3 LTE Interoperability in Connection Mode (LTE-GU)

LTE
Interoperability in
Connection Mode
(LTE->G/U)
Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
www.huawei.com
Contents
1.
LTE Interoperability in Connection Mode
2.
CS Interoperability
Page3
Contents
1.

1.1 Technical Overview and Basic Concepts
1.2 Measurement Configuration
1.3 Measurement Triggering/Stopping Phase of an IRAT Handover
1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
1.6 Measurement Phase of an IRAT Handover
1.7 Decision Phase of an IRAT Handover
1.8 Execution Phase of an IRAT Handover
1.9 IRAT Signaling Procedure in Connection Mode
Page4
States of UE at Switch on
Related to
interoperability which
will be discussed in
this course
Page5
Mobility Management Overview in

Connection Mode
UE States
Types
Intra-frequency
HO
Connection
Mode
Inter-frequency
HO
Inter-RAT HO
Causes/Scenario
Frequencypriority-based
Coverage-based
SRVCC
UL-qualitybased
CCO/eNACC
Service-based
Redirection
SPID-based HO
back to the HPLMN
Not be discussed
Discussing
PS HO
Load-based
Distance-based
Discussed
Execution
CSFB
Page6
Handover Procedure
Page8
Neighbor Relationship Management

Overview
Neighbor relationships define the relationships between

the serving cell and its neighboring cells, and they play a
fundamental role in handovers.
Neighbor relationships are planned in the network design

stage. They are automatically adjusted by ANR which is
enabled.
There are three types of neighboringThe

cells
Max Number of
Types
The Max Number of Ncell
Nfrequency
Intra-frequency Ncell
64
NA
Inter-frequency Ncell
64
128(UTRAN)
16(UTRAN)
64(GERAN)
16(GERAN)
Inter-RAT Ncell
Page9
Priority of the Neighboring Cell
For normal handover, if the target system is E-UTRAN or UTRAN, the

eNodeB preferentially selects the cells with parameters
EUTRANINTRAFREQNCELL.CellMeasPriority, EUTRANINTERFREQNCELL.
CellMeasPriority, or UTRANNCELL.CellMeasPriority setted as
HIGH_PRIORITY.
For the blind handover, The candidate cells must be the neighboring cells
with blind-handover priorities 0.
Page10
UE Capability
The MME may inform the eNodeB of UE capabilities.
If the MME does not inform the eNodeB of UE capabilities, the eNodeB
initiates UE capability transfer over the radio interface to a UE, and the
UE informs the eNodeB of the UE capabilities through the UE Capability
Information IE.
quiry
n
E
ility
b
a
p
a
UE C
indicates whether the

UE is capable of
frequency-specific or
RAT-specific
measurements and
handovers.
Page11
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page12
HO Measurement Configuration
Overview
After a UE establishes a radio bearer, the eNodeB delivers the
Measurement Configuration to the UE in an RRC Connection

Reconfiguration message.
The measurement configuration consists of
Measurement Objects
Reporting Configurations
Other Parameters
Page13
Measurement Configuration
After UE attachment, eNodeB sends RRC

reconfiguration message which includes intra/intrefrequency/IRAT measurement control info which
inform UE to perform intra/intre-frequency/IRAT
measurement
It contains all intra/intrefrequency/IRAT

measurement and report
configuration, including
A1(optional), A2(optional)
and A3(mandatory) event.
Trace from eNodeB

Page14
The Measurement Configuration for InterRAT

HORAT HO, the measurement configuration includes:
For inter
Inter-RAT measurement object: UTRAN or GERAN
Reporting configuration
Inter-RAT handover thresholds
Hysteresis
Time-to-trigger
Triggering quantity for handovers to UTRAN
Maximum number of cells to be reported
Interval between reports
The number of periodic measurement reports
Measurement quantity configuration
Measurement gap configuration
Page15
Inter-RAT Measurement Object

Overview
Measurement objects are the objects that UEs measure.

Measurement object information includes the target system,
target frequency and target cell for a UE to measure, as well
as the measurement bandwidth and frequency-specific
offset if target system is EUTRAN.
Page16
Inter-RAT Measurement Object

Parameters
Parameters
Description
carrierFreq
Indicates the DL EARFCN of the interfrequency E-UTRAN cell
allowedMeas
BandWidth
Indicates the measurement bandwidth for

inter/intra-frequency neighboring cells
PresenceAnt
ennaPort1
Indicates whether all of the inter-frequency

neighboring cells are configured with the
double-TX antenna.
neighCellCon Indicate whether all the neighbor have the

same configuration or not
fig
offsetFreq
Indicates the frequency offset of the interfrequency neighboring cell
Page18
Data Configuration of Inter-RAT

Measurement Object
UMTS
GERAN
Page19
UTRAN Measurement Object
Page20
GERAN Measurement Object
Page21
Tracing Case Measurement

Object
Page22
Report Configuration
Reporting configurations consist of the parameters

related to specific events.
Page23
Events for Report

Event
Threshold
Configuration
Action
interfrequen
cy or
IRAT
intrafrequen
cy/interfrequen
cy
interfrequen
cy
A1
Signal quality in the serving

cell is higher than a
specified threshold
The eNodeB stops interfrequency or inter-RAT

measurements.
A2
Signal quality in the serving

cell is lower than a specified
threshold
The eNodeB starts interfrequency or inter-RAT

measurements
A3
Signal quality in at least one

intra-frequency/interfrequency neighboring cell
is higher than that in the
serving cell
Source eNodeB sends an intrafrequency/inter-frequency

handover request.
A4
Signal quality is higher than

a specified threshold in at
least one inter-frequency
neighboring cell
A5
A2 + A4
Source eNodeB sends an interfrequency handover request.

Source eNodeB sends an interfrequency handover request.
Signal quality is higher

than a specified
source eNodeB sends an
atLtd.
least
onereserved.
inter-RAT
handover
Copyright 2013B1
Huawei threshold
Technologies in
Co.,
All rights
Page24
inter-RAT neighboring
request.
Tracing Case Event 3 Report

Configuration
Page26
Other Parameters Related to

Events
Hysteresis
To reduce the number of event reports generated because of radio signal

fluctuation, the hysteresis to the signal quality is used in the entering and
leaving conditions for each event.
Time-to-Trigger
When the entering condition of an

event is met, the UE does not report
the cell measurement result
associated with the event to the
eNodeB until the entering condition is
met throughout a specified period, as
defined by the time-to-trigger
parameter.
Triggering Quantity and

Reporting Quantity
Example:
RSRP & RSRQ
Page27
Data Configuration of Reporting

Configuration(1/2)
1.Hysteresis
2.Time-to-trigger
UMTS
GERAN
Page28
Data Configuration of Reporting

Configuration(2/2)
3. Triggering quantity for handovers to UTRAN
4. Maximum number of cells to be reported
5. Interval between reports
6. The number of periodic measurement reports
6
3
5
Page29
Other ParametersMeasurement
Filtering
A: Measurement value at the physical layer
B: Measurement value obtained after L1 filtering.
C :Measurement value obtained after L3 filtering.
EUTRAN
EUTRAN
GERAN
UTRAN
Page30
Tracing Case Filtering

Configuration
This filtering is performed by RRC, smoothing

measurement to resist fast fading effect. A larger value
of this parameter indicates a stronger smoothing effect
and higher resistance to fast fading, but it may weaken
the tracing capability towards varying signals
Page32
Tracing Case - Measurement ID
Based on the object and report configuration, eNodeB

creates one or more measurement ID linked with object ID
and report ID. And this ID should be also included in the UE
report, so eNodeB can differentiate each reports
Page33
Contents
1.

1.3 Measurement Triggering/Stopping Phase of an IRAT
Handover
1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page34
IRAT HO Scenario
Coverage-based HO
Load-based HO
UL-quality-based HO
Inter-RAT HO
Service-based HO
Distance-based HO
SPID-based HO back to the HPLMN
CSFB
(it will be introduced in Chapter4)
Page35
Coverage-based Handover Overview

Moves to
neighbor
LTE TDD
cell
Moves to
neighbor
LTE FDD
cell
LTE FDD
Threshold of
trigger Inter-freq
HO (IF A2) is
LTE TDD
Inter-Frequency Intra-Frequency
Moves
out of LTE
coverage
InterRAT
higher than
threshold of
trigger Inter-RAT
HO (IR A2), which
means that interfreq HO is
UMTS
triggered earlier
Moves to
LTE
coverage
than inter-RAT
If UE under UMTS move to LTE coverage, there are
HO.
two options:
Service is still provided by UMTS. When service
ends, UE will camp on LTE network by cell
reselection
UMTS triggers
Inter-RAT
handover to LTE
to decide
handover
target
Using different event threshold

Handover Priority: Intra-frequency > inter-frequency , Intra-RAT > interRAT
Handover between TDD/FDD looks as Inter-Frequency of LTE system
Page36
Event Related with Coverage-based

HO
The eNodeB delivers the measurement configuration

related to event A2 to a UE in connected mode to monitor
the signal quality of the serving cell. The eNodeB may
deliver measurement configurations for two types of
events A2 to the UE
Event A2 for
IRAT...
measurement
Event A2
for ...
blind
handover
If the signal quality in the serving cell is lower than the

specified threshold
If the signal quality in the serving cell further deteriorates

and the eNodeB does not perform a handover for the UE, the
UE reports event A2 for blind handover.
Page37
Data Configuration of Coveragebased HO
The switches UtranRedirectSwitch and

GeranRedirectSwitch under the ENodeBAlgoSwitch.
HoModeSwitch parameter specify whether coveragebased handovers to GERAN and UTRAN cells are enabled,
respectively.
Page38
Measurement Trigger Conditions of IRAT

HO by Event A2
A2 Event
Moves to
neighbor LTE
cell
Moves out
of LTE
coverage
LTE
GSM/UMTS
Coverage
Intra-LTE
Inter-RAT
According to radio link condition (LTE: RSRP/RSRQ)
Entering condition: Ms + Hys < Threshold
Leaving condition: Ms Hys > Threshold
Page39
Data Configuration Of Measurement

Trigger Condition of IRAT HO by Event A2
RSRP/RSRQ
Measurement
quantities
Hysteresis,
threshold and time
to trigger related
with event A2
Page41
Target-based Setting of Inter-RAT Event

A2
For GU, RSRP thresholds can be adjusted via the
offsets.
The offsets do not affect the RSRQ thresholds for

inter-RAT measurement event A2.
Entering condition: Ms + Hys < Threshold-10
Leaving condition: Ms Hys > Threshold-10
Page42
Measurement Stopping Condition of IRAT HO

by Event A1
The event A1 threshold

must be higher than the
event A2 threshold to
ensure that event A1
can stop inter-RAT
measurements in
coverage-based inter-
Entering
condition: Ms - Hys > Thresh
RAT
handovers.
Leaving condition: Ms + Hys < Thresh
Page44
Data Configuration Of Measurement

Stopping Condition of IRAT HO by Event A1
These
parameters are
the same to both
A1 and A2
Hysteresis,
threshold and time
to trigger related
with event A1
Page46
Blind-Handover Triggering by Event A2
In coverage-based IRAT handovers, the eNodeB delivers a measurement

configuration related to event A2 for blind handover if the signal quality of
the serving cell deteriorates to a specified level and the UE has not
been handed over.
Event A2 for blind handover can trigger both inter-frequency and IRAT
blind handovers.
the RSRP threshold and RSRQ threshold of event A2 for blind handover are
the same and specified in the following parameters.
Other parameters related to blind handover events A1 and A2 are

specified by parameters for inter-RAT blind handovers
Page47
Relationship between IRAT HO and

Blind HO
The eNodeB delivers event A2 for blind handover but not event A2 for interfrequency or inter-RAT measurement if both the following conditions are met:
The UE does not support inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurement.
The threshold of event A2 used for inter-frequency or inter-RAT measurement

is lower than the threshold of event A2 for blind handover.
A coverage-based inter-RAT blind handover can be performed in the form of a

blind redirection.
If the target system is GERAN, it can also be performed in the form of a blind
CCO.
If VoIP services are running on the UE that reports event A2 for blind handovers,
the eNodeB determines an IRAT handover policy(discussed later) based on the
handover policy configuration and UE capability.
Page49
Load based Handover: Inter-RAT
When high load occurs in LTE but low load in GSM/UMTS,

make some UEs handover to GSM/UMTS
Blind HO list can be

configured according
to operator's strategy
and networking
scenarios
Multiple handover
schemes according
to the capability of
network, and UE
e.g. PSHO,
CCO/NACC,
Redirection
Page50
Data Configuration of Load-based

HO
UEs in connected mode are
handed over to UTRAN cells
and
UEs are handed

over to GERAN cells
and
Blind HO
UL-Quality-based Handover
Scenario:
DL
quality is good,
but UL quality is
limited, which result

to poor service
experience.
Principle:
HO
When
UL IBLER is
higher than
threshold, trigger
handover to a better
neighbor cell.
Improve Edge User Experience in Interference or UL-Limited

Scenario
Page52
UL-Quality-based Inter-RAT Handover

LTE(F1)
UL Quality threshold are set by the system.

1. UL Quality > threshold
2. Sends target cell and instructs UE 2G/3G
to initiate GAP/B1 measurement or LTE(F2)
4
3
3. Sends GAP/B1 measurement

report to the eNodeB
4. Instruct UE to HO
Description
Due to the UL interference, the coverage in UL
is limited compared to DL
The UE has limited power
The HO algorithms are implemented for DL
HO
Benefit
Guarantee Service Continuity in UL
limited LTE networks
Page 53
Service-based Handover: InterRAT

Handover voice service when E-RAB
UE
established to UMTS/GSM
UE initiate service
To improve efficiency and capacity of

E-RAB Initial
whole system
eNB
To save the investment at the
Only Voip E-RAB

Y
beginning of LTE
HO
Measurement
Handover to 3G/2G
according to service
Measurement
Configuration
Event B1 trigger
Measure Report
LTE coverage
HO Decision
3G/2G coverage
HO Execute
Page54
Data Configuration of Service-based HO
Page55
Distance-based HO Overview
Page57
Data Configuration of Distance-based HO
Page59
Background of Inter-PLMN
Handover
Besides handover between PLMNs which belong

to different operators, there is another scenario
where an operator may own multiple PLMNs
which are respectively used to provide coverage
for different RATs.
To enable UE handovers between PLMNs owned

by the same operator, inter-PLMN handovers are
introduced.
Page60
Data Configuration of Inter-PLMN

HO(1/2)
Page61
Data Configuration of Inter-PLMN

HO(2/2)
MAPPING
Page62
SPID-based HO Back to the HPLMN

Overview(1/2)
A handover back to the HPLMN policy defines whether a UE can

be handed over from another PLMN to its HPLMN when it moves
back to an E-UTRAN of its HPLMN.
The SpidCfg.HoBackToHPLMNSwitch parameter specifies

whether handover back to the HPLMN is allowed for UEs with a
specific SPID.
Scenario:
Operator A's coverage is embedded in

Operator B's coverage, i.e. a UE does not
lose coverage from operator B when
entering coverage of operator A.
Operator As
subscriber
allowed to
roam in Bs
network
Operator B
Operator Bs eNB needs to know the
Operator A
subscribers home PLMN to decide

whether a handover towards As network
shall be triggered.
Inter-PLMN Handover
to As home PLMN
Page63
SPID-based HO Back to the HPLMN

Overview(2/2)
For roaming subscribers, HPLMN cell will be more suitable to be
selected than roaming cell when entering HPLMN coverage area

through connected mode handover.
This kind of handover is also an inter-PLMN handover. Before

using this policy, ensure that the HPLMN has the frequency with
the highest priority in the cell reselection policy, and inter-PLMN
handover.
Parameter and Setting
UE
Spid
HoBackToHPLMNSwitch
FALSE(FALSE)
2
3
4
5
...
...
2
3
4
5
...
256
TRUE(TRUE)
TRUE(TRUE)
FALSE(FALSE)
...
...
...
Page64
Conditions of SPID-based HO Back to the

HPLMN
Handover back to the HPLMN takes effect for a UE

only when all the following conditions are met:
High frequency priorities
and different PLMN
Comparing with
serving cell, a
Switch related
neighbour cell should
to InterPlmnHo
has higher frequency
is enable
priorities
and
a
The parameter
ENodeBAlgoSwitch.H
different PLMN
SpidCfg.HoBackT
oAlgoSwitch.InterP
oHPLMNSwitch
lmnHoSwitch
is selected.
parameter is set
to TRUE(TRUE)
SPID-based
HO Back to
the HPLMN
Switch related
to SpidCfg is
enable
Page65
Example of SPID-based HO Back to the

HPLMN
PLMN B
PLMN A
CN
2. eNB/RNC get SPID of
this UE from Bs MME
1. As UE
access to Bs
network 1
3. eNB check the neighbor cell

list by
HO to HPLMN
this PLMN when UE HO to it, if
happens in this cell
find
Handover to HPLMN based
SPIDcell,
can facilitate
roaming
matched
ask the UE
to HOuser back to its network to save the cost.
Page66
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page67
Redirection Definition
Redirection is a method of transferring UEs between cells and is a type

of handover when "handover" is used as a generic term.
When a handover cannot be performed in an emergency or due to

equipment limitations, the eNodeB sends the UE an RRC Connection
Release message, which contains information about a neighboring
frequency in the LTE system or in another RAT system. Using this
message, the eNodeB instructs the UE to initiate a random access
procedure towards an inter-frequency or inter-RAT neighboring cell so
that the UE can resume its services.
Compared with handovers, redirections do not include a

procedure for initiating a handover request towards a
neighboring cell. Therefore, redirections have lower requirements for
equipment capabilities and can be rapidly performed. The two methods
differ in the way to transfer UEs.
Page68
Redirection
Data
Configuration
The 2G/3G network are generally mature, and may not support IRAT
handovers from the E-UTRAN. In this situation, redirections instead of

inter-RAT handovers can be performed on UEs. Therefore, network
capabilities must be collected to determine whether to enable handovers
or redirections for UE transfer.
If both handovers and redirections are enabled, the eNodeB

preferentially uses handovers to transfer UEs.
Page69
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page71
Blind Handovers Overview
To reduce delay, the eNodeB may select a target cell for handover in
the absence of the measurement information. This type of handover is
called a blind handover, which is a generic term.
Blind handover consists of
The handover without neighboring cell measurements
CCO
Redirection
If eNodeBs decide to perform blind handovers, they will not deliver the
GAP measurement and related measurement control order but directly
deliver handover commands, CCO indicators, or redirection indicators to
the UEs.
Page72
Comparison between Blind HO and

Normal HO
Measurement report (A2)
intra/inter-frequency/IRAT
measurement activate
Handover command
Measurement based HO

Handover command
Blind Ho
Measurement based handover: HO must be trigged by intra/interfrequency/IRAT measurement report
Blind handover: Skip intra/inter-frequency/IRAT measurement, directly

execute HO based on priority configuration
Once blind HO is activated, eNodeB directly decide the HO target based on the
priority configuration of each neighbor
Page73
The Target Selection Procedure of the

Blind HO
Star
Attention: Firstly select a cell in the intraRAT system and then a inter-RAT system,
for the priority of EUTRAN is higher than
that of an inter-RAT system.
The eNodeB selects the system

with the highest priority
Are valid Ncells available

for the blind-HO?
No
Yes
The eNodeB selects the Ncells

with the highest blind-HO priority
The eNodeB selects a frequency

based on the frequency priority
The eNodeB filters the target

cells or frequencies
Is only one target cell or

frequency available ?
Yes
No
The eNodeB randomly selects

target cells or frequency
The eNodeB performs a blind-HO

Page74
Data Configuration of IRAT Priority

1. The eNodeB selects the system with the highest
priority as the target system.
The priorities of EUTRAN systems
Page76
Data Configuration of
IRAT Priority
1. The eNodeB selects the system with the highest priority

as the target system.
The priorities of IRAT systems
Page77
Data Configuration of Neighbor Cell

Blind HO Priority
2. The eNodeB selects a neighboring cell for the blind
handover.
Within EUTRAN system
EUTRAN
Page78
Data Configuration of Neighbor Cell Blind HO

Priority
2. The eNodeB selects a neighboring cell for the blind
handover.
In IRAT system
UTRAN
GERAN
Page79
Data Configuration of the Neighbor

Frequency Priority
UTRAN
GERAN
Page80
Data Configuration of Filtering the

Target Frequencies
3.The eNodeB filters the blind-handover targets to prevent a blind
handover to an inappropriate target.
For cell: The filtering of the target neighboring cells is the

same as that in Handover Decision.
For frequency: When filtering the target frequencies, the

eNodeB filters out the frequencies whose PLMN is different
from the PLMN of the serving cell.
Page81
Data Configuration of Filtering the

Target Frequencies
UTRAN
GERAN
Page82
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page83
IRAT HO Measurement
Overview
Step1: When inter-RAT measurements are required, the
eNodeB delivers to the UE a Measurement Configuration

message containing the inter-RAT measurement configuration,
instructing the UE to perform inter-RAT measurements.
Step2: If the triggering condition of inter-RAT handover event

B1 or B2 are met, event B1 or B2 will be reported. Basing on
the reported inter-RAT measurement result, the eNodeB
makes an inter-RAT handover decision.
The measurement phase of the inter-RAT handover consists of

inter-RAT measurement configuration, setup of measurement
gaps, and triggering of event B1 or B2.
Page84
Event B1/B2 Triggering Scenario
Coverage-based inter-RAT handovers
can be triggered by event B1 or B2
The type of event used to trigger coverage-based inter-RAT

handovers is specified by the InterRatHoComm.
InterRatHoEventType parameter.
Other types of inter-RAT handover
can be triggered only by event B1. If event B2 is used to

trigger non-coverage-based inter-RAT handovers, cell center
users (CCUs) do not report event B2.
Page85
IRAT Report Configuration - Event B1
Event B1 indicates that the signal quality is higher than a

specified threshold in at least one inter-RAT neighboring cell.
When the information about the cells that meet the triggering
condition is reported, the source eNodeB sends an inter-RAT
handover request.
Page86
Event B1 Triggering
Mechanism
UTRAN
Cell
EUTRAN
Cell
Entering condition: Mn + Ofn - Hys > Thresh
Leaving condition: Mn + Ofn + Hys < Thresh
Page87
Data Configuration Related to Event B1

Ofn
URAN
Thresh
Hys
time-to-trigger
Thresh
GERAN
Hys
Thresh
time-to-trigger
Page88
IRAT Report Configuration - Event B2
Event B2 indicates that the signal quality in the serving cell is

lower than a threshold and that the signal quality in at least one
inter-RAT neighboring cell is higher than another threshold.
When the information about the cells that meet the triggering
condition is reported, the source eNodeB sends an inter-RAT
handover request.
Page89
Event B2 Triggering
Mechanism
Entering condition: Ms + Hys < Thresh 1 and Mn + Ofn - Hys > Thresh 2
Leaving condition: Ms - Hys > Thresh 1 or Mn + Ofn + Hys < Thresh 2
Page90
Data Configuration Related to Event B1
Event B2 uses the same set of parameters as event B1

except four parameters: the triggering quantity related to
Thresh 1, the measurement quantity related to Thresh 2,
Thresh 1, and Thresh 2. For details about the four
parameters, see the following Tables.
Thresh 1 for
event B2
Triggering Quantity
The same as the triggering
quantity of event A2
QuantityB2
Thresh Measurement
2 for event
UTRAN
GERAN
RSCP
Ec/No
RSSI
Thresh 1
RSRP InterRatHoCommGroup.InterRatHoA2ThdRSRP
RSRQ InterRatHoCommGroup.InterRatHoA2ThdRSRQ
Thresh 2
InterRatHoUtranGroup.InterRATHoUtranB1ThdRSCP
InterRatHoUtranGroup.InterRATHoUtranB1ThdEcN0
InterRatHoGeranGroup.InterRATHoGeranB1Thd
Page91
Measurement GAP
Measurement gaps are applicable to inter-frequency and

inter-RAT measurements.
During the measurement

gaps the UE:
not transmit any data
is not expected to tune

its receiver on the EUTRAN serving carrier
frequency.
Page92
Data Configuration of IRAT Measurement

Priorities
This is only available to IRAT measurements on the
UTRAN.
Page94
Event-Triggered Periodical Reporting
After an event is reported at the first time, the

measurement results associated with the event are
reported periodically by UE, which is called eventtriggered periodical reporting.
Page95
The Purpose of IRAT Periodical Reporting
There are three purposes defined for periodical reporting:
Report Strongest Cells.
Report Strongest Cells For SON.
Report CGI.
Page96
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page97
Handover Decision Overview
In this phase, the eNodeB checks the measurement result reported by

the UE and decides whether to perform an inter-RAT handover for a
UE or the blind-handover priorities and judges to triger a handover.
The eNodeB derives a list of candidate cells from the measurement

report sent by the UE.
For normal handover, the list is based on the signaling strength, while
for a blind handover, it is based on the blind-handover priorities.
If the eNodeB receives measurement reports about different RATs, it

processes the reports in a First In First Out (FIFO) manner.
Check measurement result
Measurement Report
Decide target cell
Page98
Filtering Principle of Target Cell
The eNodeB filters out the following cells from the

neighboring cell list:
cell1
Blacklisted neighboring cells
Neighboring cells that have a different PLMN
cell2
from the serving cell if the inter-PLMN handover
cell3
switch is disabled. Refer to the section InterPLMN Handovers
cell4
cell5
cell5
Neighboring cells with a handover prohibition

flag.
cell6
Neighboring cells in the areas indicated by the

IE Handover Restriction List in the INITIAL
CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST message sent from
the MME.
cell3
Page99
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page100
Handover Execution Overview
In this phase, the UE and the eNodeB exchange signaling over

the radio interface according to the protocol.
The LTE system uses hard handovers, that is, only one radio link
is connected to a UE at a time.
The source and target eNodeBs exchange signaling and data

through X2/S1 adaptation.
In the case of IRAT HO, the eNodeB

sends a handover request and
forwards data over the S1 interface.
Page101
Data Forwarding Overview
Definition: After the source eNodeB sends a handover

command to the UE, the UE detaches the connection from
the source eNodeB. The source eNodeB then forwards the
uplink (UL) data that is received out of order and the DL
data to be transmitted, to the target eNodeB.
Data forwarding prevents a decrease in the data transfer

ratio and an increase in the data transfer delay that are
caused by user data loss during the handover.
Page103
Data Forwarding Procedure

Source eNodeB
Buffering
DL data
Step1:RRC connection
Break
S-GW
Source eNodeB
Step2: source eNodeB

implement DL data
buffering
Target eNodeB
Source
eNodeB
Data
forwarding
Target eNodeB
Step3: Buffer forwarding to
target cell
Step4: Random access

to target cell
Attention: There are several

scenario introduced in the notes
Page104
IRAT Handover Execution

IRAT Handover Execution Policy Priority:
Policy
PS handover > SRVCC > CCO(GSM ONLY) > Redirection
LTE PS
2G/3G PS
PS handover
LTE VOIP
2G/3G CS LTE PS
SRVCC
CCO/NACC
RRC Connection
Release
LTE
Connection
Mode
Access
Procedure
2G/3G
Redirection
GSM
Idle Mode
Page105
Data Configuration of
Handover
Execution Policy
The LTE system is incapable of carrying CS services. If an E
UTRAN UE needs to start a mobile-originated or mobileterminated CS service, the UE will be moved to another RAT by
means of CSFB.
Page106
Contents
1.

1.4 Redirection
1.5 Blind Handover
Page107
Contents
1.9 IRAT Signaling Procedure in Connection
Mode
1.9.1 PS Handover for LTE <->G/U
1.9.2 RRC Release & Redirection for LTE <->G/U
1.9.3 eNACC for LTE->GERAN
1.9.4 CCO for GERAN->LTE
Mainly focus on the Gn/Gp SGSN

Page108
PS Handover LTE->GERAN/UTRAN
Overview
The UE in connected mode is handed over to a

GERAN/UTRAN cell after the UE moves from the area
covered by both the LTE network and GERAN/UTRAN to
the area covered only by the GERAN/UTRAN
to ensure
the
HO Trigger, Measurement
and Decision
continuity of PS services.
SGW
LTE
eNodeB
MME sends relocation to target SGSN

Target GU network establish access
connection
MME
PGW
HO decision: LTE to GU
eNodeB sends HO request
HO command is sent to UE
MS detected by target GU network
BSC/RNC
SGSN
GGSN
GSM /
UMTS BTS
Target network finish relocation.

Context exchange with source PGW
Release source network resources
Page109
MS
Source
eNodeB
Target
RNC
Old MME
Serving
GW
New Gn/Gp
SGSN
P-GW
1. Decision to perform
handover to UTRAN
2. Handover Required
3. Forward Relocation Request
4. Relocation Request
Establishment of Radio Access Bearers
PS HO(LTE>UMTS) Gn/Gp
SGSN
4. Relocation Request Acknowledge

5. Forward Relocation Response
6. Create Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Request
8. Handover Command
7. Create Indirect Data Forwarding Tunnel Response
9. Forwarding of data
10. HO from E-UTRAN Command
MS detected by target RNC

13. RRC message
12. Relocation Detect

14. Relocation Complete
15. Forward Relocation Complete
15. Forward Relocation Complete Acknowledge
16. Update PDP Context Request
16. Update PDP Context Response
17. Routeing Area Update
C2
C3
18. Delete Session Request

18b. Release Resources
18a. Delete Session Response
Page110
PS HO(LTE->GERAN) Gn/Gp SGSN

Preparation phase (Almost the same with that of LTE->UMTS except for
some signaling message name )

UE
Source
eNodeB
Target BSS
Source MME
New SGSN
Serving GW
Uplink and Downlink User Plane PDUs

1. Handover Initiation
2. Handover Required
3. Forward Relocation Request
4. PS Handover Request
5. Reservation of radio resources in target BSS
6. Target BSS creates the Target BSS to Source BSS Transparent Container
7. PS Handover Request Acknowledge
8. Forward Relocation Response
Page112
PDN GW
HSS
PS HO(LTE> GERAN)
Gn/Gp
SGSN
Execution phase (Almost the
same with that of LTE->UMTS

except for some signaling
message name )
Page113
PS HO(GERAN/UTRAN->LTE) Gn/Gp
SGSN
The UE in connected mode is handed over to an LTE

cell after the UE moves from the area covered only
by the GERAN/UTRAN to the area covered by both
the LTE network and GERAN/UTRAN to ensure the
continuity of PS services.
Page114
PS
HO(UTRAN
->LTE)
Gn/Gp SGSN
Page115
PS HO(GERAN->LTE) Gn/Gp SGSN
Preparation phase
Page117
PS HO(GERAN->LTE) Gn/Gp SGSN
Execution phase
Page118
Contents
Mode

Page119
LTE->G/U RRC Release & Redirection Overview
When the UE in connected mode moves from the area

covered by both the LTE network and UTRAN(or GERAN)
to the area covered by only the UTRAN, the UE needs to
be handed over to the UTRAN to ensure the continuity
of PS services. . The eNodeB obtains the UE
capability and knows that the UE does not
support either PS handover or CCO(for GERAN).
The eNodeB instructs the UE to reselect the target cell
in RRC release & redirection mode.
Page120
LTE->G/U RRC Release & Redirection

Procedure
SGW
PGW
MME
LTE
eNodeB
BSC
GSM /UMTS BTS
HO Trigger, Measurement and Decision

SGSN
GGSN
UE send target cell measurement to

eNodeB. eNodeB makes HO decision
eNodeB send RRC Release message
to UE, carrying RedirectedCarrierInfo
that specifies the frequency of the
target GERAN/UTRAN cell.
UE in RRC IDLE state, reselect the
GERAN/UTRAN cell with the specified
frequency according to redirection
information.
eNodeB requests MME release LTE
RRC_Connect.
UE initiates an RAU procedure.
Page121
G/U->LTE RRC Release & Redirection

Overview
GERAN->LTE
The UE initiates a CSFB voice call in the area covered by both LTE and GERAN
and camps on the GERAN network. When the BSC releases the air interface
connection after the voice call is terminated, the released message carries
the Cell selection indicator after release of all TCH and SDCCH
parameter, which contains the information about the E-UTRAN cell (EARFCN
and PCI), instructing the UE to reselect to the LTE network.
UTRAN->LTE
The UE in connected mode is handed over to an LTE cell after the UE moves
from the area covered only by the UTRAN to the area covered by both the
LTE network and UTRAN to ensure the continuity of PS services. The RNC
obtains the UE capability and knows that the UE does not support the PS
handover. The eNodeB decides to instruct the UE to reselect the target cell in
RRC release + redirection mode.
Page122
G/U->LTE RRC Release & Redirection

Procedure
UTRAN->LTE
GERAN->LTE
Page123
Contents
Mode

Page124
eNACC from the LTE to the GERAN

Overview
When the UE in connected mode moves out of the

area covered by both the LTE network and the
GERAN, if the target GERAN or UE does not support
the PS handover, the system message of the target
GERAN cell is sent to the UE on the source LTE
network. In this case, the duration of the UE
accessing the target GERAN cell is shortened to
reduce the service interruption duration.
Page125
eNACC LTE ->

GERAN
SGW
PGW
MME
LTE
eNodeB
BSC
SGSN
GGSN
GSM BTS
HO Trigger, Measurement and
Decision
UE send target cell
measurement to eNodeB.
eNodeB makes HO decision
eNodeB gets target cell info. by
RIM procedure
eNodeB sends HO command to
UE
MS detected by target GSM
network
Target network finish
relocation.
Context exchange with source
PGW
MME release source network
resources
Page126
Contents
Mode

Page127
CCO from the GERAN to the LTE

Overview
After the UE in connected mode moves from the area

covered by only the GERAN to the area covered by
both the LTE network and the GERAN, if the GERAN
or UE does not support the PS handover, the BSC
initiates the NACC procedure to obtain the system
message of the target E-UTRAN and informs the UE
about the message. In this case, the duration of the
UE accessing the target E-UTRAN cell is shortened to
reduce the interruption duration is reduced.
Page128
CCO from the GERAN to the

LTE
Page129
Contents
1.
2.
CS Interoperability
Page130
LTE Voice Solution
From a technological perspective, there are two

standard solutions to provide CS services for EUTRAN UEs:
Page131
Network Architecture & Functionality

for CSFB to UTRAN/GERAN
Need to be R8 ready
Maintaining SGs
association with MME
A
Gb
GERAN
for the mobility

management and
paging procedures
between EPS and
CS domain.
MSC/VLR
Gs
SGSN
Iu-cs
Gr
HSS/HLR
SGs
Iu-ps
UTRAN
C/D
S3
S6a
Deriving a VLR number and LAI from

the TAI of the current cell, or using a
default VLR number and LAI.
Maintaining SGs association with
MSC/VLR for EPS/IMSI Attached UE
Triggering paging to eNodeB (when
MSC-S pages the UE)
Initiating IMSI Detach at EPS Detach
S12
Multi-mode G/U/L
CSFB capable
Support of procedures:
Combined EPS/IMSI
Attach, Update, Detach.
PCRF
S4
MME
S11
S7
S1-MME
S5
SGi
S1-U
E-UTRAN
G/U/L handset
S-GW
Rx
Internet / intranet /
Operators & 3rd
Party Applications
PDN-GW
Forwarding paging request for CS domain to the

UE.
Directing the UE to the target CS capable cell.
(PS HO/redirection with or without SIBs).
Page132
Contents
1.
2.
CS Interoperability
2.1 CSFB at the eNodeB
2.2 End-to-End Procedures for CSFB

2.3 SRVCC Procedure
Page133
CSFB Procedure at the eNodeB
Star
CSFB mechanisms
include PS
The eNodeB receives a CSFB

Indicator from the MME
redirection, PS
handover, and
CCO/NACC. No
Triggering phase
matter which CSFB

mechanism is
adopted, both
Yes
The eNodeB delivers measurement

Measurement phase configurations to the UE
measurementbased handover
Are the conditions for

initiating a blind HO met?
Decision phase
The eNodeB makes a

CSFB decision
Execution phase
The eNodeB exectes a

CSFB decision
and blind handover

are applicable.
End
Page134
No
CSFB Triggering Principle(1/3)
After a UE initiates a CS service in an E-UTRAN cell, the MME

sends the eNodeB an S1-AP Request message that contains a
CSFB Indicator, notifying the eNodeB that the UE should be
transferred to the target networks which are specified by the
ENodeBAlgoSwitch.HoAlgoSwitch parameter.
Page135
CSFB Triggering Principle(2/3)
Choosing Between a Blind HO and a Measurement-based

HO
Star
ENodeBAlgoSwitch.
BlindHoSwitch is
enabled ?
Yes
The UE supports certain

RAT measurement ?
No
No
Yes
Triggering the RAT measurement
Blind Redirection
Blind CSFB
Page136
CSFB Triggering Principle(3/3) - Blind CSFB

Overview
In case of Blind HO(or redirection) , eNodeB decides

the CSFB target based on:
Blind handover priority of the target RAT:
InterRatHighestPri, InterRatSecondPri, and

InterRatLowestPri
Blind handover priority of the specific cell:
BlindHoPriority
LAI information ( R10 feature)
Page137
Data Configuration of Blind CSFB

1. The eNodeB selects a RAT with the highest blind-handover
priority.
Page138
Data Configuration of Blind CSFB(1/2)

2.
The eNodeB selects a cell with the highest blind-handover

priority in this RAT
UTRAN
0~32
GERAN
0~32
Page139
Measurement Phase Measurement

Based CSFB Overview
In case of measurement based CS Fallback, eNodeB

sends the UE the measurement configuration,
include :
The measurement configuration related with both

should be that the UE is capable of measuring
RAT type
Frequencies
CSFB B1 parameters
Page140
Measurement Phase Measurement Report

Configuration
In Measurement, CSFB is triggered by event B1:
Entering condition: Mn + Ofn - Hys > Thresh
Leaving condition: Mn + Ofn + Hys < Thresh
The B1 thresholds are different from those of

handover:
CS FallbackHoUtranB1ThdRscp
CS FallbackHoUtranB1ThdEcn0
CS FallbackHoGeranB1Thd
Page141
Measurement Phase Event B1 Threshold
Configuration of CSFB event B1 threshold:
Page142
Decision Phase Target Selection
In the decision phase of a measurement-based

handover, the eNodeB determines target cell based
on:
Evaluation of measurement report
LAI priority ( R10 feature)
Page143
LAI based CSFB (R10)

LTE Core
TA1/LA1
MME
GUL
TAI/LAI
CSFB to LA1
Select same LA to CSFB
GUL
TA3/LA1
TA2/LA2
GUL
Priority to select target GU cells with same LAC as UE

registered in GU NW during CSFB to avoid LAU (0.5s~3s).
Support national Roaming UE to select suitable fallback

RAT/Cell bases on LAI Indicator among multi-PLMNs.
Page144
Execution Phase - CSFB to

GERAN
Star

indicator from MME
Yes
ENodeBAlgoSwitch.
BlindHoSwitch is enabled ?
No
No
Does the UE support B1

measurement ?
Yes
The eNodeB delivers B1
measurement
configuration to the UE
The UE sends measurement
reports to the eNodeB
Is PS handover enabled?
No
Yes
Does the UE support No
PS HO?
Yes
PS HO based CSFB
CCO/NACC Switch=ON ?
Yes
No
No
Does the UE support PS HO?
Yes
CCO/NACC based CSFB
Flash CSFB
Switch=ON ?
No
The UE supports Rel.9 RRC No

with SIB & eNodB has stored
target cells SI ?
Redirection
Flash CSFB
based CSFB
Page145
Execution Phase - CSFB to
UTRAN
Star

indicator from MME
Yes
ENodeBAlgoSwitch.
BlindHoSwitch is enabled ?
No
No
Does the UE support B1

measurement ?
Yes
The eNodeB delivers B1
measurement
configuration to the UE
The UE sends measurement
reports to the eNodeB
Is PS handover enabled?
No
Yes
Does the UE support No
PS HO?
Yes
PS HO based CSFB
No
Flash CSFB
Switch=ON ?
The UE supports Rel.9 RRC No

with SIB & eNodB has stored
target cells SI ?
Redirection
Flash CSFB
based CSFB
Page146
Flash CSFB (Redirection Based on R9)
GSM/UMTS
Core
LTE Core
To support Flash CS Fallback,

eNodeB requires exchange
information between E-
SGSN
UTRAN and GERAN/UTRAN

RIM Request
RIM Response
MME
through the core networks.
Saving 1s for UMTS compare

with R8 CSFB
Saving 2s for GSM compare

with R8 CSFB
UTRAN/GERAN
EUTRAN
Page147
RIM Configuration
Contents
1.
2.
CS Interoperability
2.3 SRVCC Procedure
Page149
Mechanisms of CSFB
Mechanism
Supported
RAT
Impact on
Network
CS Access
Delay
Based on PS
handover
UTRAN/GERA
N
Complex
Short
Based on
Redirection
UTRAN/GERA
N/CDMA2000
Simple
Long
Flash CSFB
(Redirection with
RIM)
UTRAN/GERA
N
Medium
Short
CSFB based on
CCO/NACC
GERAN
Medium
Medium
Page150
Combined EPS/IMSI Attach Procedure
Page151
Contents
1.
2.
CS Interoperability
2.2.1 CSFB to UTRAN
2.2.2 CSFB to GERAN
2.3 SRVCC Procedure
Page153
CSFB to UTRAN
Based on the capabilities of UEs and networks, the

following mechanisms are available for an eNodeB to
perform CSFB to UTRAN
CSFB based on PS redirection for MOC(Mobile-Originated

Calls)
Flash CS Fallback
CSFB based on PS handover for MOC(Mobile-Originated

Calls)
CSFB to UTRAN Procedure for MTC (Mobile-Terminated Calls)
(Flash)CSFB to UTRAN based on PS

Redirection for MOC
For flash CSFB: RRC

Connection Release with
UTRAN frequency/cell
IDs/cell system information
Page155
S1 Message Tracing
Page156
CSFB to UTRAN Procedure for MTC
PS redirection
and PS handover
are the same for
MTO.
Page160
CSFB to UTRAN based on PS HO for

MOC
The eNodeB selects a fallback
mechanism and a target cell
using the CSFB algorithm. For
details, see chapter 4 4.1
CSFB at the eNodeB.
Page161
Contents
1.
2.
CS Interoperability
2.2.1 CSFB to UTRAN
2.2.2 CSFB to GERAN
2.3 SRVCC Procedure
Page162
CSFB to GERAN
Based on the capabilities of UEs and networks, the following

mechanisms are available for an eNodeB to perform CSFB to
GERAN
CSFB based on PS redirection for MOC
Flash CSFB (New introduced in eRAN3.0)
CSFB based on PS handover for MOC
CSFB based on CCO/NACC for MOC
CCO is short for cell change order
NACC is short for network assistant cell change
CSFB to GERAN Procedure for MTC is the same to that of CSFB to

UTRAN
(Flash)CSFB to GERAN based on PS

Redirection for MOC
For flash CSFB: RRC

Connection Release with
UTRAN frequency/PCIs/cell
system information
Completely similar with

that of (Flash)CSFB to
UTRAN except the points
in italic and red with
underline
Page164
CSFB to GERAN based on PS HO for

MOC
The eNodeB selects a fallback
mechanism and a target cell
using the CSFB algorithm. For
details, see chapter 4 4.1
CSFB at the eNodeB.
Page165
CSFB Based on
CCO/NACC(GERAN)
Page166
Contents
1.
2.
CS Interoperability
2.3 SRVCC Procedure
Page167
LTE GSM/UMTS SRVCC Flow
Page168
Summary
GUL Interoperability procedure
GUL Interoperability scenarios
GUL Interoperability algorithm principles and data

configuration related
Page170
Appendix 1: Subscriber Identity

Mapping
The mappings are described briefly as follows slides.
For the details on the mappings between the

Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI), RAI,
PTMSI, and PTMSI signature when the UE performs
GUL interworking, see sections 2.8.2.1 and 2.8.2.1 of
3GPP TS23.003.
Page171
Appendix 1: Mapping from a GUTI to

an RAI, and P-TMSI Signature
GUTI-to-RAI mappings
RAI Component
Mapping Data Source
MCC
MCC in the GUTI
MNC
MNC in the GUTI
LAC
MME Group ID
RAC
MME Code
GUTI-to-P-TMSI mappings
P-TMSI Component
31 to 30
Bits 29 to 24
Bits 23 to 16
Bits 15 to 0
P-TMSI Signature
Mapping Data Source

11
Bits 29 to the M-TMSI
MME CODE
Page172
Appendix 1: Mapping from P-TMSI/RAI

to GUTI
Mapping of P-TMSI/RAI to GUTI
GUTI Component Mapping Data Source
MCC
MCC in the RAI
MNC
MNC in the RAI
MME Group ID
LAC in the RAI
Bits 23 to 16 of the P-TMSI, namely higher-order
8 bits of the NRI
M-TMSI (bits 31 to 30) 11
M-TMSI (bits 29 to 24) Bits 29 to the P-TMSI
M-TMSI (bits 23 to 16) RAC in the RAI
M-TMSI (bits 15 to 0) Bits 15 to the P-TMSI
MME Code
Page173
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LTE

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

LTE Interoperability in Connection Mode

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

LTE Interoperability in Connection Mode

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mobility Management Overview in

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Neighbor Relationship Management

Neighbor relationships define the relationships between

Neighbor relationships are planned in the network design

There are three types of neighboringThe

The Max Number of Ncell

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Priority of the Neighboring Cell

For normal handover, if the target system is E-UTRAN or UTRAN, the

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The MME may inform the eNodeB of UE capabilities.

indicates whether the

LTE Interoperability in Connection Mode

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measurement Configuration to the UE in an RRC Connection

The measurement configuration consists of

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

After UE attachment, eNodeB sends RRC

It contains all intra/intrefrequency/IRAT

Trace from eNodeB

The Measurement Configuration for InterRAT

Inter-RAT measurement object: UTRAN or GERAN

Inter-RAT handover thresholds

Triggering quantity for handovers to UTRAN

Maximum number of cells to be reported

Interval between reports

The number of periodic measurement reports

Measurement quantity configuration

Measurement gap configuration

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inter-RAT Measurement Object

Measurement objects are the objects that UEs measure.

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inter-RAT Measurement Object

Indicates the DL EARFCN of the interfrequency E-UTRAN cell

Indicates the measurement bandwidth for

Indicates whether all of the inter-frequency

neighCellCon Indicate whether all the neighbor have the

Indicates the frequency offset of the interfrequency neighboring cell

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Data Configuration of Inter-RAT

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

UTRAN Measurement Object

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

GERAN Measurement Object

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tracing Case Measurement

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reporting configurations consist of the parameters

Copyright 2013 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Events for Report

Signal quality in the serving

The eNodeB stops interfrequency or inter-RAT

Signal quality in the serving