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Graph f(x) = 2x - 1
When x is closer and
closer to 2,
F(x) is closer to 3
Therefore:
The limit of f(x) as x
approaches 2 is 3
lim(2x-1) = 3 = f(2)
X2
X -1
x2 4
f ( x)
x2
Example 2:
Discuss the behavior of f(x) when x is closer to 2
1.5
1.9
1.99
1.999
2.001
2.01
2.1
2.5
f (x)
3.5
3.9
3.99
3.999
4.001
4.01
4.1
4.5
or
f ( x)
x2
x2
Example 2:
Discuss the behavior of the values of f(x) when x is closer to 2.
Does the limit exist?
x
1.9
1.99
f (x)
-1
-1
-1
-1
2.5
1
We write
and call K the limit from the left (or left-hand limit) if
f (x) is close to K whenever x is close to c, but to the left
of c on the real number line.
We write
and call L the limit from the right (or right-hand limit) if
f (x) is close to L whenever x is close to c, but to the right
of c on the real number line.
In order for a limit to exist, the limit from the left and
the limit from the right must exist and be equal.
Example 3
(A) Discuss the behavior of
f(x) for x near 0
Lim f(x) = 0
X0 -
Lim f(x) = 0
X 0 +
Lim f(x) = 0
X0
F(0) = 0
Example 3 - continue
(B) Discuss the behavior of
f(x) for x near 1
Lim f(x) = 1
X1 -
Lim f(x) = 2
X 1 +
Example 3 - continue
(C) Discuss the behavior of
f(x) for x near 3
Lim f(x) =
Lim f(x) =
Lim f(x) =
X3 -
X 3 +
X3
Example 4
Lim (x2 + 5x)
X-2
= lim x2 + lim 5x
X-2
Property 1
X-2
=
=
(-2)
X-2
Property 4 and 3
X-2
(-2) + 5 (-2)
4 10 = -6
Example 5
Lim
X2
3x 2 6
=
Try lim
X-1
2x2 2
lim(3 x 6)
2
Property 8
X2
3(2)(2) 6 12 6 6
Example 6
lim
x 2
x 1
2
lim x
x 2
lim ( x 1)
2
x 2
x
Try lim 4
x 1 x 2
(2)(2)
4
(2)(2) 1 5
Example 7
2x 3
f ( x)
x 12
If x < 5
If x > 5
A) Lim f(x) =
X5-
B) Lim f(x) =
X5+
lim (-x+12)=-5+12=7
X5+
C) Lim f(x) =
X5
Does not exist because the left hand the right hand limits are not equal
D) F(5) =
is not defined
x 1
lim 2
x 1 x 1
B)
( x 1)
lim 2
x 1 x 1
C)
x2 1
lim
x 1 ( x 1) 2
Example 8 - Solutions
Note: when you find the limits of the above problems, you must factor first
and then simplify before you substitute the number for x
Examples:
Find the following limit for the following functions
9)
10)
11)
f ( 4 h) f ( 4)
f ( x ) 7 2 x; lim
h 0
h
f (1 h) f (1)
f ( x ) x 1 ; lim
h 0
h
f ( x)
f (3 h) f (3)
x ; lim
h 0
h