To;}sf cfwf/df c+s 36fOPsf] cj:yf
Jojxf/df la/n} b]Vg kfOG5 .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd eg]{ ;dofjlwdf s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/L j}b]lzs tflnd, uf]i7L jf
cWoog e|d0f cflbdf sfh hfg'kg]{ cj:yf k/]df To;/L hfg'eGbf cufj} sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg
kmf/fd e/L ;DalGwt sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

49

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg tf]lsPsf] ;doleq kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL ul/g] Joj:yf 5 t/
Jojxf/df eg] o:tf] sf/afxL ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf &% k|ltzteGbf sd / (% k|ltzteGbf a9L c+s lbg'kbf{ ;f] sf] :ki6
sf/0f v'nfpg'kg]{ / &% k|ltzteGbf sd c+s lbPsf]df ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{
lghsf] k|ltlqmof eP ;f] ;d]t k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
k|To]s jif{ ul/g] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltaf6 e};s]kl5 ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln]
To;jif{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf] s"n c+s lghn] lgj]bg lbO{ dfu u/]df k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnfon] hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ t/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbPsf] c+s hfgsf/L glbOg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kf/bzL{, lgZkIf, j:t'lgi6 agfpg ;lsPsf]
5}g . o;n] ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf g} ck|efjsfl/tf al9/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf vf; u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf lgDg ;d:ofx? /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
-!_
;a} kbn] ug]{ sfdx?sf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . th'{df ePsf]df klg kof{{Kt
/x]sf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f sfo{ ljj/0fdf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{ dfq klg ;Dej x'b}g . kl/l:ylt
/ e}kl/ cfpg] sfo{ sfo{ ljj/0fdf pNn]v ug{ Jojxfl/s ?kdf Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .
-@_
j:t'lgi6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rssf] cefj M sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg of] of] ;'rssf
cfwf/df o;/L ug]{ eg]/ df]6fdf]6L pNn]v ul/Psf] eP tfklg j:t'ut 9+un] d"Nofg ug]{
;"rssf] cefj 5 . emg\ d"Nofgstf{n] xr'jfsf e/df d"Nofg ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf vf;}
;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sfd u/] klg gu/] klg Ps}vfnsf] d"Nofg ug]{ kl/kf6L /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
-#_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg eGbf /fhgLlts k|efj xfjL M ;?jf a9'jf h:tf a[lQ ljsf;df sfo{
;DkfbgnfO{ eGbf /fhgLlts kx'Fr / k|efjnfO{ a9L dxTj lbg] kl/kf6Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]
dxTj x/fpb} hfg yfn]sf] 5 . o;n] l;+uf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ gfsfd agfpg] af6f]df
8f]/\ofpb} n}hfg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .
-$_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgstf{sf] cof]Uotf M sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgsf nflu d"Nofgstf{sf]
of]Uotfn] klg cxd\ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . j:t'lgi6 d"Nofgsf ;"rs dfq eP/ k'Ub}g, ;f]
cg'?k sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ug{ ;Sg] klg x'g'kb{5 . olt dfq xf]Og, lgZkIf / j:t'lgi6
d"Nofg ug]{ cfF6 klg x'g'kb{5 . ;a};Fu /fd|f] x'g], g/fd|f] x'g grfxg] k|j[lQn] klg sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg jf:tljs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

50

-%_

-^_

-&_

-*_

-(_

-!)_

xr'jfsf e/df d"Nofg ug]{ d"Nofgstf{sf] xfjLn] /fd|f d"Nofgstf{ cfnf]lrt x'g'kg]{
cj:yf M j:t'lgi6 / lgZkIf d"Nofg ug]{ d"Nofgstf{ klg c;Ifd d"Nofgstf{sf ;fd"
lg/Lx aGg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} lgZkIf d"Nofg ubf{ub}{ k|ltzf]wsf] lzsf/ x'g'kg]{,
c;Ifd d"Nofgstf{n] c;IfdnfO{ klg k"/f c+s lbPdf csf]{ Tof] eGbf /fd|f] sfd ug]{n]
lgZkIf d"Nofgstf{af6 sd c+s kfPsf] eP c;Ifd k'/:s[t x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g
hfG5 . d"Nofgdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ g;Sgfn] o; ;Gbe{df w]/} ckm\6]/fx? b]lvPsf
5g\ .
;]jfu|fxLsf] d"Nofgsf] c+z gx'g' M ;/sf/L lgsfox? ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu x'g\ .
sd{rf/L s:tf x'g\, s] s;/L ;]jf k'/\ofO/x]sf 5g\, ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ s:tf] 5
h:tf kIfx? ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sd{rf/L o:tf] xf] eg]/ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k[i7kf]if0f lnO{
sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg ug]{ kl/kf6L xfn;Dd 5}g .
;ldltsf] d"Nofgsf] s'g} cy{ gx'g' M xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejdf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf
k'g/fjn]fsg ;ldltn] ug]{ d"Nofgsf] vf;} cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . g t sfo{
;Dkfbg ;"rssf cfwf/df To;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] d"Nofg ul/Psf] 5, g cg'xf/
b]v]sf] 5 . d"Nofg cWof/f]df u'Rrf xfg]em} u/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
:jfy{jz ul/Psf d"Nofgn] cBlk :yfg kfO/xg' M sltko ;'kl/j]Ifsn] JolQmut :jfy{k|]l/t
eP/ d"Nofg ug]{ u/]sf], sltkon] JolQmut l/;OjL ;fFWg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{
xltof/ agfpg] u/]sf] ;d]t obfsbf ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] unt d"Nofgsf sf/0fn]
sltko sd{rf/Lsf] a[lQ ljsf;df cj/f]w cfPsf] klg b]lvG5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sfdsf] b[li6sf]0fn] eGbf klg bhf{ / k|lti7fsf] cfFvfn] x]g]{ k|j[lQ
ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;d]t sd{rf/Ln] dg;fo a'em]/ sfd ul/lbP v'zL x'g]
cj:Yff ;d]t 5 . xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jf a]nfotaf6 k|efljt bhf{d"ns lghfdtL ;]jf ePsf]
sf/0fn] klg cfzo adf]lhd sfo{ ug{'kg]{ / ;f] u/]df ;'kl/j]Ifs ;d]t ;Gt'i6 x'g] cj:yf
5.
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf sd{rf/Lsf] -s_ JolQmut u'0f / rl/q / -v_ sfd u/fOsf]
tl/sf, :t/ / kl/df0f u/L b'O{ kIf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf bhf{d"ns
k|j[lQ xfjL 5 . bhf{d"ns rl/q xfjL ePs} sf/0fn] cfzo of dG;fo cg';f/ ul/g] sfo{n]
TolQs} dxTj kfO/x]sf] 5 . o;df JolQm c;n ePdf p;af6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{ :jtM
u'0f:t/sf] x'g], nfut k|efjL x'g], oyf;dodf g} sfo{ x'g] dfGotf /flvPG5 . bhf{d"ns
k4ltdf of] :jefljs klg xf] . xfd|f] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fddf eg] a9L c+sef/
;Dkflbt sfo{sf] kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0fnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbg] @% c+s
/ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] lbg] !) c+s cyf{t b'a}sf] u/L *&=% k|ltzt c+s o;df 5'6\6fOPsf]
5 . ;Dkflbt sfo{nfO{ a9L c+sef/ lbg' /fd|f] s'/f xf] t/ lghfdtL k|zf;gsf d"ne"t
dfGotf / rl/qx?nfO{ oyfjt /fvL a9L c+sef/ /fVb}df To;sf] a:t'lgi6 d"Nofg x'g

51

-!!_

;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . sf=;=d"= kmf/fddf Joj:yf ePsf] eP klg d"Nofg ubf{ kl/df0f,
nfut, ;do / u'0f gx]/L xr'jfsf e/df c+s lbg] k|rng xfjL x'g'sf k5fl8 log} sf/0f
x'g\ .
csf]{lt/ bhf{d"ns k|s[ltsf] lghfdtL ;]jf eP klg sf=;=d"= df JolQmsf j}olQms
u'0fx?n] sd c+sef/ kfPsf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg] % c+s df o:tf u'0fx?
x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLdf gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf, 5nkmn tyf jftf{
ug]{ Ifdtf, ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nofg, g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
/ k]zfut ;+j]bgzLntf -OdfGbfl/tf, uf]kgLotf_ h:tf u'0fx?nfO{ x]l/G5 . To;}u/L
/fhkqf+lst l4tLo / t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx?df ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk, ljj]ssf]
k|of]u / lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf, sfo{rfk axg ug]{ Ifdtf, l;h{gzLntf / cu|;/tf tyf
>f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u h:tf u'0fx?nfO{ :yfg lbOPsf] 5 . bhf{d"ns k4ltnfO{
oyfjt cFufNb} sfo{d"ns k4ltdf xfDkmfn]s} sf/0fn] sf=;=d"= kmf/fddf ePsf ;"rssf]
cfwf/df d"Nofg gu/L sd{rf/Lsf j}olQms u'0f / rl/qsf cfwf/df d"Nofg ul/g]
kl/kf6L oyfjt\ /xg uPsf] 5 .
d"Nofgstf{ / d"Nofg ul/g] sd{rf/Lsf] rfF8f] rfF8f] x'g] ;?jfn] j:t'lgi6 d"Nofg
ug{df afwf kfb{5 . cfly{s jif{sf] cGTolt/ ;?jf eP/ cfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nofg
p;sf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] j:t'lgi6 9+un] g} ub{5 eg]/ eGg ;lsb}g . To;} u/L cfly{s jif{sf]
cGTolt/ cGqo ;?Jff eP/ hfg] d"Nofgstf{n] sd{rf/L lrlg;s]sf] x'b}g, sfdsf] af/]df
a'lem;s]s} x'b}g . o:tf] kl/l:yltdf j:t'lgi6 d"Nofg x'g ;Sb}g .

;dfwfgsf pkfox?
-!_

-@_

-#_

52

j:t'lgi6 9+un] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+ssf] ljsf; ug]{ M sfo{
;DkfbgnfO{ j:t'ut 9+un] d"Nofg ug{ j:t'lgi6 sf=;=d"= ;"rsf+s ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;sf]
ljsf; u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ k4ltsf] yfngL ug{ cj l9nf] e};s]sf] 5 .
lj:t[t sfo{ ljj/0fsf] Joj:yf M s'g sd{rf/Ln] s] s] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ xf], To;sf]
olsg geP;Dd sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ubf{ To:tf] d"Nofg j:t'k/s x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n]
k|To]s kbn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f ckl/xfo{ 5 .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f lng] M sf=;=d"= df ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f
lng] s'/f eGg hlt ;lhnf] 5, Jojxf/df ptfg{ TolQs} sl7g 5 . hlt sl7g eP
klg o;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf ;]jfu|fxLsf]
;]jfk|bfospk/ k|ltlqmofsf] ;'g'jfO ePdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9\g],
/fHo;+oGqk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; a9\g] / ;'zf;g sfod ug{ d4t k'Ug] b]lvG5 . To;}n]
s'g If]q / k|s[ltsf] sfo{df s] s;/L ;]jfu|fxLsf] k[i7kf]if0f lng] eGg] s'/f eg] to ug'{
h?/L 5 .

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k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nofg Joj:yf x6fpg] M sf=;=d"= df xfn;Ddsf] cg'ejnfO{

b[li6ut ubf{ ;ldltsf] d"Nofg pko'Qm eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] o;nfO{
x6fpg g} pko'Qm x'G5 .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpb} n}hfg] M g]kfndf sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{
kf/bzL{ agfpg] ;Gbe{df k|f/lDes kfOnf rflnPsf] 5 . d"Nofg e};s]kl5 sd{rf/Lsf]
lgj]bgsf] cfwf/df c+s x]g{ lbg] Joj:yf ;Dd ePsf] 5 . k|lqmofdf kf/bzL{tf eg] cem}
ckgfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] c+s cfkm} yfxf kfpg] u/L kf/bzL{
agfpg h?/L 5 . o;sf] nflu sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;"rs ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps cfly{s jif{sf] z'?df ;?jf ug]{ sfo{tflnsf agfpg] xf] eg] sd{rf/L
/ ;'kl/j]Ifs Pscfk;df kl/lrt x'g], ;'kl/j]IfsnfO{ sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg ul/g] sfo{sf]
k"/fk"/ hfgsf/L x'g], sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ / p;sf j}olQms u'0fx?sf af/]df
hfgsf/L x'g] e} d"Nofg j:t'lgi6 x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ubf{ ;Dkflbt sfdsf] kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f olsg ug]{
sfo{ sl7g sfo{ xf] . emg\ sfo{ ljj/0f gePsf] / ePsf]df klg gfddfqsf] ePsf] cj:yf,
lhDd]jf/Lsf] :ki6 ls6fgL gePsf] tyf j:t'lgi6 d"Nofgsf ;"rsf+ssf] cefj ePsf]
cj:yfdf o:tf] d"Nofg sfo{ sl7g x'g' :jefljs} xf] . To;}n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf
rfdTsfl/s km8\sf] xfGg] sfNklgs s'/f ug]{ t/ d"Nofg k/Dk/fut 9+un] g} ug'{ eGbf
sd{rf/Lsf JolQmut u'0f / rl/q / p;sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg kIfaLr pko'Qm ;Gt'ng
sfod ug]{ / lghfdtL k|zf;g leqsf d"ne"t rl/q, dfGotf / k|rngnfO{ kl/jt{g ub}{
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ e/kbf]{, j:t'lgi6, lgZkIf, kf/bzL{ agfpb} sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{
;Dkfbgd'vL agfpg] tkm{ pGd'v x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

lgisif{
;+;f/df sFxL klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofgdf k"0f{tf (Perfection) k|fKt ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lvb}g . t/
s] ;/sf/L s] lghLIf]q, ;a}n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ a:t'lgi6, e/kbf]{,
lgZkIf, / kf/bzL{ agfpb} ;+u7gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{df sd{rf/Lsf] of]ubfgnfO{ a9fpg rfxG5g\ .
ljZjsf w]/} b]zsf] j:t'l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ /fVg] xf] eg] ;/sf/L eGbf lghLIf]qdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nofg a9L dfqfdf j:t'lgi6, lgZkIf, e/kbf]{ / kf/bzL{ ePsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L
If]qdf eg] sltko dfkg ug{ sl7g x'g] sfo{x? / hl6n k|sf/sf sfo{x?n] ubf{ sltko cj:yfdf
j:t'lgi6 d"Nofg ug{df tFuf/f] ag]sf] cj:yf klg 5 .
j:t'lgi6 9+un] dfkg ug{ ;lsg] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df ul/g] d"Nofgn]
;+u7gsf] pGglt / k|ult tyf sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut sfo{ Ifdtf ;'wf/ ;Dej x'G5 . j:t'lgi6 sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg ;"rsf+sn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg / sd{rf/LnfO{ lgZkIf

53

9+un] k[i7kf]if0f lbg ;Dej agfpF5 . o;n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg xflsdsf]
rfs8L xf]Og, sfo{;Dkfbgdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbG5 . lghfdtL k|zf;g leqsf d"ne"t
rl/q, d"No, dfGotf / k|rngnfO{ oyfjt\ /fv]/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{ j:t'lgi6, lgZkIf /
kf/bzL{ agfpg] s'/f s]jn sfNklgs x'g hfG5g\ . To;}n] lghfdtL k|zf;gleqsf d"ne"t rl/q,
d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ub}{ tbg'?k d"Nofg k4ltnfO{ klg j:t'lgi6 agfpb} nUg
;lsPdf dfq o; ;Gbe{df ck]lIft glthf xfl;n x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . w/ftnLo oyfy{tf dgg} gu/L
;:tf] cfbz{ sf]/f sNkgfn] ck]lIft glthf lbg ;Sb}g . xfdLn] clxn];Dd oxL glthf ef]lucfPsf
5f}+ . efjL lbgdf o:tf ;d:of bf]xf]l/g glbg oL ;du| kIfdf Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
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!@=

54

cf]emf, 3gfgfy, -@)$%_, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, /Tg k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L, sf7df08f}+ .
ltjf/L, dw'lglw -@)^)_, g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg, >LdtL sflGt
ltjf/L, l8NnLjhf/, sf7df08f}+ .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lgodfjnL, @)%), g]kfn ;/sf/, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf
;ldlt, aa/dxn, sf7df08f}+ .
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$*, cGt/fli6o d~r, sf7df08f}+, g]kfn .
e, eLdb]j -@)%(_, sd{rf/L k|zf;g, >LdtL zlz e, ldlrug :6]6, cd]l/sf .
d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy -@)^^_, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x?, ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLjhf/ xfO6,
sf7df08f}+ .
Agrawal, Govind Ram (2057), Dynamics of Human Resources Management in Nepal,
M.K. Publishers and Distributors, Bhotahity, Kathmandu.
DECENZO, DAVID A. and STEPHEN P. ROBBINS, (2002), Human Resources
Management, John Wiley & Sons, Singapore.
Griffin, Ricky W. (2005), Management, Biztantra, India.
Goel, S.L., Personnel Administration and Management (1998), Sterling Publishers
Private limited, New Delhi.
MAMORIA C.B. & S. V. GANKAR (2006), Himalaya Publishing House, 400004,
Mumbai, India.
ROBBINS, STEPHEN P., ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR (2004), PEARSON
EDUCATION, Inc. Delhi, 110092, India.

g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof; M

;an / b'a{n kIfx?

uf]ljGb jxfb'/ sfsL{1*

;f/f+z
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f Pp6f k|lqmof xf] o;n] s]Gb| jf pRr txdf /x]sf] clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg tyf lhDd]jf/L
:yfgLo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ldf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . csf]{lt/ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
eGgfn] :yfgLo hgtf4f/f :yfgLo :t/df lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L If]q / gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf]
;xsfo{jf6 cfkm\gf] zf;g cfkm}+ ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ hgfp+b5 . g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof; ls/f+t, lnR5aLsfn b]lv x'+b} cfPsf] ePtfklg lj=;+= @)%% ;fndf
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] lgIf]k0fsf] dfWodjf6 g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox?
-&% lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?, #(!% ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltx? tyf %* gu/kflnsfx?_ nfO{ w]/}
/fhgLlts, ljlQo, k|zf;lgs / Goflos clwsf/x? k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm P]g cfP kZrft
:yfgLo lgsfox?df jfx\o tyf cfGtl/s >f]t ;fwgdf j[l4 x'+b} uPsf], ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf]
rf;f] / ;xof]udf j[l4 ePsf], :yfgLo k'jf{wf/ nufotsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx? :yfgLo lgsfodf
lgIf]k0f ePsf], :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; e} ;dGjofTds / lhDd]jf/ 9+ujf6 :yfgLo k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0f
/ ;]jf k|jfxsf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg x'+b} cfPsf 5g\ . oL ;sf/fTds kxnx?sf] ;fy;fy} :yfgLo
lgsfox?n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dd{ / efjgf cg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ qmddf w]/} jfwf, cj/f]w
tyf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)%( ;fnkl5 :yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{lrt
hgk|ltlglw gx'+bf ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg', :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P]g;+u jflemPsf sfg'gx? ;+;f]wg e} sfdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6\g g;Sg', ljifout lgIf]k0fn] d't{ ?k
lng g;Sg', of]hgf 5gf}6 / sfof{Gjog k|lqmof hg;xeflutfd'ns eO{ lk5l8Psf] ju{, If]q /
;d'bfonfO{ plrt ;Djf]wg ug{ g;lsg', :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+:yfut ?kdf ;Ifd e} s'zn, ldQJooL,
k|efjsf/L, pQ/bfoL 9+ujf6 sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;Sg' cflb :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g sfof{Gjogdf
b]lvPsf k|d'v r'gf}lt tyf ;d:ofx? x'g\ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ ;j} /fhgLlts
bnsf] ;xdltdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug]{, o; s'/fdf ;xdlt x'g g;s]df bf]>f] pQd
ljsNksf] ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ePsf] lgjf{rgdf lhNnfdf v;]sf] dtsf cfwf/df
:yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v tyf pkk|d'v tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lx? ePsf] cGtl/d sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt
-jf]8{_ u7g u/L :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+rfng ug]{ s'/fdf ljnDj ug'{ x'+b}g . o;/L hgk|ltlglwx?
dfkm{t pQ/bfoL9+ujf6 :yfgLo lgsfo ;+rfng ug{ k|f/De ul/Pdf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf r'gf}tL
tyf ;d:ofx? qmdz M ;dfwfg ug{ ;xh e} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf
cfpg] s'/fdf lj:j:t x'g ;lsG5 .
* pk ;lrj, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno

55

!= k[i7e"ld
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Pp6} cjwf/0ff xf]O{g . t/ oL cjwf/0ffsf jLrdf w]/} ;dfgtf
eg] kSs} b]lvG5 . oL cjwf/0ffx?n] hgtfsf glhsdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{
clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg ;DkGg jgfO{ lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]xL 9+ujf6 sfd u/fpg] s'/fsf] jsfnt
ub{5g\ . s]Gb| jf pRr kbflwsf/Ldf /x]sf] clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg, lhDd]jf/L tNnf] txsf lgsfo
jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof g} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cGt/t/ut dflyNnf]
lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ljf6 cfkm\gf] sfo{jf]em sd ug]{ tyf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] p4]Zon]
tNnf] lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ clwsf/ :yfgfGt/0f (Deconcentration) tyf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
(Delegation of Authority) sf] tl/sfjf6 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . s]Gb|n] /fhg}lts, cfly{s
tyf k|zf;lgs clwsf/x? sfg'g agfP/ tNnf] lgsfo jf hgtfsf glhs /x]sf ;/sf/nfO{
k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f (Devolution) sf] ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . lgIf]lkt lgsfox?
;fdfGotof M hglgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfo x'g] ub{5g\ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cGt/ut tNnf
txsf lgsfox?nfO{ ljleGg /fhgLlts, ljQLo, k|zf;lgs, Goflos clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?
k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g eGgfn] :yfgLo hgtf4f/f :yfgLo :t/df cfkm\gf] zf;g cfkm}+ ug]{
Joj:yfnfO{ hgfp+b5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g cGt/u{t :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/ jf lgsfox?n]
:yfgLo hgtfsf] lxt / ;'v ;'ljwf clej[l4sf] nflu ljleGg /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs
clwsf/x?sf] cEof; ug]{ ub{5g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g Pp6f j[xt cjwf/0ff xf] hxf+ :yfgLo
;/sf/ jf lgsfon] :yfgLo lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh ;d]tsf] ;xsfo{jf6 :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0f
/ ;]jf k|jfxsf] sfd ldQJooL, s'zn, k|efjsf/L, pQ/bfoL 9+ujf6 ;Dkfbg ug]{ ul/G5 .

@= :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff

s]lGb|s[t zf;g k4tL, ;f]r / s]Gb|Lo of]hgf k|0ffnLn] :yfgLo hgtfsf dfu / cfjZostfnfO{
plrt 9+un] ;+jf]wg ug{ g:sg', :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng gx'g' / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/jf6
;Dkflbt sfo{n] :yfgLo ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L gx'g' h:tf sf/0fn] :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;gsf] cEof; x'+b} cfPsf] kfO{G5 . o:tf ;d:ofx?sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ljZjJofkL ?kdf g}
hg;xeflutf, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g, ;dfj]zLs/0f, :yfgLo rfxgf / cfjZostfk|lt lhDd]jf/
;/sf/ h:tf dfGotfsf] ljsf; x'+b} cfPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/ Pp6f o:tf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf], hxfF lglZrt If]qsf jfl;Gbf4f/f ;d'bfo
u7g ub{5g / o;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] dfGotf lbPsf] x'G5 ;fy} o;sf]] vf; sfg"gL x}l;ot x'G5

56

(Local self-government is a form of public administration, such that the inhabitants of a certain
territory form a community that is recognized by the central government and has a specific
legal status) .
:yfgLo hgtfsf w]/} :yfgLo sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo txdf /x]sf] ;/sf/ g} :yfgLo
;/sf/ xf] . o;n] :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf k'/f ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . of] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;/sf/
xf] . o;n] :yfgLo >f]tsf] ;xof]ujf6 :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf k'/f ub{5 (Local selfgovernment means government at the local level for performing several local functions for
the local people of the local area. It works for securing the civic needs of the local people. It is
a government of the local people which works for meeting local needs with the help of local
resources) .
hgtfsf glhsdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?df hgtfsf] jlnof] kxF'r /xg ;Sg], hgtfsf] cfjfh ;lhn}
k'Ug ;Sg], hgtfsf] lgu/fgL j9\g ;Sg] x'gfn] To:tf ;+:yf :yfgLo hgtfk|lt jl9 lhDd]jf/ jGg
;Sb5g\ eGg] dfGotf g} :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ xf] .
:yfgLo dfldnfx?df ;/f]sf/ /fVg] / :yfgLo hgtff/f r'lgPsf clwsf/L4f/f k|zfl;t /xg]
sfg'g4f/f :yflkt ;+oGq g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] . o;sf] :yfkgf sfg'g cg';f/ x'g], cfkm\gf]
ef}uf]lns ;Ldf /xg] / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /xg] h:tf kIfx? o;sf ;}4flGts
cfwf/ x'g\ . :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x?n] Joj:yfksLo, sfo{sf/L / Goflos clwsf/x? zlQm
k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/df cEof; ug]{ ub{5g\ .

#= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yfgLo ;/sf/ eGbf j[xt cjwf/0ff xf] . ;fdfGotof :YffgLo :jfoQ zf;g
eGgfn] sfg'g cg';f/ u7g x'g] clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon] cfkm\gf] If]qsf] zf;gsf] k|jGw / ;+rfng
cfkm}+ ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] . :yfgLo:t/sf] zf;g To;} If]qsf hgtf4f/f rnfpg] :jtGqtf g} :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g xf] . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g cGt/u/ :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;/sf/L sfof{nox? tyf
cgf}krfl/s ;+oq, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, :yfgLo:t/sf ;+3 ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh
tyf lghLIf]qsf] e"dLsf / ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6\b5 .
/fHof/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs clwsf/nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df cEof; ul/g]
k4tL g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g xf] . (Local Self Governance is defined as the exercise of political,
economic and adminstrative authorities to manage the country's affairs at local level) .

57

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g cGt/ut :yfgLo:t/df ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x?, sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ rflxg]
>f]t kl/rfngsf] clwsf/, s]Gb| / :yfgLo lgsfojLr cfk;L ;DjGw / e'dLsfsf] :ki6 af+8kmf+8
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yfgLo hgtf4f/f lgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/ jf lgsfojf6 ;+rflnt zf;g
ePsfn] hgtfk|lt ;Dj]bglzn, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL
?kdf u7g x'g] ePsfn] cfkm\gf] If]qleq zlQm k[ysLs/0f tyf ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/df Joj:yfksLo,
sfo{sfl/0fL tyf Goflos clwsf/sf] jfF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] x'G5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g hgtfk|lt
k|ToIf pQ/bfoL x'g] ePsfn] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;/n / ;xh kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gjf6 zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zL jgfO{ ;dfhsf ;j}
ju{, If]q, ln+u / ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o; zf;gn] lghL tyf u}/ ;/sf/L
If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ljf6 zf;gdf hgtfsf] :jfldTj / ckgTj j[l4 x'G5 .

$=:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;/sf/sf l;4fGtx?

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;/sf/sf ;}4flGts kIfx?sf] jf/]df lgDg cg';f/ ;+lIfKt ?kdf rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .

!= ;lGgs6tfsf] l;4fGt

(Principle of Subsidiarity)

;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ s'zntfk'j{s k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] ;jeGbf tNnf] lgsfo jf ;/sf/jf6 sfo{;Dkfbg
u/fpg' kb{5 / ;f] lgsfon] ug{ g;Sg] sfo{ dfq ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] lgsfojf6 u/fpg' kb{5 eGg]
l;4fGt .

@= ljlQo clwsf/ lgIf]k0fsf] l;4fGt

(Principle of Fiscal Devolu!on)

/fhgLlts clwsf/ nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cyf{t :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ cfjZos kg]{
/fhZj kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotf .

#= ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt

(Principle of Public Accountability)

:yfgLo ;/sf/df lgIf]lkt sfo{x? hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL 9+un] ;Dkfbg x'G5 eGg] dfGotf .

$= zlQm, lhDd]jf/L / >f]t lgIf]k0fsf] l;4fGt

(Principle of Devolu!on of Authority,

Responsibility and Resources)

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / >f]t ;fwg lgIf]k0f ul/g' kb{5
eGg] dfGotf .

58

%=;+:yfut ;+oq ljsf;sf] l;4fGt

(Principle of Developing Ins!tu!onal Mechanism)

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ :yfgLo ;+:yfut ;+oq / sfo{ut
;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf .

^=;]jf k|jfxdf ;xeflutfsf] l;4fGt

(Principle of Par!cipa!on in Service Delivery)

:yfgLo ;]jf k|jfxdf lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg] dfGotf .
g]kfnsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] ;d]t dfly rrf{ ul/Psf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf
;}4flGts kIfx?s} xf/fxfl/df s]xL l;4fGt tyf gLltx?sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 h;nfO{ lgDg cg';f/
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
:yfgLo lgsfoxnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L jgfpg cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]t ;fwg
lgIf]k0f ug]{ .
Hfjfkmb]xL jxg ug{ ;Sg] ;+:yfut ;+oGq / sfo{ut ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f u/L ljsf; ug]{ .
sfd, st{Jo, lhDd]jf/L, hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|ft] ;fwgx ;\sng / kl/rfng
ug]{ clwsf/ ;'Dkg] .
k|hftfGqLs k|lqmof, kf/bzL{ Jojxf/, hgpQ/bfloTj / hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t
gful/s ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug]{tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] .
:yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cfjZostf tyf dxTj

s]Gb|Lo zf;gn] :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf tyf dfusf] plrt ;Djf]wg gug]{, hgtfk|lt k|ToIf
pQ/bfoL gx'g], :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng gx'g] h:tf sf/0fn] :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf cfjZostf tyf dxTjnfO{ lgDg
cg';f/ j'+wfut ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
:yfgLo hgtf4f/f :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfjZostf / dfusf] cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yf ;+rflnt
x'G5 .
:yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng e} :yfgLo ljsf;df pkof]u x'G5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g :yfgLo hgtfk|lt k|ToIf pQ/bfoL x'G5 .
:yfgLo :t/df nf]stGqsf] cEof; x'g u} nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f x'+b} hfG5 .

59

 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gn] :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

;/sf/L, lghL tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] >f]t ;fwg / sfo{qmd jLrdf plrt ;dGjo x'g u}
:yfgLo ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfxdf ldQJolotf, sfo{s'zntf / k|efjsfl/tf cfp+5 .
:yfgLo zf;gdf ;j} ju{, If]q, ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj x'g] ePsfn] 4Gb lgjf/0f
/ ;Gt'lnt ljsf; x'G5 .
:yfgLo of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmof hg;xeflutfd'ns e} lbuf] ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 .
hgtfsf] ;/sf/;+u glhs / k|ToIf ;DjGw sfod e} ;/sf/dflysf] hgljZjf; a95 .
:yfgLo :t/df sd nfutdf u'0f:tl/o j:t' tyf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf ef}uf]lns sl7gfO{, ljs6tfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5 .

^= g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] nflu ePsf ljutsf k|of;x?
g]kfnsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] k|of;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ ls/fFtsfn;Dd k'Ug'kg]{
x'G5 . O{ltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df ljleGg gfdn] / :j?kn] :yfgLo zf;gsf] cEof; ub}{ cfPsf]
kfO{G5 . ls/fFtsfndf zf;g Aoa:yfnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpgsf] nflu /fHonfO{ y'dx?df ljefhg
ul/Psf] lyof] . :yfgLo hgtfaf6 r'lgPsf kf+rhgf a'9fkfsfx? /xg] :yfgLo k~rfotsf] Aoa:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . y'd cGtu{t ufpFx?sf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ufpFsf k|d'vx?nfO{ :yfgLo
s'nf]gx/xf6 ahf/ / Aofkf/x?sf] Aoa:yfkg ug]{ / /fHo s/ p7fpg] clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Lt
ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L lnR5aLsfndf klg :yfgLo txdf hgtf4f/f rl'gPsf k|ltlglwx?sf] u|fd
kf~rfnLsf] Aoa:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . ufdk~rfnLnfO{ :yfgLo ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{, vfg]kfgL /
l;+rfO{sf] Aoa:yf ug]{, s/ p7fpg] / rf]/L 8s}tL h:tf ck/fwsf] ;d]t Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .
zfxsfndf k[YaLgf/fo0f zfxn] ljleGg 7fpFdf k~rfot u7g u/L tL k~rfotdf :yfgLo :t/sf
hgtfnfO{ Gofo lg;fkm lbg] / ;fgfltgf ljsf; sfo{ u/fpg] k2ltsf] lgdf{0f u/]tf klg :yfgLo
:t/df s]Gb|sf] zlQm x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfg'gL ;+/rgf o;sfndf lgdf{0f ePsf] kfO{b}g .
/f0ffsfn klg s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo ;Qfdf cfwfl/t lyof] . la=;+= !(&^ ;fndf zx/L If]qdf gu/kflnsf
u7g / la=;+= !(*# ;fndf ufpF:t/df bfb]pv'/Ldf ;gb dfkm{t g} :yflkt ul/Psf] dfGohg
srx/L las]Gb|Ls/0fsf s]xL :j?k lyP . la=;+= @))& ;fn cufl8 !&) ufpF k~rfotx? :yflkt
eO{;s]sf lyP . ufpF k~rfot P]g, @))^, gu/ k~rfot P]g, @))^ o;sf pbfx/0fx? x'g . ufpF
k~rfot P]g cGtu{t @! aif{ eGbf dflysf ;a} :yfgLo hgtf ufpF ;efsf ;b:o x'g] / pgLx?n]
cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf] rog ug]{ Aoa:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . oL ;:yfx?n] kfFr k|ltzt ;Dd e"ld s/

60

p7fpg] / AolQmut Aoa;fodf cfos/ nufpg] clwsf/ ;d]t kfPsf lyP . r'gfaL p4]Zosf nflu
sf7df+8f} ;x/nfO{ @! j8fdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] .
la=;+= @))& kl5 g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& df /fHon] u|fdk~rfotx? v8f u/L
ltgLx?nfO{ :jfoQ zf;g ;+:yfsf] ?kdf sfd ug{ cfjZos clwsf/ lbg]5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyof] . @))( ;fnb]lv ljleGg lhNnfdf lqe'jg u|fd ljsf;sf] gfdn] ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng
ug]{ s'/f ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tkm{ Ps ;fy{s sbd dfGg ;lsG5 . o; sfndf g]kfn /fHo gu/kflnsf
P]g, @))( / ufpF k~rfot P]g, @)!# hf/L ePsf lyP .
la=;+= @)!& ;fnkl5 bnlalxg k~rfotL Aoa:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf ?kdf nfu' u/]tfklg
o; sfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf s]xL cEof; ePsf lyP . d'n'snfO{ !$
c~rn, &% lhNnf / % ljsf; If]qdf ljefhg u/L /fli6o k~rfotsf] ;d]t Aoa:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g zlQm ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cfof]u, @)@) b]lv pRr:t/Lo las]Gb|Ls/0f pk;ldlt,
@)#* ;Dd cg]s k|of;x? ePsf lyP . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u tyf cGo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f of]hgf tyf
;ldlt dfkm{t :yfgLo zf;gsf k|of;x? ePsf] kfO{G5 . t/ of] sfndf ef}uf]lns / k|zf;lgs
ljefhgaf6 hgtfnfO{ ;]jf, ;'ljwf lngsf] nflu s]xL ;'ljwf k'u]sf] ePtf klg jf:tljs lg0f{osf]
clwsf/ eg] hgtfsf] glhssf ;+:yfx?df k'u]sf] lyPg .
la=;+= @)$& kl5sf] :jfoQ zf;gsf k|of;nfO{ lgofNbf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf]
lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? cGtu{t ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodf/f hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf cflwsflws
dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] ca;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf] nfex?sf] pkef]u ug{;Sg] Aoa:yf sfod ug'{
/fHosf] d"Vo bfloTj x'g]5 eGg] Aoa:yfn] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf dfGotf lbg] kIfdf of] ;++ljwfg
r's]sf] lyof] . t/ /fli6o ;efsf] u7gsf ;Gbe{df eg] :yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v, pkk|d'v eGg
zJbx? pNn]v ul/Psf lyP . To;}u/L lgjf{rg cfof]usf sfddf ufpF, gu/ / lhNnfsf :yfgLo
lgsfox?sf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] lhDdf lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] lyof] . ufpF gu/ / lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt P]g, @)$& x?nfO{ ;+;bLo lgjf{rg kZrft vf/]h u/L ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, gu/kflnsf
P]g, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$* nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|hftGqsf] k'g{:yfkgf kZrft\sf] / xfn ;Ddsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|of;df sf]z]9'+uf dflgPsf]
tfTsflng k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;DjGwdf cWoog
u/L o;sf :j?k, txut Joj:yf tyf sfo{If]qx?sf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L ;'emfj k]z ug{sf]
nflu pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;dGjo ;ldlt, @)%# sf] u7g u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;ldltn] ;du|
gLltut kIf, ;+:yfut kIf, sfg'gL kIf tyf If]qflwsf/sf] kl/k|]Ifdf /x]/ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . o;
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/znfO{ cfwf/dfgL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt tyf gu/kflnsfnfO{

61

;d]6]/ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% th'{df ul/of] . o; P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ w]/}
/fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, ljlQo clwsf/ lgIf]k0f u/]sf] x'gfn] o; P]gnfO{ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]
If]qdf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ sfg'gL b:tfj]h dflgG5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] ljutsf] k|of; cWoog ubf{ af:tljs :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof;sf]
sfg"gL k|Tofe'lt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, lgodfjnL @)%^ / :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s
k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ n] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ of] P]gn] klg :yfgLo lgsfodfq egL :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] x}l;ot lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . o; P]gdf ljleGg ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f, sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/
-/fhg}lts, cfly{s tyf k|zf;lgs_ nfO{ sfg'gL j}wtf lbPsf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] lbzfdf
of] Ps cu|ufdL / k|:yfgljGb' dfGg'kb{5 . o; P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
/ ;|f]t ;fwg lgIf]k0f ug]{, :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg], ;'lDkPsf sfd ug{sf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwgx? ;+sng / kl/rfng ug]{ clwsf/ lbg] h:tf l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]6]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] dfq klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf jf/]df
;+ljwfgsf] efu !& df :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
lj= ;+= @))( ;fndf ul7t j'r sldzg b]lv @)^% ;fndf ul7t k|zf;g k'g{;/rgf cfof]u
;Ddsf ljleGg k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?n] ;d]t ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;gsf ;DjGwdf ljleGg l;kmfl/zx? u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

&= g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf nflu u7g ePsf ;ldlt tyf cfof]usf]
l;kmfl/z tyf sfg'gx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf
g]kfndf ljutdf vf; u/]/ @))& ;fn kZrft ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf nflu
ul7t cfof]u, ;ldltsf l;kmfl/z tyf sfg'gx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfnfO{ j'+wfut ?kdf lgDg
cg';f/ 5f]6s/Ldf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
hgtfsf glhs /x]sf lgsfox?nfO{ clwsf/ / >f]t ;DkGg jgfpg] tkm{ /fhgLlts / pRr
k|zf;sx? jLrdf ;sf/fTds wf/0ff / k|ltj4tfsf] cefj
k|To]s 7'nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g x'gf;fy ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cfof]u, ;ldlt u7g ug]{ k|rng /x]sf]
cfof]u, ;ldlt u7g ug]{ t/ To;sf] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog gx'+b} k'g ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] cfof]u
u7g ug]{ k|j[lQ
sltko cfof]u, ;ldltsf l;kmfl/;x? Jojxfl/s eGbf ;}4flGts ePsfn] sfof{Gjogdf cfpg
g;s]sf]
cfof]u, ;ldltsf l;kmfl/;x? yf]/} / cf+lzs dfq sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] u/]sf]

62

 k+rfotsfndf ul7g cfof]u ;ldltx?n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodjf6 :yfgLo ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L

jgfpg] eGbf klg k+rfotnfO{ alnof] jgfpg] clek|fon] l;kmfl/; u/]sf]
@)%% ;fnsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g eGbf cuf8Lsf :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+rfng ;DjGwL
P]gn] l;ldt /fhgLlts, ljlQo / k|zf;lgs clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]
dd{ cg';f/ sfd ug{ g;s]sf]
:yfgLo lgsfo / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf sfof{nox?n] ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf Pp6} k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug]{
bf]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/Ln] ubf{ sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf tyf >f]t;fwgsf] s'zn / k|efjsf/L pkof]u x'g
g;s]sf]
s]Gb| ;/sf/sf sfof{nox? :yfgLo lgsfosf] dftxtdf /x]/ sfd ug{ clgR5's / pbfl;g
b]lvPsf
@)%# ;fnsf] tTsflng z]/ jxfb'/ b]pjfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
;dGjo ;ldlt, @)%# sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df ljwdfg :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% th'{df
ePsf]
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% cg';f/ lgIf]k0fsf] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf cuf8L a9g
g;s]sf]

*= g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DjGwL ljwdfg ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf
s_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DjGwL Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klxnf] k6s g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfx?nfO{ ;+j}wflgs dfGotf lbO{
;+ljwfg sf] efu !& -/fHosf] 9frf / :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g_ df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]
:yfkgf / ljsf;sf nflu b]xfPsf d"ne"t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

!= /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf -wf/f !#*_ M

juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}ls, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf]
s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo zf;g
k|0ffnL ;lxtsf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ul/g]5 . /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf tyf ;+3Lo zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] :j?k ;DaGwL clGtd 6'f] ;+ljwfg;efn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .

@= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yf -wf/f !#(_ M

:yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug{] cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{ d'n'ssf]
zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|jw{g ug{ / hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo
:t/df g} ;]jf pknAw u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]lv g} ;+:yfut ljsf;
ug{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL
lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu :yfgLo
txdf lqmofzLn /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;xdlt / ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/f/f

63

lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF :t/df cGtl/d :yfgLo ;/sf/ u7g ul/g]5 .

#= /fhZj kl/rfng / Joj:yf -wf/f !$)_ M

:yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ ;Ifd agfpg

;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf
Gofof]lrt ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf sfod /fvL :yfgLo:t/sf of]hgfsf] klxrfg,
th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgsfonfO{
g} hjfkmb]xL agfpg sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfoaLr lhDd]jf/L / /fhZj kl/rfng tyf afF8kmfF8
x'g]5 . /fhZj kl/rfng / afF8kmfF8 ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;Gt'lnt / ;dfg ljsf;
x'g]u/L ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf ;d'bfosf]
;du| pTyfgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg{]5 .
v_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& df :yfgLo lgsfosf] jf/]df :ki6 Joj:yf gePsf] t/ /fHosf]
lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] jf/]df pNn]v ePsfn] ;f]xL Joj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{
@)%# ;fndf z]/ jxfb'/ b]pjfsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf @)%% ;fndf :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ yk /fhgLlts, ljlQo,
k|zf;lgs, sfg'gL clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L lghL If]q tyf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;d]t kl/rfng
u/L :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ s'zn, k|efjsf/L, lhDd]jf/ jgfpg] p4]Zon] :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% th'{df ul/of] . o; P]gsf cfwf/df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL,
@)%^ tyf :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL, @)^$ ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|
;/sf/sf cGo P]g lgodx?sf] cltl/Qm :yfgLo lgsfo ;+rfng ;DjGwL oL tLg P]g, lgodx?
:yfgLo lgsfo ;+rfng / Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw k|d'v sfg'gL b:tfj]hx? x'g\ .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf p2]Zox

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodjf6 ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws

dfqfdf ;lDdlnt x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex?sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ .
;fwgsf] kl/rfng, ljlgof]hg / ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;Gt'lnt tyf ;dfg ljt/0f ug]{ .
hghftL, cflbjf;L, blnt / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lk5l8Psf] ju{sf hgtfsf]
;xeflutf clea[l4 ug]{ .

64

 of]hgfx?sf] th'{df / ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos lhDd]jf/L / clwsf/ :yfgLo :t/df g} k|bfg
u/L hjfkmb]xL jxg ug{ ;Sg] :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ .
:yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; u/L hgtfsf] b}lgs cfjZostf tyf hghLjgnfO{ c;/ kg]{
ljifox?df lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4tLsf] ljsf;sf] nflu :yfgLo
lgsfox?sf] u7g ug]{ .

u_ lqaifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^* @)^(&)_ df ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g /

:yfgLo ljsf;
lqjifL{o of]hgfdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo ljsf;df jf/]df pNn]lvt
lb3{sfnLg ;f]r, p4]Zo tyf /0fgLltx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

lb3{sfnLg ;f]r
:yfgLo ljsf; k|of;nfO{ ;jn :yfgLo :jfoQ lgsfosf] g]t[Tjdf ;+rfng ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df
;'wf/ Nofpg] .

p4]Zo
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodf/f :yfgLo lgsfosf] g]t[TjbfoL e"dLsfdf ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lk tyf k|ljlwsf]
;d]t pkof]u ub}{ hgtfsf cfwf/e"t ;]jf Pj+ ;'ljwfx? k|efjsf/L 9+un] pknAw u/fO{ ljsf;
tyf ;]jfsf cj;/x?df :yfgLojf;Lsf] kx'+r clea[l4 ug]{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :jfoQ zf;g / :yfgLo
ljsf;sf] p4]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

/0fgLlt

;+3Lo ;+/rgf / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k /fhgLlts, ljQLo / k|zf;lgs

clwsf/x? :yfgLo lgsfodf lgIf]k0f u/L clwsf/ ;DkGg, lhDd]jf/ tyf pQ/bfoL :yfgLo
lgsfosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{] .
ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf ljkGg ju{, If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ ;dGoflos
tyf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;zQmLs/0f u/L ;|f]t ;fwgdf pgLx?sf] kx'Fr clej[l4 /
:jfldTj :yfkgf ug]{ .
:yfgLo ;|f]t / >dd'ns k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t Pj+ jftfj/0f d}qL hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng /
;xeflutfd'ns k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L hgtfsf]
hLjg:t/ dfly p7fpg] .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g k4ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ ljifout dGqfnox?jf6 tof/ ul/g]ul/Psf]
lgIf]k0f sfo{of]hgf cg'?k clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f / :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ PsLs[t

65

?kdf ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{ .

:yfgLo :t/df sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / ;fd'bflos ;+:yf tyf pkef]Qmf
;ldlt Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx?sf] e"dLsf :ki6 ub}{ ltgLx?sf] :yfgLo lgsfox? k|lt
pQ/bfoL jgfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
n}+uLs, ;dtfd'vL / ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cjnDjg ub}}{ pk]lIft / pTkLl8t ju{,
If]q, ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ / cj;/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf
Gofof]lrt kx'+r ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

(= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf ljz]iftfx?

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gsf k|d'v ljz]iftfx?nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
:yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /fhgLlts, ljlQo / k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf]
lgIf]k0f u/]sf]
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf ljifout zfvfx? vf]nL s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ cGt/utsf sfof{nosfo{qmdx?
:yfgLo lgsfodf lgIf]k0f cyf{t x:tfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg
k|To]s txsf :yfgLo lgsfosf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/x? :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v
:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+/rgfx?df dlxnf, hghflt, blnt Pj+ lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]
k|fjwfg
;xeflutfd'ns of]hgf th'{dfsf k|s[ofjf6 :yfgLo of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg /
d"Nof+sgsf] Joj:yf
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ tf]lsPsf s/, b:t'/, z'Ns, l/0f p7fpg] ljQLo clwsf/ k|bfg
ljs]lGb|s/0f sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] cg'udgsf nflu k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ljs]lGb|s/0f
sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf
:yfgLo ;]jf u7g u/L :yfgLo sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{] k|fjwfg
uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?nfO{ s]xL Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg -/fhkqdf ;'rgf k|sflzt u/]/
k|bfg ug]{ elgPtf klg xfn of] clwsf/ glbOPsf]_
:yfgLo lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf] k|zf;lgs 9f+rf cfkm} tof/ ug]{ / :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/
;/sf/L, lglhIf]q, u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] >f]t, ;fwg / sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfgLo ljsf;df kl/rfng,
;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|fjwfg
ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ :yfgLo lgsfo ljlQo cfof]usf]
Joj:yf

!)= g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g sfof{Gjogsf ;jn kIfx?

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ ljutsf] t'ngfdf w]/} /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs,
ljlQo clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf]

66

 :yfgLo lgsfox?n] :jfoQ ?kdf hgtfsf cfjZostf / dfusf cfwf/df hg;xeflutf ;d]t
kl/rfng u/L cfof]hgf 5gf}6 / sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf
ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L If]q, lghLIf]q, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ;+u7gnfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg yflnPsf]
:yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgnfO{ hg;+Vof, If]qkmn, nfut, ul/jL h:tf cfwf/sf cltl/Qm
Go"gtd zt{ tyf sfo{;+kfbg dfkg (MCPM) ;Fu cfj4 ul/Psf] .
k|To]s aif{ ljleGg bft[;+:yf tyf s]Gb| ;/sf/jf6 :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgsf] /sd
a9\b} uPsf] .
:yfgLo lgsfox?n] cfjlws, aflif{s tyf bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] th'{df u/L ;f]sf]
sfof{Gjog x'g yfn]sf]
:yfgLo lgsfosf sfdsf/jfxL a9L kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL eO{ :yfgLo ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{gdf d4t
k'u]sf] .
:yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|efjsf/L jgfpg :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'+b} uPsf] .
ljifout lgIf]k0f ;DjGwL k|of; k|f/De ePsf] -s[lif, kz';]jf, k|fylds :jf:Yo, k|fylds
lzIff, :yfgLo k'jf{wf/ cflb_ .
nfdf];do ;Ddsf] hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yf, 4Gb tyf ;+qmd0fsfndf ;d]t lghfdtL tyf
:yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L lgefp+b} cfPsf

!!= g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf ;+efjgfx?

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfgdf g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] Joj:yf
u/L :yfgLo :jfoQ lgsfonfO{ hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ / nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{
cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf 7fg]sf] .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DjGwL 5'6} P]g, lgodfjnLx?, sfo{ljlwx? tyf ufp+, j8f ;Ddsf]
;+:yfut ;+/rgf /x]sf]
jt{dfg lqjifL{o of]hgfdf :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx
ug{ ;Ifd jgfpg] s'/f pNn]v .
;+ljwfg;efsf k|d'v /fhg}lts bnx?sf] 3f]if0ff kqdf :jfoQ / ;Ifd :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
jf/]df k|ltj4tf JoQm .
;+ljwfg;efsf] ljifout ;ldltn] :yfgLo tx ;lxtsf] ltg txsf] ;/sf/x? / :yfgLo
lgsfosf] sfd tyf lhDd]jf/Lx? ;d]t l;kmfl/z u/]sf]
:yfgLo k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/sf] kdf :yfgLo :jfoQ
lgsfox? qmdzM ;Ifd, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL aGb} uPsf .
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/jf6 k|To]s aif{ :yfgLo lgsfodf hfg] cg'bfgsf] /sd a9\b} uPsf] .

67

 :yfgLo lgsfox?n] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf k|of;x? z'? u/]sf 5g\ aflif{s, cfjlws /
bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{ yfn]sf .
:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd / ;'b[9 jgfO{ :yfgLo k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ljsf;
;fem]bf/x?n] ;xof]u a9fp+b} nu]sf .
ljifout lgIf]k0f ;DjGwL k|of; k|f/De -s[lif, kz';]jf, k|fylds :jf:Yo, k|fylds lzIff,
:yfgLo k'jf{wf/ cflb_ .

!@= g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g sfof{Gjogsf Aoaxfl/s cj/f]w, r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx?
-b'a{n kIfx?_

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg adf]lhd :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg jf pQ/bfoL /fhg}lts kbflwsf/Lsf]

Joj:yf x'g g;sL nfdf] cjlw ;Dd lghfdtL sd{rf/Ljf6 :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+rfng x'+bf
ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf]
:yfgLo lgsfo / cGo ljifout sfof{nosf] sfdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgfn] ubf{ >f]t ;fwgjf6 ck]lIft
pknJwL xf+l;n ug{ g;lsPsf] .
:yfgLo :t/df sfo{/t :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L lgsfosf] sfo{qmdsf] jLrdf
plrt ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] cefj .
:yfgLo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / k|efjsf/Ltfdf a[l4 u/L :yfgLo ;'zf;g lbg g;lsPsf]
clwsf/ d]/f] tx;Dddfq eGg] dfgl;stf sfod} /x]sf] .
a9bf] lhDd]jf/L / jh]6sf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'g{;+u7g tyf hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf
ljsf; x'g g;s]sf] .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g cg';f/ lhNnfl:yt sfof{no tyf sfo{qmdx? :yfgLo lgsfodf
ljifout zfvfsf] ?kdf lgIf]k0f x'g g;s]sf] .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g;+u aflemPsf sfg'gx? ;+;f]wg x'g g;Sbf :yfgLo lgsfo / cGo
;/sf/L sfof{nosf sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf / ljjfb pTkGg x'g] u/]sf] .
:yfgLo lgsfo vf; u/]/ uflj;sf] ;+Vof a9L ePsfn] o;sf] ;+Vof 36fO{ o;nfO{ cfly{s tyf
k|zf;lgs lx;fjn] pko'Qm ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf] .
:yfgLo ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g u/L :yfgLo lgsfok|lt lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{
g;lsPsf] .

68

 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|efjsf/L gxF'bf cfly{s clgoldttf / lxgfldgfsf 36gfdf a[l4 x'+b}
uPjf6 :yfgLo lgsfo k|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf 36\g] ;+efjgf /x]sf] .
:yfgLo >f]t kl/rfng ug]{ eGbf s]Gb|Lo cg'bfg / /fhZj jfF8kmFf8df e/kg]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf;
ePsf] .

!#= lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yfn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g sfof{Gjogdf kg{ uPsf]
gsf/fTds k|efj
g]kfndf kl5Nnf]k6s lj= ;+= @)%$ ;fndf :yfgLo lgsfosf hgk|ltlglwx?sf] lgjf{rg ePsf]
/ ltgLx?sf] sfo{sfn @)%( ;fndf ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . To;kl5 :yfgLo lgsfodf xfn;Dd
hgk|ltlglwx?sf] l/Qmtf /x]sf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)%( ;fn kl5 ;z:q hgo'4, bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ng,
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg, zflGt k|lqmof, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f h:tf 7'n7'nf /fli6o d'4fx?n] :yfgLo
lgsfosf] lgjf{rg cf]em]ndf k/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;ldlt, dgf]lgt k|ltlglw, ;j{blno ;+oq tyf
Psn lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] g]t[Tjjf6 nfdf] ;do;Dd :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+rfng ug'{ kl//x]sf]
jfWofTds l:ylt 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox? o;/L tby{
?kdf nfdf] cjlw;Dd sd{rf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf ;+rfng ug'{ kbf{ ;/sf/ / hgtfjLrsf] b'/L a9g]
nufot :yfgLo lgsfojf6 ;+rflnt ljsf; Joj:yfkg / ;]jf k|jfx s'zn, ldQJooL, k|efjsf/L,
pQ/bfoLk"0f{ x'g g;s]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] :yfgLo lgsfodf nfdf]
;do ;Dd lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw gx'+bf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf] k|efjnfO{ lgDg
cg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

s_ cfof]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf k/]sf] k|efj

cfof]hgf th'{df k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutfsf] kIf sdhf]/ ePsf] / lhDd]jf/L ljlxg ;j{blno
;+oqn] jflif{s of]hgfjh]6df k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf 5g . w]/} :yfgLo lgsfox?df blno
efuj08fsf cfwf/df cfof]hgf / jh]6 jf+8kmf+8 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;jf6 ;dfhsf ;j} ju{, If]q
/ ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts ljsf;sf nflu jh]6 ljlgof]hg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . jh]6 th'{dfdf
dfq x}g blno k|efj cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf klg k/]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g ubf{
blno efuj08f u/L of t sfd} gu/L of t sfd u/] klg yf]/} sfd u/]/ clws vr{ b]vfO{
cfly{s clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ x'g] u/]sf] 36gf b}lgs h;f] ;+rf/ dfWodx?jf6 ;fj{hlgs
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;j{bnLo ;+oqsf] jf/]df o;/L ;jq cfnf]rgf ePsf] sf/0fn] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
xfn} :yfgLo lgsfodf /x]sf] of] ;dGjosf/L bnLo ;+oq vf/]h u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
/ gu/kflnsfdf qmdz M :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L tyf sfo{sf/L clws[t nfO{g} ;DjlGwt

69

kl/ifb tyf jf]8{sf] Psn clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw
ljlxg cj:yfn] cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg ;d]t sdhf]/ e} cfly{s clgoldttf /
b'?kof]usf] ;+efjgf a9]sf] 5 .

v_ cfGtl/s /fhZj Joj:yfkgdf k/]sf] k|efj

lgjf{lrt / pQ/bfoL hgk|ltlgwLx?sf] cefjn] s/sf] If]q tyf bfo/f a9fpg], s/sf] b/
j[l4u/L cfTdlge{/ x'g] tkm{ Wofg gk'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] nufpg] 7]Ssfkfx?df
/fhgLlts k|efjsf cfwf/df sd b/df 7]Ssf nfUg], ljleGg jxfgfdf s/ ldgfxf ug]{, p7fPsf]
/sd klg efuj08fsf] / ;xdltsf gfddf cg'Tkfbs If]qdf vr{ ug]{ kl/kf6L a;]sf] 5 . 9+'uf,
lu6L, jfn'jf h:tf] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] kl/rfng ubf{ sltko cj:yfdf clws bf]xg ePsf],
ef/L pks/0fsf] k|of]u e} jftfj/0fLo ljgf; lgDTofPsf] 5 eg] j]nf j]nfdf ;+;b tyf cGo
lgsfox?sf] cgfjZos lgoGq0f tyf x:tIf]ksf sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfox?n] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s
cfDbfgL u'dfpg' k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?sf] bjfjsf] sdLn] ubf{ :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g P]g cg';f/ s]Gb| / :yfgLo lgsfojLr afF8kmfF8 ug'{kg]{ /fhZj ;d]t ;dodf
jf+8kmf+8 gx'+bf of]]hgf tyf jh]6 th'{df, sfof{Gjogdf afwf k'Ug uPsf] 5 .

u_ :yfgLo ;]jf k|jfxdf k/]sf] k|efj

hgk|ltlglw ljlxgtfn] ubf{ :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Ldf cg'zf;glxgtf a9]sf] / hgtfsf]
sfd k|lt j]jf:tf ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;j} uflj;df uflj; ;lrjsf] kbk"lt{
gePsf], ;lrj ;DjlGwt ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltdf gj:g] sf/0fn] ;;fgf sfdsf nflu klg
;j{;fw/0fn] ;b/d'sfd wfpg' kg]{, ;dodf of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog geO{ jh]6 lk|mh x'g],
>f]tsf] b'?kof]u x'g] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 . a}b]lzs ;xof]u klg bft[ lgsfon] :yfgLo lgsfo4f/f
vr{ ug'{ eGbf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfjf6 u/fpg] kl/kf6L a:g yfn]sf] 5 .

3_ ljifout lgIf]k0fdf k/]sf] k|efj

clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] d'6' xf] . o;df sfo{k|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf / lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
;d]t ;DjlGwt lgsfonfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 . cf=a= @)%*%( b]lv z'? ul/Psf] lgIf]k0f sfo{
k|fylds lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo, s[lif k|;f/ tyf kz' :jf:Yo, u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL, s[lif ;8s,
emf]n'+u]k'n h:tf ;Lldt If]qdf dfq ePsf] 5 . oL lgIf]lkt If]qsf] sfof{Gjog klg lhDd]jf/
hgk|ltlglw gx'gfn] k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% jdf]lhd
lhNnfl:yt ljsf;;+u ;DjlGwt ;Dk"0f{ s]Gb|Lo lgsfo cGtu{tsf lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox?
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ljifout zfvfsf] ?kdf /xL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt cGt{ut kl/rfng

70

x'g] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ljifout sfof{nosfo{qmdx? lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf
lgIf]k0f gx'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f lj= ;+= @)%( ;fn b]lv :yfgLo lgsfodf hgk|ltlglw gx'g' g}
xf] . o;jf6 lhNnfdf :yfgLo lgsfo / cGo ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf x'g],
;dGjo gx'g,] b'n{e >f]tsf] ljlgof]hg k|efjsf/L gePsf] cj:yf 5 . lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw
gx'gfn] lgIf]k0fsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos bjfasf] l;h{gf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

_ ;/sf/k|ltsf] ljZjf;df k/]sf] k|efj

lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] kx'Frn] hgtfn] ;/sf/nfO{ lrGg] df}sf kfpFb5g\ / ;/sf/n] s]
ub}{5, s;/L ub}{5, s;sf] nflu ub}{5 eGg] hfgsf/L kfpFb5g\ . cfkm'n] 5fg]sf k|ltlglw dfkm{t
zf;g ug]{ k|hftflGqs dfGotfsf] g} cEof; x'g g;Sbf hgtf ;/sf/b]lv 6f9f x'g' :jefljs
xf] . pgLx?sf cfjfhx? d'vl/t x'g kfPsf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/;+u hgtfsf] cGt/lqmof 7Kk k|foM
5 . w]/} cj:yfx?df hgtfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ cfgf s'/f v'n]/ /fVg ;Sb}gg\ . h;n] ubf{
sd{rf/L k|lt, :yfgLo lgsfo k|lt / cGttf]uTjf ;/sf/ k|lt g} hgtfsf] ljZjf; 36\b} uPsf]
cj:yf 5 .

!$= g]kfndf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg rfNg' kg]{ sbdx?

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg cg'';f/ :yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{rg jf ;+ljwfg ;efdf k|fKt
dtsf] cfwf/df hgk|ltlglwx?sf] cGtl/d sfo{sf/L ;ldlt -jf]8{_ u7g u/L pQ/bfoL 9+un]
:yfgLo lgsfo ;+rfng ug]{ .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g cg';f/ ;/sf/jf6 :yfgLo :t/df ;+rflnt ljsf;
sfo{qmdx?sfof{nox? :yfgLo lgsfox?df lgIf]k0f ub}{ hfg] .
:yfgLo ;]jf P]g hf/L u/L :yfgLo lgsfok|lt lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ . clwsf/
lgIf]k0f ;Fu;Fu} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;d]t :yfgLo ;]jfdf ;dfof]hg ug]{ .
:yfgLo lgsfosf of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ hg;xeflutfd'ns jgfO{ jh]6 tyf sfo{qmd lk5l8Psf]
ju{, If]q / ;d'bfodf s]lGb|t ug]{ .
tf]lsPsf yk If]qdf s/ nufpg] tyf ljwdfg s/, b:t'/sf b/x?sf] ;dofg's'n k'g/fjnf]sg
u/L cfGtl/s >f]tsf] j[l4 dfkm{t s]Gb|Lo cg'bfgsf] k/lge{/tf 36fpg] .
:yfgLo lgsfo, cGo ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L lgsfon] :yfgLo :t/df ;+rfng ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf]
jLrdf ;dGjo / ;fem]bf/L j[l4 ug]{ .
a9bf] lhDd]jf/L / jh]6sf cfwf/df :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;+u7g k'g{;+/rgf / Ifdtf ljsf;
ug]{ .

71

 :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g ;Fu aflemPsf sfg'gx?sf] oyflz3| ;+;f]wg ug]{ .
cfly{s / k|zf;lgs b[li6n] pko'Qm x'g] u/L :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;+VofnfO{ k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ .
:yfgLo lgsfojf6 ;+rflnt ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ tyf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg u/L
:yfgLo ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .

!%= /fHo k'g{;+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/ / o;sf] k|:tfljt sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lx?
/fHosf] 9fFrf PsfTds jf ;+3fTds h] ePtfklg hgtfsf] glhsdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?nfO{ clwsf/
/ >f]t ;fwg ;DkGg gjgfO{ nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, :yfgLo ljsf; tyf ;]]jf k|jfxnfO{ s'zn /
k|efjsf/L jgfpg ;lsb}+g . To;}n] gof+ ;+ljwfg dfkm{t g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo :j?ksf] /fHo k'g{;/+rgf
ubf{ :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/nfO{ yk clwsf/, >f]t ;DkGg / ;'b[9 t'Nofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] jf+8kmf+8 ;ldltsf] cjwf/0ffkq / k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgn] -jx'dtsf
cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efdf ljifout ;ldltn] @)^^ ;fndf k]z u/]sf]_ n] ;+3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo
lgsfo u/L tLg txsf ;/sf/ x'g'kg]{ u/L oL ltg} txsf ;/sf/x?sf] cnu cnu clwsf/sf] ;"rL
;d]t l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 . of] ;ldltn] oL ltg} txn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ug]{ sfdx?sf] ;'rL (Concurrent
List) ;d]t l;kmfl/z u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efsf] pNn]lvt ;ldltn] tLg txsf ;/sf/x?sf] cltl/Qm k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ cGt/u{t
/xg] ljz]if If]q, :jfoQ If]q / ;+/lIft If]q ;lxtsf] ljz]if ;+/rgf /xg] / pgLx?sf] sfd ;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . xfn} g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#* df ePsf]
k|fjwfg cg';f/ /fHo k'g{;+/rgf cfof]usf] u7g eO{ cfof]un] :yfgLo lgsfo ljgfsf] s]jn s]Gb|sf]
clwsf/ k|fGtLo ;/sf/df n}hfg] u/L dfq /fHo k'g{;+/rgfsf] l;kmfl/z u/]sf]5 . ;+ljwfg;efn]
klg ;f]xL jdf]lhd /fHok'g{;+/rgf u/]df :yfgLo hgtfx? :yfgLo:t/df g} nf]stGqsf] cEof;
ug]{ cj;/jf6 jlGrt t x'G5g g} o;jf6 :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf ;d]t
cf3ft k'Ug]5 . t/ ;+ljwfg;ef g} ;+ljwfgsf] ;j} ljifoj:t'nfO{ clGtd ?klbg] ;jf]{Rr lgsfo
ePsfn] /fHo k'g{;+/rgf cfof]un] lbPsf] l;kmfl/z /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ug]{ qmddf x'jx' nfu' x'g]5
eg]/ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf /x+b}g .
cGo ;+3Lo d'n'sx?sf] ;/sf/sf txx? / :yfgLo ;/sf/ -lgsfo_ sf] k|fjwfg, hgtfsf] rfxgf
/ cfjZostf, ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljifout ;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/z, ljBdfg :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
P]g cg';f/ xfn g]kfnsf :yfgLo lgsfox?n] cEof; u/]sf] :jfoQtfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf g]kfndf
/fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ubf{ ;+3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo tLg txsf ;/sf/x? /xg' cf}lrTok"0f b]lvG5 .
;fy} oL tLg} txsf ;/sf/sf sfdx? ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ug'{kg]{, k|fGtLo sfg'gn] ;+ljwfgdf

72

pNn]v ePsf sfo{If]qx?sf cfwf/df lj:t[t sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L nufot ;/sf/sf
txx?sf jLrdf x'g] cg'bfg tyf /fhZj jf+F8kmfF8, ljjfb ;dfwfg nufotsf ljifodf pNn]v
ug{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . /fHo k'g{;+/rgfsf qmddf :yfgLo ;/sf/x? ;+VofTds lx;fan] yf]/}
-vf; u/]/ ufp+ ljsf; ;ldltx?_ t/ clwsf/, >f]t ;fwgo'Qm / k|efjsf/L jgfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
To;}n] d'n's ;+3Lo :j?kdf hfFbf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ xfnsf] clwsf/x?df s6f}tL gx'g] u/L lgDg
cg';f/sf clwsf/ tyf sfo{lhDd]jf/Lx? k|bfg ug'{ cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf;sf gLlt -s]Gb| / k|fGtsf] gLlt k|lts'n gx'g]u/L_, of]hgf th'{df /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
:yfgLo ;]jf -h:t} vfg]kfgL, kmf]xf]/d}nf tyf jftfj/0f, ;+rf/, ljB't, dfWoflds tyf
k|fylds ljBfno:tl/o lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO{, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf tyf kz'kfng
Joj:yfkg cflb_ k|jfx ug]{ .
:yfgLo ;8s, u|fdL0f ;8s, s[lif ;8s, l;+rfO{ -e"dLut_ .
:yfgLo k|fs[lts >f]t tyf ;DktLsf] ;+/If0f .
:yfgLo ;+:s[lt, ;Dkbf / ko{6g ;+/If0f .
:yfgLo /fhZj p7fpg] -;DktL s/, 3/hUuf tyf dfnkf]t s/, dgf]/Ghg s/, lj1fkg s/,
3/ axfn, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, payroll tax, ko{6g z'Ns, ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/ cflb_ .
;fgf pBf]u btf{ tyf gjLs/0f .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;dfh sNof0f ;DjGwL sfo{x? - a[4, a[4f, ckf, dlxnf, Psn

dlxnf / czQmx?sf] Joj:yfkg_ .

;/sf/sf txx?df /fh:j afF8kmfF8 .
;xsf/L ;+:yf, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7gsf] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg .
gu/ k|x/L tyf ;fd'bflos k|x/L .

Pkm= Pd= ;+rfng .

k|fs[lts >f]taf6 k|fKt /f]ofN6L .
:yfgLo tYof / clen]v ;+sng .
:yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx? .
:yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg .
:yfgLo cbfnt, d]nldnfk / dWo:ytf .
gful/stf, /fxbfgL ljt/0f / clen]v Joj:yfkg .

73

 3/ hUuf wgL k"hf{ ljt/0f .

a]/f]huf/sf] tYof ;+sng .
hGd d[To' nufotsf JolQmut 36gf btf{ .
!^= lgisif{
s]Gb| jf dflyNnf] txdf /x]sf] clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg tyf lhDd]jf/L hgtfsf] glhsdf /x]sf ;/sf/
-lgsfo_ jf kbflwsf/Ldf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f elgG5 . To;}u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/
eGgfn] :yfgLo hgtf4f/f :yfgLo >f]t kl/rfng ub}{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] ljsf; / ;'v ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{ ;dlk{t /x]sf] j}wflgs ;+:yf eGg] j'lemG5 . ;fy} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g eGgfn] :yfgLo
:t/sf hgtfn] cfkm\gf] zf;g cfkm}+ ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ hgfp+b5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
:yfgLo ;/sf/eGbf j[xt cjwf/0ff xf] o;n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ cGt/u{tsf cf}krfl/s ;+:Yff, ;/sf/L
sfof{nox? tyf cgf}krfl/s ;+oq, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, :yfgLo:t/sf ;+3 ;+:yf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,
gful/s ;dfh tyf lghLIf]qsf] e"dLsf / ;fd"lxs lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;d]6b5 .
g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof; lnR5aLsfndf :yfgLo :t/df
hgtf4f/f rl'gPsf k|ltlglwx?sf] u|fd kf~rfnLsf] Aoa:yf jf6 x'+b} cfPsf] ePtf klg lj=;+=
@)%% ;fndf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] lgIf]k0fsf] dfWodjf6 g]kfnsf
:yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ w]/} /fhgLlts, ljQLo, k|zf;lgs / Goflos clwsf/x? k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft g]kfnsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] If]qdf s]xL
;sf/fTds s'/fx? ePsf 5g . :yfgLo lgsfox?df jfx\o tyf cfGtl/s >f]t ;fwgdf j[l4 x'+b}
uPsf] 5 . ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?n] :yfgLo lgsfox? dfkm{t ljleGg k'jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;fdflhs
kl/rfng, Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ ;xof]u a9fp+b} nu]sf 5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo k'jf{wf/
nufotsf s[lif k|;f/, kz';]jf, k|fylds :jf:Yo, k|fylds lzIff h:tf sfo{x? :yfgLo lgsfodf
lgIf]k0f ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfox?df :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; e} ;dGjofTds / lhDd]jf/
9+ujf6 ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
oL ;sf/fTds kxnx?sf] ;fy;fy} :yfgLo lgsfox?n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] dd{ / efjgf
cg';f/ sfo{ ug]{ qmddf w]/} cj/f]w, r'gf}tL tyf ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf ;d]t ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 .
@)%( ;fnkl5 :yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw gxF'bf Psflt/ ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;]jf
k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf{lt/ hgtf / ;/sf/ jLrsf] b'/L a9\g u} hgljZjf;
36b} uPsf] cj:yf 5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] cfGtl/s /fhZj kl/rfng sdhf]/ e} s]Gb|sf] cg'bfg
k|ltsf] lge{/tf a9]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf ePsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ :yfgLo :t/df
sfdug]{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf sfof{nox? :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljifout zfvfdf kl/0ft x'g g;ls
ljleGg lgsfox?sf] jLrdf sfdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf sfod} /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g;+u

74

jflemPsf sfg'gx? ;+;f]wg x'g g;s]sf]n] sfddf w]/} ljjfb tyf hl6ntf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .
cfof]hgf 5gf}6, jh]6 ljlgof]hgdf :yfgLo 6f7fjf7fx?sf] k|e'Tj sfod x'g k'uL :yfgLo >f]t
;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . hgk|ltlglw ljlxg cj:yf nufotsf pNn]lvt r'gf}tL
tyf ;d:ofx?sf] sf/0fn] :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+:yfut ?kdf ;Ifd e} s'zn, ldQJooL, k|efjsf/L,
pQ/bfoL 9+ujf6 sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
o; k[i7e"dLdf, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;j} /fhgLlts bnsf]
;xdltdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ug'{ klxnf] pQd ljsNksf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . t/ @)^( ;fn
h]7 !$ leq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ hl6n sfdnfO{ :yfgLo lgjf{rgn] cj/f]w ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn]
bf]>f] pQd ljsNksf] ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf lhNnfdf v;]sf] dtsf cfwf/df :yfgLo
lgsfosf k|d'v tyf pkk|d'v tyf cGo kbflwsf/Lx? ePsf] cGtl/d sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt -jf]8{_
u7g u/L :yfgLo lgsfox? ;+rfng ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;/L hgk|ltlglwx? dfkm{t pQ/bfoL9+ujf6
:yfgLo lgsfo ;+rfng ug{ yflnPdf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? qmdz M ;dfwfg
ug{ ;xh x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
gof+ ;+ljwfg dfkm{t /fHo k'g{;+/rgfsf qmddf :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/nfO{ cem yk clwsf/,
lhDd]jf/L tyf >f]t ;fwg k|bfg u/L :yfgLo txdf g} nf]stGqsf] cEof; ub}{ :yfgLo ljsf; /
;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg' kg]{ vf+rf] /x]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfgdf g} :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf
k|d'v sfo{x? pNn]v u/L kl5 pko'Qm cfsf/ / ;+Vofdf :yfgLo ;/sf/x? k'g{u7g u/L ;+3Lo
jf k|fGtLo sfg'gjf6 o;sf /fhlglts, ljQLo, k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos clwsf/x?sf] Joj:yf u/L
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cEof; ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
!= clwsf/L, k|f=8f= o1 k|;fb M hgk|ltlglw ljxLg :yfgLo ;/sf/ Ps cWoog, ljs]lGb|s/0f
;Nnfxfsf/ ;xof]u PsfO, sf7df08f}, @))$ .
@= pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;dGjo ;ldlt, @)%# M ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
;DjGwL k|ltj]bg, @)%# , lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+34f/f ljtl/t .
#= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sf7df08f} .
$= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%, sf7df08f} .
%= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL @)%^, sf7df08f} .
^= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt M :yfgLo lgsfo cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL @)^$, sf7df08f} .

75

&= cj:yL, u+ufbQ M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / ;+l3otf, ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ax'cfoflds kIfx?,
;]G6/ km/ O{Dkfj/d]G6 Ogf]e];g P08 8]enkd]G6 (CEMID) -k|yd ;+:s/0f_, hfjnfv]n,
nlntk'/, @)^% .
*= sfsL{, uf]ljGb jxfb'/ tyf l3ld/], O{Gb' M ljsf; / :yfgLo ;/sf/ -bf]>f] ;+:s/0f_, ;f]kfg
dfl;s, l8NnLjhf/, sf7df08f}, df3 @)^* .
(= /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u M lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^* @)^(&)_, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f},
c;f/ @)^* .
!)= /fl6o of]hgf cfof]u M bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(^) @)^$^%_, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}, kmfNu'0f
@)%( .
!!= ;+ljwfg;ef, /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] jf+8kmf+8 ;ldlt M cjwf/0ff kq / k|f/lDes
d:of}bf ;DjlGw k|ltj]bg, @)^^ .
!@= ;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn M ljs]lGb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ljQ Joj:yf, >LdtL cGhgf ;'j]bL, sn+sL:yfg,
sf7df08f} @)^# .
!#= ;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn M g]kfndf ;+3Lotf / sfo{lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f, >LdtL cGhgf ;'j]bL, sn+sL:yfg,
sf7df08f} @)^% .
!$= ;'j]bL, ;f]dnfn M g]kfndf ;+3Lotf, :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;+qmd0fsfnLg k|aGw, >LdtL cGhgf
;'j]bL, sn+sL:yfg, sf7df08f} @)^& .

76

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uM ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tf / ck]Iff

/ljnfn kGy*

;f/f+z
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u g]kfndf of]Uotf k|0ffnL :yflkt u/fpg] Ps ;+a}wflgs c+u xf] . of] kl/>d /
OdfGbfl/tfdf laZjf; /fVg] ;Dk"0f{ gful/sx?sf] cf:yfsf] w/f]x/ xf] . cfof]un] cfkmgf] 5 bzs
nfdf] cEof;jf6 5'6\6} k2lt :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . s}of} l;2fGtx? k|ltkfbg ul/Psf 5g\ . P]g, lgod
/ lgb]{lzsff/f cfof]u Jojl:yt 5 . cfof]un] /fhgLlts t/ntf nufotsf c;fdfGo cj:yfdf
klg sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtf lasf; u/]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] lasf;, z}lIfs If]qdf gof laifox?sf]
k|j]z,laB'tLo ;/sf/sf] cawf/0ff, ;/f]sf/jfnfx?jf6 cfpg] gof dfu / cGt/fli6o If]qdf ePsf
cEof; ;d]tsf sf/0fx?n] cfof]udf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/sf] nflu bafa k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'bfx'b}
klg cfof]usf k/fdz{x? sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf] ,k/LIff ;Grfngsf] nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/
gePsf] , ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf lgsf;f ;DaGwL sfddf ;/sf/jf6 k|fyldstf kfpg g;s]sf] h:tf
afx\o / cfof]u leqsf] hgzlSt lasf; dha'b x'g g;s]sf], cWoog cg';Gwfg tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t
x'g g;s]sf],k/Dk/fut tf}/tl/sf TofUg g;s]sf] h:tf cfof]usf cfGtl/s ;d:ofx? ;dfwfgsf]
kvf{Odf 5g . k|:t't n]vdf cfof]usf log} kIfx?dfly laZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

!= e"ldsf
@))* cfiff9 ! ut] g]kfn b/vf:t kl/ifbsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% af6 ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf dfGotf kfPsf] xf] . sfo{ aGb]h P]g
cg';f/ @)!& df3af6 @)!* j}zfv;Dd nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lgiqmLo agfO s}of} sd{rf/LnfO{
x6fOPsf] lyof] eg] s}of}nfO{ lgo'lSt lbOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf o;nfO{ k'gM
;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;+ljwfgsf] @)@# df ePsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfgx?df sd{rf/Lx? lgo'lStsf l;kmfl/; klg cfof]usf] sfo{If]qdf cfPsf] lyof] . @)#& sf]
;+ljwfgdf ePsf] ;+zf]wgkl5 ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] lgo'lSt nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt
cg';f/ ug]{ u/L Ps lgb]{lzsf k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n]
cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs x}l;otnfO{ sfod} /fvL lghfdtL ;]jfdf pko'St pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 u/L
lgo'lStsf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
* pk ;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

77

;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfsf cltl/St ;'/Iff lgsfodf x'g]
lgo'lStdf ;d]t cfof]usf] k/fdz{ clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgn] k/fdz{ lng
rfx]df k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] p2]Zo

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] p2]ZonfO{ s'g} Pp6f sf]0faf6 dfq x]g{ ;Sb}g . of] ;+j}wflgs lgsfo dfq
xf]Og, s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L lgsfosf] Ps c+u klg xf] . o;sf p2]ZonfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;}4flGts p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lSt, ;?jf tyf a9'jf k|lqmofdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf /
;+/If0f o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . o;n] b]xfosf lqmofsnfk dfkm{t of]Uotf k|0ffnL sfod u/fp5 .
l/St kbdf ;a}eGbf of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6
lgo'lSt tyf a9'jfdf gftfjfb s[kfjfbsf] cGTo
/fhgLlts cltqmd0faf6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ arfj6
;dfgtfsf] xs / of]Uotf k|0ffnL aLr ;Gt'ng
dgf]dfgL k|lqmofaf6 arfp

;+j}wflgs p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;~rfng tyf ;]jf k|fKtLdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr :yflkt x'g kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ d"t{
?k k|bfg ug'{ cfof]usf] csf]{ p2]Zo xf] . of] p2]Zodf b]xfo adf]lhdsf lqmofsnfkx? ;'lglZrt
ePsf] dflgG5 .
;dfgtfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f
;LdfGts[t ju{sf] kx'Frdf lj:tf/
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] sfof{Gjog

#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf d"No / dfGotfx?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u b]xfo adf]lhdsf d"No / dfGotfaf6 lgb]{lzt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cfgf] st{Jok|lt OdfGbfl/tf
sfo{;Dkfbgdf lgikIftf / kf/blz{tf
;+ljwfg / sfg"gk|lt lgi7f

$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf sfo{ ;~rfngsf cfwf/x?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf sfo{ ;~rfngsf] nflu b]xfojdf]lhdsf sfg'gL cfwf/x? /x]sf 5g .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)^&
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# tyf :jf:Yo ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%%

78

 Joj:yflksf;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ tyf Joj:yflksf;+;b ;lrjfno

sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%
ljleGg ;]jf ;~rfng ;DaGwL k|rlnt P]g tyf lgodfjnLx?
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^&
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] lg/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)%!
nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 hf/L ljleGg lgb]{lzsf tyf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf lg0f{ox?
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/x?

%= cfof]usf] e"ldsf
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= sfo{sf/L e"ldsf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lStsf] nflu pko'St pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ /
g]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q tyf g]kfn k|x/Lsf] nflu ;fdfGo l;4fGt tof/ ug'{ cfof]usf] sfo{sf/L
e"ldsf xf] .

@= k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu gLlt, ;]jf jf zt{ tyf sfg"gsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg'
k/fdz{bfoL e"ldsf xf] .

#= cw{Goflos e"ldsf
a9'jf ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/sf] ph'/L / ljefuLo ;hfosf] nflu k/fdz{ lbbf cfof]un]
cw{Goflos e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .

^= cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ cfof]usf] nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 .
! lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lStsf] lgldQ pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ cfof]usf]
st{Jo xf] .
@= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lagf :yfoL lgo'lSt
u/Lg] 5}g .
#= b]xfosf ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf
lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lSt, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ l;4fGtsf]
ljifodf
lghfdtL kbdf ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lSt ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Sttfsf]
ljifodf
s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo

79

;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Sttfsf] ljifodf
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s
;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf /
s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf

&= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL sfo{ k|jfx

cfof]udf l/St kbsf] nflu dfu cfs[lt k|fKt eO;s]kl5 kbk'lt{ k|lqmof k|f/De x'G5 . z}lIfs
of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f eO;s]sf kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0faf6 sfo{ yfngL x'G5
eg] z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f / kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f eOg;s]sf kbx?sf] nflu tL sfdx? ;DkGg
eO;s]kl5 k|ltzt lgwf{/0fsf] sfd z'? x'G5 . k|ltzt lgwf{/0fb]lv pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf
ljleGg r/0fdf ljleGg lj1, sfof{no, ;ldltx? ;+nUg x'g] ub{5g\ . cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmof
k|jfxnfO{ b]xfo jdf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
nfs
] ;j
] f cfof]u kbk"lt{ sfo{ k|jfxM
dfu ;+sng

lj1

lj1

lj1

z}lIfs of]Uotf lgwf{/0f

kf7\\oqmd lgdf{0f

jflif{s sfo{tflnsf

lj1fkg k|sfzg

x'nfs sfof{nox?

b/vf:t ;+sng

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

k|ltzt lgwf{/0f

cfof]usf sfof{nox?

sRRff k|Zgkq lgdf{0f

lnlvt k/LIff ;+rfng

lj1

;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfo

k/LIff s]Gb| lgwf{/0f

k|Zgkq kl/dfh{g
k|yd sf]8
cfof]usf sfof{nox?

lj1

cfof]usf sfof{nox?

pQ/k'l:tsf sf]l8
bf]>f] sf]8

pQ/k'\l:tsf k/LIf0f

lnlvt k/LIff glthf k|sfzg

k|of]ufTds k/LIff

lj1

cGt/jftf{

l;kmfl/z
6

80

lj1

l8sf]l8

lj1

cGt/jftf{ ;ldlt

*= kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf cfof]uaf6 k|ltkflbt s]xL l;2fGtx?

cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] l;nl;nfdf s]xL l;2fGtx? k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . tL dWo] s]xL o;
k|sf/ 5g\ .

uf]klgotfsf] l;4fGt
cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffsf] nflu k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, 5kfO{, pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f h:tf sfo{x?
k"0f{ uf]Kotfsf ;fy ul/g' k5{ . k|Zgkq x]g]{ klxnf] clwsf/ ;DalGwt pDd]bjf/sf] xf] eGg]
dfGotfnfO{ c+lusf/ ug{'k5{ .

bf]xf]/f]] ;f+s]lts/0fsf] l;4fGt

lnlvt k/LIff ;DkGg ePsf pQ/k'l:tsfdf klxnf] sf]8 gDa/ / bf]>f] sf]8 gDa/ /fvL bf]xf]/f]
;f+s]lts/0f ug{'k5{ .

uf]Ko sfddf c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGt

cfkm" jf cfgf] gft]bf/ pDd]bjf/ ePsf] lj1fkgsf] s'g} klg uf]Ko sfddf ;+nUg x'g' x'Fb}g . ;fy}
pQ/k'l:tsfdf klxnf] / bf]>f] sf]8 gDa/ /fVg] sfddf Pp6} JolStsf] ;+nUgtf c:jLsfo{ 5 .

k/LIf0fdf ljifo lj1sf] ;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGt

kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / lnlvt, k|of]ufTds tyf cGt/jftf{ k/LIffsf] k/LIf0f Pj+
d"Nof+sgsf] nflu ;DalGwt ljifo lj1sf] ;+nUgtf clgjfo{ ?kdf x'g'k5{ .

v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf] l;4fGt

5gf}6sf] s|ddf lnOg] k/LIffx?df v'nf k|lt:kwf{ x'g' k5{ . cfGtl/s, ;dfj]zL / v'nf h:tf h'g;'s}
lsl;dsf] k|lt:kwf{ eP klg tL dfkb08 leq kg]{ ;a}af6 v'nf k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg' k5{ l;4fGtsf]
dd{ xf] .

;dfg cj;/sf] l;4fGt

kbk"lt{sf nflu k|sflzt x'g] lj1fkgdf of]Uotf ldNg] ;a} pDd]bjf/n] cfj]bgsf] ;dfg cj;/
k|fKt u5{g\ . ;fy} cfof]usf k/LIff ;DaGwL cGo r/0fdf ;d]t cfj]bg ug]{ ;j} pDd]bjf/x?nfO{
;dfg cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 .

lgikIftfsf] l;4fGt
k|ltzt lgwf{/0fb]lv pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgikIf x'g'k5{ .

81

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGt

;j} lsl;dsf k|lt:kwf{df of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 . k/LIf0f / 5gf}6 k|0ffnLjf6 of]Uo
pDd]bjf/ ;dfj]z x'g] k|Tofe"lt x'g'k5{ .

(= cfof]usf ;an kIfx?

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;an kIfx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

kIfkft/lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;a}eGbf cfsif{s kIf eg]sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf o;sf] kIfkft/lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbg
xf] . o;nfO{ cfof]un] cfgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/0ffdaf6 g} k|dfl0ft ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . pko'Sttf
k/LIf0fdf sxL st}af6 k|Zg gp7\g' o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

k4ltdf cfwfl/t
cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k2ltdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; sfo{k2ltn] cfof]usf] lgikIftfnfO{ k|Tofe"t
u/]sf] 5 . kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx?sf] h'g;'s} ljrf/cf:yf / Jojxf/ eP
klg k2ltn] ;a}nfO{ uGtJotkm{ 8f]/\ofpb} nu]sf] b]lvG5 .

:jfoQtf
:jfoQtf cfof]usf] csf]{ ;an kIf xf] . ;+ljwfg tyf cGo sfg"gx?f/f k|bQ clwsf/ cGtu{t
/x]/ cfof]un] :jtGq 9+un] cfgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

/fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'St
cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k gx'g' Pp6f ;'Gb/ kIf xf] . sfo{sf/L txaf6 ;dfwfg
x'g g;Sg] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ljifox? ;d]t cfof]uaf6 ;/n tl/sfn] ;DkGg x'g ;Sg'nfO{ cfof]usf]
;an kIfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

af}l4s JolSto'St
cfof]usf] u7g k|lqmofn] jf}l2stfsf] k|Tofe'lt u/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] cWoIf tyf ;b:o aGgsf nflu
:gftsf]Q/ of]Uotf x'g', ljifo lj1x?dfq bIfsf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g' / 1fg;Lko'St sd{rf/Lx?dfq
kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ;+Ung x'g' o;sf] k|df0f xf] .

;Dk"0f{ uf]Ko k|0ffnL

(Total Blind System)

cfof]usf] Pp6f zfvfn] ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ sfo{;Dkfbg csf]{ s'g} klg zfvfn] yfxf gkfpg] k|0ffnL (Total

82

Blind System) o;sf] ;an kIf xf] . k/LIff ;DaGwL s'g} Ps r/0fdf ePsf] uf]Ko sfdsf] nflu
To;df ;+nUg sd{rf/L dfq lhDd]jf/ /xg] / ;f] sf] hfgsf/L cGo s;}n] klg yfxf gkfpg] x'gfn]
;du| sfdsf] uf]klgotf sfod /xG5 .

jflif{s sfo{tflnsff/f lgb]{lzt

cfof]un] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] k|f/Dedf pSt cfly{s jif{e/sf] nflu tof/ ug]{ jflif{s sfo{tflnsf
o;sf] ;an kIf xf] . o;/L lgwf{/0f ePsf] sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ pSt cf=j= sf] ;du| kbk"lt{ k|lqmof
lgb]{lzt /xg] x'+bf ;Dk"0f{ kbx?sf] lj1fkgb]lv l;kmfl/z;Ddsf] sfd lgoldt 9+un] ;Dkfbg ;Dej
ePsf] b]lvg cfp5 .

clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
cfof]un] /fhkq cg+lst:t/sf kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0fb]lv l;kmfl/z;Dd -k|Zgkq lgdf{0f afx]s_
sf] clwsf/ cfkm\gf cGrn sfof{no / If]qLo lgb]{zgfnonfO{ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5 . l5d]sL
b]z ef/tdf cGt/jftf{ ;Grfng ug]{ clwsf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ cfjZos g7flgPsf]
cjZyfdf g]kfnsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] o; k|sf/sf] cEof;nfO{ las]lGb|s/0fsf] /fd|f] cEof;sf]
?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

!)= cfof]usf ;d:ofx?

cfof]un] xfn Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

gLltut ;DaGwL
cfof]un] lbPsf k/fdz{x? afWosf/L gx'g' k|d'v gLltut ;d:of xf] . sfo{sf/L txaf6 k/fdz{sf]
nflu cfof]udf cg'/f]w ul/g] t/ lbOPsf] k/fdz{sf] s'g} sb/ gx'g] :yLltn] cfof]usf] OdfGbf/
k|of;dfly 7]; k'ofPsf] dx;'; ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L cflbjf;Lhghflt cGtu{t kg]{ hfthfltx?sf]
;"rL k"0f{ gx'Fg', dw];L klxrfg x'g] hfthfltsf] ;"rL tof/ gx'g', blnt ;d'bfo cGtu{tsf
hfthfltx?sf] ;"rLdf ;a} blntx?sf] hfthfltx? g;d]l6g' ,ckftfsf] kl/rokq ljt/0fdf
ljljwtf b]lvg' h:tf ljifox?n] cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;d:of v8f u/]sf 5g\ .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL

cfof]usf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L pko'St pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ug'{ xf] . o;sf] nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf
k/LIffx? ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t/ cfof]usf cfg} k/LIff ejgx? 5}gg\ . xfn;Dd cfof]usf #
-tLg_ j6f sfof{nox? dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf b/vf:t ;+sng s]Gb|
/ ;u/dfyf c~rn sfof{nosf nflu cfg} sfof{no ejg ;d]t 5}gg\ . sDKo'6/, kmf]6f]slk,

83

h]g]/]6/ / ;jf/L ;fwg h:tf d]zLg/L ;fdfgsf] cefj 5 . k/LIff ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfof]usf]
sfof{nox?af6 k/LIff s]Gb|;Dd pQ/k'l:tsf, k|Zgkqx? / k/LIff ;DaGwL cGo ;fdfu|Lx? k'ofpg
;d:of kb}{ cfPsf] 5 .

hgzlSt ljsf; ;DaGwL

cfof]udf hgzlSt ljsf;sf] kIf bogLo 5 . pTk|]/0ff j[l4sf nflu pko'St cEof; / kof{Kt
;fwgx?sf] cefj 5 . df}h'bf Ifdtf / bIftfsf] klg k"0f{ / ax'pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .
sd{rf/Lsf] >[hglzntf lasf; x'g] jftfj/0f gxF'bf ePsf] k|ltef ;d]t cf]Onfpb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .
;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox?sf] nflu pko'St hgzlSt 5gf}6 u/L k7fpg] o; cfof]un] cfgf nflu
cfjZos hgzlStsf] k|fKtL / ljsf;df kof{Kt Wofg lbg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL

cfof]udf cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k/Dk/fut xft] k|ljlwsf] afx'Notf 5 .
cfof]usf] sfof{nox?aLr ;'rgf ;~hfn (Information Network) :yfkgf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfof]usf]
sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ a9L u'0f:t/Lo agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu ;~rfng x'g kg]{ tflnd, cWoog,
cjnf]sg h:tf lqmofsnfkx? z'Go k|fo 5g\ . hgzlStsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 gePsf] sf/0fn] pknAw
ePsf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u klg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

;+u7gfTds;+/rgfTds ;DaGwL
cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt x'g] lj1fkgx?sf] b/vf:t kmf/fd ;+sngb]lv k/LIff ;~rfng ;Ddsf
lqmofsnfkx? lhNnf txdf ;d]t x'gkg]{ dfu p7]sf] ;Gbe{df cfof]un] cfgf] ;+u7gnfO{ lhNnf
:t/;Dd k'ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy} cfof]usf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{
lx;faaf6 b/aGbL ;+/rgf sfo{d"ns aGg ;s]sf] 5}g .

sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL
cfof]usf] ;"rgf cfwf/ sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 cfgf] sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k'ofpg] sfddf
cfof]u k|efjsf/L aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . cWoog, k|sfzg / ;dsIfL ;+u7gx?sf] cjnf]sgsf] cefj
5 . cfof]un] d'Vo sfd (Core function) tkm{ cfgf] k|of; s]lGb|t ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ljefuLo
;hfosf] k/fdz{df :ki6 sfo{ljlwsf] cefj 5 .

pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 k|lqmof ;DaGwL

cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd Joj;flos 5}g . k|fl1s 5 . o;n] ubf{ 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]bjf/x?sf nflu
Jojxfl/s 1fgsf] cefj kfOPsf] 5 . cfof]un] ug]{ k/LIf0fdf gjLgtfsf] cefj 5 . :jLs[t jflif{s
sfo{tflnsf cg';f/ sfo{ km5\of}{6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

84

pknlAwaf6 kmfObf lng g;Sg'

cfof]usf] lgikIf sfo{;Dkfbg, OdfGbf/ k|of;, k2tLdf cfwfl/t sfo{k|jfx / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ljZjf;
cflbaf6 kof{Kt kmfObf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . /fd|f] d"Nof+sg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs
lg0f{o k|lqmofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfof]usf] hjfkmb]lxtf kb{z{g x'g]
Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg :yLltsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;do lbPsf] b]lvb}g . h;n]
ubf{ cfof]un] hgk|ltlglwx?sf] k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] ckh; lngkg]{ cj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] /x]sf] 5 . t/ kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf
;+nUg x'g] ;/sf/sf sltko lgsfox?af6 l/St dfu k|fKt gx'g] / sltko dfux? cfof]usf]
sfo{tflnsfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] ;do eGbf l9nf] k|fKt x'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ kbk"lt{ x'g g;Sg] cj:yf
/xG5 . To;} u/L ;dfj]zL tkm{sf sltko kbx?df cfjZos pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 gx'g] t/ P]gsf]
k|fjwfgsf sf/0f tf]lsPsf] ;dfj]zL ;d"xsf nflu kb /f]sL /fVg' kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ ;dod} kbk"lt{
gx'g] / :jf:Yo ;]jf tkm{sf] sfg"gL c8\rgsf] sf/0f kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf /x]tf klg o;sf]
ckh; cfof]un] lng'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /f=k= cg= l4tLo >]0fLdf cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu @) l;6 5'ofOPsf] t/ To;sf] lgs} sd ;+Vofdf dfq pDd]bjf/ ;kmn x'g]
u/]sf] sf/0f sfo{;~rfng :t/df hgzlSt cefj b]lvPsf] jf:tljstfnfO{ klg cfof]un] kbk"lt{
ug{ g;s]sf] b]vfOg] u/]sf] 5 .

cfly{s ;d:of
k/LIff ;~rfngsf nflu ljlgof]lht jh]6 k/LIff ;~rfngsf] sfdsf] t'ngfdf ckof{Kt x'g] u/]sf]n]
cy{ dGqfnodf yk lgsf;fsf] nflu k6s k6s cg'/f]w ul//xg kg]{ :yLlt 5 . cfof]uaf6 lnOg]
k/LIffsf] ;+Vof h:t}M k/LIffsf] lsl;d -cf=k|=, ;dfj]zL / v'nf_, k/LIffsf] t/Lsf -lnlvt, k|of]ufTds,
cGt/jftf{_, ;dfj]zL ;d"x -dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw]zL blnt, ckf, lk5l8Psf] If]q_ /
pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof ljutsf] t'ngfdf HofldtLo lx;fjn] a9]sf] t/ cfof]unfO{ ljlgof]hg x'g] ah]6
;LdfGts[t lx;fan] dfq} a[l4 x'g] u/]sf]] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfof]un] k/LIff ;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?nfO{
v'DRofpb} nlu/x]sf] :yLlt 5 .

!!= cfof]usf cj;/x?

cfof]usf nflu b]xfosf j'Fbfx? cj;/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

ljZj;gLotf
nfdf] Aoj;flos cEof; / Jojl:yt sfo{ k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lgikIf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf]n]
cfof]un] ;a}sf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . oxL cflh{t ljZj;gLotf g} cfof]usf] cfufdL
sfo{ lbzfsf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ cj;/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

85

lj:tfl/t sfo{If]qM
;du| /fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgfsf] k|lqmofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf d:of}bf ;ldltx?n] ;+j}wflgs ;ldltdf k7fPsf] d:of}bfdf lghfdtL ;]jf,
;'/Iff lgsfo, lzIfs tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmof ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{
If]q leq kg]{ pNn]v x'g' cfof]unfO{ k|fKt yk cj;/ xf] .

alnof] ;+:yfut cfwf/M

;+ljwfgn] cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . cfof]usf 5'} sfof{nox? 5g\ .
P]g, lgod / lgb]{lzsff/f cfof]u Jojl:yt 5 . s}of} l;4fGtx? k|ltkflbt 5g\ . k|To]s ljifo
If]qsf bIf lj1x?;Fu cfof]usf] ;DjGw :yflkt 5 .

cfbz{ ;+:yf
cfof]usf] sfo{k|0ffnL, k2lt / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt cGo ;+u7g / lgsfosf nflu ;d]t cg's/0fLo
/xb} cfPsf] 5 . o; b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ cGo lgsfosf] nflu ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cfbz{ ;+:yfsf]
?kdf /xL/xg] ;Defjgf 5 .

of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] a9\bf] dfu

lg'olStsf l;4fGtx?dWo] n'6 k|0ffnL / ;+/If0f k|0ffnL c;kmn eO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnL ;j{:jLsfo{
l;4fGtsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . o;/L :yflkt eO;s]sf] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ cj;/
cfof]unfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

cljjflbt ;+:yf
g]kfndf slxNn} klg cgfjZos ljjfbdf gk/]sf] /fHosf] Ps dfq lgsfo nf]s ;]jf cfof]u xf] .
xfn;Dd ljjfbdf gk/]sf] P]ltxfl;s u'0f eljiosf] cj;/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

c;fdfGo cj:yfdf klg sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtf

/fhgLlts If]qdf eO/xg] G, lx+;f h:tf c;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;d]t cfof]usf] sfo{ ;~rfng
;'rf? x'b} cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljleGg cefj, cfGbf]ng, aGb, c;xof]u nufotsf kl/l:yltdf
klg sfo{;Dkfbg ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljsl;t ePsf] Aoj:yfksLo IfdtfnfO{ cfof]usf] cj;/sf]
?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

!@= cfof]usf r'gf}tLx?

cfof]un] s}of} r'gf}tLx? ;d]t ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf r'gf}tLx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ .

86

of]Uotf k|0ffnL hf]ufO/fVg'

xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL gLlt cGt/ut cf/If0f Aoj:yf sfod ul/Psf] 5 . cf/If0f
;zlSts/0fsf] gLlt xf]Og t;y{ o;n] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ IfoLs/0f u/]s} x'G5 .
o;/L cf/If0fsf] sf/0f of]Uotf k|0ffnL / lghfdtL ;]jfdf kg{ ;Sg] ;Defljt Iflt Go'gLs/0f ug'{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfd xf] .

cfof]unfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{

;du| /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf cGtu{t cfof]usf] efjL ;+/rgfdf ;d]t xfn;Dd :yflkt dfGotf,
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt / ;j{:jLsfo{ dfu{bz{g k|ltljlDjt x'g] u/L cfof]unfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ?kfGt/0f
ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

;+u7gfTds Ifdtf ;'b9[ kfg'{

xfn cfof]usf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ x'b} uPsf] / tf]lsPsf] sfo{If]q jflx/ ;d]t cfof]usf] pkl:ylt dfu
ePsf] :yLlt 5 . o;/L sfo{ef/sf] dfu cg';f/ cfof]usf] ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf ;'b[9 kfg'{ cfof]usf]
nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

k/fdz{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg'

;ljwfgn] cfof]unfO{ tf]s]sf k|d'v e"ldsf dWo] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{klg
Ps xf] t/ cfof]un] lbOPsf k/fdz{x?sf] :yLlt x]bf{ lbOPsf k/fdz{x?sf] sb/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g
t;y{ cfufdL lbgdf cfof]ujf6 k|bfg ul/g] k/fdz{x? k|efjsf/L jgfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

kf/blz{tf / uf]klgotfsf] ;Gt'ng ldnfpg'

cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf sltko k|lqmofx? uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 eg] ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg"gsf]
kfngf / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ qmddf uf]Ko /xg'kg]{ k|lqmof / kl/0ffd ;d]t kf/bzL{ x'g]
cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 . o;/L cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf kf/blz{tf / uf]klgotfsf] ;Gt'ng
ldnfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

lgikIftf, lj:j;gLotf / k|efjsfl/tf hf]ufO/fVg'

cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tfdf /fhgLlts OdfGbfl/tf, jf}l4s ;d"xsf] ;xof]u , cfof]usf] :ki6 sfo{lbzf
/ sd{rf/LtGqsf] Aoj;flos s'zntfsf] xft /xG5 t/ /fhgLlts cj:yf t/n /x]sf], /fhgLltdf
bnut :jfy{ xfjL ePsf], /fhgLlts lgo'lStx?df efuj08f ;+:s[lt ljsl;t ePsf] , gful/s
;dfhdf :jtGq Pj+ >[hgfTds lrGtgsf] v8]/L k/]sf] / sd{rf/LtGqdf cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug]{

87

k|j[lQ vl:sb} uPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf cfof]un] cfgf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf lgikIftf, lj:j;gLotf
/ k|efjsfl/tf hf]ufO/fVg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;f/e"t ?kdf ;dfj]zL jgfpg'

;dfj]zLs/0f ;du| /fHon] lnPsf] clxn]sf] gLlt xf] . of] gLlt cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{
;+oGqsf] ?kdf /x]sf lghfdtL ;]jf ;dfj]zL jGg' k5{ t/ ;dfj]zL gLlt nfu' eP kZrft xfn
;Ddsf] :yLlt x]bf{ ;dfj]zL ;d"x cGt/ut klg vf; ju{ / hfthfltsf] jr{:j j9\b} uPsf]
b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf k|ltljlDjt x'g]u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO ;f/e"t ?kdf ;dfj]zL
jgfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

cfof]unfO{ ef}lts >f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg'

cfof]unfO{ 5'6\ofOg] jflif{s ah]6n] k/LIff ;~rfng ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx? ;Dkfbg ug{df ;d]t
sl7GffO{ pTkGg eO/x]sf] / s'g} bft[ lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u klg k|fKt gePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]unfO{
ef}lts >f]t ;fwg ;DkGg agfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

bIflj1sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug'{

zf}lIfs ;+:yfx?df gofFgofF ljifox? yk x'b} uPsf, gofF k|ljlwx? ljsl;t eO{ k"/fgf k|ljlwx?
lj:yflkt x'b} uPsf, af}l4s knfog a9\b} uPsf] / ;Lldt dfqfdf pknAw bIflj1x?sf] Aoj;flos
Ao:ttf a9]sf] ;d]tsf] sf/0fjf6 cfof]unfO{ bIflj1x?sf] cfk"lt{ lgoldt ?kdf ug'{u/fpg'
r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

cfof]unfO{ gLlt / cg';Gwfgtkm{ s]lGb|t ug'{

;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox? ;Ifd gx'g' / ;fdflhs ;r]tgf pGgt eO g;s]sf] sf/0fn] xfn
cfof]u b/vf:t ;+sng, k/LIff ;~rfng, k/LIf0f h:tf k|lqmofut kIfdf cndlng' kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
oL k|lqmof ;Fu;Fu} cfof]unfO{ cfgf] d'Vo e"ldsf gLlt / cg';Gwfg tkm{ s]lGb|t u/fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{
sfd /x]sf] 5 .

!#= ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL ;dfwfgsf nflu ePsf k|of;x?

sfg"gL k|of;

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{
lghfdtL ;]jf afx]s cGo ;]jfx? ;d]tsf cfof]usf] pkl:ylt /xg ;Sg] ePsf] 5 .

88

kl/0ffd :j?k cfof]unfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ;+oGqx?df of]Uotf k|0ffnL sfod u/fpg]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^& n] cfof]unfO{ cfgf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf
w]/} xb;Dd :jfoQtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& n] cfof]uaf6 x'g] ;du| sfo{x?sf]
sfo{ljlw :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . o;k"j{sf] lgb]{lzsf k/LIff ;~rfng ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkdf dfq
s]Gb|Lt ePsf]n] cfof]un] lgjf{x ug]{ ;a} e"ldsfsf] nflu ckof{Kt /x]sf] lyof] .

gLltut k|of;

cfof]un] ;+:yfut ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf, @)^^ dfkm{t ;'wf/sf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .
o; sfo{ of]hgfdf tTsfn ug'{kg]{ sfo{, cNksflng sfo{ / dWosflng sfo{ u/L tLg
r/0fsf] ;'wf/ sfo{s|d 5 . k/LIff k|0ffnLdf u'0ffTdstf clea[l2 / ;+:yfut ;'b[l9s/0f
;DaGwL sfo{ o; ;'wf/ of]hgfsf k|d'v b'O{ p2]Zo /x]sf 5g . cf=a= @)^^^& b]lv
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] o; ;'wf/ of]hgfdf dfu ;+sng b]lv l;kmfl/z ;Ddsf 5 j6f /
a9'jf Aoa:yfkg,:jrflns/0f (automation) , k|lqmofut, ;+u7gfTds / lalaw kfr ;d]t
u/L hDdf P3f/j6f d'Vo lqmofsnfkx? ;dflji6 5g\ .

cfof]un] cfgf] /0fgLlts of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . h;df rf/j6f /0fgLlts cfofd / ^
j6f d'Vo glthf If]qsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . log} cfofd / glthf If]qsf nflu ljleGg
lqmofsnfkx? ;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . /0fgLlts of]hgf cGt/utsf rf/ /0fgLlts
cfofd / d'Vo glthf If]q o;k|sf/ 5g\ .
Strategic Fonts

Key Result Area

Selection test services

Recommending qualified candidates to the vacant post.

Improving selection test

Advisory and Complient

hearing services

Delivering advisory on departmental actions against civil

servants
Hearing complaints decisions of the promotion
committees

Promotional services

Promoting the roles being played by the public service

commission

Internal Capacity building

Developing internal organizational management capaicty

cfof]un] PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] z'?jft u/]sf] 5 . xfn ck|fljlws tkm{ /fhkq cg+lst
>]0fL -v'nf_ txaf6 z'? ul/Psf] of] k|0ffnL qmdzM cGo >]0fL / kbx?df ;d]t nfu" ub}{

89

n}hfg] ;f]r cfof]un] lnPsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 k/LIff ;~rfngdf nfUg] cfly{s ef/ sd
x'g], lghfdtL ;]jfdf tfhf hgzlSt cfslif{t x'g] lj1fkg / glthf aLrsf] cGt/fn sd
x'g] uO{ cfof]unfO{ cg';Gwfgd"ns sfd tkm{ s]Gb|Lt x'g cj;/ ldNg] ck]Iff ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 .
cfof]uaf6 k|sflzt x'g] lj1fkgx?sf] nflu b/vf:t lhNnf:t/d} b/vf:t a'emfpg kfpg]
Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . xfnsf] nflu b/vf:tsf] cToflws rfFk kg]{ ck|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkq
cg+lst tkm{sf ;a} / /fhkqf+lst tkm{ zfvf clws[t txsf] nflu cfof]usf sfof{nox?
gePsf lhNnfdf lhNnf x'nfs sfof{nox?df b/vf:t a'emfpg kfpg] Aoj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
cfof]un] /fhkqf+lst k|yd, ltLo >]0fLsf k|fljlws kbx?sf] kf7\oqmd ;d]t k|zf;g
tyf Joj:yfkg ljifo ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . k|fljlws tkm{sf ;x;lrjx? ;d]t ;lrj aGg
;Sg] ePsf]n] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkgsf] ;}4flGts 1fgsf] cefj gxf];\ eGg] b[li6af6
kf7\oqmddf lnOPsf] of] gLltut Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L sfo{d"ns agfpg]
cEof;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ubf{ 6'qm] k|Zgsf] nflu ;d]t c+s ljefhg u/L ljifout k|Zgkqx?sf]
ufO8nfOg ;DalGwt bIfaf6} tof/ ug{ nufpg], cGtjf{tf{df clwstd / Go"gtd ;Ldf
aLrsf] cGt/ sdug]{, ;dfg kbdf pDd]bjf/ aGg gkfpg], czSt pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;xof]uL
n]vssf] Joj:yf ug]{ / bIf lj1x?sf] ;"rL cBfjlws ub}{ hfg] h:tf cfof]un] lnPsf
kl5Nnf gLltut lg0f{on] k/LIff ;~rfng / k/LIf0fdf u'0f:t/Lotf clea[l4 x'g] lj:jf;
ug{ ;lsG5 .

;f+u7lgs;+/rgfTds k|of;

cfof]usf] sfo{ If]q lj:tf/ ePsf] ;Gbe{ ;d]tnfO{ x]/L o;sf] ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg
;e]{If0f u/L ;fljssf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfdf yk36 ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{nox?df dxfzfvfx? / zfvfx? yk ePsf], ;a} If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox?df /f=k= k|yd
>]0fLsf] clws[t k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ePsf], c~rn sfof{nox?df /f=k= ltLo >]0fLsf]
clws[t sfof{no k|d'vsf] ?kdf /xg] Joj:yf ePsf], b/vf:t btf{ ;DaGwdf sf7df8f}+df
5'} sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] / cfof]usf] ;a} sfof{nox?df slDtdf Pshgf sDKo'6/
ck/]6/ /xg] Joj:yf ul/Paf6 cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;'b[9 agfpg] kxn ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f @)^& n] cfof]usf] dxfzfvfx?, zfvfx?, If]qLo

lgb]{zgfnox?, c~rn sfof{nox? tyf k|To]s kbn] ug'{kg]{ sfd -sfo{ ljj/0f_ :ki6
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

k|lqmofut k|of;

cfof]un] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf jflif{s sfo{tflnsfdf ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g Pj+ ;'wf/ ub}{

90

nu]sf] b]lvG5 . xfnsf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf x]bf{ lj1fkg k|sfzg ePsf] a9Ldf ;ft
dlxgfleq kbk"lt{ k|lqmofsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx? k"/f u/L l;kmfl/z ;d]t ul/;Sg] b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L kbk"lt{ k|lqmof ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] kb /f=k= k|yd >]0fL -;x;lrj :t/_ b]lv k|f/De
eO /f=k=cg+= ltLo -vl/bf/ :t/_ df cGTo ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ dflyNnf kbx?k"lt{
x'b} tNnf] kb;Dd kbk"lt{ x'g] jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf x'g cfPsf] 5 .
xfn b/vf:t lbg kfpg] DofbnfO{ #) -tL;_ lbgaf6 36fP/ PSsfO; lbg -bf]Aa/ b:t'/sf]
Dofb & lbg oyfjt _ dfq agfOPsf] 5 . kl5Nnf] xKtfdf dfq b/vf:tsf] rfk kg]{ tyf
lj1fkg vlK6g] h:tf sf/0fn] b/vf:t btf{ ;DaGwL cfGtl/s Joj:yf ldnfpg sl7gfO
pTkGg eO/x]sf]df xfn sfod ul/Psf] @! -PSsfO;_ lbgsf] b/vf:t Dofbn] b/vf:t
Joj:yfkg ;xh / u'0f:t/Lo ePsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 .
/fhkq cg+lst tkm{sf] sfo{Ifdtf d"Nof+sgaf6 x'g] a9'jf / ;dfof]hgaf6 x'g] a9'jfsf]
nflu lj1fkg ug]{ ;dofjlw ;d]t tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ lhNnf:t/sf] a9'jf If]qsf]
sfd ug]{ a9'jf ;ldltn] a9'jf ;DaGwL sfd ug{ lglZrt ;dofjlw kfPsf] 5 .
cfof]un] cfgf] j]j;fO6 dfkm{t cfgf ultljlwx? ;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
vf;u/L kf7\oqmd, lj1fkg, k/LIff s]Gb| / glthfx? j]e;fO6 dfkm{t k|jfx ug]{ sfdnfO{
lta|tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} k|To]s a'waf/sf] uf]/vfkq b}lgs / k|To]s a'waf/
/]l8of] g]kfnsf] /flt (=)) ah]sf] ;dfrf/kl5 cfof]usf ;"rgfx? k|sfzg tyf k|zf/0f
x'g] qmd oyfjt /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfof]usf ljz]if k|sfzgx? nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
;dfrf/kq (News letter), gLltut lg0f{o ;f/;+u|x, a9'jf ph'/L ;f/ ;+u|x, lghfdtL
;]jf klqsf h:tf k|sfzgx?n] cfof]usf sfd sf/afxLnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg vf]h]sf]
b]lvG5 .
cfof]unfO{ :jrflnt k|0ffnLdf n}hfg] sfdsf] z'?jft :j?k xfn PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf]
;xof]udf Optical Mark Reader (OMR) d]lzg ;d]tsf] Aoj:yf ug]{ k|of; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;sf] k|of]ujf6 j:t'ut pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ;DjGwL sfd zL3| x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;DjGwL k|of;

cfof]un] cfgf] sfof{no tyf k/LIff ;~rfngsf] nflu ejgx? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{sf] z'?jft u/]sf]
5 . h; cg';f/ kf]v/f / hn]Zj/df k/LIff ejg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;'v]{tdf k/LIff ejg /
vf]6fdf sfof{no ejg lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

!$= ;'wf/sf If]qx?

gLltut ;'wf/

cfof]usf] k/fdz{nfO{ jfWosf/L agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . k/fdz{ jfWosf/L aGg g;Sg] xf] eg]
k/fdz{ jfWosf/L x'g] / gx'g] If]qsf] lgwf{/0f ;+ljwfgd} :ki6 ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

91

 ljleGg lgsfox?sf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf cfof]usf] k|ltlglwTj x'Fb}df dfq of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf]
;'lglZrttf ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] tL kbk"lt{ ;ldltx?df cfof]usf] lgoGq0ffTds k|ltlglwTj
x'g' kb{5 . h'g lgsfosf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf cfof]usf] lgoGq0ffTds k|ltlglwTj x'b}g tL
lgsfox?df cfof]u k|ltlglwsf] k|fjwfg /flvg' x'b}g .
cfof]udf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ cfof]u aflx/ ;?jf ubf{ cfof]usf] ;xdlt lng] Joj:yfnfO{
sfod} /fVg'k5{ t/ cfof]udf vf; tf]lsPsf] cjlw ;]jf ul/;s]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;?jf ubf{
cfof]usf] ;xdlt cfjZos gkg]{ / cfof]u aflx/af6 cfof]udf sd{rf/L ;?jf ubf{ ;d]t
cfof]usf] ;xdlt lng] gLltut Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
cfof]usf] ;lrjnfO{ cfof]usf] ;b:o ;lrj agfOg'kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ cfof]u / cfof]usf]
;lrjfno aLrsf] Chain of Command alnof] x'g], ;lrjsf] bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTj ;dfKt
x'g] / ;lrjfnosf] g]t[Tjdf :yL/tf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
cfof]usf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg x'g] kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf
jgfpg' k5{ . cfrf/;+lxtfdf xfn lgb]{lzsf, ;"rgf, b|i6Jo / k|rngsf] ?kdf :yflkt
eO;s]df cg'zf;gsf ljifox?nfO ;dfa]z ul/g'k5{ .

;+u7g ;'wf/
cfof]usf If]qLo lgb]{zgfno tyf c~rn sfof{nox?nfO{ a9L clwsf/ lbOg' cfjZos 5 . /fHo
k'g;+/rgfsf] ;Defjgf ;d]taf6 ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ s]Gb|Lo dfu{bz{gsf] cwLgdf /xL slDtdf ;xfos
:t/sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfd ;DalGwt If]qc~rnaf6 ;DkGg x'g ;Sg]u/L ;f+u7lgs k'g;+/rgf
ul/g'k5{ .

ef}lts Joj:yfdf ;'wf/

cfof]usf] nflu sfof{no ejgx?sf] lgdf{0f / dd{tdf Wofg lbOg'k5{ . k|To]s sfof{nodf sDtLdf
%)) -kfFr;o_ hgf pDd]bjf/sf] k/LIff lng ;lsg] Ifdtfsf] k/LIff ejg lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . ;fy}
k/LIff ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ d'Vo ;fdfu|Lx? h:t}M kmf]6f]slk, kmlg{r/, h]g]/]6/, sDKo'6/
tyf cGo ;xfos ;fdfu|Lx? h:t} ;jf/L ;fwg, ofS;, OGwg cflbsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

k|lqmofut ;'wf/
lj1fkg k|sfzg / l;kmfl/z aLrsf] ;dofGt/ cem} sd ul/g'k5{ . k/LIff ;DaGwL k|lqmofx?df
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fpg'k5{ . cgnfOg k|0ffnLaf6 b/vf:t a'emfpg ;lsg] ;Defjgfsf]
cWoog u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . l;kmfl/z pDd]bjf/ x'g]x?sf] clGtd k|fKtf tyf
pDd]bjf/n] dfu u/]sf] v08df p;n] k|fKt u/]sf] clGtd k|fKtf ;d]t pknAw u/fpg ;s]
cfof]usf] sfd sf/afxL cem kf/bzL{ x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .

cfGtl/s Ifdtf a[l4

cfof]u cGt/ut sfo{/t hgzlStsf] Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ cfof]usf] d'Vo k|fyldstf If]qleq kfl/
g'k5{ . tflnd, cWoog, cjnf]sg / cg';Gwfgsf cj;/x? pknAw >[hgf u/fO{ sd{rf/Lx?sf]

92

Ifdtf a[l4 u/fpg' kb{5 . cfof]unfO{ xfnsf] prfO{;Dd k'/\ofpg] sfddf o;df sfo{/t hgzlStsf]
OdfGbf/ k|of; / s'zn sfo{;Dkfbg ;d]tsf] xft /x]sf] tYonfO{ larf/ ubf{ cfof]uleq}sf
hgzlStsf] of]Uotf / Ifdtfsf] ax'pkof]u ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . To;}u/L >f]t ;fwgsf]
;'lglZrttf, ;dsIfL ;+u7gx?sf] cjnf]sg / cfof]usf ;jn kIfx?sf] ahf/Ls/0f u/L ;+:yfut
Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ l9nfO ul/g' x'b}g .

kf7\oqmddf ;'wf/
;a} kbx?sf] nflu kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / ePsf kf7\oqmdx?df ;d;fdlos kl/dfh{g ug'{ cfof]usf]
;'wf/sf] csf]{ If]q xf] . kf7\oqmd Jojxfl/s x'g'k5{ of] k|fl1s x'g'x'+b}g . s'g} kbsf] kf7\oqmd
k6s k6s kl/dfh{g ul//xg] t/ s'g} kbsf] bzsf} k'/fgf] kf7\oqmd oyfjt /lx/xg' x'b}g .
To;}u/L /fhkq cg+lst k|flalws kbx?df laifout k/LIff lng] / /fhkqf+lst k|yd / l4tLo
>]0fLsf kbx?df k|ltj]bg n]vg, k|:tfj n]vg / ;f]rkq tof/L h:tf 5gf]6sf lalwx?nfO{ ;d]t
kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .

k/LIf0f k|ljlwdf ;'wf/

cfof]un] lng] k/LIffx?sf] k/LIf0f ljlw k2tLo'St, j}1flgs / u'0f:t/Lo x'g g;s] cfof]usf]
ljZj;gLotf sdhf]/ x'b} hfg] ePsf]n] o;df lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ;b}j ck]lIft /xG5 . o;sf nflu
;dsIfL ;+u7gx?sf] cjnf]sg, gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] nflu cg';Gwfg / df}h'bf k|ljlwdf lgikIftf
clea[l4 ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

k/LIff k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/

z}lIfs s]Gb|x?af6 pTkflbt d]3fjL k|ltefx?nfO{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw ckgfP/ cfgf] kbk"lt{ k|lqmofdf
cfsif{0f ug]{, kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL k|lqmofsf] Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{, k|f/lDes k/LIffnfO{ k/LIffsf]
r/0fsf] ?kdf lng] / Plss[t k/LIff k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ h:tf pkfo dfkm{t k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cem
/fd|f] agfpg ;lsG5 .

:jrflns/0f

-Automation _

cfof]usf] s]lGb|o sfof{no, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno / cGrn sfof{nox?jLr g]6jls{sf] k|0ffnLut

Aoa:yf ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;km\6j]/sf] lasf; ug]{, Optical Mark Reader
d]lzgsf] tTsfn Aoj:yf ug]{ / cfof]u cGt/utsf ;a} sfof{nozfvfx? aLrsf] k|lta]bg
k|0ffnLnfO{ :jrflnt agfpg] tkm{ Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .

a9'jf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/

;a} lsl;dsf] a9'jfsf] a9'jf ;lrjfno nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / cGt/utsf sfof{nox?df /xg]
Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . /fhkq cg+lst kbx?df x'g] a9'jfsf] nflu a9'jf ;ldltsf] cWoIf cfof]usf

93

If]qLo lgb]{zgfno tyf c~rn k|d'vx?nfO{ tf]lsg' k5{ . c~rn tyf If]q:t/sf] a9'jf ;ldltjf6
ePsf] a9'jfsf] k'g/fj]bg cfof]uaf6 -s]Gb| :t/af6_ x]g]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' k5{ . a9'jf ph'/L ;'g'jfO{
;DjGwdf cfof]usf] ;"rgf cfwf/ alnof] agfpg' k5{ .

ljefuLo ;hfo k/fdz{ ;DaGwL ;'wf/

ljefuLo ;hfo sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf agfO{ sf/afxLsf nflu j:t'ut ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ .
;hfosf] ;'g'jfOdf dsf{ kg]{ kIfsf] u'gf;f] /fVg] ;+oGq / k2lt lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . o; ;DaGwdf
;d]t lj1sf] ;Nnfx lnOg'kb{5 .

!%= lgisif{
cfof]usf] sfo{;Dkfbg pTs[i6 x'Fbf x'Fb} klg g o;n] /fhgLlts txaf6 k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 g
t sfo{sf/L txaf6 ;+:yfut ;'b[l9s/0fsf] 9f8;g} kfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs g]t[Tjaf6 cf}krfl/s
?kdf cfof]usf] k|z+;f x'g] t/ JolStut ?kn] k|efjdf kfg{ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ obfsbf b]lvPs} 5 .
of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/Ifs dflgPsf] cfof]unfO{ ;dfj]zL gLlt cg';f/ sfd ug'{kbf{ k|ltef knfog
/f]Sg] r'gf}tL ;d]t ylkPsf] 5 . lj1fkgx?sf] ;+Vof, k/LIffsf] lsl;d, k/LIffyL{sf] ;+Vof / k/LIf0f
ljlw yk x'b} uPsf]n] cfof]usf] vr{df :jefjtM a9f]Q/L eP klg jh]6 ljlgof]hg / lgsf;f
ug]{ lgsfon] o;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cleefjsLo bfloTj ;d]t
k"/f ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] cfof]usf] ;'wf/ k|of;x? s]jn k/LIff k|0ffnLdf u'0f:t/Lotf clea[l4 ug]{
lqmofsnfkdf dfq ;Lldt aGg' x'b}g . sf]/f ;f}4flGts 1fgn] dfq ;/sf/L sfo{;Dkfbgdf lgvf/
gcfpg] x'Fbf 5gf}6 k|0ffnLnfO{ s]jn k|fl1s b[li6sf]0faf6 dfq x]g'{ x'+b}g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]
kbk"lt{sf] k|To]s r/0fsf v'b|f lqmofsnfkdf cndlng' eGbf gLlt dfkm{t of]Uotf k|0ffnL ;+/If0fdf
nfUg' kg]{ xf] t/ /fi6sf] cj:yf ;+qmd0fsflng x'g', /fhgLlts If]q t/n /xg', ;dfhsf] ;f]rfO
:t/ pGgt eO g;Sg', ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox? Joj;flos x'g g;Sg', gful/sx?sf] gh/df
5gf}6sf] PSnf] kof{osf] ?kdf cfof]unfO{ g} lnOg' h:tf sf/0fn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] nflu dfly
;'emfOPsf ;'emfjx? g} xfnsf nflu pQd ljsNk x'g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?M
!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ / lgodfjnL @)^&
#= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%)
$= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^&
%= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] %! cf}+ / %@ cf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg
^= d}gfnL uf]lkgfy, /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? ,@)^& M;f]kfg dfl;s
*= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;+:yfut ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf, @)^^
(= A report on Strategic plan for PSC, 2010

94

ljsf; k|zf;g / o;sf r'gf}tLx?

ufoqLk|;fb /]UdL1*

;f/f+z

s'g} klg nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] cfdhgtfsf] ue{b]lv lrxfg;Ddsf (Womb to tomb) a[xt\
cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k|zf;g oGqsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/n] b]z / hgtfsf]
;'/Iff ug]{ gful/sxsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] nflu cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg],
sfg"g, lgod, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fy} b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; /
gful/ssf] sNof0f Pj+ lxtsf nflu lgoldt, cfsl:ds / ljsf;fTds sfo{x ub{5 . ljsf;
k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsl;t cjwf/0ff klg xf] . lj;+ @)!# ;fndf ;'? ul/Psf]
of]hgfa4 ljsf;n] ljsf;sf] k|zf;gsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTdf;ft ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{
k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] lyof] . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff
;fj{hlgs ePsf] cfwf ztfAbLeGbf a9L cjlwdf l;\ufk'/, sf]l/of, dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of,
yfONofG8,lkmlnlkG; h:tfd'n'sn] pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n u/] . csf{]tkm{ clwsfz+ ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6xsf] cj:yfdf eg] ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df Psftkm{ ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffTds b[li6sf]0f Pj+ cled'vLs/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L tb\cg'ksf] dfGotfnfO{
cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ oyfy{ / csf]{tkm{ ljBdfg k|zf;lgs kof{j/0fnfO{ ljsf; k|zf;gd}qL agfpg
cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] cj:yfaLr ;fd~h:o ldnfpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|To]s
ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6n] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] r'gf}tL klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu /fli6o kl/j]zcg's"n
x'g] u/L pko'Qm /0fgLlt clVtof/ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

cjwf/0ff
s'g} klg nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon] cfdhgtfsf] ue{b]lv lrxfg;Ddsf (Womb to tomb) a[xt\
cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k|zf;g oGqsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGo cy{df ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g eGgfn] ;/sf/f/f ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{snfkxsf] ;dli6 kdf a'lemG5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g cfw'lgs /fHo k|0ffnLsf] cleefHo c+u xf] . of] /fHo ;~rfng;DaGwL k2lt / k|lqmof b'j}
* pk;lrj, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

95

xf] . ;/sf/n] b]z / hgtfsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ gful/sxsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] nflu cfjZos j:t'
tyf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg], sfg"g, lgod, gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fy} b]zsf]
rf}tkmL{ ljsf; / gful/ssf] sNof0f Pj+ lxtsf nflu lgoldt, cfsl:ds / ljsf;fTds sfo{x
ub{5 . ctM ;/sf/f/f ul/g] dfly pNn]lvt sfo{x;Fu ;DalGwt k|zf;gnfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] gjLgtd ljwfsf kdf :yflkt ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cfgf]
5'} l;4fGt (Theory) 5}g . d"ntM o;sf] pb\ej ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsl;t ksf cfwf/af6
ePsf] dflgG5 . o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] xfFufsf kdf ;d]t lnOPsf] 5 . cem a[xt\ cy{df
eGbf ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cleGg c+u dflgPsf] 5 . ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] d"n efjgf ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljljw If]qsf kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} Jojxf/ut
;d:of lg/fs/0f ug{]tkm{ nlIft /x]sf] x'G5 . ljsf; k|zf;gn] lglZrt p2]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 . o;sf]
d"ne"t p2]Zo k|zf;gsf] 7f];kdf ljsf; ub{} ljsf;sf] k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf of]ubfg
k'ofpg' /x]sf] 5 .
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] 5'} cjwf/0ff kZrft\ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxdf of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] ljsf;f]Gd'v
d'n'sxsf] pGgltsf nflu cd]l/sL ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljbxn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] :yfkgf ul/g{]
s'/fdf hf]8 lbP . o; ljifonfO{ ;j{k|yd ;fj{hlgs u/fpg] k|zf;gljb\ P8jf8{ jfO8g/ x'g\ .
To;}n] pgnfO{ ljsf; k|zf;gsf hgs eGg] ul/G5 . To;kl5 k|m]8 l/U;, hf];]kmfnf Kn]Da/f,
cna6{ jf/:6f]g, cf/le :j]8nf] h:tf ljfgxn] o; ljifosf] cf}lrTo / ;fGble{stfsf jf/]df
jsfnt u/].

cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg'sf k5fl8 y'k} cfwf/x e]l6G5g\ . vf;
u/L ljsf; / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf If]qdf k5fl8 kl//x]sf d'ns'xsf] b|'t ljsf;sf nflu o;
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] egfOk|lt clwsf+z ljfg\xsf] ;xdlt b]lvG5 . ;g\ !(#) sf]
ljZj cfly{sdGbL, ltLo ljZjo'4sf] k|efj, ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;\3sf] :yfkgf, gofF /fHoxsf] :yfkgf,
zLto'4sf] nx/,k|fljlws ;xof]udf j[l4, k|zf;gsf] t'ngfTds cWoog, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffTds ljsf;, sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] efjgfsf] la:tf/, dfgjLo tyf ;fdflhs Gofosf]
efjgfsf] la:tf/ h:tf sf/s tTjxnfO{ ljsf; k|zf;g:yfkgfsf k|d'v cfwf/ dfGg ;lsG5 .
of] ck]Iffs[t gofF ljifo ePtfklg o; ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; b'O{ k|sf/jf6 ePsf] kfOG5,
jf}l4s b[li6sf]0f / 36gfqmdx?jf6 .

af}l4s b[li6sf]0faf6
lj8f] ljN;gsf] ;g !**& df k|sflzt The study of administration gfds n]v, h;df
k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltjf6 cnu ub}{ o;sf] t'ngfTds cWoog x'g'kg]{df hf]8,
ljfg\ Robert Dhal sf] k':ts The Science of Public Administrative dfkm{t pgn] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ lj1fg agfpg] xf] eg] o;sf] t'ngfTds cWoog x'g h?/L 5 eg]sf,

96

 cd]l/sfsf] lk|G;6g ljZjljBfnodf ;g\ !(%^ sf] ;]K6]Da/df t'ngfTds ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
(CPA) sf] ljZj ;Dd]ng eof] . o;} ;Dd]ngn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] af}l4s cfwf/ (Intellectual
Foundation of Development Administration) v8f ug{ k'Uof] .

36gfqmdx?jf6M
bf];|f] ljZjo'4M
ljsf;zLn tyf ul/a /fi6sf] cfly{s cj:yf hh{/, ef]sd/L, ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, cefj,
;+s6, /f]u clzIffsf] Jofkstf, log}sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nfuL ljsf; k|zf;g .
pklgj]zjfbsf] cGTo bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 Pl;of, clk|msf, Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf pklgj]zx
:jtGq,
;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] :yfkgfM ul/a d'n'sxdf cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg
wgL tyf ;DkGg d'n'sxnfO{ k|fK] ;fxg ub{} cfPsf],
zLto'4sf] ljZjJofkL k|efj,
k/Dk/fut k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf,
sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff,
ljsf;df cfPsf] k|lt:kwf{,
cfk;L ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo, gofF ;f]r / k|ljlw, nfut / pknlAwaLrsf] cGt/ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ .
cfk;L ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo, gofF ;f]r / k|ljlw, nfut / pknlAwaLrsf] cGt/ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ .

kl/efiff
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] gjLg cjwf/0ffnfO{ g} ljsf; k|zf;g elgG5 . of] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
ljsl;t cjwf/0ff klg xf] . ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljBdfg k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf
j}1flgs ;'wf/ u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ u'0f:t/o'Qm ljsf; ug{' tyf ;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{
/ :t/Lo k|zf;g sfod ug{' g} ljsf; k|zf;g xf] . ljsf; k|zf;gs} dfWodaf6 lbuf] zflGt:yfkgf
x'g ;Sb5 eg] lbuf] zflGtn] g} dha't ljsf; k|zf;gsf] klg lgdf{0f ub{5 . t;y{ ljsf; / zflGt
Pscsf{sf] kl/k"/s dflgG5g\ . ljsf; k|zf;gn] d"ntM ljsf;sf] k|zf;g (Administration of
Development) / k|zf;gsf] ljsf; (Development of Administration) nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . log} b'O{
ljifo o;sf k|d'v l;4fGtsf kdf /x]sf 5g\ . ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ljleGg ljfg\xn] ljleGg
b[li6sf]0faf6 kl/efiff u/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo]] s]xL k|d'v kl/efiff lgDgfg';f/ ;d]l6Psf] 5 M
ljfg\ Edward Weidner sf cg';f/ Development Administration is an action oriented and
goal oriented administration system. Development Administration in Government refers to the
process of guiding an organisation towards the achievement of progressive political, economic
and social objectives. It is concerned with maximaizing inovation for development. -ljsf;
k|zf;g eg]sf] sfo{d"ns, nIod"ns k|zf;g k4lt xf] . o;n] /fhgLlts cfly{s, ;fdflhs p2]Zo
k|flKtsf nflu ;+u7gnfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . of] ljsf;sf] pRrtd\ cflj:sf/;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

97

o;}u/L Paul Meadows n] "Development Administration can be regarded as the public

management of economic and social change in terms of deliberate public policy" egL kl/eflift
u/]sf 5g\ . dfG6uf]d]/L tyf l:6lkmgn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf5g\ ljsf;
k|zf;g ;fdfGotM, jfl~5t kl/jt{gsf] Tof] kIf xf], h'g ;/sf/Llqmofsnfkf/f cg'dfg ul/Psf]
cyjf of]hgf ul/Psf] cyjf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] cyjf k|efljt ePsf] x'G5 . (Development
Administration is usually conceived as an aspect of change that is desirable, broadly edicted
or planned and administrated or at least influenced by governmental action.)
pk/f]Qm kl/efiffnfO{ cWoog ubf{ ljsf; k|zf;gn] lgDgfg';f/sf tTjx ;d]6]sf] /x]5 egL a'g
;lsG5 M
!= ;a} ljfg\sf kl/efiffsf] ;f/ Pp6} 5 /fi6sf] ljsf;sf] ult (Pace of Development ) nfO{
tLj|tf lbg] .
@= ljsf; k|zf;gn] ;/sf/n] sfo{ tyf pQ/bfloTjnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;af6 ;fdflhs, cfly{s
kl/jt{g Jojl:yt tj/af6 xfl;n eO{ ;an /fi6 lgdf{0f x'g k'Ub5 .
#= ljsf; k|zf;gsf] d'Vo nIo g} ljsf;sf] Joj:yfkg xf] .
$= hg;+nUgtf, hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTj ljsf; k|zf;gsf dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ .
%= ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfwf/ dflgG5 .
^= ljsf; k|zf;gn] x'g] / gx'g] cyjf ;DkGg / ljkGgsf] b"/L sd ub{5 .
&= zflGt geO{ ljsf; ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] zflGt ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k"j{ cfjZostf xf] .
*= ljsf; k|zf;gn] k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] dfu ub{5 .
(= ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs k|lta4tf rflxG5 .
ljleGg ljfg\sf egfOsf cfwf/df eGg ;lsG5 ljsf; k|zf;g ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ zfvf xf] . o;n] /fi6sf] cfly{s cj:yf Pj+ /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;;Fu k|ToIf
;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . csf]{ cy{df o;n] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf;k|ultnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;sf ;fy} of] ;b}j
b]zsf] /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs kIfxaf6 k|efljt eO/xG5 .
o;sf ld'vL nIox /fi6 lgdf{0f (Nation building) tyf ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s k|ult (Socioeconomic progress) x'g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ljsf; k|zf;gaLr ;dfgtf
oL b'j} k|zf;gdf /xg] vf; rl/q, u'0f, p2]Zo, sfo{k4lt, ;+/rgfut :jkdf leGgtf eP klg
logLxs} aLrdf ;dfgtf;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;j{k|yd logLxsf] ;dfgtftkm{ x]/f}+
!_ b'j} k|zf;g p2]Zod"ns x'G5g\ .
@_ b'j} k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q tf]lsPsf] x'G5 .

98

#_
$_
%_
^_

b'j} k|zf;gsf] k|efj ;j{;fwf/0fdf k|efjsf/Lkdf kb{5 .

b'j} k|zf;gn] ;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg'g, gLltlgoddfk{mt dfu{ lgb]{zg k|fKt ub{5g\ .
b'j} k|zf;gsf] nIo ;fj{hlgs sNof0f /x]sf x'G5 .
b'j} k|zf;gk|lt hgtfn] ;sf/fTds ljsf;sf] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf ck]Iffx
;doqmdcg'';f/ ljsl;t, kl/dflh{t Pj+ kl/jt{gzLn x'G5g\ .
&_ b'j} k|zf;gn] u/]sf lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{ -;fj{hlgs_ ul/g'k5{ . hgtfsf] rf;f] b'j} k|zf;gk|lt
plQs} x'G5 .
*_ b'j} k|zf;gsf] k|j[lQ kb;f]kfgd'vL /x]sf] x'G5 .
(_ b'j} k|zf;gdf lgod sfo{ljlwk|lt pu|df]x /x]sf] kfOG5 .
!)_ b'j} k|zf;gdf lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
!!_ b'j} k|zf;gdf ;fdfGo / k];fljb\ sd{rf/LaLr G x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
!@_ b'j} k|zf;gdf zlQmk"hs, zlQm cfh{g ug{] k|j[lQ /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
!#_ b'j} k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts k|efj a9\bf] b]lvG5 .
!$_ b'j} k|zf;gsf clwsf/sf] ;|ft] ;dfg /x]sf 5g\ .
!%_ gful/snfO{ b'O{ k|zf;gsf] cnucnu cl:tTj b]vfpg g;Sbf b'j} k|zf;gsf lqmofsnfknfO{
;dli6ut kdf x]l/g] ul/G5 .
!^_ b'j} k|zf;gdf gful/s ;xeflutf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;xof]u ckl/xfo{ 7flgG5 .

ljsf; k|zf;g / lgoldt k|zf;gaLr km/s

oL b'O{ k|zf;gsf] leGgtfnfO{ o;sf] p2]Zo, akmfbf/L Pj+ wf/0ffsf cfwf/df leGg kdf klg
x]l/Psf] 5 . lgDglnlvt cfwf/df oL b'O{ k|zf;gaLr k|s[lt / cled'vLs/0fh:tf b[li6sf]0faf6
leGgtf b]Vg ;lsG5 M
ljsf; k|zf;g
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] th'{df
ljsf;sf] sfo{ ;~rfng
;]jfd'vLsf] cltl/Qm ljsf;d'vL
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf nflu

leGgtfsf] cfwf/

;fj{hlgs k|zf;g

gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th'{df ;/sf/sf] j[xt gLlt th'{df

sfo{ ;~rfng
p2]Zo
nlIft If]q

zflGt, ;'/Iff, /fhZj, ;'Joj:yf sfod

;]jfd'vL
;j} b]zdf k|fo Ps?ksf]

99

 nlrnf] lgod sfg"gdf cfwfl/t

cfwf/

ljz]if u'0f;DkGg k|fljlws

lj1xsf] cfjZostf

hgzlQmsf] k|sf/

gful/s ;xeflutf clgjfo{,

5l/tf], sd kb;f]kfgo'Qm
7"nf] dfqfdf ;|f]txsf] dfu,
cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] cltl/Qm
j}b]lzs C0f / ;xfotfsf] ck]Iff,

sfo{k|0ffnL kl/0ffdd'vL

5l/tf], sd kb;f]kfgo'Qm
7"nf] dfqfdf ;|f]txsf] dfu,
cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] cltl/Qm
j}b]lzs C0f / ;xfotfsf] ck]Iff,

lg0f{ok|lqmof
x'G5 .

gful/s
dflgFb}g,

sfo{k|0ffnL

;|f]t

clgjfo{

a9L kb;f]kfgtx Pj+ s]lGb|t

;+/rgfxsf] ljBdfgtf

;|f]t

;+/rgf

;xeflutf

vr{ Joj:yfkg nlrnf], cfGtl/s

;|f]tdf klg lge{/,
sfo{k|0ffnL k|lqmofd'vL x'G5 .

a9L kb;f]kfgtx Pj+ s]lGb|t

;+/rgfxsf] ljBdfgtf
vr{ Joj:yfkg nlrnf], cfGtl/s
;|f]tdf klg lge{/,
sfo{k|0ffnL k|lqmofd'vL x'G5 .

hgd'vL
and

pQ/bfloTj

pQ/bfloTj
s]Gb|d'vL
accountability

;xeflutfd"ns

lg0f{ok|lqmof

Pioneering, innovation, o;sf]

cefjdf ljsf; k|zf;g ultxLg

100

;+/rgf

Generalists sf] afx'Notf, s7f]/

sd{rf/LtGqjf6 ;~rflnt

sfo{k|0ffnL

sfo{k|0ffnL kl/0ffdd'vL
pQ/bfloTj
Responsibility
accountability

;xeflutf

k/Dk/fut, s7f]/ sfg"gL cfwf/,

k|j[lt

x'G5,

lg0f{o k|lqmof kbd'vLPsn /x]sf]

x'G5 .

ultzLntf, lqmofzLntf, cGj]if0f,

vf]h Pioneering, innovation df
Wofg glbO{ k/Dk/fnfO{ dxTj,

ljsf; k|zf;ssf sfo{ / u'0fx?

ljfg\ Hahn Bee Lee n] ljsf; k|zf;ssf sfd / ;f]xLcg'k cfjZos kg{] u'0fxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ M
ljsf; k|zf;ssf sfo{x?
ljsf; k|zf;ssf u'0fx?
!= p2]Zosfd kl/eflift ug{', k'gM
kl/eflift ug{', kl/jt{gsf] ;Gb{edf
gofF k"jf{g'dfg ug{',
@= of]hgf th{'df, lgdf{0f, k'glg{df{0f,
#= ;+u7gnfO{ sfdk|lt cfa4 ug{', ;+u7g
k'g;{+/lrt ug{',
$= ;+u7gsf ;b:onfO{ sfdk|lt pTk]|/0ff
hufpg',
%= ;sf/fTds sfo{ jftfj/0f jf kof{j/0f
lgdf{0f ug{',
^= k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu ;|f]t
kl/rfng ug{',
&= sfo{nfO{ cy{k"0f+{7f]; agfpg',

!= eljiosf] cfFsng ug{;Sg] Ifdtf, ljZn]if0ffTds

u'0f, p2]Zo / ljBdfg d"NodfGotfk|lt ;fdGh:o
sfod /fVg';Sg] v'aL,
@= j:t'l:yltsf] 1fg vf; gLltsf If]qaf/] hfgsf/L,
#= lrGtgdf gjLgtf, ;+u7gfTds s'zntf,
$= ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f,dfgj ;+j]bgzLntf;DaGwL
1fg,
%= ;~rf/ Ifdtf Pj+ s'zntf,
^= pBdzLntfpBd s'zntf Pj+ ;|f]t afF8kmfF6 Pj+
lgoGq0f;DaGwL 1fg,
&= pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgf, g}lts d"NodfGotf;DaGwL
r]tgf,

g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;g

g]kfndf @))& ;fnkl5 dfq cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] z'?jft x'g k'Uof] . To;}a]nfb]lv ljsf; /
kl/jt{gk|ltsf] efjgf knfPsf] b]lvG5 . kl/jt{gsf qmddf ;j{k|yd b'O{j6f tl/sfnfO{ ckgfOPsf]
lyof] . ltgLx k|zf;g ;'wf/ / ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdsf kdf /xsf b]lvG5g\ . logLxn]
k|zf;gsf] ljsf; / ljsf;sf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;d]t k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . @))( ;fnsf]
a'r sld;g / ;f]xL ;fnsf] lqe'jg u|fd ljsf; sfo{qmdn] b'O{ tl/sfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ .
cd]l/sL ;xof]udf ;fd'bflos ljsf; / ef/tLo ;xof]udf k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof ckgfOof] .
;du|df g]kfndf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k|of]unfO{ ljsf;sf] k|zf;g / k|zf;gsf] ljsf;sf kdf g}
ljZn]if0f ubf{ a9L j}1flgs x'g] b]lvFbf oxfF klg ;f]xLcg'k ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 M
ljsf;sf] k|zf;gsf] ;Gbe{af6 M lj;+ @)!# ;fndf ;'? ul/Psf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;n] ljsf;sf]
k|zf;gsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTdf;ft ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfn] u|fdL0f
ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] lyof] .

101

bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgfn] cjlwdf ljsf; of]hgfdf cTolws /fhgLlts/0f x'g k'Uof] . ljsf;
k|zf;gnfO{ g]kfnL ;Gbe{df 9fNg] egL ljsf;sf] k~rfotLs/0f ul/of], h;cGtu{t c~rn, lhNnf,
ufpF tx;Dd ljefhg u/L k~rfotsf ljleGg tx sfod ul/of] eg] ljleGg juL{o ;+u7gxnfO{
kl/rfng ul/of] . o; of]hgf cjlwdf e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd, gofF d'n'sL P]gsf] lgdf+{0f Pj+ k"j{
klZrd nf]sdfu{sf] lgdf{0f yflnof] .
t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf bf];|f] of]hgfs}} k|d'v ljifonfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo
;|f]t;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u, :yfgLo g]t[Tj ljsf; -ufpFkms{_ h:tf gofF sfo{qmd NofOP .
rf}yf] of]hgfdf d"ne"t kl/jt{g ul/of] . ljsf; If]qsf] cjwf/0ff If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg
;dfg'kflts If]qLo ljsf; b'u{d If]q ljsf; PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf;h:tf ljsf; sfo{qmd NofOof] .
kfFrf}+ of]hgfn] PsLs[t u|fdL0f ljsf; of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} o;nfO{ b]z ljsf;sf] cleGg
c+usf kdf :yflkt u/fof] .
5}6f}+ of]hgfdf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf (Basic Needs) df hf]8 lbFb} klxnf]k6s ljsf; k|zf;g
zAbsf] k|of]u ul/of] eg] ;ftf}+ of]hgfnfO{ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] sfo{ut gLlt (Working policy of
develoment administration) sf kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o;} cjlwdf /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u, cy{
dGqfno / ;DalGwt dGqfnoaLr gLltlgdf{0f th{'df ug{ ;dGjo a9fpg], sfo{qmd ah]6 nfu" ug{],
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf a9fpg]h:tf ljifonfO{ ckgfOof] .
cf7f}+ of]hgfdf lbuf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{] nIo lnOof] eg] gjf}+ / bzf}+
of]hgfdf ul/aL lgjf/0f, ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbOof] . ;|f]t;fwgsf] k|efjsf/Lkdf pkof]u
Joj:yfkg ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; eof] .
jt{dfg cGtl/d of]hgf G ;dfwfg u/L lbuf] zflGt:yfkgf ug{] p2]Zon] cfPsf] 5 . o;n] Gs}
d'2fx (Issues), h:tf] k'glg{df{0f, k'gPsL{s/0f, k'gM ;fdflhsLs/0f, /fxth:tf ljifo ;d]6]sf]
5 . o;n] clwsf/df cfwfl/t ljsf;df hf]8 lbFb} ljsf;sf k|To]s r/0fdf n}+lusLs/0fdf hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . ;xeflutfTds ljsf;sf] ;f ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf hf]8 lbFb} ;fdflhs Gofo
:yfkgfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs GofonfO{ cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . ;du|df
g]kfnsf] xfn;Ddsf] ljsf;sf] k|zf;gn] b|"t ljsf;sf nflu s]xL k"jf{wf/ tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ eg]
ljsf;nfO{ pknlAwd"ns, ;dfj]zL, ;fe]mbf/L, hjfkmb]xL, kf/blz{tfdf cfwfl/t u/fpg] k4ltsf]
ljsf; ug{ hdsf]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ To;df ;+lawfg lgdf{0f e}g;s]sf] cj:yfdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
cefj / cl:y/tfn] ubf{ ljsf; k|zf;gn] df]8 lng ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .

102

ljleGg bzsdf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cj:yf

;g\ !(%) b]lv !(&) ;Dd M
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] p2]Zo klxrfg -sfo{pGd'v, nIopGd'v, pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] pRrtd
k|of]u / gofF ;|f]t ;fwgsf] vf]hL_
;+:yfut lgsfoxsf] lgdf{0f, u7g (Institution Building),
of]hgfj4 ljsf; (Planned Development) sf] z'?jft,
k|zf;lgs ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf;,
cd]l/sfnufot klZrdL b]zsf] ljljw If]qdf Jofks ;xof]u .

;g\ !(&) b]lv !(*) sf] bzsdf ljsf; k|zf;g

ljsf; k|zf;gsf] If]qdf NIEO (New Internatioonal Economic Order) sf] wf/0ffn] k|j]z
kfpg'k5{ egL cfjfh p7fOof],
NIEO sf] p2]Zo ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ 7f]; agfpg],
o;cGtu{t Aid, Trade / Transfer of Technology df hf]8,
ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{df hf]8,
u'0f k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f,
/fhgLlts lgikIftf,
;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj,
g}ltskdf Odfgbf/ h:tf d"NodfGotf u|x0f ul/g'k5{ egL West / North jf6 bafa
cfP .

;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ljsf; k|zf;g

;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q ;se/ 36fO{ Ifdtf a9fpg],

lghLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f l;4fGt u|x0f,
ahf/d}qL cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;,
;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lgofdssf kdf .
PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf ljsf; k|zf;g

o; ztfAbLsf] k|yd bzsdf ljsf; k|zf;gdf lgDg gofF wf/0ff cfPsf 5g\ M

;xzfJbL ljsf; nIo cg'?ksf] ljsf;,

lbuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug]{,
clwsf/d'vL ljsf;,
;dfj]zL ljsf;
ljsf;df ckgTj
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ ljsf;
;fdflhs Gofo :yfkgf ug]{ ljsf;
ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ ljsf;

103

ljsf; k|zf;gsf r'gf}tLx

ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ePsf] cfwf ztfAbLeGbf a9L cjlw lalt;s]sf] 5 . o;
cjlwdf ljsf; k|zf;gsf] k|of]u ug]{ l;\ufk'/, sf]l/of, dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of, yfONofG8,lkmlnlkG;
h:tfd'n'sn] pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n u/] . csf{]tkm{ clwsfz+ ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6xsf] cj:yfdf
eg] ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df Psftkm{ ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffTds
b[li6sf]0f Pj+ cled'vLs/0fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L tb\cg'ksf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kg]{ oyfy{
/ csf]{tkm{ ljBdfg k|zf;lgs kof{j/0fnfO{ ljsf; k|zf;gd}qL agfpg cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{
kl//x]sf] cj:yfaLr ;fd~h:o ldnfpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|To]s ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6n]
ljsf; k|zf;gsf] r'gf}tL klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu /fli6o kl/j]zcg's"n x'g] u/L pko'Qm
/0fgLlt clVtof/ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . s]xL ljsf; k|zf;gsf r'gf}tLnfO{ ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s
u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg u/L cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;}4flGts r'gf}tL cGtu{tsf ljifoxdf
cjwf/0ffut r'gf}tL, gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog, ljsf;f]Gd'v sfo{xsf
;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/L u}/;/sf/L ;\u7gxsf] sfo{ k|0ffnL h:tf s'/f ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ . o:t}k|sf/n] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxn] cfcfkm\gf] ef}uf]lns cj:yfcg's"n pko'Qm
/0fgLltsf] rog / sfof{Gjog, hg;\Vof j[l4b/sf] lgoGq0f tyf a;fO;/fO Pj+ dfgja:tL
;d]tnfO{ ;'Aojl:yt ug{] u/L hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg, k|zf;gsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fsf
nflu Ifdtf clej[l4, cfly{s ;|f]t, /fhgLlts jftfj/0f, d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm df]8]nsf]
5gf]6, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLr ;dGjo ug{' kg{] h:tf ljifonfO{ ljfg\xn] ljsf; k|zf;gsf
Jofjxfl/s r'gf}tL dfg]sf 5g\ . ljsf; k|zf;gsf d"ne"t p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ljsf;f]Gd'v
/fi6xn] ljz]if u/L b]xfosf ljifoIf]qcfjZostfnfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos
5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;Lldttf, pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6,pknAwtf / cjnDagdf
sl7gfO, ljBdfg ;fdflhs;f+:s[lts k5f}6]kg, ef}uf]lns sl7gfO h:tf ljljw cj/f]wsf afjh'b
oLIf]qcfjZostfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ljz]if kxn ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLx ljsf; k|zf;g;fd' pkl:yt
b]lvG5g\ .;g\ !(&) kl5 ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cfGbf]ngsf] j]u qmdzM sd x'Fb} cfPsf], lgDg
cjwf/0ffxsf] k|efjn] ljsf; k|zf;gaf/] cWoogcg';Gwfg sdL x'g yfn]sf],
gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, lghLs/0f, ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fe]mbf/L, pbf/jfb,
ljZjJofkLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lbuf] ljsf;, clwsf/df cfwfl/t ljsf; .
cfhef]ln o;nfO{ k'/ftg cWoogsf] If]q ;d]t 7flgg] .
o;n] ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf r'gf}tLnfO{ lj4fgx?n] lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g M
Jojxf/ut r'gf}tL
Broad Perspective

Experimental perspective
External Perspective

104

1. Broad Perspective

k|zf;lgs r'gf}tL

k|zf;gdf csfo{ut k|j[lQ (Disfunctional tendeneies, Administrative Pathology) x

a9\bf],
l9nf;':tL, e|i6frf/, gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, sfdsf] k|Tofof]hg gug{]

/fhgLlts r'gf}tL

;|f]t;fwgsf] bf]xg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf gePsf],

Empire building -grflxFbf] tj/af6 ;+u7g j[l4_ h:tf ljs[lt ljBdfg
JolQmut, ;d"xut Pj+ ;+:yfut lgoGq0f cg'zf;g gePsf] ,
;a} lsl;dsf cj;/xsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f x'g g;s]sf],
x/]s txtKsfsf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg gul/Psf]],
;dfhsf] c;n k|ltlaDasf kdf g/x]sf .

2. Exprimental perspective

ljsf;sf] pko'Qm nIo / gLlt lgwf{/0fdf ;d:of -Problems relating to indentification

of proper develoment goals and policies),
;du|tfsf] ;f ;fk]Iftfdf ;d:ofnfO{ a'em\g' .
;dofg';f/sf] efjgf ;d]6\g g;Sg' ,
/fhgLlts x:tIf]k,
bftfsf] k|efj
Problems relating to priority setting
P /fli6o gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;d:of
P Pp6} nIo af/Daf/ bf]xf]ofpg],
P Surrogate goal
P Long term Plan nfO{ short term df /fVg] / short term plan nfO{ long term df /fVg]
k|j[lQ,
P Problems relating to weak evaluation of results
P Problems relating to setting of progressive goals
P Problems relating to resource allocation

105

3. External Perspective

hg;+Vof j[l4
o;af6 /fHon] k'FhLut ;fdfg (Capital Goods) df eGbf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf a9L vr{
ug{'k5{,
cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0fsf] cj:yf l;h{gf,
cTolws dfqfdf hldgsf] v08Ls/0f,
s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj Ifdtfdf x|f; .
ef}uf]lns sl7gtf,
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf
/fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf] cefj ,
;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Lldttf .
bftfxsf] cTolws k|efj .

pk/f]Qm sf/0fx?sf cnfjf ljsf; k|zf;gsf lgDglnlvt sdhf]/Lx? /x]sf 5gM

106

e|i6frf/n] u|:t /fhgLlts ;+:yfx,

k|zf;goGqdf Jofks /fhgLtLs/0f,
ck/fwsf] /fhgLtLs/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f,
pRr k|zf;sb]lv lgDgtxsf] /fi6;]js;Dd u}/k|zf;lgs Jojxf/sf] afx'Notf,
;fj{hlgs :jfy{eGbf JolQmut :jfy{l;l4df k|fyldstf,
pknAw ;|f]t;fwgsf] r/d b'?kof]u,
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fk|lt pbf;Lgtf,
k|zf;g ;'wf/ Pj+ ljsf;sf] k|zf;gdf lzlyntf,
lbuf] ljsf;k|lt a]jf:tf,
ckgTjsf] cefj,
sdhf]/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g,
u}/klZrdf /fi6sf] of]ubfg nueu z"Go,
hah{:tL nflbPsf] Joj:yfsf kdf x]l/g],
cflbjf;L/}yfg] 1fgsf] a]jf:tf,
;xfotfsf] pRrtd b'?kof]u,
k"Jf{ zf;sxsf] k|efj (Legacy) af6 d'Qm x'g g;Sg',
gjf]lbt k|zf;lgs l;4fGtsf] ljsf; gx'g',
g}ltstf, Odfgbf/L, ;Rrl/qtfdf x|f;,
;|f]t;fwgdf pRr ju{sf] kxF'r,
wgL / ul/asf] vf8n a9\g',

h/fwf/ ;d"xsf] hLjg:t/ u'0f:t/xLg x'g',

ljsf;sf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf Top down approach g} ckgfpg',
Grass root x alx:s/0fdf kg'{,
ljsf;df hgtfsf] ckgTj gx'g',
/fi6lgdf{0fsf] PsLs[t k|of;sf] ;f eb|uf]n v08Ls/0fsf] cj:yf x'g',
a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f,
pmhf{ ;+s6,
a]/f]huf/L,
Stagnate growth,
breakdown of public Institutions,
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gdf g}ltstf x|f;f]Gd'v,
ul/a /fi6xsf] C0f r'Qmf ug{ wgL /fi6 tyf cGt/f{li6o cfly{s ;+u7gsf] bafa,
pknAw ;|f]t aflxl/O{ ljsf; k|zf;g e|dsf] cj:yfdf,
;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q g36g',
;/sf/sf] Ifdtf ga9g',
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f gx'g',
lghL If]q j]Odfg x'g',
ljb]zL ;xof]u ;t{oQ
' m x'g', -o:tf ;t{df Subsidy x6fpg], Fiscal monetary policy
bftfsf] ;t{cg'k lgdf{0f ug]{, k|zf;gsf] down size ug'{kg]{ cflb_

;dfwfgsf pkfox?
-s_ d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu /fhgLlts txsf] b"/b[li6, Wo]o, nIo, p2]Zo / /0fgLlt,
-v_ ljifout If]qsf] Jofj;flos of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog, nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf]
cjwf/0ffcg'k gful/s ;zQmLs/0f, ;dfj]zL zf;g, n}ls ljsf;, dfgjflwsf/sf] ;'/Iff,
;fdflhs Gofo, cfwf/e"t ;]jfxsf] pknAwtf, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, If]qLo ;Gt'ng, dfgj
;+;fwg ljsf; cflbsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog,
-u_ Joj:yfksLo ultzLntf, lg/Gt/tf / ljZj;gLotfsf] cfjZostf,
-3_ /fli6o cfjZostf, ;Qf?9nufot cGo k|d'v /fhgLlts bnsf 3f]if0ffkqx / ljBdfg gLlt,
;+/rgf / IfdtfaLr tfbfTDo sfod ug{'kg{] cfjZostf,
-_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kl/jlt{t e"ldsfcg'k k|zf;lgs ;'b[9Ls/0f,
-r_ /fhgLlt, k|zf;g, gful/s ;dfh / u}/;/sf/L ;\u7g, lghLIf]q tyf bft[ ;d'bfoaLr
;dGjofTds, ;b\efjk"0f{ / ;xof]ufTds jftfj/0f,
-5_ hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg / ;'Jojl:yt a;fO;/fO,
-h_ a:tL ljsf;, ef}uf]lns b'u{dtf Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf cfjZostf,

107

-em_ ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dd{ / efjgfcg'k clwsf/ lgIf]k0f / ljsf; Joj:yfkg,

-`_ ljsf;d}qL k|zf;gsf nflu pko'Qm ;+/rgf, gLlt, k|lqmof / Jojxf/sf] cfjZostf,
-6_ /fHosf] k'g;{/rgf / k|zf;lgs ;+u7gsf] ;dfof]hg,
-7_ /fxt, k'gMlgdf{0f, k'gM:yfkgf, k'gMPsLs/0f / lbuf] ljsf; tyf zflGt :yfkgf,
-8_ /fli6o k|fyldstfcg'k j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k|flKt, ;b'kof]u / k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4
-9_ t6:y, hgd'vL / k|lta4 k|zf;gsf] dfGotfcg';f/ hgzlQmsf] k|flKt / pkof]u,
-0f_ /fli6o cfjZostf / Ifdtfcg';f/sf] ljsf; df]8]n / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u,
-t_ sfo{ ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;,
-y_ ;/n / Jojxfl/s sfo{ljlw,
-b_ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0fsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf,
-w_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof\sg k4ltsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f,
-g_ ljZj;gLo tYof\s k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;,
-k_ u|fdL0f / lk5l8Psf If]qsf hgtfsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwdf kx'Fr cflb .

pk;+xf/
ljsf; k|zf;g s'g} gf}nf] ljifo xf]Og . of] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cGtu{t ljsl;t ul/Psf] Pp6f
pkk4lt xf] . ljZjdf t];|f] d'n'ssf gfdn] kl/lrt Pl;of, clk|msf / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf /fi6xdf
bf];|f] ljZjo'4kZrft\ y'k|} ;d:ofx b]vf kg{ yfn] . sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf, a]/f]huf/L, cTolws
hg;\Vof j[l4nufotsf ljljw cfly{s tyf ;fdlhs lj;\ultxsf ;fy} sdhf]/ k|zf;g
Pj+ /fhgLlts ;\u7gsf sf/0f tL /fi6df ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu 7"nf / wgL /fi6n] ljsf;
k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/L o;}sf dfWodaf6 t];|f] d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf sfo{x cufl8 a9fpg]
;xdlt h'6fP / tb\g';f/ ;xof]u kl/rfng klg ug{ yfn] .
jf:tjdf, ljsf; k|zf;gsf] bfo/f lgs} a[xt\ ePsf sf/0faf6 o;sf cufl8 k|r'/ r'gf}tLx
x'g' :jfefljs 5 . oL r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ k|To]s ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6df /fhgLlts l:y/tf, zflGt
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf, /fhgLlts k|lta4tfsf ;fy} ljsf;sf
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfxsf] OdfGbf/ k|of; / cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] vfFrf] 5 . ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ c\
uLsf/ ug{] t];|f] ljZjsf yf]/} d'n'sxn] dfq jfl~5t pGglt xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . clwsf+z
d'n'ssf] ljsf; cj:yf ;Gtf]ifk|b x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o; ljifosf] cfnf]rgf x'g cfPsf] 5 .
o;f] xF'bfxF'b} klg g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6sf nflu ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;fGble{stf / cf}lrTo
plQs} dxTjk"0f{ 5, xfdLn] of]hgfa4 cy{tGqdf k|j]z ug]{ ;dodf of] g]kfnsf nflu cf}lrTok"0f{
/ ;fGble{s lyof] . ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;, n}\lus ljsf;,;dfj]zL ljsf;, hg;\Vof Joj:yfkg,
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; / pkof]u, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, k|zf;g ;'b[9Ls/0f, a]/f]huf/L
Gog"Ls/0f, e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f k|zf;g h:tf sfo{x /fi6 lgdf{0f, ;fdflhs

108

cfly{s pGglt, lbuf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs zflGtsf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5g\ . oL ;a} kIfsf] of]hgfa4
tl/sfn] ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljsf; k|zf;gdf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t tTjx ;zQm 9\un] ;dfj]z
ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
k|f=8f= eLdb]j e ljsf; k|zf;g, sf7df8f}+ .
lzj/fd Gof}kfg] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndf o;sf] k|of]u, k|zf;g klqsf, jif{ $),
c+s @, k"0ff{+s !!! .
zf/bfk|;fb lqtfn ljsf; k|zf;gsf r'gf}tL, gjLgtd\ k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0f, ;f]kfg dfl;s,
@)^$, sf7df8f}+
9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf zf;g ;~rfngsf gjLg dfGotfx, ;f]kfg dfl;s .
o'j/fh kf08], ljsf; k|zf;g / of]hgf, k|zf;g ljsf; / Joj:yfkg, pT;j a'S; PG8 :6];g;{,
@)^@,sf7df8f}+ .
clwsf/L, w'|j, -@)%^_, g]kfnsf] ablnFbf] kl/j]zdf ljsf; k|zf;g, ljsf; Vol. 28, No.2
@)^% d\l;/ .

109

ul/jL dfkg / o;sf] k|efj

;fljqLb]jL clwsf/L*

;f/f+z
ul/jL dfkg ug]{ ljleGg ljlwx? cEof;df NofOPsf 5g\ . k|To]s ljlwdf cfcfk\mg} sdhf]/Lx?
/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ul/jLsf ;"rfx? klg km/skm/s cfpb5g\ . ul/jL s]jn sd cfDbfgL;+u
dfq ;DalGwt 5}g . of] ax'cfoflds alGrtLs/0f;+u ;DalGwt 5 . ;j} kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ ul/jLsf]
;"rf lgdf{0f ug{ sl7g 5 . ljleGg kfr cfofdx? g} ul/jL lgjf/0fsf gLlt lgb]{zsx? x'g\ .
o:tf gLltx? Psk6s ;j} kIfnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] tof/ ug]{ eGbf klg cGt/;DalGwt
Pj+ ul/jLsf] b'ZrqmnfO{ tf]8\g ;Sg] gLltx? th'{df ug'{kb{5 . g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f -t];|f]_ n]
k|sflzt u/]sf] tYof+s cg';f/ lgDgau{sf] cf}ift k|lt JolQm cfo ut ;ft jif{sf] cGt/fndf s/Lj
tLg;o k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . :ki6 5 o;n] ubf{ cfly{s c;dfgtfdf klg sdL cfof] .
cfly{s c;dfgtfdf em08} ( k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ lugL ;'rf s/La ## k|ltzt 5 . ;j}eGbf
wgL !) k|ltztn] u/]sf pkef]u vr{ ;j}eGbf u/Lj !) k|ltztn] ug]{ pkef]u vr{ eGbf gf} u'0ff
al9 b]lvPsf] 5 . c;dfgtfsf] sldn] ul/jL 36fpg] Ifdtfdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf
cfly{s c;dfgtf Pj+ ul/jL 36\bf crDd nfUg' :jefljs} x'gfn] slxn]sflx ul/jL dfkg ug]{
ljlwnfO{ /fhg}lts cf}hf/sf] ?kdf klg x]l/G5 . ul/jL tLj| ultdf cf]x|fnf] nfUg'sf] ;+efljt
sf/0fx?nsf] vf]hL ul/g' h?/L 5 . ul/jL cfkm}df hl6n ljifo xf] . ljleGg cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts Pj+ P]ltxfl;s c;Ifdtfsf] k|ltkmn jf ;xpTkfbg -jfO{ k|f]8S6_ xf] ul/jL . To;}n],
of] ax' cfoflds klg 5 .

!= cjwf/0ff
ul/jL dfkg ubf{ cfDbfgL jf pkef]u vr{sf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . ul/jL dfkg ug]{ ljleGg ljlwx?
cEof;df NofOPsf 5g\ . cfwf bh{g eGbf a9L ul/jL dfkg ug]{ ljlwx? cEof;df 5g\ . k|To]s
ljlwdf cfcfg} sdhf]/Lx? /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ul/jLsf ;"rfx? klg km/skm/s cfpFb5g\ .
ul/jL s]jn sd cfDbfgL;+u dfq ;DalGwt 5}g . of] ax'cfoflds alGrtLs/0f;+u ;DalGwt
5 . h:t} ef]s, s'kf]if0f, clzIff c;'/lIft kLpg] kfgL, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cefj, ;fdflhs e]befj,
zf/Ll/s c;'/Iff, /fhg}lts;fdflhs ?ksf] al~rtLs/0f cflb;+u u/LjL ;DalGwt 5 . ;j}
kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ ul/jLsf] ;"rf lgdf{0f ug{ sl7g 5 . To;}n] of] ljjfbf:kb klg 5 . To;}n] cfhsn
ul/jLsf] ;"rf lgdf{0fdf eGbf klg ul/jLsf] bL3{tf (Chronic Poverty) nfO{ sdug]{ sfo{ klg
;fdflhs l;dfGts[t, blnt hghflt, ljwjf, dhb"/, sdhf]/ :jf:Yo, cfGtl/s ?kdf lj:yflkt
;d'bfo cflb;+u ;DalGwt 5 .
* pkk|fWofks, lqrGb| SofDk;

110

@= bL3{ ul/jLsf] AofVof

bL3{ ul/jLnfO{ lgDg % j6f d'Vo jGwg jf al~rtLs/0f;+u JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 M
1. c;'/Iff (Insecurity) M bL3{ ul/jL;+u ;DalGwt JolQmx? c;'/lIft jftfj/0fdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
pQm c;'/IffnfO{ x6fpg jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ pgLx?;+u kof{Kt ;DklQ, lzIff Pj+ hfgsf/L
x'Fb}g .
2. ;Lldt gful/stf (Limited Citizenship) bL3{?ksf ul/jx?;+u ;fy{s?kdf /fhg}lts cfjfh

x'Fb}g . pgLx? cfjfhljlxgsf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . k|efjsf/L ?kdf /fhg}lts ;+nUgtfsf]
cefj x'G5 . ;/sf/ jf ;dfhn] klg u/Ljx?sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf Pj+ clwsf/x?sf]
af/]df Wofg k'ofPsf] x'Fb}g .

3. ef}uf]lns j]kmfObf (Spatial Disadvantage) b'u{dtf, lglZrt k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgdf cfl>t,

cfly{s ;DaGw jf cfly{s ;+hfn;+u sdhf]/ ;DaGw, ahf/, cfly{s;fdflhs ;'ljwf Pj+
;fj{hlgs j:t'x?;+usf] kx'Frsf] cefj cflb ljz]iftf;+u bL3{ ul/jL hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .

4. ;fdflhs lje]bLs/0f (Social Discrimination) M ju{, hft, ln+u, wd{ Pj+ hghflt klxrfg

/ pd]/h:tf tTjx?;+u klg bL3{ ul/jLsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs Pj+ lghL j:t' jf
;]jfsf] kx'Fr Pj+ pknAwtfsf] ;+3f/df cfg} kl/jGwdf afFlwPsf x'G5g\ .

5. sdhf]/ cj;/x? (Poor Work Opportunity) M ;Lldt cfly{s a[l4 / o;sf] ;DaGwsf sf/0fn]

sfdsf cj;/x? eGbf al9 zf]if0f x'g] / zf]lift x'g] ;+efjgf k|z:t x'G5 . b}lgs hLjg
lgjf{xsf af/]df dfq lrGtf x'G5 . Ps lbg jf b'O{ lbg eGbf a9Lsf] nflu lrGtf ug]{ jf ;f]Rg]
cj;/ x'Fb}g . bL3{sfnLg ul/jL t/ cNksfnLg eljiosf] ;f]r /x]sf] x'G5 .

pk/f]Qm kfFr cfofdx? g} ul/jL lgjf/0fsf gLlt lgb]{zsx? x'g\ . o:tf gLltx? Psk6s ;j}
kIfnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] tof/ ug]{ eGbf klg cGt/;DalGwt Pj+ ul/jLsf] b'ZrqmnfO{ tf]8\g
;Sg] gLltx? th'{df ug'{kb{5 . o:tf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug{ ;lhnf] Pj+ ;f]emf] tl/sf 5}g .
o:tf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmdx? cWoog cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df qmdzM tof/ ub}{ hfg' kb{5 . o;sf]
;fy} ul/jLsf] ;DaGw JolQmsf] klxrfg, ;+:s[lt Pj+ Jojxf/;Fu klg ;DalGwt ePsf] x'gfn] th'{df
ul/Psf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmdx? gLltut ?kdf jf ;]jfsf] Kofs]hsf] ?kdf /fd|f] eP klg sfof{Gjog
ug{ jf ;DalGwt ;dfhdf :jLsfo{ x'g ufx|f] ePsf tYox? k|z:t kfOPsf 5g\ . t;y{ ;fdflhs,
/fhg}lts / cfly{s Kofs]hleq ul/jL lgjf/0fsf sfo{qmdx? /x]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] cfly{s ljsf;
Tolt tLj| ultdf gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg ul/jL 36\g] ;+efjgf /x]sf] x'G5 . cyf{t ul/jLsf] b/ / cfly{s
a[l4sf] nrstf jf ;+j]bgzLntf ;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts k|0ffnLn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . h:t} ;fdflhs
Pj+ /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] ;fgf] cfly{s a[l4 x'Fbfx'Fb} klg 7"nf] kl/df0fdf ul/jL 36\g ;Sb5 . o;sf]
z;St k|df0f xfn}sf] g]kfnsf] tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

111

#= g]kfndf ul/jL dfkg / ul/jLsf] cj:yf

g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f -t];|f]_ n] k|sflzt u/]sf] tYof+s cg';f/ lgDgau{sf] cf}ift k|lt JolQm
cfo ut ;ft jif{sf] cGt/fndf s/Lj tLg;o k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . :ki6 5 o;n] ubf{ cfly{s
c;dfgtfdf klg sdL cfof] . cfly{s c;dfgtfdf em08} ( k|ltztn] sdL cfO{ lugL ;'rf s/La
## k|ltzt 5 . ;j}eGbf wgL !) k|ltztn] u/]sf pkef]u vr{ ;j}eGbf u/Lj !) k|ltztn] ug]{
pkef]u vr{ eGbf gf} u'0ff al9 b]lvPsf] 5 . c;dfgtfsf] sldn] ul/jL 36fpg] Ifdtfdf a[l4
ePsf] 5 . o; jLrdf pkef]u ;+/rgfdf pNn]vgLo ?kn] kl/jt{g ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . u}/ vfB
j:t'x?sf] vr{ ;+/rgfdf ;d]t Jofks kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . To;} cg';f/ jif{df s/Lj @,@@) lsnf]
Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ljut jif{df s/Lj @,!%) lsnf] Sofnf]/L cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg
ul/Psf] lyof] . o;k6s g]kfnsf] ;fnfvfnf ul/jLsf] /]vf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ ?=!(,@^! lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] hLjg:t/ ;j{]If0fsf] ;dodf ;fnfvfnf ul/jLsf] /]vf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ ?=&^(%
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . s]Gb|Lo tYof ljefun] @%=!^ k|ltztdf ul/jL em/]sf] tYo k|sfzdf
NofPsf] 5 . zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/jLsf] b/ t'ngf ubf{ zx/L If]qdf s/Lj !% k|ltzt / u|fdL0f
If]qdf s/Lj @& k|ltzt hg;+Vof u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] c'gdfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; tYofnfO{
cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] ljut ;ft jif{df s/Lj ^ k|ltzt ul/jL 36\of] . o; cjlwdf cfly{s a[l4b/
;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . ;/sf/L zf;g klg ck]Iffs[t /fd|f] cg'ej ug{ kfOPsf] 5}g . gofF cfly{s
cj;/x? klg vf;} ;[hgf ePsf] b]lv+b}g . b}lgs hLjgsf cfjZostfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|To]s
JolQmn] ;xhtfsf] cg'ej u/]s} 5}gg\ . sf]/f cfFvfn] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]lv+b}g . o;
cj:yfdf cfly{s c;dfgtf Pj+ ul/jL 36\bf crDd nfUg' :jefljs} x'gfn] slxn]sfFxL ul/jL dfkg
ug]{ ljlwnfO{ /fhg}lts cf}hf/sf] ?kdf klg x]l/G5 . ul/jL tLj| ultdf cf]x|fnf] nfUg'sf] ;+efljt
sf/0fx?sf] vf]hL ul/g' h?/L 5 . ul/jL cfkm}df hl6n ljifo xf] . ljleGg cfly{s, ;dflhs,
/fhg}lts Pj+ P]ltxfl;s c;Ifdtfsf] k|ltkmn jf ;xpTkfbg -jfO{ k|f]8S6_ xf] ul/jL . To;}n],
of] ax' cfoflds klg 5 .
o; jLrdf cfly{s a[l4b/ ;fdfGo /xFbf/xFb} klg b]zleq ul/jL 36\g] k|z:t cfwf/x/ ljsl;t
ePsf 5g\ . cfly{s a[l4b/ tLj| eP klg To;af6 k|fKt cfly{s nfe slt dfqfdf r'lxP/ ul/j;+u
k'Ub5 eGg] s'/f klg csf]{ hl6ntfsf] ljifo xf] . ut ;ft jif{sf] cjlwdf ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts,
;"rgf Pj+ ;+rf/sf] kx'Frdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, r]tgfsf] clea[l4, a'l4dQf tl/sfn] vr{ ug]{ tf}/
t/Lsf cflbdf kl/jt{g cfof] . ljj]szLn lg0f{o Ifdtfdf a[l4 Nofof] . kmn:j?k hLjg:t/sf]
9fFrfdf dfqfTds kl/jt{g eof] . o:tf] kl/jt{g :jefjtM Ps kIfLo?kdf ;fdflhs cfly{s ?kdf
lk5l8Psf ju{, blnt jf lgDg cfo ;d"xtkm{ s]Gb|Lt /x\of] .
o;} jLr ul/jLnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ hf]lvd tTjx? h:t} cf}nf], sfnfhf/ / cGo :jf:Yo ;d:ofx?df
klg Jofks ?kdf sdL cfP . :jf:Yo Pj+ lzIff If]qsf ;"rfx? ;'wfl/+b} uP . :jf:Yo Pj+ lzIffdf

112

lgMz'Ns sfo{qmdx? cfP . cfdf ;'/Iff h:tf sfo{qmdx?n] ;'Ts]/L x'g c:ktfn cfpFbf af6f] vr{sf]
Joj:yf uof] . ljwjf jf a[4 eQfsf] Joj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ ul/of] . oL sf/0fx?n] ul/jLnfO{ lj:tf/
x'gaf6 /f]Sof] . o;sf] ;fy} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf klg a[l4 eof] . lghL If]qsf j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
pTkfbgx?n] wgLnfO{ dfq xf]Og ahf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k lgDg ju{;Dd j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
kx'Fr k'ofP . h:t} rf/ kfFr jif{ cufl8;Dd g'xfpg] :ofDkf] wgLx?sf] jf ljnf;Ltfsf] j:t'sf]
?kdf lnOGYof] . Ps af]tnsf] rf/ kfFr;o ?k}of ltg'{ kb{Yof] . cfhsn pQm :ofDkf] Psb'O{ k6s
g'xfpgnfO{ Ps b'O{ ?k}ofd} kfOG5 . ca :ofDkf] ljnfl;tfsf] j:t' /x]g . cfhsn Ifdtf cg';f/
j:t' jf ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k|fKt 5 . /]l8of], l6=eL=, df]jfOn h:t} w]/} j:t'x? cfjzostfsf j:t'x?df
kl/0ft eP . kx'Frdf lj:tf/ eof] . cyjf kx'Frsf] cefjdf cfwfl/t ul/jLdf sdL cfof] .
o;/L ;dfhdf r]tgf, ;dfgtf, ;"rgf Pj+ j:t' jf ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf lj:tf/ lg0f{o Ifdtfdf a[l4,
vr{ ug]{ tf}/ tl/sfdf ljj]szLntf cfPsf] cj:yfdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|jfxn] hLjg:t/nfO{ x\jft} dfly
nUof] . ljk|]if0fsf] k|efjn] k|ToIf gx'g] jf ljb]zaf6 k};f k|fKt gug]{ 3/kl/jf/df klg k|bz{g k|efj
kof] . ;dfhdf ;dfg hLjg:t/ sfod /fVg yk cfDbfgLsf pkfox? vf]Hg jf yk ldlxg]t ug{
yflnof] . kmntM ul/jL 36\gdf k|ToIf ;xof]u k'ofof] . o:tf] kl/jt{g Go"gju{df ePsf] x'gfn],
zx/LeGbf u|fdL0f If]qdf ePsf] x'gfn], cfly{s a[l4df vf;} kl/jt{g Nofpg ;s]t . cyjf k"/}
cy{tGqdf xnrn Nofpg ;s]g . h:t} sf7df8f} pkTosf zx/L If]qdf ul/jL a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L cfly{s a[l4df wSsf lbg g;s]sf] / ljk|]if0fdf a9L lge{/ /x]sf] x'gfn] ul/jLsf] 36fO{
bL3{sfnLg /xg] s'/fdf k|z:t hf]lvd 5 . ljk|]if0fsf] k|efj cfkm}df cNksfnLg xf] . o;sf ;fy}
ul/jL dfkgdf sdL cfPsf] klg kfOG5 . o;sf k5fl8 s]xL cfwf/x? klg vr{nfO{ afx| dlxgfn]
u'0ff u/L jflif{s pkef]u vr{sf] dfkg ul/G5 . o; k6s ljut & lbgsf] vfB pkef]u vr{sf]
cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 .
cfDbfgL zAb k|of]u ul/P klg pkef]usf] vr{af6 ul/jLsf] dfkg ul/G5 . cfDbfgL eGbf pkef]u
t'ngfTds ?kdf :yL/ eP klg s[lifdf lge{/ cy{tGqdf km;n :ofxfg]{ ;dodf jf rf8kj{sf] ;do
jf v8]/Lsf] ;dodf pkef]u vr{df df};dL k|efj kb{5 . oy]i6 dfqfdf df};dL k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;lsPg eg] pkef]u vr{ jf:tljstf eGbf lgs} a9L b]lvg hfG5 . h:t} vfBfGg leq\ofpg]
;dodf jf rf8kj{sf] ;dodf pkef]usf] dfqf :jtM a9L atfpg] jf a9L vr{ ug]{ / v8]/Lsf]
;dodf vfBfGgsf] efp cfsfl;Psf] x'g] h:tf sf/0fx?n] 3/ kl/jf/sf] pkef]u vr{ jf:tljs
eGbf a9L cg'dfg ul/Psf] tYo / jx;x? cGo ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df klg pl7/x]sf] 5 . h:t}
;'Vvf ofddf @^=^@ k|ltzt ul/jL b]lvG5 .

$= ul/jL dfkgsf kIfx?df ;'wf/sf] vfFrf]

3/ kl/jf/sf] pkef]usf] nflu pTkflbt j:t'x?nfO{ pkef]u vr{df kl/0ft ubf{ k|rlnt ahf/

113

efpnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . t/ ul/jLsf] cfDbfgL /]vf lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;fdfGotof cf}ift -efl/t_ pkef]u
d"No ;"rf k|of]u ul/G5 . o; ljlwn] ul/jLsf] cfDbfgL /]vf jf:tljstf eGbf sd lgwf{/0f x'g]
;+efjgf /xG5 . Psftkm{ pkef]u vr{ jf:tljstf eGbf al9 cg'dfg x'g] / csf]{tkm{ ul/jLsf]
dfkg ug]{ /]vf tn ;g{;Sg] x'gfn] ul/jLsf] k|ltzt dfkgdf tflTjs leGgtf Nofpg ;Sb5 .
cyjf ul/jL 36\g ;Sb5 h:t} hUuf gePsf] eGbf ! x]S6/;Dd hUuf ePsf 3/kl/jf/sf] ul/jL
b/ a9L 5 .
k|To]s jif{ cy{dGqfnon] k|sflzt ug]{ cfly{s ;j]{If0fdf pNn]v ePsf] k|ltJolQm s"n u|fx{:y
pTkfbg jf k|lt JolQm pkef]u / hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt k|ltJolQm pkef]u aLr t'ngf u/L
s]xL dfqfdf a:t'l:ylt af/] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . oBlk oL b'O{ tYofx?sf >f]tx? ;dfj]zLs/0f,
dfkg ug]{ ljlw km/skm/s 5g\ . jf:tljstf hfFRg] a]nfavtdf o:tf ljlwx? pkof]u ug]{ k|rng
klg 5 . cfly{s ;j]{If0f cg';f/ k|lt JolQm s"n u|fx{:y pTkfbg klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] hLjg:t/
;j]{If0fsf] ;dodf k|rlnt d"Nodf qmdzM ^% / !#@ k|ltzt a[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ hLjg:t/
;j]{If0f cg';f/ k|lt JolQm pkef]u a[l4 pQm ;dodf qmdzM (& / !&$ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
pk/f]Qm b'O{ >f]tx?af6 k|fKt tYofx?sf] a[l4b/ hlt km/flsnf] x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 cyjf hLjg:t/
;j]{If0f cg';f/ hlt a9L a[l4b/ 5 To;} cfwf/df ul/jLsf] k|ltzt tLj|?kdf cf]x|fnf] nfu]sf] 5 .

%= lgisif{
dfkg ug]{ ljlw Pj+ tYofdf x'g;Sg] sdhf]/L / vr{ ug]{ tf}/ tl/sfdf cfPsf] ljj]szLntf, j:t'
jf ;]jfsf] kx'Fr / ljk|]if0fsf] sf/0fn] ul/jLdf sdL cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . d"ntM JolQmn] ul/jLsf]
;d:of ef]Ubfef]Ub} klg ;/sf/L tYofn] dfq u}/ ul/j 36fpFb}df oyfy{df ul/jL 36\b}g . ul/jL
;DaGwL bIf JolQm -PS;k6{_ jl/i7 cy{zf:qL jf ;dfhzf:qL geP/ ul/jx? g} x'g\ . o; cj:yfdf
df};dL k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f, d"No ?kfGt/0faf6 x'g ;Sg] pkef]u jf cfDbfgLsf] a9f]Q/L k|efj
cflbsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ul/jL dfkg k|lqmofnfO{ yk ljZjfl;nf] agfpg' kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
/fli6o of]hgf cfof]u -@)^&_, lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&^*@)^(&)_, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
tYof ljefu -@)^*_, t]>f] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f, @)^*, yfkfynL, sf7df8f}+ .
tYof ljefu -@)^&_, :6\ofl6i6Lsn kf}s]6a's -@)!)_, yfkfynL sf7df8f}+ .
cy{ dGqfno -@)^*_, cfly{s ;j]{If0f -@)^^^&_, l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+ .
cy{ dGqfno -@)^*_, jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 -@)^*^(_, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .

114

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / ;'wf/

lzj/fd Gof}kfg]1*

;f/f+z
;fdfGo kl/efiffdf ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jf xf] eGg]
j'lemG5 . o; ;]jfnfO{ d'n'ssf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf ?kdf klg :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts l/Sttf,
ljs[lt, ljrng h:tf k|lts"n cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pkl:ylt /fHo ;+rfngsf] d'Vo cfwf/
x'g] u/]sf] 5 . @)!# ;fndf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf of]hgf cfof]ujf6 k|fKt ;'emfj kl5 @)!#
;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g jgfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . To;kl5 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] j}wflgs ljsf;
k|f/De ePsf] dflgG5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu @))( ;fndf ul7t j'r sldzg b]lv @)^%
;fndf ul7t k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]u;Ddsf laleGg ;ldlt Pj+ cfof]ux?jf6 ;dofg'snsf
k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu pknJw ePsf ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|fKt ePsf ;'wf/sf
;'emfjx? ;fy} ;/sf/L gLlt tyf jflif{s sfo{qmdx?sf cfwf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf lghfdtL ;]jfsf
;'wf/sf sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ePsf] 5 bzssf] k|of;sf jfjh'b
klg lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] hgtfsf] ljZjf;, cf:yf Pj+ e/f];f jlnof] x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfn] o;
;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, :jR5, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL u/fpg g;s]sf] :ki6 ub{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfleq hsl8P/
/x]sf] ljs[lt, lj;+ult Pj+ unt ;+:sf/sf sf/0f o; ;+oGqdf k|z:t r'gf}lt, ;d:ofx? v8f ePsf
5g\ . k|:t't n]vdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO ;+/rgfut, Aoj:yfksLo, >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u /
Aojxf/ut b[li6sf]0fjf6 ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf If]qx? ;d]t klxNofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

k[i7e"ld
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf; ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
cf/De ;+u;+u} ePsf] xf] . cyf{t /fHosf] ;fdflhs bfloTj j[l4 x'b}hfbf sd{rf/LtGqsf] ;xof]ujf6
gful/s lxtsf nflu lg/Gt/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] o; ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ePsf] :jLsf/
ul/G5 . Bureaucracy zJbsf] pTklt k|m]Gr zJb Bureaux jf6 ePsf] dflgG5 . o;sf] cy{
;/sf/L sfof{no jf ljefu eGg] j'lemG5 . sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ c8\8ftGq, gf]s/zfxL, nfnlkmtfzfxL,
ljefutGq h:tf gfdx?n] lrGg] ul/G5 . of] Ps k|0ffnL xf] hxf p2]Zo xfl;nsfnflu hgzlQm,
sfo{ k|lqmof, sfof{no / clwsf/sf] ;+o'Qm ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fdfGo kl/efiffdf ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jf xf] eGg] j'lemG5 . o; ;]jfnfO{ d'n'ssf]
* pk ;lrj, zflGt tyf k'gM lgdf{0f dGqfno

115

:yfoL ;/sf/sf ?kdf klg :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts l/Sttf, ljs[lt, ljrng h:tf k|lts'n
cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pkl:ylt /fHo ;+rfngsf] d'Vo cfwf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf] b}lgs
k|zf;g ;+rfngdf cfkm"nfO{ ;Ifd / ljZj;lgo ;+oGqsf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
e"ldsf nfdf] ;dob]lv d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L
gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfo{qmdx?sf] th'{dfdf ;xof]u ug]{ ;fy} sfo{ of]hgf cg'?k sfof{Gjog,
cg'udg, d"Nof+sg, l/kf]l6{u+ ug]{ d'Vo sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jf ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfo{sfl/0fLsf ?kdf
;+rfng ePsf] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ sf] pkwf/f ! df ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / ;z:q
k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]g4f/f tf]lsPsf]
cGo ;]jf jf kb jfx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c? ;j} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg]5
elg JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfgs} wf/f !%# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;+rfng
ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 / To:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g
;+rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]g4f/f lgwf{/0f ul/P jdf]lhd x'g]5g\ elg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL
;]jf P]g @)$( df lghfdtL ;]jf eGgfn] P]gsf] bkmf # jdf]lhd ul7t lghfdtL ;]jf x'g] elg
kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf # df lgDgfg';f/sf ;]jfx? /xg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof+s ;]jf
v_ g]kfn OlGhlgol/+u ;]jf
u_ g]kfn s[lif ;]jf
3_ g]kfn k//fi6 ;]jf
8_ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf
r_ g]kfn n]vfkl/If0f ;]jf
5_ g]kfn jg ;]jf
h_ g]kfn ljljw ;]jf
em_ g]kfn lzIff ;]jf
g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf] j}wflgs Oltxf; nfdf] kfOb}g . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf kfnfdf
khgL k|yf /x]sf] lyof] . h; cg';f/ jif{sf] Ps k6s k|zf;lgs sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm,
;?jf, j9'jf, vf];'jf cflb ug]{ sfo{ x'GYof] . h;jf6 To; ;dodf klg sd{rf/LtGqsf] s'g} :j?k
sfod ePsf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . ;fy} k|zf;g ;+rfngsfnflu s]xL ;+:yfx? :yfkgf u/L /fhf jf
k|wfgdGqLsf] cfb]z cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf] tYox? kfOG5 . /f0fsflng zf;gdf rf/

116

k|zf;sLo ljefu /x]sf lyP . h;df d'n'sL vfgfn] ;fdfGo k|zf;gsf] sfo{, h+uL vfgfn] ;}lgs
k|zf;gsf] sfo{, d'G;Lvfgfn] k//fi6 ;DjGwsf] sfo{ / v8\u lgzfgfn] k|wfgdlGqsf] sfof{nosf]
sfo{ x]g]{ ub{Yof] . ;fy} ;/sf/L ;]jfsfnflu rf/ kf; ug'{kg]{M -n]vf]6, lx;fj, P]g, ;|]:tf_ Joa:yf
ul/Psf] lyof] . @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;+rfngdf j}wflgstfsf]
h?/L dx;'; u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; ePsf] xf] . @))* ;fndf klJns ;le{;
sldzgsf] :yfkgf eO{ ;f] sldzgsf] sfo{ ;+rfngfy{ sfg"gsf] Joa:yf ul/Pkl5 o; sfo{df yk
;lqmotf cfPsf] xf] .
@)!# ;fndf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf of]hgf cfof]ujf6 k|fKt ;'emfj kl5 @)!# ;fndf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g jgfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . To;kl5 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] j}wflgs ljsf; k|f/De
ePsf] dflgG5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu @))( ;fndf ul7t j'r sldzg b]lv @)^% ;fndf
ul7t k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]u;Ddsf laleGg ;ldlt Pj+ cfof]ux?jf6 ;dofg'snsf k|zf;g
;'wf/sfnflu pknJw ePsf ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|fKt ePsf ;'wf/sf
;'emfjx? ;fy} ;/sf/L gLlt tyf jflif{s sfo{qmdx?sf cfwf/df ljleGg k|sf/sf lghfdtL
;]jfsf ;'wf/sf sfo{x? ePsf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu ePsf] 5 bzssf] k|of;sf
jfjh'b klg lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] hgtfsf] ljZjf;, cf:yf Pj+ e/f];f jlnof] x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfn]
o; ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, :jR5, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL u/fpg g;s]sf] :ki6 ub{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfleq
hsl8P/ /x]sf] ljs[lt, lj;+ult Pj+ unt ;+:sf/sf sf/0f o; ;+oGqdf k|z:t r'gf}lt, ;d:ofx?
v8f ePsf 5g\ . oL r'gf}lt Pj+ ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf gu/L lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt gsf/fTds ;f]rdf
kl/jt{g Nofpg g;lsg] :ki6 5 . t;y{ lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] hgljZjf; Pj+ cf:yfnfO{ ;'b[9
ug{sfnflu ;]jfleqsf ;d:of / ljs[ltx?nfO{ ;dod} j'l4dtfk'0f{ Joa:yfkg ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+hfn d'n'ssf] :yfgLo:t/;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf sf/0f o;nfO{ b]zsf]
Pp6} j[xt Pj+ ;'b9[ k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . hgtfsf] hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf]
;]jfsfnflu o; ;+oGqn] d'n'se/ cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] zf;g k4ltnfO{
;kmn u/fpg] sfo{df o; ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf leq /x]sf] cg'ej,
Ifdtf, ;+efjgfx?sf] pRrtd pkof]u x'g g;s]sf sf/0f o;sf] ;fv j[l4 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf
df}h'bf 5 . d'n'ssf] laleGg /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs k|lts'n cj:yfsf sf/0f o; ;]jfn]
hgtf Pj+ ;/sf/n] ck]Iff u/] cg'?ksf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfsf jt{dfg
cj:yfnfO{ lgDg b[li6sf]0fjf6 ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M

117

s_ ;+/rgfut b[li6jf6 x]bf{

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfut :j?kdf gljg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] l;4fGt cg'?k kl/jt{g x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . ;du| ;]jfsf] ;+/rgf k/Dk/fut g} /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg ;dodf k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu
ul7t cfof]u / ;ldltx?n] o;sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ j}1flgs u/fpg' kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] ePtfklg
xr'jfdf b/jGbL sf6\g] / yk ug]{ sfo{eGbf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;du|df jt{dfgdf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfut :j?k k/Dk/fut Pj+ lk/fdL8 z}nLsf] ePsf], ;du| k|zf;lgs
;+oGq jf]lemnf], vlr{nf] / cg'Tkfbs ePsf], clws[t eGbf ;xfos:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] jfx'Notf
/x]sf] - s"n b/jGbLdf em08} *) k|ltzt b/jGbL /fhkq cgls+t / >]0fL ljlxg kbx?_, s]Gb|Lo
lgsfox?sf] ;+Vof j9L /x]sf], JolQm jf ;'dxnfO{ nlIot u/L b/jGbL Pj+ ;+u7g v8f ug]{ k|j[lt
ePsf], cfof]u, ;ldlt, sfo{bn h:tf c:yfoL k|s[ltsf ;+u7gx?sf] pkl:ylt /lx /x]sf], ;dfgfGt/
sfd / k|s[ltsf ;+u7gx? sfod} /x]sf], -h:t} hn>f]t dGqfno / hnzlQm cfof]u, dlxnf
dGqfno / /fli6o dlxnf cfof]u cflb_, s]Gb|Lo txsf cgfjZos ;+u7gx? vf/]h ug{ g;lsPsf],
;/sf/L lgsfox?df ;+u7g tyf Joa:yfkg ;e]{If0f gu/L b/jGbL kl/jt{g ug]{ k|j[lt /x]sf] ,
;+u7g k'gM;+/rgfdf Organization & Management ;e]{If0fnfO{ eGbf /fhgLlts bjfj / OR5fsf
cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfjf6 k|efljt ePsf] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;+/rgfnfO{ cfw'lgs Pj+ j}1flgs u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

v_ Joa:yfksLo b[li6jf6
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joa:yfkg sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f o; ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfleq dfgj >f]t jhf/sf] klxnf] bhf{sf] hgzlQmnfO{ cfslif{t ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fy} ;]jfleqsf] cg'ejL tyf ;Ifd hgzlQmsf] pkof]udf ;d]t ;kmntf xfl;n
ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o; ;]jfsf] Joa:yfkg cem}klg k/Dk/fut ;f]r, z}nL, k4lt / Jojxf/n] k|efj
kf/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj kl/jt{g x'Fbf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj kl/jt{g ug]{ c:jfefljs k|j[lQ j9]sf
sf/0f k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf qf;, cl:y/tf Pj+ ;+u7gk|ltsf] lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj sdhf]/ x'g]
u/]sf], xr'jf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdsf] ;+:sf/ sfod} /x]sf], k'/fgf sfg"g, k|lqmofpGd'v sfo{
k4ltnfO{ cg';/0f ug]{ k|j[lt sfod} /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iff / :yfloTjsf] ;'lglZrttf
gePsf], sfg"g, cg'zf;g, cfr/0fsf] kfngf u/fpg g;s]sf], g]t[Tjdf b[9ftf Pj+ dgf]jnsf]
sdL ePsf], k|zf;lgs sfd sf/jfxL s]Gb|d'vL tyf dg;fod'ns b[li6jf6 lgb]{lzt ePsf], :ki6
sfo{If]q / clwsf/sf] /]vf+sg x'g g;s]sf], clwsf/, >f]t, ;fwgsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fs} cj:yf, jf/Djf/
;/sf/ kl/jt{g e} /xbf gLltut cGof}ntf j9]sf], sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf, kb:yfkg, j9'jf, tflndnfO{
j}1flgs / cg'dfgof]Uo u/fpg g;lsPsf], k'/fgf sfg"g, k/Dk/fut sfo{ k4lt, ;':t sfo{ z}nL
sfod} /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lghfdtL ;]jf leq lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xLsf] sdL ePsf], gofF

118

k|ljlw, sfo{ z}nL, k4ltsf] k|of]u x'g g;s]sf], ;/sf/L lgsfox?df ;+:yfut clen]v :d/0f
k4lt (Institutional memory) sf] sdhf]/ cj:yf /x]sf], j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ ;f+3'/f] ePsf]
cj:yf df}h'bf /x]sf] 5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g'sf ;fy} gjLg
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] l;4fGt cg'?ksf sfo{z}nL / k|4ltnfO{ Jojxf/df c+lusf/ ug{ ;lsPsf]
5}g .

u_ >f]t, ;fwgsf] pkof]usf b[li6jf6 x]bf{

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd hgzlQmn] k"0f{ ;+oGqsf ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/G5 . ;fy} ;fwg >f]t / ;+u7g
lj:tf/sf] b[li6n] d'n'ssf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] ;+hfn ePsf] ;+u7gsf ?kdf lnOG5 . t/ ;+u7g leqsf]
;Ifd hgzlQm ;fy} cfw'lgs ;fwg >f]tsf] pkof]usf b[li6n] ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] ;+:yfsf ?kdf
:jsf/ ul/G5 . o; ;Gbe{df o; ;]jf leqsf] hgzlQm, >f]t ;fwg / o;sf] pkof]usf] cWoog
ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jf leq ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] cg'ej, Ifdtf, bIftfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u x'g g;s]sf],
;]jfleqsf] u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm qmdzM jflxl/g] qmd j9]sf], dfgj >f]tnfO{ cfjZos tflnd,
cWoog, sfo{ cg'ej, gofF ;Lk Pj+ z}nL k|bfg u/L k|lt:klw{ u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf glbPsf],
pko'Qm JolQmnfO{ pko'Qm sfd / lhDd]jf/L lbg g;lsPsf] (Right man in Right Place), cfw'lgs
Pj+ dxFuf] ;fwg, >f]t, cf}hf/sf] k|of]u x'g g;s]sf] -j}b]lzs ;xof]u, cfof]hgfx?jf6 pknJw
ePsf] _ cj:yf :ki6 x'G5 . ;fy} :yfgLo :t/;Ddsf] lj:t[t ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfnfO{ hgtfsf]
dfu cg'?k pkof]udf Nofpg g;lsPsf], ;/sf/L ;fwg >f]t, ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u ug]{ k|j[lt j9\b}
uPsf] - ;jf/L ;fwg, cfly{s >f]t, ejg, d]lzg cf}hf/ cflb_, ;dofg's'n >f]tsf] pkof]u, dd{t
;Def/ x'g g;s]sf], cglws[t JolQmx?n] >f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug]{ u/]sf] - /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf,
/fhgLlts lgo'lQm x'g] sfo{bn, ;ldlt, cfof]u cflbdf_ cj:yf df}h'bf /x]sf] 5 . o;jf6 lghfdtL
;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fpg cfjZos >f]t ;fwg ;+u7gleq df}h'bf ePtfklg o;sf] plrt pkof]u
x'g g;Sbf ;+u7gnfO{ ;dofg's'n ;Ifd / :t/Lo u/fpg g;lsPsf] ;xh cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

3_ Jojxf/ut b[li6jf6 x]bf{

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ Ifdtf ePsf] t/ lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x gug]{ cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L ePsf] o; ;]jfnfO{ sdhf]/ /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ / k|j[ltn] k|ToIfM
k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf ePsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]r, wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] c:jfefljs x:tIf]kn] emg} jn k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
;du|df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Jojxf/nfO{ cWoog ubf{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt zf;ssf] z}nL b]vfpg] k|j[lQ sfod}
/x]sf], lhDd]jf/L kG5fpg] k|j[lQdf ;'wf/ cfpg g;s]sf], /fhgLlts g]t[Tj Pj+ sd{rf/Lx?jLr
Ps csf{nfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f u/L hjfkmb]xL gx'g] k|j[lQ j9\b} uPsf], /fhgLlts g]t[Tj Pj+ k|zf;lgs

119

g]t[Tj ljkl/t e"ldsfdf /dfO{/x]sf] cj:yf /x]sf], /fhgLlts g]t[Tj gLlt lgdf{0fdf eGbf sd{rf/L
k|zf;g -;?jf, j9'jf j}b]lzs cWoog tflndsf] dgf]gog_ df j9L rf;f] /fVg] u/]sf], sd{rf/Lx?
/fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df laleGg ;d'xdf ljeflht ePsf, /fhgLlts bn lgs6sf ;+3
;+u7gx?n] k|ToIf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;?jf kb:yfkgdf x:tIf]k ug]{ k|j[lt /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy}
k|rlnt sfg"g, gLlt, sfo{ k4ltnfO{ cfwf/ jgfpg' eGbf cfb]z jf dg;fosf cfwf/df sfdug]{
k|j[lt sfod} /x]sf], gFof sfo{ k4lt, ;Lk, :jefjsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{ g;lsPsf], e|i6frf/,
clgolddtf j9\b} uPsf], /fhgLlts dg;fodf sfd ug]{ k|j[lt pRrtx;Dd /x]sf], sfg"gsf] unt
JofVof ug]{, sfg"g / k|lqmofsf] kfngf gug]{ k|j[lt j9]sf], u}/ sfg"gL sfo{nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+:sf/
j9]sf] h:tf unt Jojxf/n] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| cj:yf
sdhf]/ ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg'sf k|d'v sf/0fx?M

lghfdtL ;]jf d'n'ssf] ;du| k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ ;Ifd / ljZj;lgo ;+oGq ePtfklg o;nfO{
;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . @))( ;fndf ul7t k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g ;ldlt -j'r sldzg_
jf6 ;+:yfut ?kdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 qmdzM @)!# ;fndf u7g ePsf]
k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u, @)@% ;fndf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)#@ ;fndf u7g
ePsf] cfof]u, @)$* ;fndf u7g ePsf] pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)%@ ;fndf cfPsf]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] klRr; jif]{ u'?of]hgf, @)^! ;fndf NofOPsf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf]
dfu{lrq ;fy} k|zf;g k'gM ;+/rgf cfof]ujf6 cfPsf ;'emfjx?sf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
;Ifd, k|tl:klw{, ;dofg's'n, ljZj;lgo u/fpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . t/ o; ;]jfnfO{ ck]lIft ?kdf
;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . h;sf k|d'v sf/0fx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

s_ /fhgLlts sf/0f
lghfdtL ;]jf sfo{sfl/0fLsf] k|d'v ;+oGq xf] . /fhgLlts lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;fy} pko'Qm
gLlt lg0f{osfnflu ;Nnfxsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/Lsfnflu v8f ePsf] o; ;+oGqnfO{
k|efjsf/L u/fpg /fhgLlts ;f]r, k|ltj4tf / cg'zf;g sfod x'g' h?/L 5 . t/ lghfdtL
;]jfsf] :j?k, sfo{If]q, Ifdtf, sfo{ k4lt / o;sf] cfsif{0ftfsf ljifodf :ki6 ;f]r, nIo,
p2]Zo, gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{gLltx? Nofpg g;lsPsf] cj:yf sfod} 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s:t]f
:j?k / z}nLdf Jojxf/df pkof]u ubf{ d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ult
k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DjGwdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] Jojxf/n] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ x'G5 . ;du|df
lgDgfg';f/sf] /fhgLlts sf/0fx?n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;jn u/fpg g;lsPsf] :ki6 5 M

120

 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] gLlt, l;4fGt, cjwf/0ffdf eGbf sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj j9L
s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf]
sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf cgfjZos /fhgLlts x:tIf]k ePsf]
/fhgLlts g]t[Tj Pj+ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj jLrsf] ;xsfo{ sdhf]/ ePsf]
/fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{nfO{ cfof]u u7g u/L gofF k|ltj]bg lng]
sfo{df ;Lldt ul/Psf]
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgoldt ;'wf/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg g;lsPsf]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf gLlt, sfo{qmdx?n] lg/Gt/tf kfpg g;s]sf]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{df pbf; x'g] kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ bl08t ug]{ sfo{df /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf]
lhDd]jf/L sdhf]/ ePsf]

v_ Joj:yfksLo sf/0f
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{ sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g
kZrft\ dx;'; x'g] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf sfo{ of]hgfx? Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf 5}gg .
o;df /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrftsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joa:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Ln] k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;xh ?kdf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g x'g] t/ kl/jt{g Joa:yfkg c;kmn x'g] 36gfqmdn] ;du|
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joa:yfkgdf ;d]t k|efj kf/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf k|d'v sf/0fx? lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf 5g\ M
lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/sf ;'emfj, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogdf sdhf]/ x'g] u/]sf
;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu :ki6 lhDd]jf/L, clwsf/ / hjfkmb]xL gx'g] u/]sf]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf x/]s k|ltjb]gdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ 5l/tf] u/fpg' kg]{, j}1flgs
sfg"g, k4lt, sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; ug'{kg]{, sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf; Pj+ Ifdtf j[l4sf of]hgf
Nofpg' kg]{, ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s u/fpg' kg]{ ljifox? Jojxfl/s ;'emfj cfPsf] ePtfklg
o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs k|ltj4tf / hjfkmb]xLtf gx'g] u/]sf]
;Ifd g]t[Tj rog, g]t[Tj cg'?ksf] lhDd]jf/L / lhDd]jf/L cg'?ksf] clwsf/sf] Joa:yf x'g
g;s]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ clws[td'vL Pj+ Joj;flos u/fpg g;lsPsf]
lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ / gug]{sf] jLrdf km/s gePsf] cj:yf sfod} /x]sf]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu cfjZos ;|f]t ;wg pknJw x'g g;s]sf]
lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg u/L b]lvPsf ;d:ofnfO{ tTsfn lg/fs/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg g;lsPsf]

121

u_ kl/j]zut sf/0f
lghfdtL ;]jf ;+oGq ;/sf/sf] gLlt lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;]jf k|bfos lgsfo xf] . o; ;+oGq
d'n'sdf x'g] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g ;fy} df}h'bf ;fdflhs kl/l:yltjf6 :jfefljs ?kdf k|efljt
x'g] ub{5 . dxTjfsf+IfL / cJojxfl/s /fhgLlts gLlt lg0f{onfO{ sdhf]/ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
kl/l:yltdf ;Gt'lnt 9+un] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df lghfdtL
;]jfn] cfkm"nfO{ k"0f{t ;kmn u/fpg g;Sg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . lghfdtL ;]jf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf
/xL /xg'sf kl/j]zut sf/0fx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

/fhgLlts cl:y/tfn] k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu cg's'n kl/l:ylt ;[hgf x'g g;s]sf]

/fhgLts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[TjjLr ljZjf;sf] sdL x'b} uPsf]
k|zf;gk|ltsf] hgljZjf; sdhf]/ x'b} uPsf]
jhf/sf] klxnf] bhf{sf] hgzlQmnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug{ g;lsPsf]
lghfdtL ;]jfleq}sf] cg'ejL, bIf hgzlQm jflxl/g] k|j[lQ j9]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jfleq kl/jt{g / r'gf}ltsf sfo{ ug{ rfxg] kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f
gePsf]
;]jfu|fxLx?jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;bfrf/ sfod u/fpg k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x x'g
g;s]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sfnflu hg bjfj, /fhgLlts kxnsf] sdL ePsf]

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lju|b} uPsf] cj:yfn] kf/]sf] k|efj

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;do ;fGble{s kl/jt{g gePsf sf/0f o;sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 x'g
g;]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . ;]jfleqsf] pNn]Vo >f]t, ;fwg, Ifdtf, cg'ejsf] k"0f{ pkof]u x'g
g;Sbf ;]jf k|ltsf] ljZj;lgotf qmdzM 36\b} uPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lju|bf] jt{dfg cj:yfn]
lgDgfg';f/sf] k|efjsf k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 M
;/sf/L gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf]
;du| lghfdtL ;]jfk|ltsf] ljZj;lgotf lub}{ uPsf]
;]jfk|lt jhf/sf] pRr bhf{sf] hgzlQmsf] cfsif{0ftf sd x'b} uPsf]
ck]lIft ?kdf /fhZj ;+sng x'g g;]sf]
;]jfu|fxLx?sf] u'gf;fx? j[l4 ePsf]
cfly{s clgoldttf, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g g;s]sf]

122

 /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs c;dembf/L j[l4 x'b} uPsf]

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ Ifdtf, u'0f:t/df j[l4 gePsf]

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x?

d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ultlbg ;Ifd lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
;'wf/ u/L b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fLsf] d'Vo c+u jgfpg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . ;/sf/sf gLlt, of]hgf,
sfo{qmdx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lg/Gt/ sfo{fGjog u/L hgtfsf] j9\bf] dxTjfsfIffnfO{ k'/f
ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . tTsfn lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsNkdf ;f]Rg
g;lsg] cj:yf ePsf sf/0f o; ;]jfleqsf sdhf]/Lx? lgoGq0f u/L ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd, ljZj;lgo
;+oGqsf ?kdf ljsf; ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{
ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

s_ gLltut ;'wf/ ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg sdhf]/ cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L ;/sf/sf] ;Ifd ;+oGqsf ?kdf o;nfO{
ljsf; ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . ;Ifd / :t/Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf dfWodjf6 ;/sf/n] ;'wf/ Pj+
kl/jt{gsf gLlt Pj+ sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L u/fpg ;Sg] x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
s:tf] :j?k, z}nL / k4ltdf ljsf; ug]{ eGg] ;DjGwdf bL3{sflng ;f]r ;lxtsf] gLlt, of]hgf,
sfo{qmdx? tof/ u/L ;'wf/sf of]hgfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu lgDgfg';f/sf
gLltut ;'wf/ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] bL3{sflng ;f]r ;lxt :j?k, sfo{If]q, Ifdtf, sfo{ k4lt / o;sf]
cfsif{0ftfsf ljifodf :ki6 gLlt tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ /fli6o k|fyldstfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf /fVg]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf, nufj / lhDd]jf/L x'g'kg]{
lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf] cg'ej, bIftf, Ifdtfsf] pRrtd pkof]usf] gLlt Nofpg]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sf pkof]uL ;'emfjx?nfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ ;'wf/sf cfjlws Pj+ jflif{s sfo{qmd
tof/ ug]{ / o:tf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg pRr /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj k|ltj4
x'g]
ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g k4ltnfO{ Jojxf/df k|efjsf/L u/fpg]
sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf cgfjZos /fhgLlts x:tIf]k /f]Sg /fhgLlts g]t[Tj k|ltj4 x'g]
:jR5 / ;jn e"ldsf /xL /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] k|zf;lgs tyf /fhgLlts ;xsfo{sf] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{

123

 k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] sfo{df cu|;/ eO{ pknlJw b]vfpg] kbflwsf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg ug]{
;fy} lgliqmo lhDd]jf/L lgjfx{ gug]{ kbflws/Lx?nfO{ sf/jfxL ug]{
glthfd'vL k|zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf, /0fgLlt
tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]

v_ Joa:yfksLo ;'wf/ ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 lg/Gt/ x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
d"ntM b]zsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sfnflu u7g x'g] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj
;ldltx?jf6 cfPsf k|ltj]bgx?n] o; tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu cfPsf
;'emfjx?nfO{ sfo{fGjogdf Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kmn:j?k k|zf;g
;'wf/sf] k|of; k|ltj]bgdfg} l;ldt ePsf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ /fhgLlts rfxgf, nx8 jf
cfj/0fsf ?kdf glnO{ o;nfO{ k|fyldstfk|bQ lgoldt sfo{sf ?kdf ;+:yfut ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joaj:yfksLo ;'wf/sfnflu ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/x? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
:ki6 lhDd]jf/L, clwsf/, >f]t ;fwg ;lxt ;'wf/ of]hgfx?nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
k|zf;g ;'wf/sfnflu k]z ePsf ;'emfjx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L tTsfn / bL3{sflng ?kdf nfu"
ug{ ;lsg] sfo{qmdx? th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg]
;Ifd g]t[Tj rog, g]t[Tj cg'?ksf] lhDd]jf/L / lhDd]jf/L cg'?ksf] clwsf/sf] Joa:yf ug'{kg]{
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ clws[td'vL Pj+ Joj;flos u/fpg'kg]{
sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf, sfo{ pTk|]/0ff j[l4sf cj;/x? j[l4 ub}{ nfg]
;]jfleqsf cj;/x?nfO{ Gofof]lht ?kdf ljt/0f ug]{ Joa:yf ug]{
;+u7gleqsf] 4G4nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ sd{rf/Lsf] u'gf;fx? ;'Gg] / tTsfn Joa:yfkg ug]{
sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
u}/sfg"gL cfb]zx? sfof{Gjog gug]{ zfx; j[l4 ug{ k|zf;lgs pRr kbflwsf/Lx? jLr
Pstf / k|ltj4tf sfod ug]{
k]zfut xslxtsfnflu v8f ePsf sd{rf/L ;+3 ;+u7gx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;d;fdlos
;'wf/sf sfo{df nufpg]
lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg u/L ;'wf/sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdx?df lgoldt ?kdf kl/dfh{g
ub}{ nfg]

Jojxf/ut ;'wf/ ug]{

lghfdtL ;]jfsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L ;do ;fGble{s ?kdf o;nfO{ ;Ifd / :t/Lo
u/fpg /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ;fy} k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj k|ltj4 / nugzLn x'g' h?/L 5 . /fhgLlts

124

g]t[Tjn] o; ;]jfnfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{l;2 ug]{ dfWodsf ?kdf lng' x'b}g . ;fy} k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjn]
/fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ bf]ifL b]vfP/ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sfnflu ePsf] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjjf6
pDsg] k|j[lQ 5f]8\g' h?/L ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sfnflu ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n]
cfkm\gf] ;f]r, Jojxf/, cfr/0fdf ;'wf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;jf6 /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] k|zf;g k|ltsf]
b[li6sf]0f ;d]t kl/jt{g u/L ;]jfnfO{ ;jn / ;Ifd ;+oGqsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/ut ;'wf/x? lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;S5g\ M
lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljs[ltx? lgoGq0f ug{ /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj ;r]t, k|ltj4,
hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{
sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] s'g} x:tIf]k gug]{ ;fd"lxs k|ltj4tf ug]{
sfg"g ;Ddt lhDd]jf/L / lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsfnflu pRr k|zf;sx? hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{
Joa:yf ug]{
;Ifd g]t[Tj rog ;fy} pko'Qm JolQmsfnflu pko'Qm lhDd]jf/L lbg] Joj:yf ug]{
;'wf/sfnflu lhDd]jf/L lng], gFof z}nL, k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ ;fy} r'gf}ltsf sfo{x?df cu|;/
x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u / pT;fx k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
>f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd pkof]u ug]{ k|j[lQ ljsf; ug]{
e|i6frf/, clgoldttfsf] lgoGq0fsfnflu lgsfo k|dv' lhDd]jf/ x'g]
cg'zf;g, cfr/0f, sfo{ ;+:sf/sf] kfngf u/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;Ddfg u/L ;]jf lbg] jfgL ljsf;
ug]{
lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg ;fy} l/kf]l6{u+ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ clgjfo{ ug]{

lgrf]8
d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts Pj+ zf;sLo kl/jt{gn] hgtfdf dxTjfsf+Iff j[l4 u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs Pj+
cfly{s ?kfGt/0f ug]{ r'gf}ltk"0f{ cj:yf v8f ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf] pRr Ifdtf, cg'ej,
bIftf, >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf sfod} 5 . ;]jfu|fxL Pj+ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj
;d]tjf6 lghfdtL ;]jfjf6 ck]lIft sfo{ ;Dkfbg x'g g;s]sf] bf]iff/f]k0f ePsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df
qmdzM x|f; x'b} uPsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|lti7f, bIftf, ljZj;lgotf / zfv hf]ufpg' ckl/xfo{
ePsf] 5 . k|zf;g ;'wf/sf ;'emfj, gLlt, sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug]{ Pj+ ;kmn sfo{qmdx?nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg] sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . d'n'ssf] sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'v ;+oGqsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf ljs[ltx? lgoGq0f u/L o;sf] Ifdtf, bIftf, cg'ejnfO{ pRrtd pkof]u
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] cu|;/tf lng' h?/L 5 . k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjjf6 lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xdf
t6:ytf, sfg"g Pj+ k4ltsf] kfngf, lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf ;+:yfut ;xof]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{

125

ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df cfr/0f, cg'zf;g, l;4fGt, Jojxf/df ljs[lt cfpg'
;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|lti7fdf cf+r k'/\ofpg' xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfdf b]lvPsf ljs[ltx? lgoGq0f
u/L o;sf] Ifdtf, cg'ej, bIftf d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fdf pkof]u ug'{ ckl/xfo{
ePsf]n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sfnflu /fhgLlts ;f]r / k|ltj4tf h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;sfnflu
k|zf;lgs k/fdz{, lhDd]jf/L / nugzLntf clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?M
!
@=
#=
$=
%=

126

k|zf;g ;'wf/sf laleGg k|ltj]bgx? M ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/ .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%), g]kfn sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt .
tLg jlif{o of]hgf -@)^&.^* b]lv @)^(.&)_ /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ljljw cfofdx? M lzj/fd Gof}kfg], g]zgn lk|+l6+u k|];, jj/dxnn .
k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx?M ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{;Dkfbg

d"Nof+sgsf] cj:yf

ls/0f hf]zL *

;f/f+z
sd{rf/Lx?4f/f ;Dkflbt sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg lgl4i6 cfwf/df ul/g] k4lt g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
xf] . of] ;+u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfo{ lglb{i6 9+un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf 5g
5}gg egL d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u Pj+ JolQmsf] Ifdtf
/ k|of;sf] nfutsf cfwf/df / k|fKt pTkfbg jf pknAwL h:tf glthfsf] cfwf/df dfkg ug{
;lsG5 . nfutsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ s'g} sfd ug{ s] slt k|of; Ifdtf / >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u
eof] elg ljifout 9+un] dfkg ul/G5 eg] glthfsf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;f] sfdaf6 s] slt pTkfbg
jf pknAwL k|fKt eof] elg j:t'ut 9+un] dfkg ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sgnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy :yfg lbOPsf] ePtfklg o;sf] Jojxfl/s k|of]udf s]xL ;d:ofx? 5g .
h:tf] uf]Kotf,oyf{yk/s geO{ dgf]ut d"Nof+sg x'g],lghfdtL ;]jf P]g ;+zf]wg x'bf sfo{;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sgsf] c+sdf :jfy{k/s 9+un] kl/jt{g x'g],d"Nof+sgdf Ps?ktf gePsf],d"Nof+sg k4lt sfd;+u
;DalGwt gePsf] h:tf ;d:of /x]sf] kfOG5 . pNn]lvt ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{
;]]jfd'vL,hgd'vL,s'zn,;Ifd,of]Uo glthfd"ns tyf u'0f:t/Lo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] p2]Zo k|jfxsf]
p2]Zo k|fKtLdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sl6a4 t'NofO{ ;do ;fk]If ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt u/L
;'zf;g sfod ug{ d4t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
Performance= Knowledge*Skill*Attitude
Appraisal=Evaluation+Counselling+Revaluation

s'g} klg ;+u7gdf ljleGg sd{rf/LxnfO{ ?lr, Ifdtf, sfo{ k|s[ltcg';f/ ljleGg k|sf/sf
sfo{x (Task) tf]lsPsf] jf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:tf sfo{xsf] lglZrt nIo (Ends)

* zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

127

x'G5g\ o;/L lgwf{l/t sfo{x s'g xb;Dd ;Dkfbg (Performing) eP jf ePgg\ egL ul/g]
d"Nof+sg (Evaluation) g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg xf] .
Productivity, Effectiveness / Efficiency sf] d"Nof+sg g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg xf] .
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg eg]sf] ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo, sfo{If]q lhDd]jf/L Pj+ lgwf{l/t k|lqmofadf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] sd{rf/Lf/f ;Dkflbt sfdsf] Jojl:yt / ;fdlos n]vfhf]vf ug]{ k|lqmof xf] eGg
;lsG5 . o;n]
-!_ ;+u7gsf] lgwf{l/t p2]Zo / kl/;"rsx (Indicators) cg';f/ sfd eP, gePsf] n]vfhf]vf u5{ .
-@_ sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf, nugzLntf, l;h{gfTdstf OdfGbfl/tf, cg'zf;g / g]t[Tj
h:tf u'0fxsf] hfFr u5{ .
-#_ j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/xsf] klxrfg u5{ .
-$_ b08 / k'/:sf/sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ cfwf/x k|:6\ofpF5 .
-%_ ;+u7gdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ If]qxsf] klxrfg ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpF5 .
-^_ sd{rf/Lsf] tna ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/x tof/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
-&_ sd{rf/Lsf] eljiosf] ;Defjgfsf] cfFsng ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 .

kl/efiff
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ ljleGg lj4fgx?n] cfcfkm\g} lsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ . tL dWo]
s]xL kl/efiffx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g .
Dale Yoder :Performance appraisal refers to all formal procedures used in working organizations to
evaluate potentialities and contributions and potentials of group members .
W.D.Scott :Performance appraisal is the process of evaluting an employee's performance of a job in
terms of its requirements .
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;DaGw Efficiency and Effectiveness ;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 To;}n] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf]
d'Vo cfwf/ eg]sf] Job description xf] .
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf cGo cfwf/xdf M sd{rf/Lsf] cg'zf;g, cfr/0f, g]t[Tj ug]{ z}nL,
sd{rf/Lx;Fusf] ;DaGw cflbh:tf s'/fx k5{g\ .
To;}u/L Quantity, Quality, Cost, Time klg sfo{;Dkf+bg d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x? x'g\ .

128

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg k|lqmof

sf=;=d'= k|lqmof klg ;+u7gsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt / sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ km/s x'g
;S5 . s'g} klg ;+u7gsf] d"Nof+sg k|lqmof r/0fa4 k4ltdf cfwfl/t x'G5 eg] sd{rf/Ln] ;Dkfbg
u/]sf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ klg lglZrt k|lqmofxsf] cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . h:t} M
s] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ d"Nof+sg ul/g] xf] ;f] :ki6 ug'{ cfjZos 5, d"Nof+sg u/]/ k|fKt ug]{
glthfsf af/]df :ki6 x'g' s'g} klg sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] klxnf] k|lqmof xf] .
sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfdaf6 s] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] sfo{ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
To;kl5 cfP/ sfdsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/G5 .
lgwf{l/t dfkb08 ;Dkflbt sfdsf] t'ngf ul/G5 .
;Dkflbt sfdsf] oyfy{ d"Nofsg ul/G5 .
sfdsf] d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/df sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg] jf b08 lbg] ul/G5 .
s'g} sdLsdhf]/L b]lvPdf ;'wf/sf pkfox ckgfOG5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf l;4fGtx?

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf ljleGg l;4fGtx? k|ltkflbt ePsf 5g . ljleGg lj4fgx?n] k|ltkfbg
u/]sf tL l;4fGtx? dWo] k|rlnt l;4fGtx? b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf 5g .

!= lgikIftf / ;dtfsf] l;4fGt

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofs+g JolQmut rl/q / JolQmk/s b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f k|efljt x'g' x'Fb}g .
JolQmut tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, rfs8L,rfKn';L,efjgf ,k"jf{u|x,h:tf s'/fx?n] o;df k|efj
kfg{' x'Fb}g .
k"0f{ ?kdf lgikIf,j:t'ut / ;dtfd"ns x'g'kb{5 .

@= Ps?ktfsf] l;4fGt

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x? ;a} sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf Pp6} x'g'kb{5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg dfkgsf ;"rs tyf ljlwx? klg Ps}vfn] x'g'kb{5 .
;a} sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg Pp6} ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ ul/g'kb{5 .
;+u7gsf ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/,ljlw / ;"rsx?df Ps?ktf
x'g'kb{5 .

#= ;'/Iffsf] l;4fGt

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf] ;'/fIff;Fu cfj4 ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .

129

 /fd|f] sfd ug{] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .

pgLx? bl08t x'gaf6 aRg'kb{5 .
k'/:sf/sf] efuL aGg ;Sg'kb{5 .

$= k|efjsfl/tf / bIftfsf] l;4fGt

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgn] sd{rf/Lsf sdLsdhf]/L klxrfg u/L ltgdf ;'wf/ ub{} pgLx?sf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/df clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg'k5{ .
o;n] JolQmut ?kdf sd{rf/Lsf] / ;dli6df ;Dk"0f{ ;+u7gsf] k|efjsf/Ltf / bIftfsf]
ljsf; ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .

%= kf/blz{tfsf] l;4fGt

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf dfkb08,;"rs,k|lqmof / kl/0ffd ;a} s'/fx? v'nf / kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 .

k|lqmof,dfkb08 tyf ;"rs lgdf{0fdf sd{rf/L ;xeflutf /xg'kb{5 .
kl/df0faf/] ;DalGwt sd{rf/L;Fu 5nkmn ul/g'kb{5 .
p;nfO{ ;'w|g] df}sf k|bfg u/L cfjZos k/fdz{ ;d]t lbOg'kb{5 .

^= ljsf;sf] l;4fGt

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg Joj:yfkgnfO{ sd{rf/Lx?df tflnd tyf ljsf;sf cfjZostfx?sf]

klxrfg u/L pko'Qm sfo{qmdx?sf] ljsf; / ;+rfng ug{ ;xof]u k''/\ofpg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 .
o;n] sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQljsf; / ;du| ;+u7gsf] ljsf; b'j}sf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] lsg cfjZos <

sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ (Standard) u'0f:t/ (Quality) / kl/0ffd lgwf{/0f u/L ;Dkflbt

sfdsf] kl/0ffd / k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{
bIftf clej[l4 ug{
eljiosf] sfo{lgwf{/0f ug{
of]Uo / Ifdtfjfg sd{rf/L klxrfg ug{
k'/:sf/ / b08sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug{
sd{rf/Lsf] nflu tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{
a9'jfsf nflu pko'Qm sd{rf/L klxrfg ug{
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'wf/sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug{

130

 pko'Qm hgzlQm ljsf; sfo{qmd to ug{

Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/LaLr ;~rf/ k|lqmof Jojl:yt ug{
d"Nof+sg k|lqmofaf/] sd{rf/LnfO{ cjut u/fpg (Feedback)

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofsg k4lt

!= lg/k]If dfkb08 (Absolute Standards/Method)
lgaGwfTds d"Nof+sg sd{rf/Lsf] ;an / b'a{n kIfsf] JofVofTds ljZn]if0f / ;'emfj,
vf; 36gf ljlw sd{rf/Ln] vf; 36gfsf a]nf k|bz{g u/]sf] Jojxf/, Ifdtf, sdhf]/L
d"Nof+sg u/]/,
k/LIf0f ;"rL d"Nof+sgsf tTjxsf] ;"rL agfO{ ;f]sf cfwf/df d"Nofsg ul/g] .
@= ;fk]If k4lt (Relative Method)
;d"x k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fsd{rf/LnfO{ vf; ju{df juL{s/0f u/L ;d"xut cfwf/df k|yd,
bf];|f] agfOg],
JolQmJolQmsf] d"Nof+sgsd{rf/LaLr t'ngf u/]/ .
#= p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg k4lt (MBO)
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] cfw'lgs k4lt
;+u7gfTds p2]ZonfO{ JolQmut p2]Zodf kl/0ft u/]/ d"Nof+sg ul/g]
o;sf r/0fx

nIo lgwf{/0f M

;a}eGbf klxn] ;'k/Lj]Ifs / ;DalGwt sd{rf/L a;L cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 sd{rf/Lsf nflu
;do kfjGb nIox?sf] lgwf{/0f ub{5g .
JolQmut nIo lgwf{/0fdf ;+u7gfTds tyf ljefuLo nIox?n] dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5g .
o:tf JolQmut nIox? ljlzi6,dfkgof]Uo,;xdtLk"0f{,oyf{yk/s / ;dokfjGb x'g'kb{5 .
logLx? nIo / cfjZostf k"/f ug{] vfnsf x'g'kb{5 .

sfo{of]hgf M

o; r/0fdf to ul/Psf nIox? xfl;n ug{ sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5 .

o:tf] sfo{of]hgfn] lgwf{l/t nIox? k|fKtLsf nflu ug{'kg{] cfjZos lqmofsnfkx?sf]
klxrfg u5{ .
o:tf lqmofsnfkx?aLr ;DaGw :yflkt u5{ / x/]s lqmofsnfksf nflu cfjZos ;do
tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] cg'dfg u5{ .

131

:jo+ lgoGq0f

o; cj:yfdf sd{rf/L :jo+n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] Jojl:yt 9+un] d"Nof+sg / ;dLIff u5{g .
p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg k4ltn] sd{rf/L :jo+ lgoGq0f ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .
o; afx]s sd{rf/L / ;'kl/j]Ifsn] klg cfkl; e]63f6 u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;dLIff ug{]
sfo{ ub{5g .

k'g/fjnf]sg

cGtdf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg u/L To; cg';f/ eP gePsf] / gePsf sfo{x?sf]

k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] sfo{ ul/G5 .
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] dxTj
!=
;+u7gsf nflu sf=;=d"= sf] dxTj
sd{rf/L gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{, ;+/rgf pknAw u/fpg]
sfo{ljZn]if0f, sfo{ljj/0f, sfo{d"Nof+sgsf] cEof; / k|of]u ug{
;d'lrt tnasf] k|aGw ug{
sd{rf/Lsf] tflnd / ljsf;
b08 / k'/:sf/sf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ug{
j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug{ .
@= JolQmsf -sd{rf/L_ nflu sf=;=d"= sf] dxTj
1fg, ;Lk, of]Uotf clej[l4sf nflu cj;/ vf]Hg ;Sg],
cfTdljsf;,-;an / b'a{n kIf yfxf kfP/_
j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g],
dgf]an / pTk|]/0ff clej[l4,
eljiosf] ;Defjgf cfFsng ug{ ;lsg]
#= ;+u7gsd{rf/L b'j}sf nflu sf=;=d"=sf] dxTj
sfdsf] u'0f:t/ / kl/0ffdaf/]] Feedback k|fKt ug{ ;lsg],
p2]ZoaLr ;fd~h:otf :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug],
;'kl/j]Ifs / sd{rf/LaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yflkt x'g],
lg0f{o / ;~rf/ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ cfpg],
Succession plan tof/ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug],
sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf,;?jf / kbf]Gglt / avf{:t ug{] sfo{df ;xhLs/0f x'g] .

132

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf k|efj kfg{] tTjx?

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;f+u7lgs Pj+ JolQmut tTjx? tyf jftfj/0fsf cGo
kIfx?n] k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ . To:tf tTjx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ cf}Nofpg ;lsG5 M
;+u7gsf] nIo tyf p2]Zo
sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut nIo
sfo{ ljj/0f tyf sfo{ 9fFrf
sfd ug{] cj:yf tyf jftfj/0f
sfdsf] k|s[lt tyf dfqf
sd{rf/L tyf d"Nof+sgstf{aLrsf] ;DaGw -cf}krfl/s Pj+ cgf}krfl/s_, tyf ljZjf;sf]
l:ylt,
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ljlw

d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/ Pj+ ;"rsx?

d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf pkof]lutf,

Hallo Effect/Error,

pknAw ;fwg >f]tsf] l:ylt ;xsdL{x?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/,

To;}u/L ;'k/Lj]If0f,;xsdL{x?;+usf] ;DaGw,ef}lts tyf cfly{s ;'ljwfx?sf] pknAwtf,tflnd,j[lQ

ljsf;sf cj;/x?,k'/:sf/ tyf b08sf] cj:yf h:tf kIfx? / 1fg, ;Lo, cg'ej, k|ltj4tf,
ljZjf;, OR5f, k|oTg Ifdtf,sfdk|ltsf] oyf{ytf h:tf JolQmut tTjx?n] klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sgdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5g\ .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sf=;=d"= Joj:yf
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df s'n !)) k"0ff{dWo] $) c+s sf=;=d'= sf] cfwf/df k|bfg ug{
;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 h;df M
;'kl/j]Ifsn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd@% c+s
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] lbg ;Sg] clwstd!) c+s
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg ;Sg] clwstd% c+s
tLg j6f v08x
-s_ ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ljj/0f
-v_ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg -;'kl/j]Ifsk'g/fjnf]sgstf{_
-u_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof+sg

133

sf=;=d" ug]{ cfwf/

;'kl/j]Ifsn] k|To]s cfwf/afkt clt pQd^=@%, pQd %=@%, ;fdfGo$=@% / Go"g #=@%

k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] k|To]s cfwf/afkt clt pQd @=%, pQd @, ;fdfGo !=% / Go"g !

k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] d"Nof+sg ug]{ cfwf/x /f=k= k|yd, ltLo, t[tLo / cg+lst >]0fLsf
sd{rf/Lsf nflu cnucnu Joj:yf .

d"Nof+sg ug]{ cjlw

k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] >fj0f & ut]leq sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/d e/L sfof{nodf k]; ug{'kg{] .

>fj0f d;fGt leq ;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;'kl/j]If0f u/L k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu k]z ul/ ;Sg' kg{] .

k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] efb| !% ut]leq k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltdf k]z ug{'kg{] .

k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] efb| d;fGtleq k'g/fjnf]sg u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / a9'jf ;ldlt
;dIf j'emfO ;Sg' kb{5 .
/fhkqf+lstsf] cw{jflif{s / jflif{s ?kdf / /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?n] jflif{s ?kdf k]z
ug{'kb{5 .
sf=;=d'=kf/bzL{ jf uf]Ko s] x'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf ;do ;dodf ax; 5nkmn ePklg xfn
uf]Ko /xsf] 5 .

;'kl/j]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] (% / &% eGbf a9L / 36L c+s lbFbf sf/0f v'nfpg'kg]{ /
&% k|ltzt eGbf sd c lbPsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt sd{rf/LnfO{ ;d]t lbg'kg{] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 .
tLg txdf d"Nof+sg eO;s]kl5 s'g} sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ To; jif{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfkt
k|bfg ul/Psf] c lgj]bg lbO{ dfu ug{ ;Sg] / o;/L dfu u/]df k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lgj]bsnfO{
hfgsf/L lbg'kg{] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . t/ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof+sg kmf/fd pk/f]Qm cj:yfdf
afx]s clVtof/jfnfn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd uf]Ko u/L /flvG5 .
/fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf a9'jf ug{sf nflu lgwf{l/t a9'jf ;ldltn]
;DefJo pDd]bjf/x? dWo] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df ;aeGbf a9L c k|fKt ug{]x?nfO{
l/Qm kbsf] t]Aa/ ;+Vofdf l;kmfl/z ug{'kg{] P]gdf k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
lgwf{l/t z}}lIfs of]Uotf tyf ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf /f=k= l4tLo / t[tLo >]0fL tyf /f=k= cglt
k|yd / l4tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sg4f/f ul/g] P]gsf] bkmf
@$ 3 ! adf]lhdsf] a9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf adf]lhd Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ug{

134

;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] kl5Nnf] tLg jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfktsf] c cf}iftdf gAa]]
k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L x'g'kg{] Joj:yf 5 .
To:f}u/L lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] lgod !!^ s adf]lhd lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ jflif{s ?kdf
k|bfg ul/g] lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/sf nflu sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ canDag ul/g] ljleGg cfwf/x?
dWo] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;d]t Pp6f cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L
lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog,tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fsf] lgldQ dgf]gog ubf{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sg jfkt k|fKt u/]sf] cnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/sf] ?kdf lng'kg{] lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg4f/f ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] sfo{
;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ u/L ;]jfdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg,sfo{ kl/0ffd
/ k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg ug{] p2]Zon] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . o;af6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg afkt k|bfg u/]sf] c uf]Ko
/flvG5,;f] sf] hfgsf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOb}g . cfkm\gf] d"NofFsg cfkm}nfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g eg] s;/L
sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf sdL sdhf]/L ;Rofpb} sfo{ Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sb5 sdL sdhf]/L kQf
nufO{ sfddf bIftf Nofpg] df}sf k|bfg ug{' klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofFsgsf] glthf ;DalGwt
sd{rf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 . kf/blz{tfsf] cefjdf a9'jf nufotsf sd{rf/L j[lQ
ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt sltko lg0f{ox? xr'jf,cGofok"0f{ Pj+ k"jf{u|fxL x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{
;lsb}g . tLg txdf x'g] dNofFsg s'g}klg sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;'k/Lj]Ifs,k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ /
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt u/L tLg txdf / To;df klg ;a} d"Nof+sg ul/g] sd{rf/L eGbf dflyNnf]
>]0fL x'Fb} pkNnf] >]0fLsf kbflwsf/Laf6 d"Nof+sg x'g] PstkmL{ 7f8f] d"Nof+sg k2lt lghfdtL ;]jfdf
canDag ul/G5 . sltko cj:yfdf k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ / k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;b:on]
sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] jf:tljs d"Nof+sg gu/L ;ldltsf] a}7s a;L xr'jf d"Nof+sg ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To;}u/L lhNnfl:yt sfof{nodf sfdug{] sd{rf/Lsf] s]Gb|df /x]sf d"Nof+sgstf{n] d"Nof+sg ug{'kg{]
cj:yfdf d"Nof+sgstf{ glrg]sf],gb]v]sf] / sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] ljifodf ljNs'n} cglj1 ePtfklg
d"Nof+sg ug{'kg{] cj:yf /x]sf] 5,h'g ;}4flGts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s s'g}klg b[li6n] pko'Qm b]lvb}g .
kmn:j?k cfkm"eGbf dflysf] >]0fL , txsf xflsdx?sf] c6'6 ?kdf rfs8L ahfpg] / dftxtsf
sd{rf/L pk/ x}sd hdfpg] sd{rf/LtGqdf Pp6f ;+:s[ltsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf]] ;Lldt k|of]hg tyf pkof]lutf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
s]jn sfo{ Ifdtf4f/f x'g] a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu dfq pkof]udf cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL
;]jf k'/:sf/sf nflu of]Uo sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6,cWoog,tflnd,cWoog e|d0f cflbdf dgf]gog h:tf
kIfx?df ;d]t sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|fjwfg /x]sf] ePtfklg

135

Jojxf/df of] nfu" ePsf] kfOb}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg:t/ ;'wf/ u/L ;+u7gsf] nIo k|flKt tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;du| j[lQ ljsf;;Fu cfa4 ug{]
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . a9'jfsf nflu sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg c+s cfjZos kg{]
;]jf cjlwsf kl5Nnf s]xL jif{x? afx]s sd{rf/Lx?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ clgjfo{
cfjZostfsf ?kdf gx]/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ af]emsf ?kdf lng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg / ;+u7gsf] nIo tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;du| j[lQ ljsf;;Fu ;f]emf] ;DaGw x'g]
ePtfklg o;sf] ax'p2]lZfo pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] klxrfg
u/L To;sf cfwf/df k|lzIf0f,tflnd lbg] ul/Psf] 5}g tyf sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] ;xL d"Nof+sgsf
cfwf/df c+s lbg] k2ltsf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug{ klxn]
sfd tf]lsg' kb{5,h'g cEof; xfdL sxFf cem} x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]]jf P]g,lgodfjnL cg';f/
sd{rf/LnfO{ kb:yfkgf;Fu} sfo{ ljj/0f lbg'kg{] x'G5 t/ Tof] Jojxf/df Tolt nfu' ePsf] kfOb}g .
s] sfd ug{'kg{] xf] eg]/ ;xsdL{n] u/]sf] sfd x]g{'kg{] / nfP cx|fPsf] sfd ug{'kg{] cEof; 5 . sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf g/fd|f kIf rfs8L rfKn';L k|yf /x]sf 5g . sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nof+sg s] s;/L
lng],s'g sfdsf] s:tf] d"Nof+sg ug{] eGg] s'/fx?df :jo+ d"Nof+sgstf{ g} cglj1 5g\ . g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf d"Nof+sg ubf{ d"Nof+sgstf{;Fusf] lgs6tf / cgf}krfl/s ;DaGwsf cfwf/df x'g]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu g s'g} lgwf{l/t ljlwsf] cjnDag x'G5 g t s'g} k|lqmof g}
5 . x/]s jif{ >fj0f dlxgfsf] ;ft ut] leq sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd e/L btf{
u/fO{ ;Sg' kb{5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg{ 5'6 ePsf sf/0f slxn]sfxL jif{f} cufl8sf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg cfjZos kb{5,Tof] cjlwsf] d"Nof+sgstf{ csf{] lgsfodf ;?jf e};s]sf] jf cjsfz
e};s]sf] klg x'G5 . of] l:yltdf sf=;=d"= kmf/fd af]s]/ d"Nof+sgstf{ vf]Hb} lx8\g' k/]sf 5g\ .
sf=;=d"= ;DaGwL ljBdfg ;d:ofx
sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df sf=;=d'= ug]{ cfwf/ ls6fg gePsf]
;du| ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / d"Nof+sgaLr tfnd]n 5}g
sfo{ljj/0f nfu" gx'gfn] nfP, cx|fPsf cfwf/df sfd x'g] / tby{jfbL d"Nof+sg
uf]Ko ;'wf/sf] Feed back / cj;/ gx'g]
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt, ;Dks{ g} gePsf JolQmaf6 cb[Zo k|ltlglwTj
d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x Job related sd j}olQms a9L
sf=;=d'= a9'jfsf nflu dfq pkof]uL, ax'p2]ZoLo pkof]u gx'g'
nIo gtf]lsg' / xr'jf d"Nofsg

136

 sfo{sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ c+s km/s x'g'kg]{, Pp6} / pxL cfwf/

jif{el/sf] d"Nof+sg ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] ;'kl/j]Ifsaf6 x'g]
sf=;=d'= / b08, k'/:sf/aLr ;+ult gx'g'
l9nf] d"Nof+sg, clen]v sdhf]/
#^)) rating sf] cefj h;n] ubf{ M
sfo{:yndf ;Fu} sfd ug]{ ;xfos / ;xsdL{sf] d"Nof+sgn] :yfg gkfPsf],
Client/people's rating gx'Fbf hgtfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ b]lvPsf]
Performance standard / Indicators g} to gx'g' .
;+u7gsf] pknlAw / sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nof+sg aLr c;df~h:otf b]lvG5 . -pbfx/0f M ;+u7gsf]
pknlAw $) k|ltzt x'g] sd{rf/Ln] !)) k|ltzt c+s k|fKt ug{] u/]sf] tYo kmfon a9'jfsf]
glthfaf6 b]lvG5 ._
a9'jf ;ldlt c+s u0fssf] ?kdf dfq /x]sf] 5 . ;dodf d"Nof+sg gug{] kbflwsf/Lsf] sf=;=d"=
c+s 36fpg] jf tLg tna j[l4 36fpg] Joj:yf Joj:yf Jojxf/df nfu" ePsf] 5}g .
;a} ;]jf ;d"x,pk;d"xsf nflu Pp6} kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . nIo tf]lsPsf / nIo
gtf]lsPsf sfdx? pNn]v ePklg Jojxf/df nIo tf]Sg] rng g} 5}g . kmf/fdn] ;+u7gsf]
sfdnfO{ klg k|i6fpb}g .
;'wf/sf pkfox
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] .
:ki6 dfkb08 / ;"rsx to ug]{ .
k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf nflu lghn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfo} k|ult dfkg ug{ ;Sg] ;"rs tyf sfo{
;Dkfbg:t/ ;lxtsf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L nfu" ug{{] / ;f]xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/sf] sfo{ k|ult
tyf sd{rf/Lsf ;an Pj+ b'j{n kIfx? ;d]tsf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug{] k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ug{] .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg uf]Ko /fVbf sd{rf/Ln] cfkm\gf] sfo{ k|ult af]w u/L cfkm"nfO{ ;'wf/
ug{] df}sf gkfpg] / d"Nof+sg ug{] kbflwsf/Ln] klg s;}k|lt k"jf{u|xL eP/ d"Nof+sg k|lqmof /
glthfnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] .
xfnsf] tLg txdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug{] Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h ug{] .
tTsfnsf nflu d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sgstf{df ;Lldt ug{] . ;'k/Lj]Ifsn] *)

137

k|ltzt / k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] @) k|ltzt d"Nof+sg ug{] Joj:yf nfu" ug{] .

sfof{no k|d'vsf] xsdf sfof{nosf] :jLs[t jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] k|ultnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug{] k2ltsf] ljsf; ug{] .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgstf{sf] nflu 5'6\6} ljz]if tflnd ;+rfng ug{] / sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
ug{] Pp6f 5'6\6} lgb{]lzsf agfO{ nfu" ug{] .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x?nfO{ j:t'ut Pj+ dfkg of]Uo agfpg] .
a9'jfsf nflu qmdzM tLg jif{ / kfFr jif{sf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 x'g] a9'jf k|of]hgsf
nflu u0fgf x'g] xfnsf] Joj:yfn] ubf{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg c+s cfjZos kg{] ;]jf cjlwsf
kl5Nnf jif{x? afx]s sd{rf/Lx? cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgk|lt ;+j]bgzLn gx'g] cyjf
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] j]jf:tf x'g] h:n] ubf{ sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf g} c;/ kg{ ;Sg]
x'Fbf a9'jfsf nflu ;d]t tTsfn sfo{/t kb jf txdf k|j]z ubf{b]lvsf] k"/} ;]jf cjlwsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] cf}ift c+s lng] Joj:yf ug{] .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] glthfnfO{ lgoldt k[i7kf]if0f4f/f sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/
;'wf/sf nflu dfu{ k|z:t ug{] .
d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x Job related / Job specific x'g'kg]{
sfo{ljj/0f nfu" u/L cBfjlws ul/g' kg]{
;]jf ;d"x / kbsf] sfo{k|s[ltcg'k km/skm/s kmf/d / cfwf/ ljsf; ug]{
sf=;=d'= sf] ax'2]ZoLo pkof]u ug]{, gLlt / sfg'gdf Joj:yf, ;f]sf] kl/kfngf
;a} sfdsf] nIo tf]sL Standard / Indicator to ug]{
sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf ug]{
3600 rating Joj:yf ug]{ .
hf] dftxt sfd ul/Psf] xf], ;f]xL ;'kl/j]Ifsn] d"Nofsg ug]{ cflb .
lgisif{
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg o:tf] x'g'k5{ M

Job related and job specific

cjnf]sgof]Uo Jojxf/ ;d]l6Psf]

;xeflutfTds

138

dfkb08 Shared / ;xdt

;'kl/j]Ifs / ;DalGwt sd{rf/LaLr cfjlws 5nkmn

;du| gLlt 5'f5'} gLlt / of]hgf;Fu tfnd]n /fVg]

;Da4 k|df0fxn] k'li6 ug]{

u}/lje]bsf/L, u}/JolQmut / sfo{ut

u|fxs d"Nof+sg .
pNn]lvt k|fjwfgx? Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf
hgd'vL,;]jfd'vL,kl/0ffdd'vL x'g uO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ug{ d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g,@)$( -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg,@)^$_, g]kfn sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf
;ldlt,sf7df08f}+ .
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), g]kfn sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,sf7df08f}+ .
k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg ;dosf c+sx?,;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno ,l;+xb/af/,sf7df08f}+ .

139

k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGq

jiff{ /]UdL1*

;f/f+z
Max Weber f/f k|ltkflbt cfbz{ sd{rf/LtGqdfly o;sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} k|lqmofd'vL,

nfnlkmtfzfxL, sfd kG5fpg], kl/jt{glj/f]wL cflb h:tf uDeL/ cf/f]kx? nfUb} cfO{/x]sf 5g\ .
;dosf] kl/jt{g;u;u} ljsl;t ljZjJofkL ?kdf ckgfO{Psf k|zf;gsf gjLg cjwf/0ffx?n]
o:tf ljs[ltx?af6 ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ dfly p7\gsf nflu bafa l;h{gf ul/lbPsf 5g\ .
;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx?sf] PsfwLsf/Lkgn] ubf{ u'0f:t/, kl/df0f,
;do / nfuth:tf ljifox? cg's"n x'g g;s] Joj;fo w/fzfoL x'G5 eGg] 8/ x'b}g . oxL
Psflwsf/LkgfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu ;Lldt a:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f ;DjGwdf
u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox?;u k|lt:kwf{ sfod ul/g' cfjZos 5 . k|lt:kwf{af6 dfq ;fj{hlgs
j:t' tyf ;]jfx?df u'0f:t/ sfod x'g] x'gfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf ;d]t k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf
clea[l4sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] xf] . ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf x/]s If]qdf o:tf] Joj:yf ug{ c;Dej
eP klg ljleGg ;fj{hlgs If]qdf kl5Nnf s]xL bzsx?df ljsNk lj:tf/, lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf,
Joj:yfkgsf gjLg dfGotfx?sf] cjnDjg, ;+u7g ;+/rgf kl/jt{g tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf]
l;h{gf h:tf sfo{x?nfO{ ahf/ k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L, lghLs/0f / :jfoQtf h:tf
ljwLx?dfkm{t k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ pQ/bfoL, hgd'vL, e/kbf{] /
k|lt:kwL{ agfpg rflnPsf kl5Nnf ;/sf/L k|of;x?af6 o; cleofgdf yk ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{]
ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
"Injecting competition into Public Service Delivery"

cjwf/0ff
kl5Nnf s]xL bzsdf ljsl;t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf l;4fGt / dfGotfx?af6 /fHosf] e"ldsf
c:jfefljs ?kdf 36]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] d'Vo ;+oGq sd{rf/LtGqsf] cfsf/, dgf]a[lQ,
z}nL / b[li6sf]0fdf csNkgLo kl/jt{gsf] cfef; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o:tf dfGotfsf] l;h{gf x'gsf
* o'jf ;r]tgf ;d"x (YAN) ;Fu cfa4

140

d'Vo sf/0f /fHosf] lj:tfl/t ?k / ;Fu;Fu} l;lh{t e2fkg, 5/ki6 ljlQo cs'zntf (Fiscal
inefficiency) g} b]lvP . Police state af6 ljsl;t /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf lj:tf/} kl/jt{g b]lvof] /
cfd hgtfsf ue{b]v lrxfg;Dd (Womb to tomb) sf x/]s lqmofsnfkx?df ;/sf/dflysf] lge{/tf
cToflws ?kdf a9\b} uof] . ;g\ !(%) / ;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] a]nf xf] Tof] h'g sNof0fsf/L
/fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf pTsif{df /x\of] . ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 pknAw >f]t tyf ;fwgsf] cTo'Qd
kl/rfng x'g g;Sg' / kl/rflnt >f]tsf] k|ltkmn ;d]t s'zntd gb]lvPaf6 /fHosf] gf]S;fgL /
o;sf] kl/rfng ug{] ;+oGq sd{rf/LtGqdfly cfnf]rsx?sf] c;Gt'li6 a9\b} uof] . ;du|df o;}af6
;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdfly kl/jt{gsf nflu bafa l;h{gf eof] .

kl/jt{gsf nflu bafa

;f7Lsf] bzskl5 To;cl3 :yflkt dfGotfx? 8udufP ha pbf/afbsf kIfkftL, gful/s ;dfh /
cGo bafa ;d"xsf] af]nL Pp6} eof] . ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf ;Ldf tf]lsPsf cj:yfdf dfq JolQmut
:jtGqtf xfl;n x'g ;S5 eGg] dfGotf ljsl;t x'g k'Uof] . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf / If]qsf cfnf]rs
Hayak n] t cem k|hftGq JolQmsf nflu uf}0f ljifoj:t' xf], d'Vo /fhgLlts nIo t :jtGqtf
xf] h'g ;/sf/sf] sfo{df ;Vt ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf dfq k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ gofF cjwf/0ff cl3
;f/] .
;Q/Lsf] bzsdf ljsl;t lgDg cjwf/0ffx?n] k/Dk/fut ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ k|lt:kwL{
Ifdtfsf ;fy kl/jt{g x'gsf nflu yk bafax? l;h{gf u/] .
Thacharism: tTsfnLg a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL dfu{/]6 Yofr/sf] ahf/ k|0ffnL g} cfly{s a[l4,

:jtGq 5gf}6 / JolQmut :jtGqtf a[l4 ug{] pQd pkfo xf] eGg] dfGotf .
Reaganomics: cd]l/sL /fi6kltn] JolQmafb, ahf/k|0ffnL, lghLs/0f / 7]Ssf Joj:yfnfO{ g}

cfly{s ;jntfsf dxQd kIfx? dfg]sf] ;Gbe{ .

Structural Adjustment Programme: ljZj a}+s / cGt/fli6o d'b|f sf]if h:tf ;+:yfx?sf

cfly{s l:ylts/0f (Economic Stability) / ;'zf;g (Good Governance) ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx? .

New Public Management: 'Applicaion of Private sector management in Pubic Sector.'

k/Dk/fut k|zf;gdf /x]sf k|lqmofd'vL, cbIf, cs'zn, vlr{nf] cflbh:tf ljs[ltx? x6fO{
glthfd'vL, bIf, ldtJooL, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg] cleofg .
Globalization: k|lt:kwf{ / cj;/sf] cfwf/df k"FhL, k|ljlw, ;+:s[tL, >d tyf ;"rgfx?sf]

ljZj:t/df x'g] cfjfudg jf PsLs/0f . o;af6 sd{rf/LtGqdf ;d]t ljZjJofkL ?kdf ckgfO{Psf
k|zf;lgs z}nLx?sf] k|efj .

141

Global administration sf ?kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3 (UNO) sf] k|efj, :yfgLo sfdsf] ljZjJofkL
c;/ kg{] / ljZjJofkL sfdn] :yfgLo c;/ kg{] tYon] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ltgqsf] sfd ug{] z}nLdf
g} km/skg cfof]] . o;sf ;fy} ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] sfo{sf] a9f]Q/Ln] pkef]Qmfsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf
t'ngf ug{] k|a[lQdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] lghL If]q /fd|f] 5, ;/sf/L If]q v/fa 5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt
g} u/fO{lbof] . o;af6 ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ ;dofg's"n lghL If]q;Fu k|lt:kwL{ x'gsf nflu
cfk\mgf] e"ldsf, sfo{z}nL / ;+:sf/df kl/jt{g ug{}kg{] jfWofTds cj:yfsf] l;h{gf eof] . o;
kl/k|]Iodf d"ntM ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf b]vfk/]sf lgDgadf]lhdsf Loop Holes sf sf/0faf6 g}
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ kl/jt{gzLn / k|lt:kwL{ x'g bafa l;h{gf ePsf] xf] .
clgoldttf / :jljj]snfO{ x6fpg sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ ljleGg, k|lqmofut sfg"gL k|fjwfgleq
afFlwg'kg{] cj:yf .
;/sf/L ;]jf d'gfkmfsf nflu gul/g] x'gfn] dfu a9L eP klg yk nufgL (Investment)
gul/g] k|j[lQ .
sd{rf/LtGqsf] Psflwsf/Lkg (Monopoly) n] ubf{ pkef]Qmf ljsNkljxLg x'g'kg{] afWotf .
k|lqmofd'vL / lgoGq0fd'vL ;]jf k|jfxglthfdf Wofg glbg] .
glthf /fd|f] eP sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] ljlwsf] cg'kl:ylt .
Go"g j]tgdfgn] ubf{ sd{rf/LtGq / e|i6frf/ Twins sf ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] eGg]
;fj{hlgs u'gf;fx? .
sfd kG5fpg] ef]lnjfbL lrGtg / hflu/ dfq vfg] k|j[lQ .
;s];Dd cfkm}+ ug{ rfxg], clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/] csf{] dfly p7\nf / clwsf/df s6f}tL
xf]nf eGg] dgf]lj1fg .
kl/jt{gsf] lj/f]wL ;+:s[tL (Change Resistance Culture)

k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGq
a:t' tyf ;]jf k|bfg ug{] lgsfo / a:t'df ha;Dd 5gf}6sf] clwsf/ x'Fb}g tj;Dd To;df u'0f:t/
klg sfod x'Fb}g . ha k|lt:kwf{ sfod xG5, ta a:t'sf] d'No 36\5 / u'0f:t/ ;d]t a9\5 .
k|lt:kwf{sf] jsfnt ub}{ A L Gore n] eg]sf 5g\ Psflwsf/ xfgLsf/s 5 rfx] Tof] ;/sf/L
If]qsf] xf]; jf lghL If]qsf] . k|lt:kwf{n] u'0f:t/ lbG5, pTkfbsTj a9fpF5 / nfutnfO{ sd
ub{5 . olt dfq xf]O{g, u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ g;s] u|fxs afFl8G5g\ / Joj;fo w/fzfoL x'G5 eg] 8/
;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf 5}g . o; l:yltdf ;'wf/sf nflu ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfosx?aLr k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGqsf] cjwf/0ffn] /fVb5 .

142

k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGqsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|lt:kwL{ ahf/ (Competitive market)

5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx ;+oGq
kf/blz{tfdf hf]8
lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ (Kaizen)
;]jfk|bfosx?aLr ax'kIfLo ;fem]bf/L
;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg (Participative management)
bIf dfgj ;+zfwg
nIo lgwf{/0f, k|ult ;dLIff / ;"rs Joj:yf
Benchmarking sf] Joj:yf
sfo{;Dkfbg;Fu cfj4 pQ/bfloTj
u'0f:t/df hf]8
k|lqmof xf]O{g glthf
:JffoQtf / :jtGqtf
pko'Qm k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf

sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpgsf nflu cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] ljlwx?

;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ljz]if k|s[ltn] sltko cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfosx?aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg
;Dej gx'g klg ;S5 t/ kl5Nnf s]xL bzsx?df ljsNk lj:tf/, lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf,
Joj:yfkgsf gjLg dfGotfx?sf] cjnDag, ;+u7g ;+/rgf kl/jt{g tyf k|lt:kwL{ a9fO{lbP/
;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx?sf] ljt/0f;DjGwL sfo{nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg ;lsg] ljlwx?
k|of]udf cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg lgDgfg';f/sf ljlwx? k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 .

!= ahf/ k/LIf0f
ahf/ eg]sf] JolQm tyf ;d"xx?n] j:t' / d'Nosf] l;h{gf / ljlgdo ug{] ;fdflhs / Joj:yfksLo
k|lqmof xf] . cfjZos d'No / u'0f:t/ sfod u/L u|fxssf] lxtsf nflu ahf/;Fu k|efjsf/L
;+/rgfTds cfwf/x? ljBdfg /xG5g\ . 5l/tf] k|lqmofut Joj:yfn] cfjZos kbf{ tTsfn ;'wf/
ug{ ;lsg] u/L nrstf (Fleibility) sfod x'G5 . ahf/ :jrflnt -pkef]Qmfx?af6 ;~rflnt_
x'G5 . ahf/ k|0ffnLsf ;j{dfGo l;4fGt cg'?k ;/sf/L ;]jf ljt/0fsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ lglZrt xb;Dd
;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf ;d]t nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 .

143

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ahf/sf lgod / k|0ffnLdf afFlwg'kg{] afWotf /xGg . o;af6 k|zf;gsf] d'Vo
;+oGq (Machinery) sd{rf/LtGqsf] cTo'Qd Ifdtf pkof]u ul/Fb}g . k/Dk/fut 9/f{df cfwfl/t
/x]sf] dflgg] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ / u|fxsd'vL agfpg ;+u7gleq} /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?aLr
cfGtl/s ;d"x (In house team) agfO{ k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg Benchmarking ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nfut 36\g ;S5 / sfo{bIftf ;d]t a9\b5 . k"0f{ ?kdf ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;lsg]
;]jfx?sf] xsdf ahf/ k/LIf0f ug{ pko'Qm If]qsf] klxrfg, ;]jfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f, ahf/ d'Nof+sg
h:tf k|lqmofx?nfO{ r/0fa4 ?kdf nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= glthfd'vL sd{rf/LtGq
ef}lts, cfly{s / dfgjLo >f]t ;fwgsf] ;+ul7t ?kdf clwstd kl/rfng u/L lglZrt p2]Zo
k|fKtLsf nflu cfk;L ;xof]u / ;dGjosf cfwf/df ul/g] ;fd'lxs sfo{nfO{ k|zf;g elgG5 .
;fj{hlgs lxt k|a4{g ug{] k|zf;gsf] ;jf{]kl/ p2]ZonfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGq lqmofzLn
/xG5 . lk6/ 8|'s/n] ;g\ !(%$ df Joj:yfkgsf] gofF cjwf/0ffsf] ?kdf p2]Zod"ns Joj:yfkg
(Management by objective) sf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]kl5 sd{rf/LtGqdf ;d]t o;sf] k|efj
kg{ uPsf] kfO{G5 . glthfd"ns sd{rf/LtGq oxL Joj:yfkg l;4fGtsf] k|efjsf] kl/0flt xf] .
k|zf;lgs lgsfox?af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{df ;j} sd{rf/Lsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf eof] eg] ;f] sfo{
;xh ?kdf ;DkGg x'g ;S5 . k|zf;lgs lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;j} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;xefuL x'g k]|l/t
ug]{ Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgn]
;du| sd{rf/LtGqsf] nIo, p2]Zo, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
ul/g] lg0f{odf ;j} txsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;+u7gsf] ljsf;,
sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff, lg0f{o k|lqmof, g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; tyf /fli6o cy{tGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu
;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkgn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 .
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ glthf pGd'v agfpg] k|lqmofdf d"nt $ j6f r/0fx? /xG5g\ . p2]Zo tyf gLlt
lgwf{/0f, sfo{ of]hgf th'{df, sfo{ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog / sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg / ;'wf/ .
oL r/0fx?nfO{ 7f]; p2]Zosf ;fy nfu" ug{ ;s]df sd{rf/LtGqn] ;xh ?kdf k|efjsf/L glthf
xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 . s]Gb|Lo of]hgf k4ltsf] jfx'Notf / ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] dfu, cfjZostf /
cfsf+Iff k|lt pbfl;g x''+b} sfo{qmd jh]6sf] ;f xr'jf jh]6 k|0ffnLsf] cg'z/0f x'g' nfenfut
ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd th'{df x'g g;Sg' cflb sf/0fn] pknlJwd"ns k|zf;gsf] ljsf;
x'g ;s]g .
g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGq k|zf;g hgd'vL / glthfd"ns x'g'sf] ;f of] a9L vlr{nf] / af]lemnf] x'g'sf]
;fy} o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf 36\g uPsf] kfOG5 . ljutdf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?sf] ;+Vof / cfsf/df

144

j[l4 tyf tL ;+u7gdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vofdf cToflws / cgfjZos ?kdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf]n]
;/sf/L ;+u7g cgfjZos ?kdf e2f ePsf] 5 eg] pTkfbsTjdf xf; cfPsf] 5 . sd{rf/LtGqdf
lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf rflxg] eGbf a9L txx? x'g', pQ/bfloTj, lhDd]jf/L tyf hjfkmb]xLsf] :ki6
lgwf{/0f e} :yflkt x'g g;Sgfn] o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] .
ljleGg k|of;x?sf jfjh"b klg g]kfnsf] k|zf;g glthfd"ns x'g g;Sg'df ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf
glthfnfO{ eGbf k|lqmofnfO{ a9L dxTj lbOg'nfO{ Pp6f k|d'v sf/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
g]kfnsf] k|zf;g tby{ k|sf/sf] 5 . k|zf;gsf sfd sf/jfxL P]g, lgod, gLltsf cfwf/df ;+rfng
x'g'sf] abnf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] OR5f jf cfsf+Iffsf] cfwf/df ;+rfng x'G5g\ . To;}n]
sd{rf/LtGqdf pkNnf] txsf] s'g} kbflwsf/Lsf] kl/jt{g eof] eg] ToxfFsf] sfd ug]{ k|lqmof
/ tf}/ tl/sfdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 . csf]{ zJbdf eGg' kbf{ oxfFsf] k|zf;g k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df
;+rfng ePsf] 5}g, JolQmsf] OR5f, rfxgf / :jfy{df rn]sf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGq
klg pknlJwd"ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . bIf sd{rf/Lsf] sdL, ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?sf] cgfjZos ?kdf
lj:tf/, sd{rf/LtGqdf glthf pGd'v jf kl/0ffdd'vL efjgfsf] sdL, sd{rf/Ln] /fhgLlt /
/fhgLlt1x?n] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ rfxg] dgf]a[lQ, >f]t ;fwgsf] cefj / ePsf >f]t ;fwgsf]
b'?kof]u / e|i6frf/ sd{rf/Ldf pTk|]/0ff, dgf]jn / pT;fxsf] sdLh:tf ;d:ofx? ljBdfg /x];Dd
glthfd'vL sd{rf/LtGqsf] k|of; s]jn ck]Iffdf dfq ;Lldt /xG5 .
o:tf] sd{rf/LtGqdf ;'wf/sf nflu p2]Zo / nIo k'/f ug{ kl/0ffd k|fKt ul/5f8\g] k|ltj4tf ePsf
pDbf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] k|zf;gnfO{ ;d]t pknlJwd"ns agfpg sd{rf/Ldf
pTk|]/0ff / dgf]jn pRr x'g' kb{5 . kl/0ffd k|flKtsf nflu pgLx?df k|ltj4tf / cfTd lgoGq0fsf]
efjgf x'g' k5{ . pknJw u/fOg] ;]jfsf] s'zntf j[l4 ug{ tyf lgoldttf / u'0f:t/ sfod ug{
pknJw u/fOg] To:tf k|To]s ;]jfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08x? ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnL / sfo{ljlwdf ;'wf/ Pj+ ;/nLs/0f ug'{ kb{5, sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofgnfO{
j:t'ut agfOg' k5{ . pknJw u/fOg] ;]jfsf] s'zntf j[l4 ug{ tyf lgoldttf / u'0f:t/ sfod
ug{ pknJw u/fOg] To:tf k|To]s ;]jfsf] j:t'ut dfkb08x? ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .
;]jf pknJw u/fpg] tl/sf / cg'udg tyf d"Nofgsf] :ki6 Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
clxn] ;Dd sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{z}nL k|lqmofdf s]Gb|Lt eO/x]sf]df o;nfO{ kl/0ffdlt/ Wofg lbO{ hgd'vL
/ glthfd'vL agfOg' k5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm k|zf;gnfO{ pknlJwd"ns agfpg gful/s ;dfhsf]
vj/bf/Lsf ;fy} ;fem]bf/Lsf] klg cfjZostf ePsf]n] o;tkm{ klg Wofg lbOg' k5{ . ;]jf k|jfx
ug]{ lgsfosf] cg'udg / d"Nofg ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;b:ox?sf] rog u/L
gful/s cg'udg lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug'{ k5{ . o;n] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpgsf ;fy}
hgtfn] kfpg] ;]jf k|jfx lgoldt / u'0f:t/Lo agfpg of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 .

145

#= ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] csf{] ljlw ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L
-;flg;f_ xf] . s]xL ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf]
;fd"lxs k|of;af6 gful/s ;fd" k'ofpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/L If]q;Fu Coercive Power x'G5
eg] u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;Fu pknJw ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng / nfut sd agfpg
;Sg] Risk Bearing Capacity tyf ;fdflhs phf{ kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ x'G5 . k/fdz{,
;dGjo / ;xsfo{;DjGwL ;fem]bf/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] d"n kmfO{bf eg]sf] g} ;/sf/L
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ a9L Competitive agfpg' xf] . u}/ ;/sf/L If]q / lghL If]q eg]sf ;fem]bf/ dfq
xf]O{gg\ k|lt:kwL{ klg x'g\ . oL ;a};Fu ;+o'Qm ?kdf sfo{ ug{] aftfj/0f ag]df x/]s au{n] cfgf]
;Ifdtf (Capability) b]vfpg] k|of; u5{g\ h;af6 ;fd"lxs bIftf / v"aL k|bz{g ug{] cj;/
;d]t k|fKt x'g ;S5 .

;flg;fdf ;+nUg kIfx? s'g} Pp6f Joint Venture df hf]lvd (Risk), k|flKt (Achievement),
;|f]t (Resource) / nfut (Cost) sf ;DjGwdf ;dfg ?kdf ;fem]bf/ x'G5g\ . t/ sltko
cj:yfdf :ki6 ?kdf ;dfg ?kdf ;fem]bf/ x'g'kb{5 g} eGg] 5}g . ;flg;fsf dfWodaf6
hf]lvdsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] kIfx?sf aLrdf hf]lvdx?sf] pko'Qm afF8kmfF8
x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tyf ;]jfsf] ;Ifd Joj:yfkgdf ljz]ift k|fyldlss/0f, 5gf}6 /
ljBdfg sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ / k};fsf] plrt d'No sfod ug{sf nflu
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|of]uaf6 g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf] k|zf;gn] dgUu]
kmfO{bf lng ;S5 . lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf] a]jf:tf ug{] xf] eg] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qdf
nufgL Go"g x'G5 h;af6 ;fdflhs ;]jf gful/sx?nfO{ dxFuf] kg{ ;S5 . lghL tyf u}/
;/sf/L If]qnfO{ k"FhL nufgLsf] ;fem]bf/ agfpFbf cf}Bf]lus nufgLdf k|f]T;fxg ldN5 . o;af6
/f]huf/L l;h{gfdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ldNg ;S5 . o:t} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df gf6sLo
?kdf a[l4 ug{df klg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ln] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs
If]qsf] ;+/rgf / efjgf tyf lghL If]qsf] bIftf / pBdzLntfaf6 ;]jfsf] :t/f]Ggltdf
;3fp k'Ub5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf k|efjsfl/tf g} ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf gfKg] s;L
xf] . t/ bIftf clea[l4sf] nflu gful/ssf] cfosf] s6f}tL ug{'kb{5 h;sf] lgbfgsf nlfu
;fj{hlgslghL ;fem]bf/L dxTjk"0f{ c:q aGg ;S5 . ;fd"lxs nufgLaf6 ;/sf/ tyf lghL
b'j} kIfdf :jfldTjsf] efjgf hfu[t x'G5, o;af6 ;fj{hlgs cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfsf]
;~rfngdf ;d]t lbuf]kgfsf] k|Tofe"lt x'G5 .

146

$= ;]jfx?sf] lghLs/0f

;fdfGotof lghLs/0f eGgfn] ;/sf/L k|lti7fgx?sf] :jfldTj s'g} ?kdf lghL If]qdf
x:tfGt/0f ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] sfd ug{] k/Dk/fut sfo{z}nLdf
kl/jt{g NofO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg s]xL xb;Dd lghLs/0fnfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
;/sf/ afx]ssf cGo lgsfox?af6 bIftfk"j{s x'g ;Sg] ;]jfx? cGo lgsfox?nfO{ ljleGg
t/Lsfaf6 x:tfGt/0f ug{] / ;fj{hlgs gLlt / ;/sf/L sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/n]
s'g} g s'g} ?kdf lghL If]qnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;S5 .
lghL If]qsf] /fd|f] s'zntf ePsf] If]qdf ;/sf/n] nufgL ug'{ eg]sf] ;fwgsf] ckJoo ug'{
xf] . Jojxf/df ;/sf/n] Jofkfl/s, jfl0fHo, a}+ls / cf}Bf]lus If]qdf cgfjZos ;+nUgtf
b]vfof] . ;/sf/L If]q cfgf] bIftf / s'zntf ePsf] If]qdf dfq ;Lldt /xg'kb{5 . g]kfndf
klg k|hftGqsf] cfudgkl5 lghLs/0fsf] nx/ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . lghLs/0f cGtu{t s/f/df
sfd u/fpg], lghL If]q Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L ug{], Joj:yfkg
s/f/, k/fdz{bftfx?sf] pkof]u Pj+ lghL If]qsf] Joj:yfkgz}nLsf] k|of]u cflb kb{5g\ . oL
z}nLx?dWo] s/f/ (Contracting Out) nfO{ xfdLn] a9L g} k|of]u u/]sf 5f}+ . afFsL cEof;
lj:tf/} z'?jft eg] x'Fb}5 . h:t} g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;Nnfxsf/
tyf If]qut lj1x?sf] lgo'lQm ug{] ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk of] ljjfb/lxt aGg eg] ;s]sf] 5}g .
gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg (New Public Management) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf
ptfg]{ xf] eg] sdrf/LtGqnfO{ glthfd'vL / k|lt:kwf{d"ns agfpg d2t k'Ug] ljZjf; lng
;lsG5 .
%= Ph]G;Ls/0f / :jfoQtf

;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] s7f]/ kb;f]kfgn] s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Ddsf ;/sf/L lgsfo

cg'ko'Qm b]lvG5g\ . o;af6 ;/sf/L ;+u7gx? hgtfk|lt k|ToIf / l;wf pQ/bfoL x'g
g;s]sf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . d"nt b'O{ y/L ;+u7gdfkm{t :jfoQtf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= sfg"gf/f g} :jtGq cl:tTjdf :jfoQ lgsfox?sf] u7g ug{],
@= If]qut ;+u7gnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f, ;]jfsf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f / v/Lb sfo{df lghL If]qsf]
ahf/ z}nLdf ckgfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
o:tf lgsfox? cToGt} ;kmn ePsf pbfx/0f / cEof;x? b]Vg kfO{G5 . Go"lhNof08df
Public Enterprises Model sf ?kdf o:tf ;+u7g :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ / lgs} k|efjsf/L

147

?kdf sfo{ ub{}5g\ . Sofgf8fdf Special Operating Agencies (SOAs), 3fgf, puf08f /
hflDaofdf klg s/ ;+sngsf nflu Operating Agencies sf ?kdf Ph]G;Ls/0f ul/Psf]
5 . k|mfG;df Accountability Centers elgg] :jfoQ O{sfO{x? /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf Joj;flos
;+u7gx? Joj;flos l;4fGtx? cg'?k ;/sf/L / lghL ;+:yfx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{df sfd
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{
g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgfkl5 k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGqsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ canDag ul/Psf]
kfpg ;lsG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf t o;sf] emg} af]w ePsf]] s'/f ;xh} cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 .
;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf, zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ux?sf] u7g, E-Governance
sf] sfof{Gjog, cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] lhDd]jf/L lghL If]qnfO{ x:tfGt/0f
cflb ljifo o; ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . g]kfndf pbf/jfbL cy{Joj:yf cg'?k ;/sf/L If]qnfO{
k|lt:kwL{ agfpg xjfO{hxfh, 8]/L, 6]lnkmf]g, x'nfs ;]jf, sn]h tyf ljBfno, a}+ls If]q, k|];
cflbh:tf If]qdf ul/Psf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf Psflwsf/ /xg' o;sf] ;fj{ef}e ljz]iftf xf] . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{
klg ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g x'g bafa l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdfly a]nf a]nfdf nfUb}
cfPsf cf/f]kk|Tof/f]kx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ / sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/sf k|of; cl3
a9fpg ;]jf k|bfosx?aLr k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ g]kfnsf]
sd{rf/LtGqn] ;d]t cfTdf;ft\ ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] plrt ;Djf]wgsf nflu ;do ;dodf
ljleGg k|of;x? ;d]t yflnPsf 5g\ . k|lqmofdf eGbf glthfdf hf]8 lbg', sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df
Joj:yfks sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfly{s ;'ljwf / k'/:sf/ lbg] sfo{, Joj:yfksnfO{ sfo{ :jtGqtf,
lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj, ldtJooL ;f]r, pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgfnfO{ sb/, ;]jf k|bfgsf] ;Gbe{df
Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf, lghLs/0f, ;]jf k|bfgdf k|lt:kwf{, hg;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbg] u'0fx?n] ubf{
g]kfndf o;sf] pRr k|efj /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;du|df sd{rf/LtGqsf] cjwf/0ffaf6 gofF gofF
Joj:yfksLo k4ltsf] l;sf] ug{] k|j[lQ emfFluPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng'kb{5 .
k|lt:kwf{Tds sd{rf/LtGqsf] cEof;af6 g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqdf cg'ej ul/Psf ;an kIf /
sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

148

;an kIfx?M
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f ePsf 5g\, ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] e2f sfo{If]q
36]sf] 5 .
lxhf] cbIf dflgPsf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf lghL ;+nUgtf XjfQ} a9]sf] 5 . h:t}M
;~rf/, lzIff, 8]/L, jfo';]jf cflb .
ljz]if1 ;]jf lng] k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx?n] ;lrj,
;x;lrjeGbf lghL ;Nnfxsf/af6 ljz]if1 ;]jf lng] rng b]lvPsf] 5 .
;+u7g ;+/rgfnfO{ Flat agfpFb} nluPsf] 5 .
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] Jofkstf kfPsf] 5 .
yf]/}af6 w]/} u/ eGg] dfGotf cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d]t Right Sizing sf nflu
Jofks b/aGbLx? s6f}tL x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
k|efjsf/L k'/:sf/ / b08 k|0ffnLnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /
lgodfjnLdf k'/:sf/sf Joj:yfx? ul/Psf 5g\ .
sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ljj/0f tof/ ug{ nufO{ lglZrt If]qdf k|ult ;dLIff ug{] /
;"rssf] ljsf; u/L sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t tna k|0ffnL (Performance Based
Pay System) nfu" ug{] k|of; ;d]t ePsf] 5 .

sdhf]/Lx?
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ k|lt:kwf{d"ns agfpg s]xL ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? lghLs/0f eP
klg ;fj{hlgs vr{ sd ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . csf]{lt/ j:t' / ;]jfsf] nfut klg
pNn]Vo ?kdf sdL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
b08 / k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg . of] GofoLs x'g g;Sgfn]
cAan sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]an lubf]{ 5 . sltko k'/:s[t sd{rf/Lx? k'/:sf/af6
k'/:s[t eP klg ;dfh / ;du| sd{rf/Lau{af6} lt/:s[t b]lvG5g\ .
k|lt:kwf{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf dfq xf]O{g, lghL / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qx?aLr ;d]t
x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;+u7gsf] ;fj{ef}d tTj dflgg] dfgj ;|f]tnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf
pTk|]l/t u/fO{/xg' cfjZos 5 . lghL / ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGqdf ljBdfg df}lb|s /
u}/ df}lb|s k|f]T;fxgaLrsf] vf8n (Gap) a9\b} hfgfn] ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGq Tolt
v/f] pqg ;s]sf] 5}g .
sfo{ k|utLsf] d'Nof+sg ug{ plrt ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s'g}
lglZrt cfof]hgf jf kl/of]hgfsf nflu ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] cj:yfdf ldtJooLtfsf]

149

lx;faaf6 lalgof]lht ah]6eGbf sd nfutd} sfo{ k"/f eP klg To;nfO{ k"/f

k|utL gdflgg] t/ ah]6 ;a} vr{ ePsf] t/ ef}lts k|utL cfwf klg gePsf
cj:yfdf zt\ k|ltzt k|ult dfGg] k|a[lQ lg?T;flxt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g glthfd'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|lt:kwf{ t sxfF=====< p t
k|lqmofdf g} /dfO/x]sf] cf/f]k nfUb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljz]if1 ;]jf lng] k|j[lQn] sltko cj:yfdf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L / ljz]if1 jf
;Nnfxsf/x?aLr c;dembf/L / gLltut 6s/fj l;h{gf ePsf u'gf;fx? klg
a]nfa]nfdf ;'lgFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
;du|df, k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{sf nflu xjfO{hxfh, z}lIfs If]q, 8]/L, ;~rf/h:tf If]qdf
lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfn] ;]jfsf] ;'netf t a9]sf] 5 t/ lghL If]qsf cfqmfds of]hgfx?n] Go"g
nfutdf ;]jf pknJw u/fpg vf]Hg] ;]jf k|bfos ;/sf/L If]q ?U0f aGb} uPsf] cfef; x'g yfn]sf]
5.

lgisif{
sd{rf/LtGqsf k|0f]tf Max Weber n] cfbz{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] cjwf/0ff NofP klg ck]Iff
cg'?k x'g ;s]g . To;f] t pgn] 'An iron cage of control' eg]/ o;sf] gsf/fTds kIfx?sf]
3f]if0ff tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g} u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 sd{rf/LtGq ljsNk/lxt klg x'g
;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/L sd{rf/LtGq cbIf ePsf] / lghL If]qsf] Joj:yfkg t'ngfTds ?kdf
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^= Acharya M.(1996): Business of Bureaucracy, Kathmandu
&= Panday, D.R.(2000): 'Nepal's Failed Development' Nepal South Asia Center, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Managing frustration in Organization

Dr. Niranjan Prasad Upadhyay1*
Concept of Organization
A social unit of people systematically structured and managed to meet a need or to

Abstract
Employee is the key human capital in the organiza!on. Human resource
management is the management of an organiza!on's human resources, or
workers. It is responsible for the a"rac!on, selec!on, training, assessment, and
rewarding of employees, while also overseeing organiza!onal leadership and
culture. Basically, in every organiza!on manager is the key person who controls
the employees and provides facili!es. In Nepalese context, there is no guidance
and counseling center. Actually, absence of this services the employees are
su#ered from many mental health problems i.e. frustra!on, anxiety, depression
and illusion.
pursue collective goals on a continuing basis. All organizations have a management
structure that determines relationships between functions and positions, and subdivides
and delegates roles, responsibilities, and authority to carry out de"ned tasks.
Organizations are open systems in that they affect and are affected by the environment
beyond their boundaries. A bureaucratic organization is simply an organization run
by the government. It is bureaucratic because there is a lot of red tape involved. That
means for a single thing to be done it has to be passed through the different heads of
departments.

Three key goals of people at work

Maintain the enthusiasm employees bring to their jobs initially, management must
understand the three sets of goals that the great majority of workers seek from their
workand then satisfy those goals:
1. Equity: To be respected and to be treated fairly in areas such as pay, bene"ts,
and job security.
2. Achievement: To be proud of one's job, accomplishments, and employer.
3. Camaraderie: To have good, productive relationships with fellow employees.
* Chief Psychologist, Public Service Commission

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To maintain an enthusiastic workforce, management must meet all three goals.

Indeed, employees who work for companies where just one of these factors is
missing are three times less enthusiastic than workers at companies where all
elements are present.
One goal cannot be substituted for another. Improved recognition cannot replace
better pay, money cannot substitute for taking pride in a job well done, and pride
alone will not pay the mortgage.

Features of Nepalese organization and employees mental health

The main characteristics that bureaucratic organizations share are basically the same.
First there is a controlling environment in these organizations, upper management
makes the rules and the juniors follow it. There are de"ned steps and procedures for
doing the simplest of things which makes tasks more time consuming. The lower
level in the hierarchy is controlled by the upper one and the planning and decision
making is centralized, all the decisions are made in one place. The higher levels in
the hierarchy have more freedom in doing their work as compared to the lower levels.
Essentially, Nepalese employees get poor salary they face problems to ful"ll the basic
needs. Yet, these organizations are goal oriented and all the processes are designed
to achieve the goals. The structure of these organizations is based on the principle of
division of labor and they have specialized department doing certain tasks.
Basically, in Nepalese organization, the employees mostly exhibit frustration, stress
and con!ict due to the diverse factors such as imbalance of reward and punishment,
poor salary, low motivation and poor training facilities, improper job description and
assignment, inadequate recognition of performance, excessive political pressures,
lack of placement and tendency of sharing undue bene"ts. Management experts have
stated that in Nepal the pressure keeps increasing on managers to produce sell and
justify their employment. In modern organizations, managers have to cope with global
pressure contributed by factors such as people, technology, politics economics and the
environment.
Bureaucracy is the institutionalized administrative arrangement to execute works
in ways and manners that are consistent with laws and rules. Bureaucracy is often
criticized in the absence of the methodology and dynamism that accepts rules, laws
and procedures as the basis. German sociologist Max Weber, the father of bureaucracy,
in the 19th century, propounded the principle of structures of bureaucracy, its
outlines and features. Government in any country forms the biggest organization. It
seems impossible to run such a huge organization without the effective appropriate

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organizational management. Because of such qualities as specialization, expertise,

division of works, standardization, the rule of law, uniformity in order and clear
responsibility, accountability, political neutrality, impersonality, etc, the bureaucracy
has its own importance. In the context of Nepal, bureaucracy is known as permanent
government, in light of such characteristics prevalent in the 19th century. Sociologist
Dor Bahadur Bista has characterized Nepal's bureaucracy as A B C meaning Aafno
manchhe or your own men,Bhansun or source-force and Chakari-chaplusi or
sycophancy. The degree of such characteristics in the bureaucracy has not decreasedrather it has thickened.
Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines,
materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005),
the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation. Practice of
modern management owes its origin to the 16th century enquiry into low-ef"ciency
and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas
More (1478-1535). As a discipline, management consists of the interlocking functions
of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing
an organization's resources to achieve the policy's objectives.
The size of management can range from one person in a small organization to hundreds
or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large organizations the board
of directors formulates the policy which is then implemented by the chief executive
of"cer. Some business analysts and "nanciers accord the highest importance to the
quality and experience of the managers in evaluating an organizations current and
future worth.
Organization and employee retention
Despite the massive downsizing seen in recent years, some long-time employees
still have a sense of entitlement due to their tenure in the company. This sense of
entitlement may make them more dif"cult to manage and lead to frustration on their
part and for the company. Harvey and co-author Kenneth Harris, assistant professor
of management at Indiana University Southeast (2012) investigated behavior of
workers who feel entitled and how their behavior impacts job-related emotions,
such as frustration. The researchers were especially interested in how frustration by
entitlement-minded workers can affect other actions, such as abusing co-workers and
engaging in political behavior in the workplace. The researchers also looked at how
managers and organizational leaders can mitigate the effects of entitlement through
more communication.

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Employee and organization

Employee retention refers to the various policies and practices which let the employees
stick to an organization for a longer period of time. Every organization invests time
and money to groom a new joiner, make him a corporate ready material and bring him
at par with the existing employees. The organization is completely at loss when the
employees leave their job once they are fully trained. Employee retention takes into
account the various measures taken so that an individual stays in an organization for
the maximum period of time.
Research says that most of the employees leave an organization out of frustration and
constant friction with their superiors or other team members. In some cases low salary,
lack of growth prospects and motivation compel an employee to look for a change. The
management must try its level best to retain those employees who are really important
for the system and are known to be effective contributors. It is the responsibility of the
line managers as well as the management to ensure that the employees are satis"ed
with their roles and responsibilities and the job is offering them a new challenge and
learning every day.

Frustration and organization

Frustration, de"ned as, blocking ongoing goal directed behavior that may operate
in a manner similar to provocation and serve both as an instigator and an external
justi"cation for violating normative constraint against aggression. The effects of
frustration on individual behavior in organizations are exhibited by the employee's
performance. The researches have shown that effects of frustrations lead to various affect
i.e. organization aggression (strikes, work slowdowns, and stealing), absenteeism and
turnover. Supporting evidence is supplied by the few studies which have investigated
frustration in "eld and simulated organizational settings. Also frustration indicates
various effects that are job dissatisfaction, inequity and participation in organizational
change.
Maier and Ellen (1955) describe frustration in the following manner:

An insoluble problem
Pressure from behind
Barriers preventing escape
Persistent or severe punishment
Consistency or inconsistency of results that con!ict with expectations

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In general, they lean toward the generalization that frustrating situation is frustrating
when it involves the experience of failure and this, of course, is a far cry from the
original very rigid de"nition of a frustrating situation.

Basic Characteristics of Frustration Instigated behavior

The Frustration process produces behavior that is purely an end in itself and not a
means to an end. The behavior thus elicited is not an expression of preference since
it is not in!uenced by what it accomplishes. In this sense, the behavior is compulsive
in nature, and the type of behavior that is selected in frustration is a matter of its
availability at the time as well as of a number of other factors. This type of behavior
is altered most readily by a reduction in the state of Frustration. When this is not
possible, frustration instigated behavior may be directed along different channels by
the introduction or removal of barriers and other forms of restraints or by various
forms of guidance.

Conquering Frustration
In order to understand how to overcome frustration, it can be tackled at a personal as
well as organizational level.
At a personal level
Frustration and anger can be evoked when we perceive an inconsistency between what
is expected and what is obtained. It can be taken care of in the following methods:
Fight or Flight
People should rethink situations they are confronted with before blowing up.
Poorly managed anger is at the root of many serious physical, social and emotional
problems, from heart disease to neighborhood violence.
Reactions of Frustration
The "rst response to frustration, which needs to be delineated, is the emotional
reaction. Frustration leads to some sort of negative emotional state. Two important
properties are that the emotions are aversive, and that it produces or results in increased
physiological arousal. The aversive nature means that the individual will be highly
motivated or reduced in it. The increased around tends to increase the vigor or strength
of whatever response is elicited and this arousal is implications for task performance,

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On the behavioral end, there are at least four major classes of behavior, which can result
from frustration. Probably the most common reaction, especially to mild frustration,
is to try a different response or "nd an alternate and hopefully unblocked means to the
goal. The most troublesome and often mentioned reaction is aggression, which has
received considerable attention in the laboratory. Another possible response, which
can be related to "nding alternative means, is withdrawal from the situation. That is,
the individual can leave the situation entirely, and "nd another setting in which to
achieve the goal. Alternatively, the individual can abandon the goal entirely and other
leaves or remains in the situation.
Frustration can lead a person to try alternative courses of action to achieve goals
or ful"ll needs. In fact mild frustrations, which interfere rather than block can add
challenge and include greater overall effort. Thus frustration might have positive,
motivating effects.

Frustration and emotional response

Frustration is a general emotional response to resistance. The bigger the obstruction
and the greater the determination, the more severe is the frustration. The causes of
frustration may be internal or external. In people, internal frustration may occur
from challenges in ful"lling personal goals and desires, instinctual drives and needs,
or dealing with perceived de"ciencies, such as lack of con"dence or fear of social
situations. External causes of frustration are conditions outside an individual, such
as a blocked road or a dif"cult task. While coping with frustration, some individuals
may engage in passive-aggressive behavior, making it dif"cult to identify the original
cause(s) of their frustration, as the responses are indirect. A more direct, and common
response, is a tendency towards aggression. Frustration can be an outcome of blocking
motivated behavior. An individual may respond in a number of different ways. He
/she may react with rational problem-solving methods to overcome the obstacle.

Causes of frustration
Frustration is clear as an interference blocking someone from obtaining a goal. The
path of frustration leads to aggressive behaviors emitted by humans in particularly
traumatic situations. In the modern society, the people have a large amount of
expectations. If any small expectation is not ful"lled it raises frustration and the
individual is led to self-devaluation and he/she "nds it dif"cult to cope with.

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Human adjustment is a never ending process of dealing with frustration. Today we

face business competition, marital problems, social laws and taboos, international
tensions, and many other problems that are dif"cult to attack directly. And in our daily
living, we face one minor frustration after another - broken dates, power failures, lost
papers, absent friends, and so on. The endless array of situations that block modern
mans motives and produce frustrations may be classi"ed into three main categories:
environmental, personal and con!ict related.

Environmental frustration
Our environment is full of obstacles that slow down our progress. Our physical
environment may frustrate us drastically at times through earthquakes, famines, or
!oods. It also provides innumerable minor frustrations - the barking dog that keeps
us awake at night, the traf"c jam, the uneven sidewalk that makes us stumble, the pen
that will not write, or the rain at the ball game.
Most serious, generally, are the obstacles provided by the social environment. Formal
laws and social conventions prevent us from freely expressing many of our impulses.
The man who has to work with unpleasant associates, the orphan cared for in an
impersonal atmosphere of an institution, and the member of a minority group in a
prejudiced community all suffer social frustrations.

Personal frustration
An individual suffers personal frustration if he/she is prevented from realizing his
ambitions by some personal limitation - either real or imagined. A boy/girl who wants
to play on the school basketball team may be thwarted by his lack of height. An
individual who wants to go to a particular college may be thwarted by his inability
to pass the entrance examination. Both physical and psychological barriers may be
sources of personal frustration. For example, a boy may be shy because he feels that
he is physically unattractive or because he feels that he lacks social skills. Personal
frustration frequently builds up feelings of inferiority and a felt lack of personal worth
which, in turn, serve to increase the frustration. If an individuals level of success
in some activity falls below the level of the goal he has set for himself, he feels
frustrated. Goals should be a challenge, but unrealistic expectations only invite failure
and a feeling of inferiority.

Con!ict related frustration

When an individual must choose one or the other of two goals or has both positive
and negative feelings about a particular goal, he/she faces con!ict frustration. Since

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motives may be either positive or negative - either seeking or avoiding - there are
four possible types of con!ict: approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approachavoidance, and double approach-avoidance.

Symptoms of frustration
Essentially, researchers have pointed out some crucial symptoms of frustration
i.e. shortness of breath, knot in the throat, stomach cramps, chest pains, headache,
compulsive eating, excessive alcohol consumption, increased smoking, lack of
patience, desire to strike out and calming down physically.

Frustration and stress

The effects of frustration stimulate your bodys natural defense mechanism with a
stress response. It ignites our sympathetic nervous system to produce a "ght-or-!ight
response in the body. The adrenal medulla releases acetylcholine which triggers the
secretion of adrenaline. This is the "ght-or-!ight response in full-effect.
Frustration is one of the major triggers for stress. The problem is that frustration can
become a habit. We repeat the same unconscious patterns of frustrated thinking and,
of course, get the same disappointing results. Frustration is an unconscious pattern
that needs to be broken to bring peace of mind and clear thinking. If not, the result is
chronic stress, a demoralizing life, and, ultimately, degenerative disease and illness.

Frustration and health

In most instances, frustration is a learned or conditioned emotional response that has
been with you since childhood. You may have picked up the habit from a parent,
siblings, or friends as you were growing up. As the years went by you reinforced the
emotional response by #practicing# it over and over. In a strange way, it became a
coping mechanism for adverse life situations even though it caused signi"cant pain.
This is how the mind works. It operates as #your wish is my command# in any given
situation.
Each time we experienced frustration in our life, it was stored in the memory of the
amygdala - the brains emotional memory warehouse. After many years, the amygdala
#believes# that the emotional response of frustration is what we truly want in a given
situation. Frustration may raise diversi"ed health problems.

The anatomy of frustration

No matter how much frustration is negatively impacting our life, no matter how long
weve suffered its effects, we can reclaim our life through the strategies in the anatomy

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of frustration. Implementing these strategies isnt a one-time event. We should use

them over and over again as we con"dently pursue our goals.

Frustration Coping Strategies

We all deal with frustration. Frustration is emotion that may be caused by many things,
and it is hard to always know what's behind our emotions and "nd healthy ways to
deal with them. However, there is better way to cope with frustration than cracking a
beer or scaring some potato chips after a long day at work.
Instead of easing our emotions with quick "xes, it's better to "nd healthier, more
permanent ways to get frustration out of your body and mind. For example, expressing
your feelings can lead to a greater level of health, since prolonged periods of high
frustrations can lead to more serious problems, including high blood pressure.

Ways to cope with frustration in everyday life

Exercising: While hanging out in front of the TV may be more comfortable, getting
our blood is pumping and your heart rating going is a better and healthier solution to
frustration. Exercising releases endorphins, which are hormones that naturally make
feel better.
Taking time to breathe: If we feel becoming overwhelmed, take a few deep breaths
or count to 10. Concentrate on nothing but inhaling and exhaling, and you may begin
to feel stress melt away from you.
Do something enjoyable: Often, we get caught up in working, working, working,
without taking a break to do something fun. Work in your garden, listen to music,
read a book, or call up a friend. These activities and many others can help reduce our
frustration.
We all have frustration in our lives, but learning to deal with frustration can improve
lives in countless ways. From helping you sleep better to maybe even helping you
live longer, learning how to cope with frustration is well worth the effort.

Concluding Remarks
Prolonged exposure to frustration causes the stress hormone cortisol to enter the
bloodstream. Cortisol increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and causes a reduction
in the immune response. This can have devastating effects on the cardiovascular
system. In addition, it has been known to damage cells in the hypothalamus area of the
brain resulting in learning impairment. In Nepal, mental health hospitals and experts

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are actively involved in treating the frustrated persons effectively. Side by side, the
government must provide counseling and guidance services to the personnel for their
wellbeing.
Bibliography
Cooper C.L., Cooper R.D., Eaker L.H. (1987) Living with Stress, Penguin.
Cooper C.L. (1995) Handbook of Stress Medicine and Health, CRC Press.
Cooper C., Palmer S. (2000) Conquer Your Stress, Chartered Institute of Personnel
and Development.
Cooper K. (1991) Overcoming Hypertension, Bantam Books.
Davis M. (2000) The Relaxation and Stress Reduction Work Book, New Harbinger
inc.
Edwards M. (2000) Stress Management for Cancer Patients: a Self Help Manual,
Acorn Publishing.
Everly G.S. (1989) A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response,
Plenum Press.
Information Strategies(2012). P.O. Box 315, Ridge"eld, NJ 07657 201-242-0600.
Upadhyay, N.(2010).Stress management . Republica, Nepal Republic Media (P) Ltd.,
JDAComplex, Bag Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal.

161

Managing Change in Organizations

Hari Da" Pandey*
Abstract
Change management is about modifying or transforming organiza!ons in
order to maintain or improve their e#ec!veness. Managers are responsible
for ensuring that the organiza!on or the part of the organiza!on they manage
performs e#ec!vely. For this, managers need to know what cons!tutes e#ec!ve
performance and have some means of assessing whether or not the organiza!on
as a whole, or their par!cular sub-system, is performing e#ec!vely. Moreover,
they need to know, if performance is unsa!sfactory, what elements of the
organiza!on can be changed in order to improve performance and what steps
they can take to secure these changes.
One approach to the study of change and change management portrays the
manager and other organiza!onal members as pawns a#ected by change rather
than as agents who can a#ect change. This approach is known as Determinism.
On the other way, Volunteerism is an approach to the study of change and
change management which emphasizes how the ac!ons of managers and
other change agents can a#ect outcomes. Viewing at these approaches, The
assump!on under pinning the approach to managing change indicates that (i)
managers can make di#erence, and (ii) they can be trained to manage change
more e#ec!vely. E#ec!ve change managers require conceptual models and
ac!on tools/ interven!ons, change management skills and con$dence in their
own ability to make a di#erence.
Various models of planned change have been developed. Managers need to
adapt the appropriate model(s) analyzing the organiza!onal problems, capaci!es.
She/he also need to make the stakeholders including employees internalize why
the change is being introduced..Simultaneously, managers must be proac!ve to
overcome resistances of change.
1. Introduction
Any alteration to the status quo in an organization initiated by internal or external
factors that impact both the organization and the individual is de"ned as change (Singh,
2010). How effectively the change is managed and implemented in the organization,
to a large extent, depends on the managers ef"ciency, ability, and pro-activity
Distinguishing between change that inevitably occurs in the organization and change
that is planned by members of an organization is important. Porras and Robertson
* Joint Secretary, Public Service Commission

162

(1992) suggest that the following conditions must be ful"lled to effectively achieve
the desired goals. The change process must be initiated from within the organization.
People working at the organization must be aware of the need for change, believe in
the potential value of the changes proposed, and be willing to change their behaviours
in order to make the team, department, or the organization effective. In the absence of
these beliefs, behaviours and attitude seems problematic. In addition, effective change
must rely on a contingency perspective that is open to making various efforts. In short,
the organizations members must be the key sources of energy for change, not some
party external to the team or organization.
2. Characteristics of Change
Change has the following characteristics:
Change results from the pressure of forces which are both outside and inside
the organization. It disturbs the existing equilibrium in the organization.

The whole organization tends to be affected by a change in any part of it.

Change takes place in all parts of organization, but at varying rates of speed
and degrees of signi"cance.

Change may affect people, structure, technology and other elements of the
organization.

Change may be reactive or proactive. When change is brought about due

to the pressure of external forces, it is called reactive change but proactive
change is initiated by the management on its own to increase organizational
effectiveness.

Generally, effective change programs involve:

Motivating change (creating a readiness for the change among employees and
attempting to overcome resistance to change).

Creating a shared vision of the desired future state of the organization

(energizing commitment and describing a desired future state).

Developing political support for the needed changes (assessing change- agent
power, identifying key stakeholders and in!uencing stakeholders).

Managing the transition from the current state to the desired future state
(activity planning, commitment planning and management structure).

Sustaining momentum for the change so that it will be carried to completion

(providing resources for change, building a support system for change agents,
developing new competencies and skills, reinforcing new behaviours.)

163

Key members of the organization must recognize the need for change and be
attracted by the potentially positive outcomes of the change programme, and

A willingness to change norms and procedures must exist.

3. Basic Skills needed for Managing Change

The basic skills needed for managing change are as following:
Skills in identifying the problems that demand solutions.

Skills in formulating strategies and techniques to solve these problems.

Skills in implementing processes to gain acceptance from the people affected

by change.

4. Models of Planned Change

Many models for planned change have been developed. Some of them are brie!y
mentioned below:
Systems Model of Change
The system model of change describes the organization as six interacting
variables that could serve as the focus of planned change: people, culture,
task, technology, design, and strategy. How these variables interact with each
other is shown in Figure-1.
People

Culture

Task

Technology

Design

Strategy

Figure- 1: A System Model of Change (Adapted from Kabita Singh, (2010),

Organizational Behaviour,

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Lewins Force Field Analysis Model

One side of the Lewins Force Field Analysis Model represents the driving
forces that push organizations towards a new state of affairs. The other side
of the model represents the restraining forces that maintain the status quo.
Psychologists Kurt Lewin developed the Force Field Analysis model 50 years
ago which helps understand how change process works. One side of the model
represents the driving forces that push organizations towards a new state of
affairs. Therefore, he suggests that efforts to bring about planned change in
organizations need to approach change as a multi- stage process. His model of
planned change is made up of three steps- unfreezing, change, and refreezing
(Lewin 1951).
Unfreezing is the process by which people become aware of
the need for change.

Change is the movement from the old way of doing things to

a new way.

Refreezing makes new behaviour relatively permanent and

resistant to further change.

The above mentioned three steps are shown in Figure-2.

Figure- 2 : Lewins Process of Organizational Change.

Kotters Eight-Step Model
One of the best known models is John Kotters eight-step model. According
to Kotter (1995), to successfully implement a change in an organization the
following eight steps have to be followed in sequence:

Create a sense of urgency

Establishing a powerful group to guide the change
Develop a vision
Communicate the vision
Empower staff

165

Ensure there are short term wins

Consolidate gains
Institutionalize the change in the culture of the organization

Organizational Development
Organizational development is a planned effort, initiated by process specialists
to help an organization develop its diagnostic skills, coping capabilities, and
linkage strategies in the form of temporary and semi- permanent systems, and
a culture of mutuality.
Action research
Action research is a process of systematically collecting research data about an
ongoing system related to same objective, goal, or need of the system; taking
actions by changing selected variables within the system based on both the
data hypothesis; and evaluating the results of action by collecting more data.
The following are seven steps, which involve in the cyclical phases of planned
change as viewed from the action research model (French and Bell 1978):
Problem Identi!cation

This stage usually begins when a key executive in an organization or

someone with power and in!uence senses that the organization has
one or more problems that might be rooted out with the help of OD
practitioners.
Consultation with a behavioral science expert

During the initial contract, the OD practitioner (change agent) and the
client carefully assist each other. The change agent may have her/his
own normative, development theory, or frame of reference (Tichy,
1974) and she/he must be conscious of these assumptions and values.
Sharing them with the manager from the beginning creates open and
collaborative atmosphere.
Data gathering and preliminary diagnosis

This stage is usually completed by the consultant, often in conjunction

with organizational members. The data are collected through
interviews, process observation, questionnaires, and organizational
performance data. The most effective diagnosis begins with observation
which proceeds to a semi- structured interview, and concludes with a
questionnaire to measure precisely the problems identi"ed by the earlier
steps. Beer (1976) opines that this sequence provides a funnel effect,
moving from emphasis on bandwidth to emphasis on "delity of
measurement.

166

Feedback to the key client or group

At this stage, the data are fed back to the client, usually in a group or
work-team meeting. The feedback step helps the group determine the
strengths and weakness of the organization or the sub-system of the
organization under study. The consultant provides the client with all
relevant and useful data.
Joint diagnosis of problem

During this stage, the group discusses the feedback, and the focus
returns to research as the change agent and the members of a group
discuss whether this is a problem on which the group intends to work.
A close relationship exists among data gathering, feedback, and
diagnosis because the basic data from the client have been summarized
by the consultant and presented to the group for validation and further
diagnosis. In this context, Schein (1969) opines that the failure to
establish a common frame of reference in the client- consultant
relationship may lead to faulty diagnosis or a communication gap
whereby the client is sometimes unwilling to believe the diagnosis or
accept the prescription.
Action

At this stage, the consultant and management jointly agree on further

action to be taken. The beginning of the unfreezing process, as the
organization moves to a different quasi- stationary equilibrium. Now,
one cannot be speci"c about the action to be taken since this depends
on the culture, values, and norms of the organization; the diagnosis of
the problem; and the time and expense of the intervention.
Data gathering after action

Obviously, action research is a cyclical process. Thus, data gathered

after action must be taken in order to monitor, measure, and determine
the effects of the action and feed the results back into the organization
which in turn, may lead to re-diagnosis and new action.
Appreciative Inquiry
In appreciative inquiry, it is assumed that while trying to achieve sea changes,
efforts are made to identify what is currently working the best and then build on this
knowledge to help develop and design what might be achieved in the future (Singh,
2010). The technique comprises of four steps:

167

Discover or appreciate the best of what is currently practiced.

Build on this knowledge to develop a vision of what the future could
be.
Design the future as it should be.
Sustain the organizations future as designed.
The above structure basically implies that it is dif"cult to separate
what to change from how to change. Mentioning the various
advantages of such form of change Weisbord (1992) argues that the
future search in this area can be quite startling and can give rise to a
kind of bureaucracy in which people who were earlier in opposition will
learn to come and act together. In the same vein, Fuller et al. (2000) state
that appreciative inquiry will lead to new constructive conversations,
unleash a self- sustaining learning capacity within the organization,
create conditions necessary for self-organizing to !ourish, and will
also provide a reservoir of strength for positive changes.

Transition Management
This model is speci"cally related to big change in an organization and it has
same insights into what triggers change in organizations and how they respond.
In context of applying this model, Beckhard (1992) points out the following
prerequisites:
Ensuring senior management commitment to the imposed
changes,
Producing a written statement about the future direction of the
organization,
Creating a shared awareness of condition to produce a common
perception that change must be implemented,
Assembling a body of key managers and other important opinion
formers to gain their commitment to the change process,
Generating an acceptance that this type of change will require
a long period,
Recognizing that resistance to change is part of the normal
process of adaptation,
Educating participants about the need for change
Persevering with the change process and avoiding blame when
an attempt to implement a facet of this process fails.
Facilitating the change process with necessary resources.
Maintaining open communication about process, mistakes, and
subsequent learning.

168

Despite speci"cally related to large- scale organizational change, this model

has some interesting insights into what triggers change in organizations and
how they respond. It suggests that four interlocking management processes
must take place both to implement and sustain major organizational changes.
These processes operate at different levels, and may involve different actors in
the organizational hierarchy (Singh, 2010). These four layers are as following:
Trigger layer
Concerning the identi"cation of needs and openings for major change
deliberately formulated in the form of opportunities rather than threats
or crises.
Vision layer
Establishing the future development of the organization by articulating
a vision and communicating this effectively in terms of where the
organization is heading.
Conversion layer
Setting out to mobilize support in the organization for the new vision
is the most appropriate method for dealing with the triggers of change.
Maintenance and renewal layer
Identifying ways in which changes are sustained and enhanced through
alterations in the attitude, values, and behaviours and regression back
to tradition is avoided.
In terms of trigger layer, it is necessary to understand what causes a
need for change in the organization. These triggers need to be expressed
in a clear way and communicated throughout the organization. For
example, poor trigger identi"cation and communication processes
are best seen when the "rst that employees know of dif"culties facing
the organization is when they are called in to discuss redundancy
terms. People are generally willing and able to deal with change but
many managers do not understand this. They are afraid that change
is associated with some form of failure and feel they need to hide
changes. People will accept change when they know it is necessary
and accept the explanation for the need for change.
5. Resistance to Change
Individual Resistance to Change
Management of an organization cannot be a silent spectator to external
change. It has to develop adaptability in the organizational variables so that the
organization is able to survive and grow in the face of change. In order to do
this, management has to introduce work changes in the organization which may
be resisted by the people working there. Work change, here, means alteration

169

in the overall work environment. Davis (1989) states two generalizations in

regard to such change. First, the whole organization tends to be affected by
change in any part of it, and second, technological change is a human relation
problem as well as a technical problem.
Overcoming resistance to change is almost a big challenge in any organization.
Resistance to change is a type of human behavior which arises to protect
human beings from the real or perceived threats because of change (Singh,
2010). Individual by nature abhors ways of life and thought and action which
are unfamiliar to her/him. This is partly because she/he fears the strange (new
and unknown) situation and partly because adapting new ideas is an onerous
and meticulous process. Whenever a person thinks that the effects of change
are likely to be adverse to her/him, even if they are really not so, she/he will
try to protect himself through her/his resistance behavior (Singh and Chhaba,
2002). Thus, resistance is opposition to change.
Opposition to change may be logical and justi"ed in some case. Sometimes,
people do not resist change, but they oppose the change agent or the mode of
implementing change. Resistance may take the form of passive acceptance,
slack effort, subtle sabotage, aggressive refusal, violent behavior, strike, etc.
depending on the situation. If resistance to change not managed properly, it
may affect the organization adversely in the long-run (Singh, 2010).
All changes are not necessarily resisted. Some are forced to be introduced by
the employees. Likewise, sometimes they themselves want change and new
experience as they are fed up with the old practices and procedures.
Resistance to change implies human lags in understanding change, in willingness
and ability to take in the volume and pace of change and to make the necessary
psychological and other adjustments while meeting the requirements of
change. When employees are unable to make adequate adjustments to change
which occurs, the organization is in a state of imbalance or disequilibrium.
Managements general human relations objective regarding change is to
restore and maintain the group equilibrium and personal adjustment, which
change upsets (Davis and Newstrom, 1989).
Group Resistance to Change
Most organizational changes have some impact on informal networks in
the organization. Breaking up a closely knit work-group or changing social
relationships can provoke a great deal of resistance. Managers often neglect
this source of resistance because the informal network is not the focal point of
organizational change. This often unplanned and secondary effect leak out can
cause resistance to change. Informal groups offer resistance to change when

170

they fear that their cohesiveness or existence itself is threatened by it. This is
particularly true when group members feel a strong sense of belongingness to
the group and perceive that their group is superior to others (Trumbo, 1961).
Organizational Resistance to Change
Resistance to change may arise at the organizational level. Some organizations
are so designed that they resist new ideas. They may even create strong defense
against changes. Threat to power, organizational structure, resource constrains,
sunk costs, etc. can be the sources of organizational resistance to change.
Techniques of Overcoming Resistance to Change
Kotler and Schiesinger (1979) suggest the following strategies for overcoming
individual and group resistances:
Approach
Educa!on +
Communica!on

Par!cipa!on +
involvement

Facilita!on +
support

Nego!a!on
+agreement

Manipula!on +Coopera!on

Explicit + implicit
coercion

Commonly used in
Situa!ons
Where there is a lack of
informa!on or accurate
informa!on analysis.

Advantages

Once persuaded people

will o%en help with the
implementa!on of the
change.
Where the ini!ators do not People who par!cipate
have all the informa!on
will be commi"ed to
they need to design the
implemen!ng change
change and where others
and any relevant
have considerable power
informa!on they have
to resist.
will be integrated into
the change plan.
Where people are resis!ng No other approach
because of adjustment
works as well with
problems.
adjustment problems.
Where someone of some
group will clearly lose out
in a change and where that
group has considerable
power to resist.
Where other tac!cs will not
work or are too expensive.

Where speed is essen!al

and the change ini!ators
possess considerable
power.

Some!mes it is a
rela!vely easy way to
avoid major resistance.

It can be a rela!vely
quick and inexpensive
solu!on to resistance
problems.
It is speedy and can
overcome any kind of
resistance.

Drawbacks
Can be very !me
consuming if lots of
people are involved in
the change.
Can be very !me
consuming if
par!cipators design
an inappropriate
change.

Can be !me
consuming,
expensive, and s!ll
fail.
Can be too expensive
in many cases if
it alerts others
to nego!ate for
compliance.
Can lead to future
problems if people
feel manipulated.
Can be risky if it
leaves people mad at
the ini!ators.

Source: Kotler and Schiesinger, Choosing Strategies for Change, Harvard Business Review, March-April, 1979.

171

6. Conclusion
Change may be either necessitated by the pressure of external forces or
brought by deliberate and conscious efforts of the management. The latter
type of change is called the planned change.
Planned change aims to relate to the basic discipline of the behavioural sciences.
The management may decide to go for planned change to cope up with the
dynamic external environment. Through planned change, an organization can
achieve competency to survive and grow. There may be various reasons for
introducing planned change. However, to improve the means for satisfying
economic needs of members, increase ef"ciency and pro"tability, promote
humanization of work environment and contribute to development and social
well-being of each member are often observed as the basic reasons of planned
change in most of the organizations.
While planning change in an organization, the management must be aware of
the probable resistances and to overcome them effectively.

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175

Global Development Approaches and their

Internalization in Nepal
Ganesh Prasad Adhikari, PhD *
1

Abstract
This paper aims to review the paradigma!c shi%s in the global development
assistance and to determine the extent of the internaliza!on of global
development priori!es in Nepal since 1950s. In a welfare state paradigm, state-led
growth approach was the dominant feature of global development partnership
during 1950s to1970s. As a result of Washington consensus, market-led approach
was adopted from 1980s to the mid-1990s for the e#ec!ve implementa!on of
the Structural Adjustment Policy of Interna!onal Financial Ins!tu!ons. A%er
mid-1990s, pro-poor governance has become a dominant approach for the
development of developing countries. As far as the degree of the internaliza!on
of global development priori!es in Nepal, the internaliza!on is of moderate level
in policy-making and below average in implementa!on.
1. Introduction and Methodology
Development is a dynamic concept concerned with the desired or planned change to
improve almost all aspects of human life. In our present day society, academics often
talk about economic development, human development, sustainable development,
social development, rural development, and so on. The development of physical
environment is facilitated by rapid development in science and technology; but the
development of non-material culture has become a dif"cult task in this modern age.
Freedom, security, justice, equality, individual self-respect and many other ethical
issues have become critical area of development philosophy.
Development strategies could be either state-led, market-led, NGO-led, or communitybased (Bhattachan and Mishra, 2000: viii). But in the context of developing countries,
where the majority of development activities are done with foreign assistance, the
donor-led development strategy may become the umbrella of other strategies. In fact,
various development agents such as the state, market, civil society, general public and
donor agencies have been involving in development. Their level of participation and
in!uence vary from context to context. In most cases, global development approaches
are internalized by the Government of Nepal.
* Associate Professor, Public Administra!on Campus

176

The "rst three decades (1950s to 1970s) of international development assistance

were characterized by the state-led approach, which is also known as pre-Washington
consensus approach. From 1980s to the mid-1990s, international donor agencies
focused on the market-led approach, which is associated with Structural Adjustment
Policy (SAP) and the Washington consensus. After the mid-1990s, pro-poor approach
has become a guiding principle for the development of developing countries.
In the above stated context, this paper attempts to answer to what extent were the
key global development priorities internalized in Nepal since the 1950s both in
policy-making and implementation. The objectives are to review global development
approaches and to determine the extent of the internalization of global development
priorities in since the 1950s.
For determining the extent of the internalization of global development priorities in
Nepal, an experience survey was conducted in November 2011. A score-sheet was
constructed as a data collection instrument by using eleven-point scale for some
selected development priorities. The score-sheet was administered thru face-to-face
contact as well as e-mail. Since this study is somewhat like historical survey, the
population of this study was the matured (50-65 years old) and extensively experienced
persons in the "eld of national development planning, particularly the ex and present
civil servants, politicians, and academics. The sample items were selected by using
the convenience sampling technique; and the sample size was 33. Because of the time
and resource constrains, the limitations of this study are taking small sample size
and not collecting the detailed qualitative information to supplement the collected
quantitative data.
2. Approaches to Development Assistance
This section deals with the paradigmatic shifts in the global development assistance
form state-led growth approach to the pro-poor approach.
2.1. State-Led Growth Approach
After the World War II, Bretton Woods Institutions and developed countries started to
take interest to allocate time, effort, and resources for the socio-economic development
of developing countries. During 1950s and 1960s, the major concern of development
was to increase the rate of saving and investment in the less developed countries
from the traditional levels of 5 to 8 per cent to the required levels of a minimum of
12 to 15 per cent (Millican, 1968). At that time, the emphasis of development was on
agricultural and industrial sectors including trade, education, and health.

177

As per the recommendation of President John F. Kennedy, in 1961, the UN General

Assembly designated the 1960s as the United Nations Development Decade (UNDD)
aiming at to attain a minimum annual growth rate of aggregate national income of
5 per cent at the end of the decade particularly in developing countries (Kotschnig,
1968). The launching of United Nations Development Decade (UNDD) represents a
new departure in international economic relations emphasizing the need for increasing
the transfer of resources from developed countries to developing countries.
For the "rst three decades (1950s-1970s) of international development assistance,
the development policy was dominated by import-substitution industrialization (ISI)
strategy advocating for the promotion of large-scale modern industries by means
of strong government interventions in the market, such as trade protection, directed
credits, and subsidies (Hayami, 2003: 40). During that period, the relationship between
foreign trade and economic growth was a central theme of international interaction
particularly in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) including Bretton Woods
Institutions.
In 1960s, the term economic development was being superseded by the term
modernization denoting economic, social, and political growth. Moreover,
modernization was understood as an overall transformation of society including
fundamental changes in traditional values, motivation, institutions, and patterns
of behavior (Asher, 1968). In order to help formulate national development plans
in developing countries, the World Bank and UN Agencies induced the concept of
modernization. Because of the modernization policy, the development focus was
shifted from import-substitution (self-production) to export promotion and exporting
primary goods to manufacturing business.
The campaign of ful"lling basic human needs was initiated by International
Labor Organization in 1976 and then other international donor agencies followed
it for providing assistance to developing countries (Hayami, 2003). The previously
dominant strategy of industrialization proved to be incapable of bringing satisfactory
economic growth in developing countries; so that the basic needs approach emerged
to improve living standards in the absence of growth. Bilateral and multilateral donor
agencies made their priority for development to meet the basic human needs of the
poor people. Basic human needs were identi"ed as: (i) the minimum requirement of
a family, such as food, clothing, and shelter; and (ii) the essential services, such as
water, sanitation, education, and health facilities.

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2.2. Market-Oriented Approach

Market-oriented approach emerged as a new paradigm of development assistance
during 1980s. The previous approachesgrowth approach and basic needs
approachwere based on the philosophy of welfare state in which there would have
to be signi"cant government involvement. But in market-oriented approach, market
competition is considered as a strong instrument for increasing economic ef"ciency.
The widely known Structural Adjustment Policy (SAP) of the World Bank is the most
in!uential program of market-oriented development approach.
In 1989, the IMF, the World Bank, and the US Treasury Department jointly made a
consensus on the lowest common denominator of policy advice being addressed to
Latin American countries (Hayami, 2003: 54) in Washington, D.C. This consensus is
popularly known as Washington Consensus and understood as an economic doctrine
for all developing countries. The Washington Consensus consists of the following 10
basic principles (William, 1993 cited by Hayami, 2003: 54):
1. Fiscal discipline;
2. Concentration of public expenditure on public goods including education,
health, and infrastructure;
3. Tax reform toward broadening the tax base with moderate marginal tax rates;
4. Interest rates to be market determined and positive;
5. Competitive exchange rates;
6. Trade liberalization
7. Openness of foreign direct investment
8. Privatization of state enterprises
9. Deregulation or abolishment of regulations that impede or restrict competition,
except for those justi"ed on safety, environmental and consumer protection
grounds, and prudential oversight of "nancial institutions; and
10. Legal security for property rights.
The Washington Consensus prescribes the right policies for developing countries
for their economic development and stabilization. To Hayami (2003), the principles
of Washington Consensus were developed to support SAP under the guidance of IMF
and the World Bank. In fact, many of the ideas incorporated in the consensus are in
the line of free market economy, which is radically different approach to development
from that of state-led approach.
Stiglitz (2002) critically presents his views that the principles of Washington
Consensus are not applicable in the early stage of development or early stage of

179

transition because these principles were developed in response to the problems of

Latin America, where governments had let budgets get out of control. There is no
evidence that capital market liberalization spurs economic growth. He further takes an
example that even post-industrial societieslike the United States and Japanwere
selectively protecting some of their industries until they become strong enough to
compete with foreign companies. For this reason, rapid trade liberalization policy is
questionable for developing countries. However, the blanket protectionism has often
not worked in many countries.
Privatization of state enterprises requires a situation of perfect competition. Hayami
(2003) observes that privatization, in some cases, created opportunities for the power
elites to grab public enterprises to form private monopolies. In most cases market
competition increases economic ef"ciency, but it cannot improve the equity. As state
intervention failed to create job, the market-based approach also failed in approaching
the problems of poor section of the society.
2.3. Pro-Poor Approach
Because of the failure of SAP in many parts of the world, the development assistance
community focuses on poverty reduction as an immediate objective including
institutional reform for designing development policy and the governance reform.
Poverty reduction had been a stated goal since the early 1970s. At that time poverty
was viewed as a lack of basic needs and which could be reduced by accelerating growth
or by increasing labor employment and income. Even in 1980s, the SAP approach was
demonstrating a possibility of economic growth for poverty reduction. The World
Banks World Development Report 1990 subtitled Poverty also considered poverty
reduction as a consequence of economic growth.
In 1995, The World Bank declared its motto to be Our dream is world without poverty
and began to pursue pro-poor development. Since then the poverty is viewed not
only from economic aspect but also from political and social aspects. Hayami (2003)
observed that poverty reduction was promoted under the following three axioms: (a)
the overarching goal of development assistance is poverty reduction; (b) poverty is
more than lack of purchasing power but includes a range of economic, social and
political deprivations; and (c) poverty reduction will not be possible in the absence of
viable institutions through which people can participate in and take ownership of the
development process.
In the mid-1990s, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) formulated a list of International Development Targets (IDTs) as quanti"ed
goals to be met by a set date. Essentially the same list of IDTs was adopted by the

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United Nations in 2000 in which 180 Heads of State signed the Millennium Declaration
pledging the world to meeting Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015.
Poverty reduction as an overarching goal of development assistance can be re!ected
in the following list of MDGs (World Bank and OUP, 2004: 2):
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Halve the proportion of people living on less than one dollar a day
Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
Ensure that boys and girls alike complete primary schooling
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
Eliminate gender disparity at all levels of education
4. Reduce child mortality
Reduce by two-thirds the under-"ve mortality rate
5. Improve maternal health
Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
Integrate sustainable development into country policies and reverse
loss of environmental resources
Halve the proportion of people without access to portable water
Signi"cantly improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
8. Develop a global partnership for development
Raise of"cial development assistance
Expand market access assistance
Almost all the MDGs are related to the quality of life and not related to overall
economic growth. The list of development goals reveals that poverty has many
dimensionslow income (living on less than $1 a day), illiteracy, ill health, gender
inequality, and environmental degradation. The World Development Report 2000 was
subtitled Attacking Poverty in which poverty reduction was viewed in terms of
human development and stressed the development of pro-poor institutions to promote
opportunity, facilitate employment, and enhance security of the poor.
Since poverty reduction is considered as an immediate objective of development
assistance, the non-market instruments may have to be used to redistribute marketproduced income in favor of the poor. It will become possible only when publicprivate partnership is promoted. To counter the possibility of government corruption
and social exclusion, the pro-poor approach emphasizes empowerment (strengthening
the voice and power of the poor people) and ownership (maximizing the initiative of

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aid-recipient countries) in the design of development assistance (Hayami, 2003). The

concepts of empowerment and ownership are also associated with all other elements
of good governance like accountability, participation, and rule of law.
The implementation methodology of poverty reduction is the process of Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). It is a poverty-focused development plan prepared
by a developing country as prescribed by the World Bank. To Hayami (2003), the
PRSP must include the following four elements: (a) a description of the countrys
participatory process; (b) a poverty diagnosis; (c) targets, indicators, and monitoring
system; (d) priority public actions, which should be summarized in a tabular form for
three-year time horizon.
The World Bank recognizes three purposes of poverty reduction strategy. They are:
(i) linking public expenditures explicitly to service delivery for the poor; (ii) building
country-ownership; and (iii) strengthening citizen voice through consultations with
civil society (World Bank and OUP, 2004).
The concept of PRSP was developed by the World Bank and it has been widely accepted
by most aid agencies and developing countries. The low income countries began
to prepare PRSP in 1999. Donor agencies generally do not provide their assistance
to those developing countries who do not prepare PRSP. Hayami (2003) observes
that PRSPs are the basis for the concessional assistance from both the IMF and the
World Bank. Donor agencies also support for PRSP preparation. For preparing PRSP,
the government is to be in drivers seat so as to increase the government-ownership
and commitment to the objectives. It seems a broader application of the theory of
Management by Objective. The idea of using PRSP was emerged in response to the
weakness of SAP in which most of the development activities were donor-driven in
developing countries.
As a part of PRSP, Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and Immediate
Action Plan (IAP) are also the instruments of poverty reduction. It is generally
understood that the MTEF and IAP should be complementary to PRSP; and PRSP
should be compatible with MDGs.
Any single approach to development is insuf"cient to deal with a variety of contexts.
Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is also true that there
is no pure form of developmental approach in any democratic setting. Even in the
traditional state-led approach, the impact of market on development is crucial.
Likewise the market-led approach can become functional only when state regulates
market properly. The pro-poor approach is also not free from the debate about state-

182

market relationship. Improving governance is a cross-cutting issue of poverty reduction

framework; however the economic growth is a peripheral issue. Thus, the major
dilemmas in pro-poor approach are: state or market, growth or equity, cooperation or
competition, and accountability or ef"ciency.
State or Market: To Senarclens (1998) the debate about governance stemmed from
considerations of how to rede"ne the links between the state (political authority) and
the market (civil society). In terms of funding approaches, state-led development is
concerned with simply increase public spending and market-led development with
leave everything to the private sector. These two extreme models failed in reducing
poverty in developing countries. In this context, development thinkers have been
seeking state-market nexus in the light of contingency (contextual) theory.
WashingtonConsensusfocusedonmarket-basedSAPstrategytocorrectthegovernment
failure. Similarly, the pro-poor model focused on increasing the government role in
resource allocation to correct the failure of liberalized markets. The consequences
of reducing government intervention in developed and developing countries are not
the same. The developed countries experienced in 1980s that reducing government
intervention is functional. But the developing countries experienced market failure
because of the lack of perfect competition and the low level of development stage
(Hayami, 2003). For this reason, the international donor agencies adopted pro-poor
model ephasizing public-private partnership and eclecticism in their role.
Growth or Equity: Both the state-led and market-led models emphasize on growth or
productivity; whereas the pro-poor model emphasizes on equity. The choice of such
con!icting models has become a debatable issue in the "eld of development. Hayami
(2003) argues that strong emphasis on poverty-focused social services might result in
underinvestment in the production sector from which the poor earn their livelihood.
MDGs are not targeted for increasing production, so that the PRSPs of developing
countries are strongly oriented toward redistributing social income in favor of the
poor for improving their quality of life.
The emphasis of MDGs on primary education and health care is certainly a foundation
for improving the production capacity of the poor. But the neglected sectors in
MDGsvocational education, agricultural modernization, industrialization, rural
electri"cation and transportationcould also generate economic growth to contribute
poverty reduction (Hayami, 2003). For maintaining equity or improving the quality of
the poor in a sustainable manner, broad-based economic growth is obviously essential.
Thus, the growth and equity are equally important criteria for development assistance.

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Cooperation or Competition: From sociological perspective, the interaction process

of pro-poor model is characterized by an unstable mix of cooperation and competition.
In cooperation, development partners combine their efforts to reach some common
goal; whereas in competition, some development actors struggle for winning others
in utilizing scarce resources. To Shepard (1984) competition is a cooperative con!ict.
The goal of pure con!ict is to defeat the opponent, but the cooperative con!ict leads
to make development actors winner and looser in achieving goals.
Cooperation requires maintaining interpersonal trust, securing compliance with
negotiated understandings, reducing noise through open communication, and
consensus among partners. Eventually these behaviors are competitive politics
(Jessop, 1997). He further argues that cooperation is concerned with partnerships and
competition with partisans.
Accountability or Ef#ciency: Accountability and ef"ciency are the elements of good
governance. Accountability is concerned with the process of maintaining relationship
between actors for improving their answerability; whereas the ef"ciency is concerned
with actors capacity for improved outputs. Thus, there is a con!icting emphasis on
process and output orientations.
Accountability is a relationship among clients, policy-makers, and service providers
for delegating, "nancing, performing, and enforcing the development actions (World
Bank and OUP, 2004). In the network of accountability relationships, politicians or
policy-makers are accountable to citizens, organizational providers to the state, and
the frontline providers to the citizen-clients.
In the international context, donor agencies are accountable to recipient countries.
Finally the donor agencies are also accountable to the tax-payers whose money is
used for development assistance. In the arena of modern governance, accountability
is considered more important than ef"ciency. But, Jessop (1998) identi"es the con!ict
between accountability and ef"ciency in the context of public-private partnerships.
Con!icting interests of multiple partners blur the clear-cut demarcation of their
responsibilities.
3. Internalizing the Global Development Approaches in Nepal
Since the beginning of Nepals planned development, development priorities set by
the government are highly consistent with the contemporary global development
priorities as set and propagated by donor agencies. In 1950s, the donor agencies led
by the World Bank emphasized for maximizing productivity including agricultural

184

modernization and industrial development. In the same vain, the First Plan (1956-61)
of Nepal gave priority to increase production, employment and living standards of the
people. The goal of growth maximization was continued in the Second Plan (1962-65)
and was very much emphasized in the Third Plan (1965-70). Khadka (1991) argued
that the sectoral priorities of Nepal in 1950s and 1960s were accorded to socioeconomic infrastructure (transport, communication and power sectors) because these
were thought necessary to achieve the goal of growth maximization.
In 1960s, the UN agencies and other donors advocated regional economic development
including urban development and infrastructure development. The concept of regional
development and decentralization was emphasized in the Third Plan (1965-70). The
Fifth Plan (1975-80) also emphasized the balanced regional development. But the
concept of urban development was incorporated only in the Eighth Plan (1993-97).
In 1970s, International Labor Organization (ILO) including many other donors
advocated the basic needs approach as the best development theory for developing
countries. Nepal internalized the basic needs approach by incorporating it in the Sixth
Plan (1980-85) and continued it in Seventh Plan (1985-90). In 1980s, many donor
agencies came up with integrated rural development projects and so was the Nepals
priority.
In 1990s, UNDP and many other donors advocated the principle of sustainable
development and the World Bank focuses on the globalization of liberal economy. In
1990, multiparty democracy was reinstated in Nepal. In this context, the Eighth Plan
(1992-97) was formulated in which the government aimed at achieving sustainable
economic growth by using the approach of market-oriented liberal economy. As a result
the growth of NGOs in Nepal has dramatically increased in this plan period (Dhakal,
2006). Private sector involvement was also increased in that period (Pyakuryal and
Dhakal, 2000: 22).
In Ninth Plan (1997-2002), an approach of poverty alleviation was introduced for
the "rst time in Nepal. The priority of the plan was agricultural sector. This priority
was continued from the "fth plan period. The market-oriented approach was also
continued from the previous plan. However, the dominant approach was still state-led.
The sole objective of Tenth Plan (2002-07) is poverty reduction. The plan is also known
as Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). The concept of PRSP is prescribed by
the World Bank and IMF.

185

The following Table presents the degree of the internalization of the key global
development priorities since the 1950s both in policy-making and implementation. The
Table also shows that, in case of policy-making, the average degree of internalization
is 6, i.e. the median value of the scale. It indicates that the internalization of global
development priorities in policy-making is of moderate level in Nepal. However, the
score value of industrial and urban development and employment generation is only
three.
Table: Degree of the Internalization of Global development Priorities in Nepal
Decades
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Average

Development priori!es
Agricultural moderniza!on
Industrial development
Urban development
Infrastructure development
Regional development
Basic needs ful$llment
Integrated rural development
Peoples par!cipa!on
Decentraliza!on
Employment genera!on
Sustainable development
Poverty reduc!on
Local governance

Average response score

(in a scale of 0-10, in round $gure); n=35
In policy-making
In implementa!on
6
5
3
1
3
2
5
3
6
5
7
3
6
5
6
4
7
3
3
1
5
3
8
6
7
4
6
3
Source: Experience Survey, 2011.

The above Table also shows that, in case of implementation, the average degree of
internalization is only three. It indicates that the degree of internalization of global
development priorities in implementation is of below average in Nepal. However, in
case of poverty reduction, the internalization is of moderate level.
4. Concluding Remarks
On the whole, the development issues, goals and approaches have always remained
an important element of international interaction. International organizations such as
UN agencies, World Bank, IMF, OECD, and many other international and regional
organizations formulate and prescribe development goals for developing countries; and
they are bound to follow donor prescriptions. This is why the development approaches
adopted in Nepal in different periods are congruent with donor prescriptions of the
corresponding period. The primary data indicates that the internalization of global

186

development priorities Nepal is of moderate level in policy-making, and low level in

implementation.
References
Asher, R. E. (1968). International Agencies and Economic Development: An Overview. In
R.N. Gardner and M.F. Millkan, eds., (1968), The Global Partnership: International
Agencies and Economic Development, (pp. 432-458). USA: Frederic A. Praeger Inc.
(2006b). Concept of New Governance and Its Application in Nepal. In Sahabhagita
(The Journal of Local Self-Governance and Development), vol. 8(1) March 2006, (pp.
25-35). Lalitpur: Local Development Training Academy.
Hayami, Y. (2003). From the Washington Consensus to the Post-Washington Consensus:
Retrospect and Prospect. In ADB (2003), Asian Development Review, vol. 20(2), (pp.
40-65). Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
Jessop, B. (1997). The Rise of Governance and the Risks of Failure: The case of economic
development. In International Social Science Journal, Mar 1997, vol. 115 (on
Governance), (pp. 29-45). Blackwell Publishers/UNESCO.
Kotschnig, W.M. (1968). The United Nations as an Instrument of Economics and Social
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International Agencies and Economic Development, (pp. 16-43). USA: Frederic A.
Praeger Inc.
Millikan, M. F. (1968). In Introductory Essay. In R.N. Gardner and M.F. Millkan, eds.,
(1968), The Global Partnership: International Agencies and Economic Development,
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Pyakuryal, B. and Dhakal, D.P. (2000). Foreign Aid: Challenges and Prospects (Some Issues
for Future Policy Consideration). A report prepared for Ministry of Finance, HMG/Nepal.
Senarclens, P. (1997). Governance and Crisis in the International Mechanisms and
Regulations. In International Social Science Journal, Mar 1997, vol. 115 (on
Governance), (pp. 91-104). Blackwell Publishers/UNESCO.
Shepard, J.M. (1984). Sociology (2nd ed.). USA: West Publishing Co.
Stiglitz, J.E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. USA: W.W. Norton and Company.
The Reality of Aid 2002. Conditionality and ownership. Available at www.realityofaid.
org/roa.php-17k (retrieved on May 3, 2004).
Williams, R. (1999). Foreign Aid: Past Theory, Current Trends, and Its Role in
Public-Private Partnerships. A Paper presented for the Yale/UNDP Program
on Public-Private Partnerships Research Clinic. Available at www.undp.
org/pppue/pppueold/library/"les/willia 01.html (extracted on Feb 1, 2007).
World Bank (1990). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
(2000). World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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for Poor People. New York: The World Bank and Oxford University Press.

187

Good Governance
Chet Nath Dahal*

Abstract
This paper demonstrates that Kau!lya, a great Sanskrit philosopher-statesman
and contemporary of Aristotle, and whose work was lost for more than 1400 years,
an!cipated administra!ve and state-cra% through by some 2,oo years in the areas
of poli!c economic, social culture and administra!on. Among his contribu!on,
classical economic through (interna!onal trade, taxa!on, governance, jus!ce
system and a labor theory) is s!ll relevant. In this paper, the writer has overlooked
the aspect of Kau!lyas philosophy on good governance through, and tries to
compare with western model of present governance philosophy. By over visi!ng
various woks and research papers it clearly indicates that the level of governance
performance is not so sa!sfactory mostly in developing countries like Nepal. I
believe that Kau!lyas philosophy of government and his contribu!ons has s!ll
importance for maintaining the good governance aspect. His great contribu!ons
should receive appropriate and overdue recogni!on in near future.
1. Concept
The political scientist, policy planners, decision-makers and the academicians all are
directly or indirectly related with governance. Modern philosophy of state is concerned
with the well-being of its people. It is possible, only through the systems and subsystems of governance and must be essentially ef"cient, effective, economical, ethical
and equitable.
Similarly, the governance process must also be just, reasonable, fair and citizen friendly.
For the effective governance, the machinery of government must be accountable and
responsible.1 The political scientist along with planners and decision makers has been
mostly dependent upon the ideas, concept, and models of western governance. The
writer argues in conceptualizing governance as is more related with cost accounting
variance calculation method. In this sense, goverance is just a difference between
standard and actual and the level of governance will be considered as good governance
or bad governance on the result of variances. 2
1 *Under Secretary Government of Nepal
See Indian Ideal of Good Governance more details in Dynamic of Administration, Lucknow,Vol
XVII,No.1-2,Jan- Dec.2005, pp.8-19.
2 Level of governance will be ascertain by calculating with this formula; G =(S-A)= +(-) V. where;

188

2. De#nition
The World Bank de"nes governance as the traditions and institutions by which
authority in a country is exercised. This includes:
the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced;
the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound
policies; and
the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic
and social interactions among them.
We construct two measures of governance corresponding to each of these three areas,
resulting in a total of six dimensions of governance:3
(a) The process by which governments are selected, monitored, and replaced
i. Voice and Accountability (VA) capturing perceptions of the extent to which
a country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as
freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.
ii. Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism (PV) capturing
perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown
by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically motivated violence and
terrorism.
(b) The capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound
policies
iii. Government Effectiveness (GE) capturing perceptions of the quality of public
services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from
political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the
credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.
iv. Regulatory Quality (RQ) capturing perceptions of the ability of the government
to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote
private sector development.
(c) The respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and
social interactions among them
v. Rule of Law (RL) capturing perceptions of the extent to which agents have
con"dence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract
G= governance level; S= functions or activities to be performed( target); A= actual performance; V=
if variance in plus, it is considering good and in contrast bad governance.
3 See policy Research Working Paper-5430; Sept.2010: The World Bank, Development Research
Group, Macroeconomics and Growth Team.

189

enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of
crime and violence.
vi. Control of Corruption (CC) capturing perceptions of the extent to which
public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of
corruption, as well as #capture# of the state by elites and private interests.
The concept of public governance -- as opposed to corporate governance entails
integrating strong principles into building institutions, processes and capacities that
can help produce prosperity, equity and social justice in each and every society.4
Public governance which provides the rationale for civic engagement with justi"es
the principle of popular participation.
Good governance by making public administration of the country pro-people,
accountable, transparent, inclusive and participatory and make available its outcome
to the general public; upon adopting the basic values of good governance like rule of
law, corruptionfree and smart (lean or smooth) administration, "nancial discipline,
and ef"cient management of public work and resources to create situation for providing
public services in speedy and cost-effective manner5
In contrast, the concept of good governance in the ancient context of governance,
Kautilyas Arthashastra may prove to be in important basis. Kautilya had himself
proclaimed in the beginning of his Arthshastra that his treatise on the rules of
governance for the king had been prepared after systematic comprehension of all the
available academic literature on the subject and procurement of empirical evidence
on the prevailing theoretical frameworks of political functioning of the governments.
The Arthashastra is essentially a handbook for the guidance of the governing group, a
manual for the practicing politician. In the signi"cantly major portion of it, Kautilya
prescribes for speci"c need and uses tested administrative procedures.6
3. Study methodology
This paper focuses on the comparison of the principle and practice of good governance
between Kautilya Arthshastra and western model governance. And, hence, it focuses
on how to make it applicable in our context. This study is based on the empirical
analysis. The generalization and interpretation has followed inductive argument.
4 See people matter and public governance UNDP, 2008. This concept more clari"ed that corporate
governance is oriented with pro"t maximization in contrast, public governance is more concerns
with wealth maximization.
5 See Good Governance (Operation and Management) Act, 2064; Kathmandu, on/Ministry of Law
and Justice.
6 ibid; Dynamic of Administration, Jan-DEC.2005,P-3.

190

4. Principles of good governance

Since the end of the 1980s, perceptions and policies have changed dramatically and
widely use the concept of good governance in public administration. Additionally, The
World Bank initiative has key source to adopt of it especially in under-development
countries. The main principle of good governance is as follows:
Principle of good governance
7

Western model
Kau!lya model
(Four pillar of governance)8
Rule of law
1. Lawful applica!on of danda
2. Discourage the jungal law
3. Concept of equal for law
4. Equal protec!on of law by cons!tu!onal jus!ce procedure
Transparency
1. Freedom, happiness and prosperity are means of personal
development
2. High moral consciousness both elite and common people
3. The theory of the recruitment and selec!on of o&cials is following:
-Amatyas (o&cials) who had been puri$ed by the four tests should
be appointed to posts. The tests are (virtue, wealth, pleasure and fear
tests). The virtue test passed should be appointed to o&ces in the
department of judicial administra!on. Those who have passed the
wealth test should be appointed to o&ces belonging to the collec!on
and deposit of the kings revenue. Those who have passed the pleasure
test should be appointed for guarding the royal ladies. Those who have
passed the fear test should be posted near the kings personnel.
Those who have passed all the tests should be appointed as ministers.
Thus the procedure of appointment of the ministers and o&cials who
shall carry out administra!on of the state is an indicator that ensures
peoples welfare, avoids corrup!on in long run, provides for e&ciency,
integrity, faithfulness and sincerity in the administra!ve set-up, and
visualizes the overall happiness of the society.
Accountability
1. King must be disciplined , if not, when people are impoverished,
they become greedy, when they are greedy they become dissa!s$ed,
when dissa!s$ed they voluntarily go to the side of the enemy and
destroy their own master.
2. The accountability and responsibility of each ministers and
administra!ve o&cial is to both the king and people.
Predictability
1. There is guideline and code of conduct of state func!ons
administra!on, jus!ce and parliamentary a#airs. For example,
taxa!on, recruitment and appointment pos!ng, court and jus!ce,
civil code, trade and business code etc.

A7A8AAA
7 See To serve and To preserve: Improving Public Administration in a Competitive World; ADB,
Manila, 2000.

See ibbid-page-10.

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4.1 Good governance in Nepalese context

Nepal has been inducing the western model governance concept since very long time.
Despite the traditional administration, since, 1990 , the country move forwarded in line
with democratic polity system the aspect of administration get enough consideration
in the component of administration like good governance, decentralization, openness
and transparency and accountability. For the institutionaonalised of the governance,
Nepal has legitimized this concept through parliament and passed the Nepal Good
Governance (Operation and Management) Act, 2064.This Act has been including all
the new provisions that made its in line of regional and international development.
The principles, which are included are as follows9:
Prime principles
1. greater interest of nation and people;
2. equity and inclusiveness;
3. rule of law;
4. guarantee of the human rights;
5. transparency, objectivity, accountability and honesty;
6. economic ("nancial) discipline, corruption-free, lean(smart) and people
oriented administration;
7. impartiality and neutrality of administrative mechanism;
8. access of people to administrative mechanism and its decision;
9. decentralization and devolution of powers; and
10. popular participation and optimum utilization of local resources.
In addition to these principles, there are some others and they are:
economic liberalization;
poverty alleviation;
social justice;
sustainable and ef"cient management of natural and public resources;
empowerment of women and promotion of gender justice;
environmental protection;
uplifting of ethnic groups, dalit, economically and socially backward classes;
and
development of remote areas and balanced regional development.
5. Analysis the traditional manual of mean and western pattern good governance
There is similarity and dissimilarity between the concepts of both traditional and
modern governance. The aims of any governance either both is related to well- being
9 Good Governance (Operation and Management) Act, 2064, Kathmandu, GoN, Ministry of Law and
Justice.

192

of the citizen of the country. It argues, governance principles are quite similar but
differ only in implementation process. The question arises, how to determine or
evaluate it? .Whether is the governance intact or not? There is one school of thought
in western administration scientist that governance can judged by the general people
by assessing present condition of public goods likes condition of road, public park
,public school, and public health post . Arthashastra is a practical guide not only to
running governmental organizations but also a work that deals with duties of Kings,
Ministers, local of"cials, methods of diplomacy etc and including ways and means of
defeating an enemy. Encyclopedic in its coverage, many scholars have wondered how
one head could carry such a vast knowledge.10
The Kautilyan state may be perceived as a state intervening, regulating and participating
in socio - economic activities as well as monitoring over private enterprises undue
pro"t motive, standardized weights and measure, "xed prices and prevention of fraud.
The sphere of the activity of the state extended not only up to the maintenance of the
constitution but also to the maintenance, protection, preservation and promotion of a
social order. It is the duty of the state to provide the common good. The term is the
symbol of governance. Attainment of good governance entails that the objectives of the
state are ful"lled and realized. This is possible through properly organized and guided
administration. This principle is relevant even today. A government is good, if it is
administered well. Kautilya suggests that good governance should avoid extremeness
both in decisions and actions. Soft actions (Sam, Dam) and hard actions (Dand, Bhed)
should be taken accordingly. Kautilya opines in a most modern way - Sovereignty
is practicable only with the cooperation of others and all administrative measures
are to be taken after proper deliberations. The King and ministers were supposed to
observe strict discipline. He recommended a strict code of conduct for himself and
his administrators. Kautilya has seriously considered the problem of corruption. He
has listed, in the Arthashastra, about forty ways of embezzling government funds.
However, Kautilya is very practical about the problem of corruption. Kautilya feels
that it is as dif"cult to discover the honesty or otherwise of an of"cer as it is to "nd
out whether or not it was the "sh that drank the water.11
The principles of the administration of the state enunciated in Kautilyas Arthashastra
about 2300 years ago, bear resemblance with the modern day concept of welfare state in
respect of ideology, ideals, functions, tasks, duties, socio-administrative organizations,
etc. The principles and policies of government and administration "nd a large place
10 See: R. Shamashastry the scholar who discovered Arthashastra -B.M.N. Murthy, India. Also
visit www
11 See: Summary on Kautilyas Arthashastra: Its Contemporary RelevancePublshied by Indian
Merchants Chamber (2004).

193

in the canvas of Kautilyas political thought. The very "rst lesson on royal duties
prescribes for the king to acquire conquest of his own self, to avoid caprice, deceit
and greed, to display intelligence, skill and self-restraint, to act with deliberation and
so forth. Kings complete merger of his interests in those of his subjects as well as
the concept of a welfare- state with its two fold objective of freedom of its members
from fear and from want, mark the setting up of the basic tenets good governance. The
king is advised to constantly adopt the behavior of a pregnant women: as the mother
disregarding her own likes seeks the good of the child in her womb, so should the king
behave towards his subjects; the righteous king should constantly behave so as to give
up what is dear to him for the sake of what is bene"cial to his people. In this respect,
Arthashastra de"nes the Hindu concept of common good that should be carried out
by a king in which good of all and everyone should be made available.
Arthashastra discusses in detail the principle of righteousness of the temporal ruler
or political righteousness. Principles and policies of government involving the
conception of a welfare state and that of the rulers complete identi"cation with his
subjects have been incorporated in the scheme of things by Kautilya, thereby, providing
for subordination of the wealth to virtue. Justifying the application of righteousness
in the affairs of government, declaring righteousness to be the essence of kingship,
Arthashastra elaborates how kings attitude towards this principle is attended with
profound repercussion on the individual and the community through its in!uence upon
physical environment. Arthashastra explains the principle of political righteousness
in such a way so as to involve not only the kings high moral quali"cation and his
fullest protection of his subjects, but also his selection of quali"ed ministers and
his application of foreign policy on the principle of expediency. Just application of
danda, (a coercive authority of the temporal ruler) may also lead him towards good
governance. Arthashastra conceives danda to be the surest and the most universal
means of ensuring public security as well as the stability of the social order, while it
contemplates the universal application of danda irrespective of the offenders rank
and status.
In Arthashastra of Kautilya, we "nd the fullest and the most systematic treatment of the
ancient theory of government. It deals with topics such as the relation of the king to the
other factors of the state structure, the scheme of the princes training on the basis of
simultaneous development of his intellect and character, the recruitment and selection
of the of"cials, the technique of a kings consultation with his ministers founded on
a clear analysis of the value and requisites of counsel, and "nally, the organization
of the civil and the military administration based upon such considerations as the
tendency of power to breed corruption and the danger of a uni"ed military command
from the standpoint of external security.

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Aspects of disciplined life and code of conduct are essential features of good
governance. This sets a model for others to follow, as prescribed in Arthashastra.
Kings guidance and watch over administration is yet another constituent of good
governance. This ensures peoples welfare. The civil servants, like greedy children,
need to be watched and guided so that they do not become sel"sh to the people but
be responsive and responsible to the people. Administrative competence of king and
his ministers as suggested by Kautilya also leads to good governance. In other side of
western governance, we have been following; there are lot of principles that theoretical
oriented rather than practical one. These are very few that come from empirical basis.
Those they are good and can be applicable where system is exist. The writer argues
in this regard that Katilyas Arthashastra guide line is more feasible and can easily
applied with minor change in the areas of voice, transparency and accountability .
Similarly, this guideline comes from empirical testing and can apply with low cost.
The King emphasis to maintain the governance with holistic concept is one of prime
factor for modern governance.
6. Conclusion
Kautilyas system of governance was quite modern in concept and contemporary
in operational guidelines. To this day, therefore, quite naturally, his percepts and
writings have attracted the attention of not only the academic researchers but also
many present day thinkers, administrative observers and political leaders, just as
the philosophy, tenets, advice and suggestions contained in the two ancient epics,
Ramayana and Mahabharata, have substantial relevance even today in terms of basic
principles of statecraft and governance. We "nd that the most of the basic features
of modern day concept of good governance, responsiveness of the government,
ef"ciency of administration, well being and prosperity of the people, overall
development of the political community, good quality of life, ethical up wardness
and economic af!uence have got prominent place in the thought process and
administrative structures postulated by Kautilyas Arthashastra. Last but not least, if
we integrated both conceptual aspect from western and application technique from
kautilyas Arthashastra, the level of performance will be effective and enhance the
well-being of people. This might be one of prime concern of planner and academic
society. The primary objective of state is to provide the happiness to the citizen. All
other goals are complimentary and secondary. This not only shows the great concern
of the philosopher for the well being of people but also brings forward the academic
society at large.

195

References:
Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar (2005), Indian Ideal of Good Governance: Revisiting
Kautilys Arthasharth: Dynamic of Administration, Lucknow, Vol. XVII, No.1-2, JanDec.2005, pp.1-16.
Charles Waldauer, William j.Zahka and Surendra Pal (1996), A Neglected Precursor
to classical Economics, Indian Economic Journal, Vol.XXXI, No.1, 1996, pp, 101108.
TM Accountable Asia (2006), History of Accounting, India issue-7, Jan-March, 2006.
Translated by R. Shamasastry,(1915), Kautilya Arthashastra, Bangalore:
Government Press.
Kaufmann,Daniel,Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi,(2010), Worldwide
Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues, The world Bank
Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth Team , Policy Research
Working Paper 5430,Washington ,D.C.
World Public Sector Report, (2008), People Matter Civil Engagement in Public
Governance, United Nation, New York.
Ministry of Law and Justice,(2008), Good Governance ( Operation and
Management) Act, Kathmandu, The Government of Nepal.

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Role of Community Forestry Management

in Nepal for Tackling Climate Change
Issue: Some Observations
Mrs Yashoda Acharya Ka#e*
Abstract
The current global issue is global warming and has becoming global challenge.
Nepal is also the part of problem. At na!on level, government of Nepal is
also formula!ng plans/ strategy to combat the challenges in every sector of
development ac!vi!es. The Community Forest Program is working in the manner
of sustainable development in forest management sector of Nepal, which is
considerable e#ort to combat the challenge of global warming.

Introduction
Climate change issues have been revealing a greatest challenged faced by contemporary
society. The effects of climate change on everyone and everywhere may feel differ
but in long period of time it would be devastating and dangerous for the mankind
and nature also. Realizing the reality, this issue has gating attention on worldwide
basis. Climate change is probably greatest challenge faced by mankind in the human
history. changed pattern and quantity of precipitation in concert with temperature
extremes manifests itself in a number of catastrophic outcomes like drought, slides,
snowmelt, !oods, agricultural productivity loss, and upsurge in diseases which impact
both the natural and human systems alike (IPCC, 2007). The Inter-governmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment report clearly indicates that
anthropogenic activities have accelerated the process of global climate change.
Increasing Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emission has contributed to increase in the
atmospheric temperature, resulting in location-speci"c impacts. There have been
changes in rainfall patterns (high, low, and intensive rainfall) and seasons due to
climate change. These have direct and indirect impacts on water resources, agriculture,
forests and biodiversity, health, infrastructure development, tourism, and livelihoods.
Recognizing this, the international community is actively engaged in minimizing the
current effects and likely future adverse impacts through effective implementation of

* Associate Professor, Public Administration Campus, Tribhuvan University

197

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provisions.

The impacts of climate change are vulnerable in least developed, landlocked, and
mountainous countries. Nepal is also highly affected by climate change. It has been
an urgent necessary to address the issue of climate change by formulating a policy and
implementing relevant programs to minimize the existing effects and likely impacts in
different ecological regions from the southern plains to the middle hills and to the high
Himalayan mountains in the north and their peoples, livelihoods, and ecosystems.
Issue of Climate change
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) de"nes
climate change;- #a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to
human activity that alters the composition of global atmosphere (UNFCCC, 1992).
Climate change is a natural phenomenon. Anthropogenic climate change has
been accelerated by the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), primarily from
industrialization, deforestation and increased use of fossil fuels for transport (www.
ministry of environment, 03 March, 2011).
Green House Gases (GHGs) and their sources
According to literature Greenhouse Gases are the main sources in climate change
issues. Therefore to have knowledge about the sources of GHGs and mitigation
measures against climate change will be useful to minimize the problem. Burning fossil
fuels produces greenhouse gases, burning trees and grasses also produces greenhouse
gases. Cultivating the soils after deforestation further contributes the climate change
as cultivation oxidizes 25-30% of the organic matter in the upper layer of soil and
releases carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Forests also emit greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere when they are logged, of which, some end up as wood products. The
forest vegetation once ends up as waste and when the waste decays, carbon is released
into the atmosphere. Planting trees and restoring forests reverse the !ux of carbon in
the cycle, withdrawing carbon from the atmosphere and accumulating it again in the
soils and vegetation through photosynthesis. This is the gist of carbon cycle. (Yadav
and Mandal 2066)
Human induced activities are responsible for the production of GHGs emission.
There are six compounds of the GHGs and their sources are related to industries as
well as land use. Which as shown in the following table;Green House Gases and their Sources
Green House Gas
Carbon dioxide (CO2)

198

Industrial Source

Land Use Source

Fossil fuel combus!on, cement Deforesta!on and degrada!on

manufacturing

Methane (CH4)

Land$lls, coal mining, natural gas Conversion of wetland, Rice $eld,

produc!on
Livestock
Fossil fuel combus!on Nitric acid Fer!lizer use Burning of biomass
Nitrous oxide N2O
produc!on
Hydrofluorocarbons Industrial/ manufacturing process
_
(HFCs)
Per*uorocarbons (PFCs) Industrial/ manufacturing process
_
Sulphur
(SF6)

transmission
hexa*uoride Electrical
Distribu!on systems

and

Carbondioxide is mainly released from fossil fuel combustion and cement

manufacturing as well as deforestation and degradation. Likewise, the main sources of
methane are land"lls, coal mining and natural gas production as well as conservation
of wetlands, and paddy "eld and livestock production. Similarly, nitrous oxide is
produced from fossil fuel combustion and nitric acid production as well as fertilizer
use and livestock production. Moreover, hydro!uorocarbons and per!uorocarbons
are generated from industrial process manufacturing while sulphur hexa!uoride is
emitted by the electrical transmission and distribution systems (UNFCCC, 1992).
Impact of Green House Gases
Climate change due to increasing concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) is a
blazing global issue. Studies have shown that the disproportionately vulnerable
groups from climate change will be developing countries; tropical regions, resource
poor households, and low lying island areas. People will need to cope/adapt to
climate change effects which often involve considerable investment. Since the poor
households "nd it dif"cult to muster enough resources for adaptation, they are likely
to witness worsening livelihood.
There are various adverse impacts of climate change for human beings as well as
natural !ora and fauna as a consequence of global warming. IPCC has listed some
global impacts in the 20th century as follows; Global temperatures increased by 0.70c ;
Mean Sea level rose by 17 cm;
Northern Hemisphere sow cover declined by 7 %;
Melting of glaciers and ice sheets around the world has accelerated;
More droughts and other extreme weather events are occurring;
Warmer ocean surface waters are fueling an increase in the intensity of Atlantic
hurricanes;
Warmer seas have caused coral bleaching and extensive death of coral reefs in the

199

Carribean and the South Paci"c;

Warmer temperatures and changing rainfall have shifted vegetation in tropical,
temperate, and boreal ecosystems towards polar and equatorial regions and up
mountain slopes;
The alteration of seasons has changed the timing of life cycle events of plants and
animals. Many plants are !owering earlier in the spring and some species of birds
and other wildlife have changed migration and other seasonal behavior;
Climate change has lifted the cloud deck in Central American montage forests,
causing a fungus infection that has driven 75 amphibian species to extinction
(IPCC, 2007).

Impact of Climate Change in Nepal

The government of Nepal has analyzed the impact of climate change in this way;
Nepal has experienced an average maximum annual temperature increase of 0.060c.
This rate of increase is higher in the mountains than the other regions. Despite having
only 0.4 percent of the total global population and being responsible for only 0.025
percent of total GHG emissions in the world, Nepal will be affected disproportionately,
especially from increasing atmospheric temperature. Changes in the annual rainfall
cycle, intense rainfall and longer droughts have been observed. Similarly, both days
and nights are presently warmer. The number of days with 100 mm of heavy rainfall
is increasing. The timing and duration of rainfall is changing. As glaciers recede from
rapid snow and ice melting, glacier lakes are expanding. The adverse impacts of
climate change have been noticed in agriculture and food security, water resources,
forests, and biodiversity, health, tourism and infrastructures. Climate induced disasters
and other effects have caused damages and losses to life, property and livelihoods.
Millions of Nepalese are estimated to be at risk to climate change. In the past 90
years, a glacier in the Sagarmatha region has receded 330 feet vertically. Because of
glacier melting, new glacier lakes have formed. Although there will be an increase
in river !ows until 2030, this is projected to decrease signi"cantly by the end of this
century. The problems arising due to climate change are increasing over the years.
(www.ministry of environment 2011 )
In Nepal, the climate change effects are becoming increasing visible in the form of
rising day and night time minimum temperature, shift of Monsoon season, extended
period of droughts, intense rainfall causing high !oods and landslides, declining water
!ows in streams and rivers, etc. In spatial terms, Terai region can be considered to be
more vulnerable because this region will have to bear not only its own consequences
of climate change, but also that of the hills and mountains in the form of !oods and silt
deposits. Crop yields are expected to decline in Terai. Mountain region will witness
temporary relief in the form of reduced crop growing season and increased yields.

200

Hills will encounter mixed effects. The agricultural policies have to make necessary
provisions to enhance the capacity of various regions to cope/adapt to the respective
climate change effects. Particular attention must be paid to water control projects
(irrigation, drainage, river embankments, etc.).
Past Efforts of Nepal in Climate Change Issues
Nepal prepared the initial National Communication in 2004 (B.S.2061) and shared
with the parties through the Convention Secretariat. Between 1996 and 2006, the
then ministry of Population and Environment (now the Ministry of Environment) was
the designated focal point to implement the provisions of the UNFCCC. The then
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology (now Ministry of Environment) was
entrusted as the Designated National Authority (DNA) to promote the development
of projects for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). A few public awareness
raising programs were organized during this period. Similarly, the 2003 Sustainable
Development Agenda for Nepal and the 2001 Millennium Development Goals
initiatives have also addressed the issue of climate change to a certain extent.
Between 2007 and 2009, in the process of implementing the Convention, Nepal has:
(i) prepared the action plan related to capacity building under the National Capacity
Needs Self Assessment Project in order to implement the Rio Conventions (Climate
Change, Deserti"cation and Biological Diversity); (ii) issued CDM projects-approval
processes and procedures to bene"t from the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol; (iii)
started preparing the National Adaptation Program of Action Plan (NAPA); (iv)
started preparing the Second National Communication (SNC); and (v) implemented a
project on strengthening capacity for managing climate change and the environment.
Prior to the 15th Session of the Conference of the Parties(COP 15) to the UNFCCC,
held in Copenhegen in 2009, the Government of Nepal organized a Cabinet
Meeting at Kalapatthar, near the base camp of the Mount Everest, and issued the
Kalapatthar Declaration. In addition, the South Asian Regional Climate Conference
from Kathmandu to Copenhagen was held and a Memorandum of Understanding
was signed by 14 donors and development partners to support Nepal on climate
change activities. A status paper for COP 15 was also prepared. In July 2009, a 25members Climate Change Council, including eight experts, was constituted under
the Chairmanship of Right Honorable Prime Minister. Similarly, the right honorable
Prime Minister, during COP 15, stressed the need for addressing the impact of climate
change in the mountains, and that decisions and negotiations of the Convention must
consider this issue very seriously. From this, climate change appeared in 2009 as
national development agenda. In addition, the Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007) and
Three-Year Interim Plan (2008-2010) have also addressed the issue of environmental
management and climate change.

201

The government of Nepal established the Climate Change Management Division in

the Ministry of Environment (MOE) in the "rst quarter of 2010. The MOE prepared
the National Adaptation Program of Action, which was endorsed by the Government
on 28 September 2010. Local Adaptation Plans of Action (LAPAs) are being prepared
to implement adaptation programs. In the process of implementing the statement
made by Right Honorable Prime Minister during COP 15, the Mountain Alliance
Initiative has been launched, international expert consultations were organized, and
relevant reports were prepared. To coordinate climate change activities and implement
collaborative programs, a multi-stakeholder Climate Change Initiatives Coordination
Committee (MCCICC) has been formed with representation from relevant ministries
and institutions, international and national nongovernment organizations, academia,
private sector, and donors. Similarly, with a policy to make the countrys economy
and infrastructure climate-resilient, the National Planning Commission has initiated
climate-resilient planning tools in the "scal year 2010-11. It is evident that institutional,
collaborative and programmatic activities have been expanded to address the issue of
climate change in recent years. Efforts to mobilize funds to implement the programs
on climate change are under way. In addition, private sector and civil society continued
to organize programs and activities to raise public awareness and promote adaptation
and use of renewable energy. (www.minisrty of environment 2011)
Concept of Community Forestry Program
The concept of community forestry emerged in response to the increasing rate of
deforestation and forestland degradation in the Third World. Indeed, it was
recognized that these problems were interrelated and actually exacerbated by
traditional approaches to forestry where little attention was given to relationships
between foresters and the rural poor. (Gilmour and Fisher 1991) FAO observed that
up until the late 1970s at least, the relationship between foresters and rural populations
was often bad, as the main task of foresters was policing forests reserved for timber
production to prevent the incursion of local people in search of fuelwood, fodder and
other forest products. They also noted that governments in developing countries had
tended to nationalize forest land for similar region. (FAO 1983). In the late 1970s
when international attention began to focus on basic needs and the problem of rural
development in the Third World, it was recognized that, in addition to its industrial
role, forestry had two important roles to play- to provide forest products and trees
for rural people who no longer had access to them, and to "nd ways of increasing
the bene"ts of the forest resource to the local people who lived in or near forests
(Gilmour and "sher 1991). According to the literature Community Forestry program
was demanded by the then situation of forest resource governance sector of the world.
Mobilization of forest resource through industrial product could not provide the
bene"t to neighboring community. Therefore, Community forestry was introduced

202

for the bene"t of neighboring community through their active participation for forest
management sector.
Community forestry was initially de"ned, by FAO, as any situation which intimately
involves local people in a forestry activity. It embraces a spectrum of situations
ranging from woodlots in areas which are short of wood and other forest products for
local needs, through the growing of trees at the farm level to provide cash crops and
the processing of forest products at the household, artisan or small industry level to
generate income, to the activities of forest dwelling communities (FAO 1978).
Role of Community Forestry Management in Nepal for Tackling Climate
Change Issue
Literature has shown that Community forestry program was emerged in response to
the increasing rate of deforestation and forestland degradation in the Third World.
The then situation was not differing in Nepal also. In Nepal, the community forestry
program was launched in 1977 with the international support. One of the main
early projects was the World Bank funded Hill Community Forestry Project, which
operated in 38 hill districts. Thereafter this program has been working for utilization,
conservation, protection, and management of forest resource at local level. According
to the CF division, (2009) now the coverage of community forestry program has been
reached in 74 districts and now 14,439 community forest users groups are formed,
and 1, 659,775 households are involving for 1,229,669 hector forest management of
Nepal.
There are many Programs and activities running under community forestry program.
The program and activities of the projects may differ one to another. Program and
activities are selected by the community users groups according to their need.
According to community forestry division these are the activities of community
forestry program;1) Forest development activities, ( plantation, weeding, nursery construction nursery
maintenance, seedling production, casualty replacement, (2) Forest Protection
activities, (3) Forest silvicultural activities (4) Forest utilization program (5) Income
generating program (6) Soil conservation program (7) Institutional development
program (8) Training, work-shop program (9) Community development program
Forest development activities, Forest Protection activities, Forest silvicultural
activities, Forest utilization program and Soil conservation program are the activities
for sustainable forest management. These activities will be supportive to minimize the
climate change issues. Karki and Banskota have said, the community-managed forest

203

has been playing a crucial role to reduce and control deforestation and degradation.
Once the forest is handed over to the local communities, they manage the stock to reduce
degradation and deforestation. The transformation of responsibility of management
from government to the users has helped to restore the forest and also to reduce the
GHGs emission.(Karki and Banskota,2007) The management of forests by the people
has contributed signi"cantly in reducing CO2 emission in the same manner as that by
afforestation and reforestation projects, it has not been recognized for eligibility under
the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) support.(Skutsch et.al., 2003) Yadav and
Mandal have said, planting trees and restoring forests reverse the !ux of carbon in
the cycle, withdrawing carbon from the atmosphere and accumulating it again in the
soils and vegetation through photosynthesis.(Mandal and Yadav 2066) According to
these reality Community forestry program is playing a crucial role for tackling climate
change issue.
Conclusion
Excessive carbon release in atmosphere, whether through production or unlocking is
the major cause of global climate change caused by warming. This can be overcome
through more oxygen release in the atmosphere for which major activities can be
forest plantations and maintenance/management to lock carbon within bio-mass. In
this respect, the successful experience of community forestry in the country can be of
relevance.
Nepal, because of its low industrial base has not been a contributor to the issue of
global climate change. Instead, Nepal can gain from carbon trading through the
compensatory effects through community forestry, bio-gas promotion, etc. The global
issue of climate change can thus be a resource earning opportunity for Nepal through
carbon trade.
References
FAO, 1978, Forestry for Local Community Development. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 7,
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome
FAO, 1983, Forests trees and people. FAO Forestry Topics Report, no. 2, Food and
Agricultural of the United Nations, Rome
Fisher, R. J., and Gilmour, D.A., 1991, Villagers, Forests and Foresters; The
Philosophy, Process and Practice of Community Forestry in Nepal: Sahayogi Press.
Kathmandu, Nepal

204

Karki, Bhaskar., and Banskota, Kamal., 2007, A Case Study of Community-managed Forest
in Lamatar, Nepal Reducing Carbon Emissions through Community-managed Forests in
the Himalaya, ISBN978-02-9115-058-8
Mandal,Ram Asheshwar., and Yadav, Bechu., 2065/66, Reduced Emission Avoiding
Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Initiatives in Nepal CF Bulletin, Anka
14.Government of Nepal, Community Forestry
Devision, Babarmahal Kathmandu pp 3-17
IPCC, 2007, #Scienti!c Facts on Climate Change# from http:// www.greenfacts.org/en/climatechange-ar4/climate-changefacts.pdf
UNFCCC 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, from
http://unfccc.int/resource/ccsites/senegal/conven.htm<art1
www.ministry of environment nepal

205

De!cit Financing and Its Impact on the

Nepalese Economy
Kumar Bha"arai*
Abstract
De$cit $nancing is an important tool of the $scal policy. It is the prac!ce of $nancing
the budget de$cit. De$cit $nancing has very important place in the yearly budget
of the government of Nepal. The objec!ve of this study is to examine the impact of
de$cit $nancing on the real GDP and rate of in*a!on in Nepal. This study is based
on the secondary data. It covers the period of $scal year 1974/75 to the $scal year
2009/10. On an average, the yearly de$cit $nancing is 29.64< of the government
budget over this period of !me. Similarly, it is increasing yearly, on an average, by
19.86< over this period of !me. Among these 36 $scal years, the de$cit $nancing
has increased in most of the $scal years. Only in the $scal years 1978/79, 1989/90,
1993/94, 1994/95, 1999/00, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, and 2009/10, it has
decreased compared to previous year. On an average, de$cit $nancing is 6.06<
of the real GDP over this period of !me. In the same period of !me, the average
growth rate of real GDP is 5.35< whereas the average rate of in*a!on is 8.56<.
There are three di#erent sources of de$cit $nancing in Nepal. They are: foreign
loan, internal loan and change in reserves. The share of foreign loan seems to be
highest in the de$cit $nancing, which is followed by internal loan and then change
in reserves. With the increase in size of de$cit $nancing people are much concerned
about its impact on the economy. To study the impact of de$cit $nancing on the
real GDP and rate of in*a!on, this study employs two regression models. The
analysis of data shows that there is signi$cant linear rela!onship between de$cit
$nancing and real GDP. It has found that 1 percent increase in de$cit $nancing
increases the real GDP by 0.849 percent. The analysis shows that de$cit $nancing
accounted for 90.1< of the varia!on in real GDP. Similarly, the analysis shows that
there is not signi$cant linear rela!onship between de$cit $nancing and the rate
of in*a!on. It has found that 1 percent increase in de$cit $nancing increases the
rate of in*a!on by only 0.038 percent. The analysis shows that de$cit $nancing is
not in*a!onary in Nepal.
Keywords: Budget, De"cit "nancing, Economic development, Economic growth,
Impact of de"cit "nancing, Nepalese economy, Rate of in!ation, Real GDP

Lecturer, Patan Multiple Campus

206

Introduction
De"cit "nancing is the practice of "nancing the budget de"cit. Budget de"cit has
been chronic phenomenon in Nepal. It has important place in the yearly budget of
the government. In "scal year 2000/01, for example, budget de"cit was 5.85% of
the real GDP (MOF, 2009/10:22). It is an important tool of the "scal policy, which
in!uences the level of aggregate demand (AD), and hence the level of production and
employment. There are four components of AD: consumer spending(C), investment
spending (I), government spending (G), and net exports(X-M), where X=exports and
M=imports. De"cit "nancing in!uences G. Depending upon the level of revenue and
expenditure, government budget can be classi"ed into three categories, viz. surplus,
de"cit and balanced budget. A budget is said to be surplus, if the estimated revenue
is greater than estimated expenditure. On the other hand, it is said to be de"cit, if the
estimated expenditure is greater than the estimated revenue. Similarly, in the case of
balanced budget, estimated revenue is equal to the estimated expenditure.
There are, basically, two views regarding the government budgeting, viz. Classical
view and Keynesian view. Classical economists have advocated the balanced budget.
But, John Maynard Keynes recommended the de"cit budget, when the economy is
operating below the full employment.
Classical economists hypothesized that actual GDP automatically adjusts to the
potential GDP in the long-run. They assumed that, in the long-run wages and prices are
!exible. In such situation, wages and prices adjust until resources are fully employed.
If there is under-employment of resources, their prices fall so that production is
encouraged. In this case, production increases until potential GDP is reached. On the
other hand, if there is over-employment of resources, it increases the resource prices
so that production is discouraged. It, ultimately, eliminates the over-employment
of resources. So, due to this reason, Classical economists did not "nd the role of
counter-cyclical "scal policy. They believed that government should maintain the
balanced budget. On the other hand, Keynes believed that Classical economic theory
was inconsistent with the great depression of 1930s. Keynes offered two explanations
for the great depression: sticky prices and pessimistic expectations. Under these
conditions, the economy can experience prolonged high unemployment rates. Keynes
advocated counter-cyclical "scal policy to supplement private spending and stabilize
the economy. Thus, Keynes has advocated that budget de"cits are appropriate in the
short-run, when the economy is below the full employment (Maeconomics.webs.
com/Public_Finance/f_policy.htm).
For the most part, the theory of "scal policy has been developed with reference to
advanced economies. As such, "scal policy is oriented primarily towards the need

207

of maintaining full employment against cyclical recession. Indeed, it is the direct

outgrowth of the Keynesian theory of employment and income, and the dynamic
models built on that basis. On the basis of Keynesian analysis, de"cit spending is
advocated as one of the means of curing involuntary unemployment in advanced
economies during a period of recession or depression. In the early post-Keynesian
period, there were some who suggested Keynesian solutions to some of the problems
of underdeveloped countries, notably the problem of unemployment (Chelliah,
1976:30).
This study examines the size of de"cit "nancing, its trend, its sources and its impact
on the Nepalese economy. De"cit "nancing has important roles on the economy. First,
it helps in the capital formation of the nation. In the least developed countries (LDCs),
like Nepal the level of capital formation is very low. Capital formation plays central
role in the economic growth and development of the country. But, the governments
in LDCs lack the suf"cient amount of "nancial capital. So, in such situation, de"cit
"nancing helps to reduce the problem of de"ciency of "nancial capital to the
government. Second, it helps in the utilization of unutilized or underutilized resources.
Sometimes there may be some unutilized or underutilized resources in the nation. In
such situation, government can utilize those resources by means of de"cit "nancing.
Third, it increases the level of employment. Government gets additional resources
by means of de"cit "nancing, which can be used for the implementation of different
projects, like irrigation project, drinking water supply project, and hydroelectricity
project. All of these increase the level of employment. However, it has not only
positive effects in the economy. It may create in!ationary pressures in the economy.
In LDCs, like Nepal de"cit "nancing is popular because it is easy method of "nancing
the government budget. Due to the high level of poverty and unemployment, in such
countries, the tax base is low. Sometimes, there may be political resistance to increase
the level of tax even up to the tolerance level.
The supporters of de"cit "nancing claim that it helps in the economic development
of the country. It helps to increase the AD of the country, which ultimately increases
the level of production and hence the level of employment and living standard of
the people. With the increase in size of the de"cit "nancing, it is desirable to study
whether it has desired impact on the economy or not. But, very limited empirical
studies have been conducted to analyze the impact of de"cit "nancing on the Nepalese
economy. So, in such situation, it seems to be worthwhile to examine the impact of
de"cit "nancing on the Nepalese economy. Such study helps the future management
of the public expenditure in Nepal. It can be hoped that conclusion of this study would
have implication on the policy of the government of Nepal.

208

While studying about the impact of de"cit "nancing on the Nepalese economy, this
study has considered only two macroeconomic variables, viz., real GDP and rate of
in!ation. In other words, this study examines the impact of de"cit "nancing on the
real GDP and rate of in!ation. Both real GDP and rate of in!ation are in!uenced by
many other factors. This study does not consider those other factors. Here, the rate of
in!ation is based on the overall urban consumers price index.
Methodology of the Study
A. Nature and source of data
This study is based on the secondary data. These data were taken, basically, from
the economic survey published by ministry of "nance (MOF), government of Nepal
(GON).
B. Time frame considered
For this study, data of 36 "scal years (1974/75 to 2009/10) have been taken into
account.
C. Statistical tools and data analysis
This study employs two regression models to analyze the impact of de"cit "nancing
on the Nepalese economy. First model examines the impact of de"cit "nancing on the
real GDP whereas the second model examines the impact of de"cit "nancing on the
rate of in!ation. For the purpose of data analysis the SPSS 16.0 statistical package
has employed. The regression models are as follows:
ln RGDP = >0 + >1 ln DF
ln RINF = @0 + @1 ln DF
Where,
RGDP = Real Gross Domestic Product
DF = De"cit Financing
RINF = Rate of In!ation
>0, >1, @0, and @1 are the regression coef"cients
The overall signi"cance of regression models has tested by employing the F-statistic.
The explanatory power of the independent variable is measured by the help of
coef"cient of determination (r2). The signi"cance of regression coef"cients has tested
by the help of t-statistic.

209

Data Presentation and Analysis

A. Sources and Composition of De!cit Financing
There are three different sources of de"cit "nancing in Nepal. They are: foreign loan,
internal loan and change in reserves. The share of foreign loan seems to be highest in
the de"cit "nancing, which is followed by internal loan and then change in reserves.
Among these 36 "scal years, foreign loan is highest in 25 "scal years, whereas internal
loan is highest in 9 "scal years and change in reserves is highest in only 2 "scal years.
The data suggest that in the "scal years1980/81, 1983/84, 1986/87, 1987/88, 1990/91
and 2004/05, there is surplus in the change in reserves. On an average, the yearly
foreign loan seems to be Rs. 5,764.6 million. In the "rst- half of the study period such
average was Rs. 2,293.2 million, whereas in the second- half of the study period, it
was Rs. 9,236.0 million. Thus, in the second- half of the period, the size of foreign
loan has increased signi"cantly, i.e., by 4.03 times, on an average. The major reason
behind this is the increase in size of budget signi"cantly in the second- half period.
But, unfortunately, with the increase in size of budget, the revenue collection of the
government was not so satisfactory. So, the question arises whether the borrowed
money was used ef"ciently. Similarly, on an average, the yearly internal loan seems
to be Rs. 5,049.1 million. Such average, for the "rst- half of the study period was Rs.
1,146.5 million, whereas in the second- half of the study period, it was Rs. 8,951.7
million. Thus, in case of internal loan also, the size is larger in the second- half of the
period. In the second- half, the size of internal loan increased by 7.81 times, on an
average. It shows the increasing role of internal loan in the de"cit "nancing. On an
average, the yearly change in reserves seems to be Rs. 1,958.4 million. Such average,
on the "rst- half of the period was Rs. 300.5 million, which in the second- half of the
period increased to Rs. 3,616.2 million. Thus, the size of change in reserves increased
signi"cantly, i.e., by 12.03 times in the second-half period.
Since 2005/06, the share of the internal loan seems to be dominating over foreign
loan and change in reserves. Such type of shift to the internal loan may be due to the
decreased access to the foreign loan. Higher dependency on the internal loan compared
to the foreign loan may increase the debt servicing obligation to the government.
It is because the conditions attached to the foreign loan of Nepal have been quite
favourable and most of the foreign loan has been "nanced in the form of long-term
grants from various international institutions. The interest rate on the internal loan has
been greater than the interest rate on the foreign loan. During the last two decades, the
average interest rate of external debt was 1.38% and that of internal loan was 5.94%
(Rhee, 2005:3).

210

Table 1: Sources and composition of De"cit Financing

Fiscal Year
1974/75
1975/76
1976/77
1977/78
1978/79
1979/80
1980/81
1981/82
1982/83
1983/84
1984/85
1985/86
1986/87
1987/88
1988/89
1989/90
1990/91
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
Average

Sources of De$cit Financing(Rs. in ten million)

Foreign loan

Internal loan

Change in reserves

10.40
10.00
1.85
14.59
20.00
9.21
16.43
30.00
15.06
38.18
24.00
0.45
39.02
20.00
1.92
53.49
18.00
7.02
69.33
25.00
-13.91
72.99
50.00
45.86
98.58
100
106.17
167.09
157.68
-9.63
175.49
179.99
0.00
250.11
140.34
7.52
270.58
164.47
-9.75
381.58
113.00
-26.80
566.64
133.00
155.11
595.96
215.00
29.68
625.67
455.27
-15.43
681.69
207.88
236.60
692.09
162.00
341.51
916.36
182.00
63.94
731.23
190.00
133.54
946.39
220.00
216.03
904.36
300.00
231.83
1105.45
340.00
332.33
1185.24
471.00
142.90
1181.22
550.00
35.48
1204.40
700.00
514.41
769.87
800.00
724.19
454.64
888.00
301.08
762.90
560.78
259.14
926.61
893.81
-15.77
821.43
1183.42
473.11
1005.35
1789.23
214.59
897.99
2049.64
393.04
996.89
1841.71
2141.87
1122.34
2991.40
6.00
576.46
504.91
195.84
Source: Economic Survey: Fiscal Year 2010/11, Ministry of Finance, GON

211

B. Trend and Growth of De!cit Financing

The share of three sources of de"cit "nancing has shown in table 1. Among these
36 "scal years, the de"cit "nancing has increased in most of the "scal years. Only
in the "scal years 1978/79, 1989/90, 1993/94, 1994/95, 1999/00, 2001/02, 2002/03,
2003/04, and 2009/10, it has decreased compared to previous year. Table 2 shows the
trend and growth rate of de"cit "nancing over the period of 1974/75-2009/10. There is
very high level of !uctuations in the growth rate of de"cit "nancing, i.e. -28.35% (in
2002/03) to 109.96% (in 1981/82). On an average, the yearly de"cit "nancing seems
to be Rs. 12,772.0 million. In the "rst- half of the period, such average was Rs. 3,740.2
million, whereas in the second- half of the period, it was Rs. 21,803.9 million. Thus,
in the second- half of the period, the size of de"cit "nancing increased signi"cantly,
i.e., by 482.96%. The reason behind this change in the size of de"cit "nancing is the
increase in the size of the government budget. Over the passage of time, the demand
for education facility, health facility, and so on, is increasing, which is increasing the
government expenditure. In the absence of suf"cient revenue collection, government
is forced to resort to the de"cit "nancing. Similarly, the average growth rate of the
de"cit "nancing seems to be 19.86%. In the "rst- half of the period, it was 30.39%
whereas in the second- half of the period, it was only 9.91%. Thus, the growth rate
of de"cit "nancing decreased signi"cantly in the second- half of the period. The
growth rate of the de"cit "nancing was !uctuating in very high degree in the "rst- half
compared to the second- half of the period.
Table 2: Trend and growth rate of de"cit "nancing
Fiscal Year
1974/75
1975/76
1976/77
1977/78
1978/79
1979/80
1980/81
1981/82
1982/83
1983/84
1984/85
1985/86
1986/87
1987/88
1988/89
1989/90

212

De$cit $nancing(Rs. in ten million)

22.25
43.80
61.49
62.63
60.94
78.51
80.42
168.85
304.75
315.14
355.48
397.97
425.30
467.78
854.75
840.64

Growth rate of de$cit $nancing (%)

96.85
40.39
1.85
-2.70
28.83
2.43
109.96
80.48
3.41
12.80
11.96
6.87
9.99
82.72
-1.65

1990/91
1991/92
1992/93
1993/94
1994/95
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
Average

1065.51
1126.17
1195.60
1162.30
1054.77
1382.42
1436.19
1777.78
1799.14
1766.70
2418.81
2294.06
1643.72
1582.82
1804.65
2477.96
3009.17
3340.67
4980.47
4119.74
1277.20

26.75
5.69
6.16
-2.78
-9.25
31.06
3.89
23.78
12.01
-1.80
36.92
-5.16
-28.35
-3.70
14.01
37.31
21.44
11.02
49.08
-17.28
19.86

Source: Economic Survey: Fiscal Year 2010/11, Ministry of Finance, GON

C. De!cit Financing and Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The de"cit "nancing-real GDP (DF/RGDP) ratio is !uctuating over the time. However,
this !uctuation is not signi"cant. Thus, the data suggest that the de"cit "nancing
seems to be relatively small and manageable in Nepal. On an average, it is 6.06% of
the GDP, which is not signi"cant. In the "rst- half of the study period, the average
DF/RGDP ratio was 6.16%, whereas in the second- half of the period, it was 5.97%.
Thus, in the second- half of the period, DF/RGDP ratio has decreased slightly.
The de"cit "nancing- budget (DF/Budget) ratio is also !uctuating over the time. It was
lowest, i.e., 14.70% in the "scal year 1974/75, whereas it was maximum in the "scal
year 1988/89, i.e., 47.47%. On an average, it was 29.64% over the period of time. In
the "rst- half of the period, it was 33.25%, whereas in the second- half of the period
it was 26.03%. The data suggests that in the recent years, such ratio is decreasing.
It should be noted that, in the recent years, the size of budget is in increasing trend.
This also shows that the de"cit "nancing in Nepal, to some extent, is manageable. So,
government is not in huge problem to "nance its yearly expenditure.

213

The average growth rate of de"cit "nancing is 19.86%. Such growth rate in "rst- half
of the study period was 30.39%, whereas in the second- half period, it was 9.91%.
Thus, there was large difference between the average growth rates of de"cit "nancing
in these two periods. On the other hand, in the same period of time, the average growth
rate of real GDP was 5.35%. In the "rst- half of the period, it was 6.62%, whereas in
the second- half, it was only 4%. Thus, there is imbalance between the growth rate of
de"cit "nancing and growth rate of real GDP. In both periods, the average growth rate
of real GDP is less than the average growth rate of de"cit "nancing. Such difference
between two average growth rates was relatively higher in the "rst half compared to
the second half of the period. Thus, the difference between average growth rate of
de"cit "nancing and real GDP decreased in the second half of the period. However,
the average growth rate of real GDP is at low level in the second half of the period.
Table 3: De"cit Financing, Real GDP, and Rate of in!ation
De$cit
$nancing
Fiscal year
(Rs. in ten
million)
1974/75
22.25
1975/76
43.80
1976/77
61.49
1977/78
62.63
1978/79
60.94
1979/80
78.51
1980/81
80.42
1981/82
168.85
1982/83
304.75
1983/84
315.14
1984/85
355.48
1985/86
397.97
1986/87
425.30
1987/88
467.78
1988/89
854.75
1989/90
840.64
1990/91
1065.51
1991/92
1126.17
1992/93
1195.60
1993/94
1162.30
1994/95
1054.77
1995/96
1382.42
1996/97
1436.19
1997/98
1777.78

214

Growth
Real GDP
Growth rate
DF/RGDP DF/Budget
rate of
(Rs. in ten
of de$cit
(<)
(<)
real GDP
million)
$nancing (<)
(<)
1657.10
1.34
14.70
7
1730.00
2.53
22.90
96.85
4.2
1782.20
3.45
26.39
40.39
2.9
1860.70
3.37
23.41
1.85
4.2
1904.80
3.20
20.18
-2.70
2.3
1860.60
4.22
22.62
28.83
-2.4
2015.80
3.99
19.65
2.43
7.7
2092.00
8.07
31.49
109.96
3.6
2029.70
15.01
43.67
80.48
-3.1
2226.20
14.16
42.37
3.41
8.8
4444.10
8.00
42.35
12.80
49.9
4651.20
8.56
40.62
11.96
4.5
4742.70
8.97
36.94
6.87
1.9
14840.50 3.15
33.16
9.99
7.0
15647.80 5.46
47.47
82.72
5.2
16389.30 5.13
42.74
-1.65
4.5
17490.80 6.09
45.24
26.75
6.3
18337.10 6.14
42.63
5.69
4.6
18878.00 6.33
38.70
6.16
2.9
20439.70 5.69
34.60
-2.78
7.6
20997.60 5.02
27.00
-9.25
2.7
22193.00 6.23
29.70
31.06
5.4
23304.00 6.16
28.31
3.89
4.8
24081.60 7.38
31.70
23.78
3.2

Rate of
in*a!on
(<)
16.5
-0.6
2.6
11.4
3.4
9.3
13.6
10.6
14.0
6.3
4.0
15.9
13.4
10.9
8.3
9.7
9.7
21.1
8.8
9.0
7.7
8.1
8.1
8.3

1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
Average

1799.14
1766.70
2418.81
2294.06
1643.72
1582.82
1804.65
2477.96
3009.17
3340.67
4980.46
4119.74
1277.20

25175.80
26709.60
41342.90
41409.10
42969.90
44865.40
46316.50
48043.50
49365.10
52226.00
54290.301
56204.402
21514.31

7.15
6.61
5.85
5.54
3.83
3.53
3.90
5.16
6.10
6.40
9.17
7.33
6.06

30.20
26.66
30.30
28.65
19.57
19.57
17.70
17.60
22.35
22.52
20.70
22.67
29.64

12.01
-1.80
36.92
-5.16
-28.35
-3.70
14.01
37.31
21.44
11.02
49.08
-17.28
19.86

4.3
5.7
0.2
3.8
4.4
3.2
3.7
2.8
5.8
4.0
3.5
5.35

11.4
3.5
2.4
2.9
4.8
4.0
4.5
8.0
6.4
7.7
13.2
9.43
8.56

Source: Economic Survey: Fiscal Year 2009/10, Ministry of Finance, GON

To examine the impact of de"cit "nancing on the real GDP, a regression model has
developed. In this model, the real GDP has regressed on the de"cit "nancing. The
estimated regression model is:
ln RGDP = 3.875 + 0.849 ln DF
Se
= (0.319) (0.048)
t
= (12.146) (17.636)
r2
= 0.899
F
= 311.022
The overall regression model is highly signi"cant at 5% level of signi"cance. Thus,
there is signi"cant linear relationship between de"cit "nancing and real GDP. The
regression coef"cient of 0.849 means that if the de"cit "nancing increases by 1
percent, the level of real GDP increases by 0.849 percent. The r2 value of 0.901 shows
that de"cit "nancing accounted for 90.1% of the variation in real GDP in Nepal over
the period 1974-2009.
D. De!cit Financing and In"ation
Here, the rate of in!ation is based on the overall urban consumers price index. There
seems to be !uctuation in the rate of in!ation over the time, i.e., from -0.6% to 21.1%.
Among these 36 "scal years, there is de!ation in only one year, i.e., in "scal year
1975/76, which is 0.6%. In the rest of the years, there is in!ation. The highest rate
of in!ation was in the "scal year 1991/92. On an average, the rate of in!ation in this
period was 8.56%. In the "rst-half of the period, it was 10.01% whereas in the secondhalf of the period, it was 7.12%. Thus, on an average, the rate of in!ation is decreasing
in the second-half of the period compared to the "rst-half of the period. However, it

215

is still at high level. The major reasons behind the high rate of in!ation in Nepal may
be increase in price of raw materials, shortage of energy-lack of suf"cient electricity
supply, increased price of petroleum, lack of suf"cient supply of goods and services
in the market, and so on.
To study the impact of de"cit "nancing on the rate of in!ation, a regression model
has employed, where the rate of in!ation was regressed on the de"cit "nancing. The
estimated regression model is:
ln RINF = 1.728+ 0.038 ln DF
Se
= (0.538) (0.081)
t
= (3.213) (0.465)
2
r
= 0.006
F
= 0.216
The overall regression model is statistically insigni"cant at 5% level of signi"cance.
So, there is not signi"cant linear relationship between the de"cit "nancing and rate
of in!ation. The regression coef"cient of 0.038 means that if the de"cit "nancing
increases by 1 percent, the rate of in!ation increases by 0.038 percent. The r2 value
of 0.006 shows that de"cit "nancing accounted for 0.6% of variation in the rate of
in!ation in Nepal over the period of 1974-2009.
Conclusion
The study shows signi"cant linear relationship between de"cit "nancing and the real
GDP. On an average, 1 percent increase in de"cit "nancing increases the real GDP
by 0.849 percent. Similarly, de"cit "nancing is accounted for 90.1% variation in
real GDP. So, to increase the growth rate of the economy, de"cit "nancing has very
important role. De"cit "nancing, by means of capital formation, helps to increase the
productive capacity of the economy. Similarly, it also increases the aggregate demand
of the economy, which encourages the production of goods and services. So, it can be
said that if there is de"cit in the budget, and this de"cit is to "nance the developmental
activities, it can contribute the economic growth and development of the nation. But, if
the increased de"cit goes to the administrative expenditure, it may not have signi"cant
positive impact on the growth and development of the economy. For LDCs, like Nepal
de"cit "nancing is, to some extent, forced choice because on one hand governments
responsibility on health, education, development of infrastructure is increasing and on
the other hand, its revenue collection is not so satisfactory.
The analysis of data also shows that de"cit "nancing has very limited impact on the
in!ation. Study shows that 1 percent increase in de"cit "nancing increases the rate
of in!ation by only 0.038 percent. It is a good situation that de"cit "nancing is not
in!ationary in Nepal. In the recent years, Nepal is experiencing high rate of in!ation.

216

But, study shows that this high rate of in!ation is not, basically, due to de"cit "nancing.
Reasons behind high rate of in!ation may be increased cost of raw materials, increased
labour cost, shortage of energy, increase in price of petroleum, low level of aggregate
supply, and so on. The above "nding that de"cit "nancing has no signi"cant impact
on rate of in!ation is consistent with a number of studies, like Crozier(1976) and
Chowdhury(2004:10). Crozier found no causal relationship between de"cit "nancing
and Canadian in!ationary surge in the 1970s. Similarly, Chowdhury found that there
was no signi"cant relationship between de"cit "nancing and rate of in!ation in Nepal
for the period of 1980-1999.
Thus, on one hand, there is signi"cant positive effect of de"cit "nancing on the real
GDP, whereas on the other hand, it has very low level of impact on the in!ation.
So, such situation creates, to some extent, favourable situation to the government
while making its decision on the de"cit "nancing. Thus, in the present situation of the
economy, if government of Nepal practices de"cit budget, it will create the positive
impact on the economy. It will increase the GDP and the level of employment, and
hence help to increase the living standard of the people. However, it does not mean that
government does not need public expenditure management (PEM) policy. It should
be noted that PEM is a basic means of government policy of distributing and utilizing
resources productively, ef"ciently and sensitively (Allen & Tommasi, 2001:19). If the
government spends money in unproductive sector, by means of de"cit "nancing, it
will certainly create problem. So, government should emphasize on the productionoriented budgeting rather than on the distribution-oriented budgeting. It is necessary
to "nd out the more ef"cient way of spending money by the government.
References
Allen, R. & Tommasi, D. (2001). Managing Public Expenditure: A Reference Book
for Transition Countries. Paris: OECD.
Chelliah, R. J. (1976). Fiscal Policy in Underdeveloped Countries. London: George
Allen and Unwin Ltd.
Chowdhury, K. (2004). De"cit Financing in LDCs: Evidence from South Asia.
Australia: University of Wollongong.
Government of Nepal (2010). Economic Survey: Fiscal Year 2009/10. Kathmandu:
Ministry of Finance.
Government of Nepal (2011). Economic Survey: Fiscal Year 2010/11. Kathmandu:
Ministry of Finance.
Maeconomics.webs.com/Public_Finance/f_policy.htm
Rhee, C. (2005). Public Debt Management Policy in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ministry of
Finance & Asian Development Bank.

217

Administration Reforms in Nepal:

Rhetoric or Reality?

Teeka Ram Dhakal1*

Abstract
Government poses bureaucracy as the major machinery of Public Administra!on to
foster public goods and services in an e#ec!ve manner. The Public Administra!on
Reforms (PAR) indicates an induced change in this machinery in an e#ort to bridge
a gap between reality and desirability. Mostly the reforms and recommenda!ons
made by most of the commissions in the past seem focusing on the structural
aspect paying less a"en!on to the behavioral and ecological aspects. For expected
result, only an aspect of it is not enough for reform. While we retrospect from
Buch Commission (1952) to Administra!on Restructuring Commission (2008),
the PAR process has become like a game repea!ng and adding terminology !me
and again rather than realizing the problems. The PAR process has su#ered from
too many recommenda!ons and too li"le implementa!ons. In this sense, the
recommenda!ons seem rhetoric rather than prac!cal to the administra!on
ecology of Nepal.

1. Introduction
No government can be much better than its administration permits it to be. The same
is true in Nepalese context too. To foster effective service delivery to people, Public
Administration (PA) is managed that becomes as the cornerstone of economic and
social development. In this sense, mostly the reform in bureaucratic system represents
the administration reform because administration is run through bureaucracy. For
effective management of state affairs, politically neutral, professional, transparent,
accountable, inclusive administration will be highly required to satisfy the very
objective. So, the question of effective administration has always been in discussion
how it could be an ideal if there is anything like that.
The history of Public Administration Reforms (PAR) is very long though the
Constitution of Buch Commission in 2009 BS marks the beginning of formal effort
* Section Of#cer, Public Service Commission

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in Nepal. Reform in any sector concerning for better service delivery was perceived
as a threat to the autocratic regime. Thus, such efforts were discouraged. After the
demise of Rana regime, numerous initiatives have been launched for ef"cient delivery
of goods and services. The existing administration is the outcome of a great churning
of the past.
The public goods and services are handed over to the people through bureaucracy.
Participation in administration remains unequal across the income and social
groups. Quality of services received by the majority of people at all levels and the
internal ef"ciency of administration seem low. Democracy secures the public right
in receiving quality goods. For the very objectives, continuous improvement in the
government machineries becomes inevitable. Otherwise, the government loses public
trust ultimately leaving it to a great con!ict.

2. Theoretical framework
In recent years, public sector management is increasingly seen as more than just
modernizing state institutions and reducing civil service costs. PAR, simply is to
introducing new style, structure and culture in administration. In short, it is a change
for development. It is the arti"cial inducement of administrative transformation against
resistance. Such transformation indeed, is needed while the current administrative
system gradually loses its faith and almost fails to address public demands and
expectations. The inability to anticipate future demands and introducing demands of
people at large are other circumstances while the need for reforms becomes inevitable.
Gradual reforms in government machineries are natural in PA in achieving main
national objectives successfully.
PAR encompasses planned changes in the operation of the executive and administrative
arms of the government. They may be expressed through changes in organization,
interpersonal and external relationships, programs and scale of programs, allocation of
the resources and many other elements. It is also about fostering dynamic partnerships
with the civil society and the private sector, to improve the quality of service delivery,
enhance social responsibilities and ensure the broad participation of citizens in
decision-making and feedback on public service performance (UNDP 2002).
PAR may have a number of aspects. It can be viewed as organizational or behavioral
that includes structural and organizational change in public institutions, diversi"cation
of services, introduction of ICT in processing, easy !ow of publicly concerned
notices, building better relationships between people and of"cials, securing the role of

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stakeholders in personnel's performance standard appraisals, effective human resource

planning in administration, introducing goal oriented procedures, etc.
Administration reforms occur in economic, political and cultural context too. So, it is
an integrated strategy for the overall development of the country. PAR implies overall
in the sense that it covers central, regional and local level in totality but not in isolation.
Any reform is a way rather than the destination. It can be either demand-based or
force-based. It can be drastic as well but for its sustainability and receiving effective
positive result, it should be gradual, incremental and demand based.

3. Strategies and Approaches

Various strategies may be adopted based upon ecological aspects. These include
comprehensive strategy, incremental strategy and mixed strategy as aforementioned.
Restructuring, participation, human resource management, shifting accountability
and public private mixes are other strategies which can also be adopted in different
circumstances.
Approaches to the reforms include theoretical approaches (Acharya 1996). Views from
Socialists and Capitalists are two contradictions found in PAR. The scholars holding
former view didn't pay more attention to the problem of administration because the
state bureaucracy and polity were never subjected by Marx to the systematic treatment
rather he regarded bureaucracy as an obstacle to the process of achieving better life.
New Public Management (NPM) is a need based approach to public sector reforms.
It seeks for applying private sector management techniques in public sectors. Through
reforms, it attempts to achieve operational ef"ciency and qualitative services.
The structuralist - functionalist view a society as a system composed of related
parts which are constantly seeking harmony and equilibrium between/among people.
This theory postulates that PAR is an evolutionary process professing incremental
change which in fact, does not harm the harmony in the society. The capitalists opine
the same view.
Various models have been found in practice while discussing PAR. However, Kaizen
model and Commission model are mostly used models. The former is a continuous
creative process through which the reforms are carried out as and when necessary
instead of a recommendation or an anticipated shock. In most of the cases, it becomes
practicable to the developing countries' administration which may leave positive

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impacts for its sustainability. The latter is also very important and frequently used
model in the globe. It seeks to identify leakages or problems by constituting a special
task force or a commission. The commission, in it envisages recommendations based
on various aspects. There is not a 'rule of thumb' or a 'blueprint' that any country
should follow a universal paradigm rather it depends upon the nature and extent of
the problem.
4. Quest for PAR
Increasing concern for PAR in developing countries derives from three main intellectual
threads- NPM that seeks to roll back the role of the state by applying private sector
management principles to government organizations, Structural adjustment reforms in the mid 1980s and Transition from central planning to market economy, and from
single party systems to multi-party democracy. The thrust basically emerged in the
early 50s due to:
a shift to a fundamentally new political situation.
institutionalization of various interest groups, trade unions, co-operatives, etc.
the demonstration effect of specialization, differentiation and integration
from the west.
development of science and technology.
inadequacy of the existing administrative systems.
scienti"c management theory known as Taylorism to eliminate waste, improve
output, maintain "nancial requirement and maximize utilization.
5. Public Administration Reforms: Efforts in Nepal
While talking to PAR, the efforts were drawn basically after the establishment of
democracy in 1950. A little had been done in the Malla and Lichhabi era for PAR in
the past but not enough as it would be. Moreover, 103 years of Rana regime were dark
and it was impossible to draw any reform steps in administration. So, it was inevitable
to abolish the feudal system to make administration service oriented, people friendly
and more effective. And it was not easier to be emancipated from the government by
the family and Bhardars' administration by the Thar-Ghars. In course of time, the
then administration was governed by sycophants and mediocre. Now, it is the high
time to discuss about PAR as the state of governing administration by people and
merit-based bureaucracy still leaving a state of confusion in its course ahead.

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Buch Commission (1952) is one of the pioneering efforts to reform administration

in Nepal headed by N. M. Buch, an Indian expert. The commission realized many
necessities and recommended as aforementioned;
Introducing Public Service Commission (PSC) for hiring government
employees,
Decreasing the number of ministries,
Necessity of Civil Service Act,
Introduction of "ling system,
Creation of a post of chief secretary,
Abolishment of traditional of"ces such as Hajiri Goswara, Adda Janch.
Administration Reform Planning Commission (1957) is conceived as the "rst
endogenous efforts headed by then Prime Minister T. P. Acharya that suggested
landmark recommendations as follows;
Formulation of Civil Service Act, Rules and Regulations,
The establishment of O & M Of"ces,
The establishment of an institute of PA and clerical training center,
Special emphasis on the recruitment and promotion on the basis of PSC's
recommendation,
Propose of a new pay scale for the civil servants,
Anti corruption act.
Administration Reform Commission (1968) known as Jha Commission has also
"led some signi"cant recommendations which are drawn as;
Neutrality of administrative machineries,
Position classi"cation,
Uni"ed Civil Service,
Single Central Personnel Agency (CPA),
Concept of Lateral Entry,
Regional Planning.
Administration Reform Commission (1975) is another reforms effort constituted in
the chairmanship of Mr. V. B. Thapa. Some successive recommendations made by it
can be enlisted as follows.
Establishment of ministry for manpower planning and management,
Civil Service Training Institute,
Establishment of 75 treasury and account control of"ces,
Organizational development.

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High Level Administration Reform Commission (1991) headed by then PM late G.

P. Koirala remains historic and more effective in the regard of PAR. It was distinct to
those previous commissions as their recommendations based upon the structural part.
The behavioral part was never paid sheer attention. The landmark recommendations
are:
Reconsideration about the scope of government,
Improvement in budgetary systems,
Opening lateral entry,
Restructuring National Planning Commission (NPC),
Human resources and career development,
Introduction of job description,
Downsizing the existing civil posts,
Voluntary Retirement System (VRS)
Making Postal Services autonomous under government premises.
Administration Restructuring Commission (2008) "rstly formed by Pampha
Bhusal, then Minister for General Administration, remains more important as it left
dynamic and extensive recommendations. The sectors of landmark recommendations are:
Reform in public service delivery,
Promotion of E-Governance,
Selection of Public Enterprises' Of"cials,
Training in Nepalese Civil Service,
29 points recommendations to be implemented immediately in Public
Administration and
Public Administration in federal system.
Till now, there are many practices drawn for PAR. Important efforts can be enlisted as;
Formulation of 25 yrs. master plan of PA.
Public Expenditure Review Commission, 2000
Governance Reform Program (GRP), 2001.
Anti Corruption Act, 2002
Formulating Vision paper of Civil Service.
Constitution of Various Pay Commissions.
Preparation of Study Report about Tahagat System in Civil Service of Nepal.
Addressing global issues in Civil Service Act, Rules and Regulations through
timely amendments.

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 Administration Restructuring Commission 2008

Formulation of Right to Information Act, Rules and Regulations.
Adaptation of Good Governance as an emerging issue in various periodic
plans and formulation of Good Governance Act, 2008
In the series of PAR, the Public Enterprises (PEs) have been privatized following
liberalization policy. For this, the government has divested 30 PEs through adoption
of various modalities.
6. Problems experienced in the course of PAR
There are many problems faced in reforming administration before the reform efforts and
in the implementation level. The reforms remained mostly experimental, ambiguous,
piecemeal, ambitious and ill conceived (Acharya 1996). The recommendations made
by the commissions are knowledge based and nice literatures for the students of
administration.
The inability to evaluate past failures and inability and introducing unfamiliar and
impractical reforms has aggravated most of the reform efforts and so as true in the
level of implementation level. The administration of Nepal is often blamed for the
inability of bearing risk and change resisting. Such culture didn't permit to transmit
new ideas in administration.
The recommendations made paid attention to the structural part such as to limit the
number and size of ministries or the hierarchical levels of the civil service leaving the
behavioral aspect in darkness. The commissions never realized that the expectations
will not be ful"lled unless they are keenly focused on the latter.
The process of reforms seems technocratic. The lower level of participation and
involvement of the stakeholders (political parties, trade unions, clients) has made the
implementation more intangible.
The information system is very weak. The data for analysis are either insuf"cient
or not realistic. The recommendations are often rhetoric rather than practical which
re!ect the indifference of the politicians and administrators. Same problems recur
despite several commissions addressing the same. For example, reorganization of size
and number of ministries is one of the recommendations made from Buch to Koirala
commission.
PAR is not only an administrative agenda but also a political agenda. For its successive
application, political will and commitment is inevitable. But what we "nd the paradox
is that it has become very dif"cult to build political consensus among political parties
for PAR in the last decades. It may not be a high time for reforms unless such political
instability continues.

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The attitudinal status quo comes forefront while talking to the barriers of PAR. The
reform efforts are supply-based with heavy dependence on foreign aid and lack
enough homework. Donors generally agree to provide "nancial assistance only
when the government is serious about the donors concerns and such concerns are
generally related to policy reform. The improvement in policy reform, although slight,
is not by deliberate choice but imposed by donors (UNDP 2002). In some cases,
donors suspend their assistance if a recipient country does not come up to speci"ed
minimum standards for utilizing aid money. The GRP can be taken as an instance
when Nepal became unable to meet the conditions. Donor conditions are related to
various intentions, such as reforming policies, controlling corruption, using expatriate
consultancy, promoting donors market, promoting democracy, etc (Adhikari 2005).
Mr. Dhungel rightly remarks #Donors dictate the government policies in Nepal, and
as a result public policies are devoid of national ownership# (Dhungel and Ghimire
2000)
The administration of Nepal is often blamed for its less accountability. Such grouse
appears forefront from both outsiders and insiders. The formers-those at the receiving
and of public service delivery or the people at large who blame with largely inef"cient,
incompetent, corrupt and irresponsible attitudes of civil personnel whereas the latterthose who are responsible for delivery services or the of"cials who receive such
allegations but loudly express their inability and apathy to correct them. A report by
ADB claims that improvements in public administration are impossible in countries
saddled with entrenched rapacious regimes wholly lacking in accountability to the
population.

7. Concluding Observations:
In spite of aforementioned leakages, Nepal has achieved signi"cant progress in making
administration more accountable and public goods and services more accessible.
However, the quality and equity of the services remains still low. The policies are
effective enough if the implementation will be handled successively but rarely have
clear action plans.
The remarks conclude that the reforms have become like a game repeating and
adding terminology time and again rather than realizing it. No doubt, the rhetoric and
theorization are important but they must be fused with the action. Continuous failure in
accomplishing government's will creates a sort of disillusionment, sense of frustration
and ultimately crisis of credibility in governance. Most reforms in government are
only partially successful not because, once implemented, they yield unsatisfactory
outcomes but because they never get past the implementation stage at all.

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In this scenario, to turn reform rhetoric of PAR in Nepal into a meaningful reality, the
suggestive measures can be enlisted as follows:
o PAR should encourage all stakeholders for participation and the reforms should be
viewed from interdisciplinary approach.
o The scope of reform should be kept well-focused and set realistic and well-de"ned
targets. We could avoid the temptation to address too many reform objectives
simultaneously; an incremental approach to reform, if sustained for long enough,
also brings about radical transformations.
o It is essential to ensure there is full understanding of the reforms, and support not
only at the level of leadership, but also at the level of line management and civil
servants as a whole, and the public. Everyone should possess a sense of ownership
within the different levels of government. It is important to show and publicize
good results. Publicizing good results and awards to successful implementers
will encourage others to join in, forge change in attitudes towards reform, and
ease the fear of change. It must be understood that the resistance of any groups and
interests can delay or derail a reform process entirely.
o Continued political will and support throughout all phases of public administration
reform remains important. It is important to ensure that accountability mechanisms
are in place before thinking about mobilizing pressure from donor agencies.
o Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provides increasingly
powerful process tools that can be deployed to address traditional development
problems in innovative ways. It may be a viable way to reforms that induces to
make administration more tangible and combat corruption.
o The reforms processes suffer from the "nancial crunch. Stamina and patience are
required by the long gestation of public administration reforms. With their heavy
institutional content, such reforms call for a long-term investment of imagination
and resources, and for the willingness of government and donors to stay the course.
It is necessary to state this obvious requirement because all too often complex
reforms are undertaken on the cheap, thus guaranteeing their failure regardless
of how well targeted and designed they may otherwise be (ADB 2000)
o The change resisting culture does not permit administration to introduce innovative
ways for reforms. We have misconceptions such as "hune hoina" "maile matra
garera ke hola ra?" Such views pave a way for apathies. But the governments
should have no illusion that incorporating the role of hope in public administration
reform programs will remove resistance to the reform. It can, however, turn many
opponents into supporters and, at the margin, spell the difference between success
and failure.

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o In the past, many have criticized the efforts of PAR as being more concerned with
meeting its own needs rather than those of its citizens. Reforms acquire legitimacy
to the extent that they are able to deal with this perceived failing. They will not
meet successive ends until they address the public interest. For effectiveness in
public service delivery through electronics from the nearest point, the provision of
grievance handling must be handled which may help to address public complains
(MoGA 2009)
o Many commissions have recommended curtailing the number of civil servants.
But the downsizing of civil servants is not only the panacea, their optimum
utilization is vital for effectiveness and ef"ciency. For it, carrot and stick theory
can be maintained effectively and the incentive mechanism needs to be managed.
o The ecological aspect remains important in PAR. Breaking the social norms and
values do not support to the reforms. For their sustainability, the values will not be
compromised. But if the need to derail it is inevitable, the incremental approach
may become profound.
o The human resources are the sovereign factor. To drive the reforms in a successful
end, of"cials must be capable. As governments modify their responsibilities in an
increasingly integrated world, and face increasing competition from other service
providers, they must renew their human resources. Making them capable, their
capability can be enhanced through timely training and development programs.
From the observations above, it can be concluded that the PAR process in Nepal
has suffered from too many recommendations and too little implementations. The
recommendations seem rhetoric rather than practical to the administrative ecology
of Nepal. The process is, in fact not satisfactory. But many hopes can be drawn from
the initiatives taken by the government for PAR in the last few decades. From these
initiatives, fruitful results can be expected in the days to come.
References:
1. Acharya, M. (1996): Business of Bureaucracy, Kathmandu
2. Adhikari, G. P. (2005): A preliminary draft to Governance Reform in Nepal: Effects of Aid
Conditionality on Country-ownership.

3. Asian Development Bank (2000): "To save and to preserve", Manila.

4. Dhungel, D.N. and Ghimire, H. (2000). Demands for a New Culture in the Context of
Good Governance. A theme paper presented in the Sixth National Convention of Public
Administration Nepal.
5. Ministry of General Administration (2009): Action Plan First Interim Report, Administration
Restructuring Commission
6. UNDP (2002): A practice note prepared on Public Administration Reform.
7. http://stone.undp.org/undpweb/eo/cedab/eotextform.cfm

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