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International
Journalof
Fatigue
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijfatigue
a
Department of Mechanics and Machine Design, Opole University of Technology, ul. Mikolajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland
Chair of System Reliability and Machine Acoustics (SzM), TU-Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 4, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
c
Fraunhofer-Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability, LBF, Bartningstrasse 47, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
d
PEAK Werksto GmbH, Siebeneickerstrasse 235, 42553 Velbert, Germany
Received 5 July 2007; received in revised form 6 November 2007; accepted 10 January 2008
Available online 1 February 2008
Abstract
In the modern description of the fatigue behaviour of materials the stressstrain curve, described with RambergOsgood equation,
and the strainlife curve, described with MansonConBasquin equation, are typically used. It is known that the assumption of equality of the plastic and elastic components in both equations leads to the so-called compatibility condition and connect the equations
theoretically. The conventional method for evaluation of the fatigue parameters use one set of experimental data from strain-controlled
uni-axial fatigue tests but they not ensure the compatibility conditions.
The presented new method for determining the stressstrain and strainlife curves retains the mathematical and physical relationships
between the considered curves. The method involves tting the curve to experimental data points in a three-dimensional strainstresslife
space. With the plastic part of strain, stress and fatigue life as coordinates, a straight line is used for tting the experimental data points.
The material parameters are calculated directly from projections of the three-dimensional straight line on suitable planes. The results
obtained from this new method using high-strength aluminium alloys subjected to dierent manufacturing conditions and dierent test
temperatures are presented. These results are then compared to results obtained with a conventional method for determining the fatigue
parameters.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: MansonConBasquin curve; RambergOsgood curve; Cyclic fatigue properties; Stress; Strain
1. Introduction
Manson and Con [13] were the rst researchers which
related the number of cycles to crack initiation to the
amplitude of plastic strain. Together with the modied
form of the Basquin equation [1,4], this work led to the
known equation of the strainlife curve, Fig. 1, where the
total strain amplitude ea,t is divided into elastic ea,e, and
plastic ea,p components as such:
r0
b
c
ea;t ea;e ea;p f 2N f e0f 2N f :
1
E
*
1968
Nomenclature
ea,t, ea,e, ea,p total, elastic and plastic strain amplitude,
respectively
ra
stress amplitude
e0
plastic strain limit value
e0f
fatigue ductility coecient
r0f
fatigue strength coecient
b
fatigue strength exponent
c
fatigue ductility exponent
E
Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity)
K0
cyclic strength coecient
n0
cyclic strain hardening exponent
2Nf
number of cycles to fatigue failure (crack initiation)
R
directional vector
l, m, n
Re
R0p0:2
V K 0 ; V n0
Subscripts
comp. calculated from compatibility conditions or
compatibility is given
conv. conventional method
m
measured
Superscripts
MCB, RO MansonConBasquin or RambergOsgood, respectively
ra
:
E
1969
a,p,m
a,e
a,p,m
a,e
Fig. 2. Calculated (a) and measured (b) plastic parts of the strain amplitude.
MansonConBasquin equation, the total strain amplitude is divided into elastic and plastic components, but
described as a function of stress amplitude ra and not fatigue life Nf
ra ra n10
ea;t ea;e ea;p
:
5
E
K0
The rst term of the equation is linear (the elastic component), and the second term is logarithmic (the plastic component). The stressstrain curve is usually presented in a
linear coordinate system, Fig. 3a, but in the double-logarithmic coordinate system, the terms of the equations are
expressed by straight lines, Fig. 3b. Thus, in order to determine the material parameters K0 and n0 , the plastic part of
the Eq. (5) must be linearized. Linearization is performed
by nding the logarithms of the equation
0
ra K 0 ena;p ;
Y logK 0 n0 X ;
Fig. 3. Example of the RambergOsgood curve according to Eq. (5): (a) linear scale; (b) logarithmic scale.
1970
ra
;
E
E
logr0f log2N f b logra
b
2N f
1
loge0f log2N f c:
n0
Introducing the log (ra) part from Eq. (8) into (9) leads to
the following expression
1
logr0f log2N f b logK 0 0 loge0f log2N f c
n
10a
1
1
1
logr0f 0 log2N f b 0 c logK 0 0 loge0f 10b
n
n
n
logra logK 0
60
b
n0 n0comp:
c
Substitution of Eq. (12) into (9) leads to
1
1
logr0f 0 logK 0 0 loge0f
n
n
r0f
0n0
ef
K0
K0
12
13
r0f
0
14
b K comp:
e0f c
Eqs. (12) and (14) are the so-called compatibility equations
and they couple the coecients and exponents which appear in the RambergOsgood and MansonConBasquin
formulations. This yields the possibility of determining the
coecient and exponent in the stressstrain curve (5)
directly from the strainlife curve (1). In Eq. (10) it is
assumed, that the number of cycles to failure does not inuence the elasticplastic properties of the material. Thus, it is
1971
Fig. 5. Computed ratios for elastic and plastic strains by neglecting the compatibility.
1972
z1
P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
R (l , m , n )
y1
x1
x
Fig. 8. Points in the three-dimensional space with the regression line
determined by point P1 and directional vector R.
Fig. 7. (a) Three-dimensional space with the strainstresslife curve (earaNf) and its projections on (b) strainstress (eara) plane, (c) stresslife (raNf)
plane, and (d) strainlife (eaNf) plane.
n0
l
m
c ;
b ;
n
n
e0f 10x1 z1 c ; r0f 10y 1 z1 b :
16
y logra ;
z logN f :
17
1973
K0
K 0comp:
V n0
n0
n0comp:
18
Fig. 9. Algorithms for calculation of the material constants K0 , n0 ; e0f , c, r0f and b.
1974
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
21
22
23
24
Material and
heat treatment
Pressing
S225 F
S250 F
S220 F
S260 F
S250 F
S250 F
S250 F
S226 T6
S250 F
S250 F
S250 F
S230B T6
S232 T6
S232 T6
S691 T6
S693 T6
S691 T6
S693 T6
19
16
13
7A
15
29
34
5B
34
28
30
6A
2
2
7
40
7
40A
Raw part
diameter (mm)
Position in
the raw part
Temperature
(C)
Youngs
modulus E (GPa)
Fatigue strength
exponent
b
Conv.
3-D
Fatigue ductility
coecient (m/m)
e0f
Conv.
3-D
Fatigue ductility
exponent
c
Conv.
3-D
Fitting
quality (%)
R2
Conv. 3-D
30
30
30
30
30
60
100
30
100
60
60
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
c
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
20
20
20
20
200
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
200
20
20
200
200
100.0
100.0
92.5
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
92.5
100.0
97.5
97.5
92.5
92.5
86.0
75.0
73.0
73.0
71.0
241.4
394.0
228.1
420.6
284.0
455.0
330.3
499.5
369.2
407.9
370.5
411.4
654.9
450.0
1030.5
866.6
499.7
464.6
0.063
0.099
0.082
0.061
0.073
0.110
0.075
0.063
0.082
0.100
0.088
0.063
0.066
0.086
0.115
0.098
0.082
0.077
0.046
0.035
0.121
0.100
0.038
0.048
0.038
0.019
0.029
0.049
0.035
0.224
0.069
1.219
10.054
15.781
1.358
0.573
0.431
0.359
0.500
0.620
0.324
0.374
0.356
0.484
0.333
0.369
0.330
0.668
0.739
0.847
1.237
1.445
0.851
0.765
97.6
93.8
96.6
98.4
98.3
98.6
94.6
97.1
99.2
98.9
97.7
86.7
97.3
96.8
99.3
97.8
97.1
98.6
241.6
396.9
228.7
420.7
284.1
455.5
331.6
499.9
369.5
408.3
371.3
413.4
655.1
449.8
1030.6
867.4
499.8
463.9
0.063
0.099
0.082
0.061
0.073
0.110
0.075
0.063
0.082
0.100
0.088
0.063
0.066
0.086
0.115
0.099
0.082
0.076
0.046
0.036
0.124
0.107
0.038
0.048
0.039
0.019
0.029
0.049
0.035
0.244
0.072
1.482
10.945
36.385
1.504
0.605
0.432
0.361
0.502
0.628
0.324
0.374
0.358
0.487
0.333
0.369
0.331
0.678
0.744
0.868
1.247
1.557
0.862
0.772
97.5
93.8
96.4
98.3
98.4
98.6
94.8
97.0
99.2
98.9
97.7
85.4
97.3
96.2
99.2
97.5
96.9
98.6
Table 1
Cyclic values according to the MansonConBasquin curve
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
21
22
23
24
Material and
heat treatment
S225 F
S250 F
S220 F
S260 F
S250 F
S250 F
S250 F
S226 T6
S250 F
S250 F
S250 F
S230B T6
S232 T6
S232 T6
S691 T6
S693 T6
S691 T6
S693 T6
Pressing
19
16
13
7A
15
29
34
5B
34
28
30
6A
2
2
7
40
7
40A
Raw part
diameter (mm)
30
30
30
30
30
60
100
30
100
60
60
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
Position in
the raw part
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
c
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Temperature
(C)
20
20
20
20
200
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
200
20
20
200
200
Youngs modulus
E (GPa)
100.0
100.0
92.5
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
92.5
100.0
97.5
97.5
92.5
92.5
86.0
75.0
73.0
73.0
71.0
379.4
991.4
322.2
523.4
593.8
1108.5
654.0
835.9
879.9
924.9
902.3
471.6
828.1
432.5
826.3
691.0
480.9
487.6
380.0
988.5
322.7
528.4
594.1
1109.8
654.5
839.5
880.1
925.0
901.0
473.6
832.0
441.0
831.2
718.1
485.2
491.3
V K0
Cyclic hardening
exponent
n0
Conv. 3-D
n0Comp:
V n0
Fitting quality
(%)
R2
Conv. 3-D Comp.
1.036
1.021
1.178
0.881
0.994
0.990
0.992
0.870
0.997
0.999
1.012
0.980
1.149
0.564
0.812
0.797
0.563
0.679
0.152
0.277
0.188
0.082
0.225
0.292
0.208
0.112
0.245
0.271
0.267
0.091
0.105
0.025
0.066
0.041
0.016
0.047
1.036
1.011
1.144
0.832
0.996
0.995
0.995
0.857
0.998
0.999
1.007
0.966
1.176
0.248
0.709
0.597
0.170
0.474
95.5
99.2
99.3
99.6
99.6
99.7
97.9
99.8
98.7
99.7
99.7
96.9
99.9
98.5
99.9
99.9
99.1
96.0
0.147
0.275
0.164
0.098
0.226
0.293
0.209
0.130
0.246
0.271
0.266
0.093
0.089
0.099
0.092
0.063
0.095
0.099
0.147
0.274
0.164
0.099
0.226
0.293
0.209
0.130
0.246
0.271
0.266
0.094
0.089
0.102
0.093
0.068
0.096
0.100
95.4
99.2
99.0
99.5
99.6
99.7
97.9
99.7
98.7
99.7
99.6
96.9
99.7
97.2
99.7
99.7
97.3
94.9
95.4
99.2
99.0
99.4
99.6
99.7
97.9
99.7
98.7
99.7
99.6
96.9
99.7
97.1
99.7
99.7
97.3
94.9
Table 2
Cyclic values of the RambergOsgood curve
1975
1976
Fig. 10. Stressstrain curves obtained with the conventional and the 3-D method.
Fig. 11. Strainlife curves obtained with the conventional and the 3-D method.
(16). The stressstrain and strainlife curves for three selected materials are shown in Figs. 10 and 11.
This new method of evaluation will now also be used in
the context of the Collaborative Research Centre CRC 666
project Integral Sheet Metal Design with Higher Order
Bifurcation (started 2005). The aim of two subprojects
in the CRC 666 at the chair of System Reliability and
Machine Acoustic SzM of the Technical University of
Darmstadt is to analyze and evaluate material characteristics resulting from the new manufacturing method called
1977