488 F.

3d 483

Seth BADER, Petitioner, Appellant,

v.
WARDEN, NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE PRISON,
Respondent, Appellee.
No. 05-2587.

United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.

Heard March 5, 2007.
Decided May 25, 2007.

B. Michael Cormier for petitioner.

N. William Delker, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Justice
Bureau, with whom Kelly A. Ayotte, Attorney General, was on brief for
respondent.
Before BOUDIN, Chief Judge, CYR and STAHL, Senior Circuit Judges.
BOUDIN, Chief Judge.

Vicki Bader ex-wife of appellant Seth Bader was murdered on August 24,
1996, seemingly in Stratham, New Hampshire, and her body was found in a
grave in Waterboro, Maine, on April 10, 1997. Police were led to the body by
14-year-old Joseph Bader, who was Seth's adopted son and biological cousin.
In December 1997, Joseph agreed with the state to enter a plea of "true" to a
juvenile delinquency petition, confessing that he assisted in helping Seth
murder Vicki.

At Seth's trial in April and May 1998 in New Hampshire state court, Joseph
testified against Seth for four trial days. The gist of the testimony was that Seth
and his girlfriend Mary Jean Martin had plotted to murder Vicki; that Seth had
hired Sandro Stuto to assist in the murder and to dispose of Vicki's car; that
Seth had traveled to Maine with Joseph a few days before the murder, located a
spot in the woods and dug a grave; and that Joseph had kept Seth's younger son
outside the house while the murder was committed.

Joseph did not claim to have witnessed the murder, but, according to his
testimony, he had been called back into the house by Stuto after the murder and
witnessed his adoptive father emerging from the basement with a rifle barrel
and a spent casing; Joseph had then helped clean up the blood. Joseph also
testified that Seth had told him earlier that he (Seth) would shoot Vicki. Joseph
further testified that he had then helped Seth transport and bury Vicki's body in
Maine and that on the way home he and Seth had gone shopping for new
clothes.

The prosecution offered records of Seth's mobile phone to show calls from
Maine on the date of Vicki's death. Credit card records showed Seth's card had
been used that day to purchase pants in two different sizes, one pair of shoes
and other items. Seth did not testify at his trial but the prosecution played a
recording of a police interview for the jury in which Seth, while denying guilt,
conceded that he might have driven with Joseph to Maine that day because of
the good weather.

Stuto testified that on the day of the murder, he, Martin and Seth met together
in the afternoon and agreed that Stuto would dispose of Vicki's car after the
murder, leaving it at a bookstore. Seth and Stuto drove to the bookstore and
then proceeded to Seth's house where, according to Stuto, Seth shot Vicki.1 At
trial the defense sought to call Martin, who refused to testify.

Although the state primarily relied on the testimony of Joseph and Stuto, other
evidence in addition to the mobile phone and credit card records was offered.
Vicki's lawyer testified as to Seth's aggressive efforts to reduce his financial
obligations to Vicki and to secure custody of their children. In tape recordings
of phone calls with Vicki, Seth expressed his obsession with holding onto and
pleasing Martin and stated that Martin had said she would leave Seth unless he
won the alimony and custody litigation.

A woman who regularly cleaned Seth's house testified to prior statements that
Seth and his girlfriend wished Vicki were dead. Vicki's doctor said that Vicki
had told him that she remained overweight so that her body would be difficult
to move if she were killed. The prosecution also sought to connect Seth with a
pipe bomb planted in Vicki's mailbox; one witness testified to Seth having a
bomb-making book in his home.

The defense sought to discredit both Joseph and Stuto, emphasizing that Stuto
had reached a deal for only five years in prison and that Joseph would do no
time in prison. It offered evidence of Martin's deceptive character, her links to

Joseph, and Joseph's hostility towards Vicki. It also attempted to raise doubts
about the state's theory.2 In closing, the defense offered an alternative theory
that, without Seth's involvement, Martin had convinced Joseph to do the killing
and that both Joseph and Martin stood to benefit from killing Vicki and framing
Seth.
9

The jury convicted Seth of first-degree murder and conspiracy to murder, and
he was sentenced to life imprisonment on the murder charge. The New
Hampshire Supreme Court affirmed his conviction. State v. Bader, 148 N.H.
265, 808 A.2d 12 (2002). After Seth's trial, juvenile court hearings were held to
track Joseph's progress; but Joseph never spent any time in a correctional
facility.

10

In October 2002, Seth filed the present habeas case in federal district court. He
claimed, inter alia, that in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83
S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), the prosecution had made but did not
disclose to the defense a leniency-for-testimony deal for Joseph's testimony,
which could have been used to impeach Joseph at trial. Giglio v. United States,
405 U.S. 150, 154-55, 92 S.Ct. 763, 31 L.Ed.2d 104 (1972). Seth now
conjectures that the agreement might have been kept secret from Joseph
himself.

11

The issue whether any agreement existed had been elaborately explored in the
state proceedings. In September 1997, prior to Seth's trial, the defense filed a
motion for discovery of "all details of all agreements and understandings with"
Joseph or other co-defendants. When in December 1997 Joseph agreed to plead
guilty in the juvenile proceedings, the state got court permission and then
disclosed to Seth's lawyers Joseph's juvenile court records.

12

On March 26, 1998, after Seth's trial had begun, he filed a second motion for
discovery, this time asking for all records relating to communication between
the Attorney General's office and Joseph's attorneys and documents relating to
charging decisions made by the Attorney General's office. Defense counsel also
made oral motions at trial. In response, the judge ordered that "all documents in
the file(s) relating to the juvenile filed in the Family Court," including notes
from therapists, be provided to the court.

13

The trial judge then reviewed in camera the documents that the state had
provided. After this review, on April 9, 1998, the state judge determined that
the record did not contain any material "which is exculpatory, essential to the
defendant receiving a fair trial, or which relate[s] to any understandings or

agreements relative to plea decisions or other information which can be

construed as Giglio materials."
14

The prosecutor reaffirmed on April 10, 1998, that the state had disclosed all
agreements with Joseph and his attorneys. The judge nevertheless ordered
expedited access to the transcript of Joseph's plea hearing, which had occurred
in December 1997. Although defense counsel inferred from tapes of that
hearing that a leniency-for-testimony agreement existed,3 the trial judge
listened himself and ruled that there was no evidence of a deal requiring Joseph
to testify at Seth's trial.

15

At Seth's trial, the judge let Seth's trial counsel cross-examine Joseph about any
such deal. Joseph admitted that his plea agreement meant that he would not be
incarcerated even for "one second," that the disposition hearing in his case
would not occur until after Seth's trial, and that the juvenile court would know
of his testimony in Seth's trial. But Joseph said that he had not made any
agreement to testify.4

16

Nevertheless, on his state appeal, Seth argued to the New Hampshire Supreme
Court that Joseph's plea agreement was contingent on his testifying against Seth
and that the trial court had erred in finding to the contrary. In rejecting the
appeal, the court said:

17

There is no evidence in the extensive record in this case to support a conclusion

that the trial court erred either in its finding following the in camera review or
in its finding of no evidence of a "sine qua non" [sic] on the part of the State in
return for Joseph Bader's testimony. . . . Accordingly the defendant cannot
prevail in his effort to secure a new trial on this issue as he has failed to "prove
that the prosecution withheld evidence that is favorable and material."

18

Bader, 808 A.2d at 22-23 (citations omitted).

19

In federal habeas proceedings directed to state prisoners, the federal statute

provides that findings by the state court are entitled to substantial deference. 28
U.S.C. 2254(d)(2), (e)(1) (2000).5 The district court initially dismissed Seth's
Brady claim as one previously litigated and resolved, adding that Joseph could
not have been influenced in his testimony if a deal had existed but been kept
secret from him.

20

Seth then discovered that a social worker had kept notes of a November 26,
1997, meeting attended by Joseph's public defenders, his social workers and a

state prosecutor. Shortly after the district court dismissed Seth's habeas petition,
Seth sought reconsideration, accompanying the motion with affidavits from one
of his own trial lawyers saying that he had not known of the November 26,
1997, meeting. The notes kept by one of the social workers attending the
meeting said
21

Joe will be charged with conspiracy to commit murder. It would be appropriate

to do accomplice but that would mean being certified as an adult and life in
prison . . . Want a plea of true [guilty] at the Dec. 8 arranmnet [sic]. Do NOT
want to do the dispositional [sentencing] before the [petitioner's] criminal trial.
. . . Attys. for Joe advocating strongly for a change to a minor charge. . . .

22

The district court reopened the habeas proceeding, and Seth filed a proposed
discovery plan seeking to depose the three social workers who had attended the
meeting and also various lawyers, including the prosecutors. The district court
found the plan overbroad because it covered unrelated issues but approved a
second plan by Seth's counsel to depose the social workers.6

23

The depositions occurred, and the social workers recalled that the prosecutor
had said that he wanted Joseph to plead guilty before Seth's trial and be
sentenced afterwards and that they understood that Joseph was expected to
testify at Seth's trial. However, they also recalled no agreements either for
leniency in exchange for testimony or for anything else being made at the
November 26, 1997, meeting.

24

Seth's counsel then sought to depose the lawyers who had attended the
meeting, including the prosecutor, but the district court refused, saying that
there was no good cause for further discovery. The judge repeated that if there
had been a deal between prosecutor and defense counsel but this was unknown
to Joseph as Seth now suggested it could not have affected his testimony
and so could not undermine the court's confidence in the verdict.

25

The district court granted a certificate of appealability limited to the supposed

agreement. Seth argues to us (under several headings) the same central claim:
that the district court erred in granting summary judgment against him because
there remained a genuine issue of fact requiring resolution in an evidentiary
hearing, namely, whether the prosecutors concealed a leniency-for-testimony
deal with Joseph or at least with his lawyers. Seth relies in particular on
Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293, 83 S.Ct. 745, 9 L.Ed.2d 770 (1963).

26

Townsend, 372 U.S. at 313, 83 S.Ct. 745, laid out a broad right of de novo

federal fact-finding for state prisoners. But it was significantly qualified by later
case law and congressional action leaving the circuit courts in some
uncertainty.7 In all events, just this month the Supreme Court, glossing
Townsend itself, has made clear that the "decision to grant an evidentiary
hearing [is] generally left to the sound discretion of district courts." Schriro v.
Landrigan, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 1933, 1939, 167 L.Ed.2d 836 (2007).
27

In all events, Seth does not have sufficient evidence of an actual agreement,
made between the prosecutors and defense counsel, by which Joseph would
testify in exchange for leniency. Absent evidence that, if accepted, could
overcome the deference due to the state-court finding, there is nothing to be
tried in an evidentiary hearing. Thus, the real issue is not the right to an
evidentiary hearing but whether Seth is entitled to more discovery than he got.
See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 81, 97 S.Ct. 1621, 52 L.Ed.2d 136
(1977).

28

In civil matters including habeas, evidentiary proceedings are appropriate only

where the party bearing the burden of proof on an element starts with enough
evidence to create a genuine issue of fact; otherwise summary judgment is
proper. Anderson v. Attorney Gen. of Kan., 425 F.3d 853, 860 (10th Cir.2005).
Seth recognizes the distinction, arguing in his brief that the question is not
whether he now has enough evidence but whether he should be entitled to
depose more witnesses in order to get it.

29

Rule 6 of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases provides that in habeas
proceedings "[a] judge may, for good cause, authorize a party to conduct
discovery under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and may limit the extent
of discovery." Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 904, 117 S.Ct. 1793, 138
L.Ed.2d 97 (1997), stated that "[a] habeas petitioner, unlike the usual civil
litigant in federal court, is not entitled to discovery as a matter of ordinary
course." Quoting Harris v. Nelson, 394 U.S. 286, 300, 89 S.Ct. 1082, 22
L.Ed.2d 281 (1969), the Court explained:

30

[W]here specific allegations before the court show reason to believe that the
petitioner may, if the facts are fully developed, be able to demonstrate that he is
. . . entitled to relief, it is the duty of the court to provide the necessary facilities
and procedures for an adequate inquiry.

31

Bracy, 520 U.S. at 908-09, 117 S.Ct. 1793.

32

However, Bracy also said that "the scope and extent of such discovery is a

matter confided to the discretion of the District Court." Id. at 909, 117 S.Ct.
1793. Since the 1996 statutory changes, circuit courts have continued to apply
Bracy. E.g., Newton v. Kemna, 354 F.3d 776, 783 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 543
U.S. 979, 125 S.Ct. 485, 160 L.Ed.2d 357 (2004) (denial of discovery reviewed
"for an abuse of discretion"); Pham v. Terhune, 400 F.3d 740, 741 (9th
Cir.2005) (same).
33

In this case the context for the district judge's decision on discovery is that the
state court had found there was no evidence of an agreement. What Seth's
habeas counsel recently found was evidence of a specific meeting between
Joseph's lawyers and the prosecutors. But all this shows is an occasion on
which a leniency-for-testimony agreement might have been made or disclosed.
And, when the three social workers were deposed, they said there was no
agreement made or disclosed at the meeting. This was hardly evidence that the
state finding was wrong.

34

Just as the district judge had latitude to allow initial discovery as to the
previously unknown meeting, he also had latitude to call a halt when three
disinterested witnesses said that no such agreement had been made. As Seth
stated in his discovery plan: "The prosecutor is unlikely to change his story
unless confronted with detailed accounts of the meeting by other participants."
The detailed accounts turned out to support the prosecutors' prior consistent
denials.

35

Seth also attacks the district judge's alternative ground for bringing matters to a
close, namely, that Joseph could not have been influenced in his testimony by a
deal of which he was unaware. This inference may go too far: a promise to
Joseph of leniency in exchange for testimony would be the best basis for
discrediting Joseph. But, even if Joseph were unaware of a commitment only to
his lawyers, they might have encouraged him to help the government.

36

Yet this qualification is dwarfed by the reality that regardless of any

"agreement," secret or otherwise, Joseph already had ample reason to tailor his
testimony to please the prosecutor: his plea was before Seth's trial, disposition
came afterwards, and Joseph had reason to please prosecutors who might have
a persuasive voice as to his sentence. But all this was known at the time of
Seth's trial and Joseph was subject to full cross-examination as to the details of
his testimony and his own motives in helping the prosecution. See Kyles v.
Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 435, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 131 L.Ed.2d 490 (1995) (noting
that the government's non-disclosure of evidence must have had a "substantial
and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict").

37

Faced with conflicting stories, the jury chose to believe Joseph. Whether a
secret leniency agreement, unknown to Joseph, would have added much to
available impeachment, may be open to doubt. But in any event, the district
judge did not abuse his discretion in limiting discovery.

38

Affirmed.

Notes:
1

While in prison Stuto apparently recanted, saying that Joseph had murdered
Vicki in exchange for sexual favors from Martin and that Seth had nothing to
do with the murder. The district court decided that Bader's habeas claim based
on this recantation had no merit, and this issue is not before us

For example, the defense argued that Joseph's testimony about the time of the
murder could not be true because Joseph's testimony that Seth and Stuto arrived
at the Stratham, New Hampshire, house around 3 p.m. seemed to conflict with
the fact that Seth had been cited for a traffic violation around 2:30 p.m. in
Massachusetts. The defense also noted that Joseph testified to several items that
should have been found buried with the body, but were not

Defense counsel noted that at the juvenile plea hearing a state attorney stated
that "Joseph will be testifying" in Seth's trial. But this was not listed as a term
of the plea agreement, but rather as part of a time line relating to Joseph. When
the juvenile court judge explained the agreement to Joseph, he made no
mention of testifying

Shown a transcript of the plea agreement, he backtracked somewhat; but in fact,

the transcript confirms that the prosecutor told the juvenile court only that
Joseph wasexpected to testify against Seth not that this was a term of the
plea agreement or in exchange for leniency.

Bader argues that we need not pay any deference to the state court's factual
finding that no leniency-for-testimony agreement existed because that finding
was not rendered in the context of an evidentiary hearingSee, e.g., Bryan v.
Mullin, 335 F.3d 1207, 1216 (10th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 975, 124
S.Ct. 1877, 158 L.Ed.2d 472 (2004). Bryan's no-deference rationale is
inconsistent with the plain language of sections 2254(d) and (e), which require
our deference to all state court factfinding which is not "unreasonable." See
Lambert v. Blackwell, 387 F.3d 210, 239 (3d Cir.2004).

In Bader's revised discovery motion, he stated that "the three social workers can

claim no privilege of any sort, are not committed to any prior statements, and
presumably are unfamiliar with any legal theories of this case. They are the
most likely of the meeting's participants to offer unvarnished recollections."
7

See Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes, 504 U.S. 1, 112 S.Ct. 1715, 118 L.Ed.2d 318
(1992); Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub.L. No.
104-132, 104(4)(e), 110 Stat. 1214. Compare Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d
280, 287 (3d Cir.2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1084, 121 S.Ct. 789, 148
L.Ed.2d 685 (2001), with Conaway v. Polk, 453 F.3d 567, 582 (4th Cir.2006).