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Principle of Operation
The operation of a synchronous generator is based on Faraday's law
of electromagnetic induction, and in an ac synchronous generator the
generation of emf's is by relative motion of conductors and magnetic
flux.
These machines can be used as either motors or generators but their
predominant use is in generation.
There are a number of sources of energy used to turn the turbines:(a) Gas
(c) Combined cycle
(e) Hydro
(g) Wave
(b) Steam
(d) Nuclear
(f) Wind
(h) Photovoltaic
Principle of Operation
Multiple
Pole
Rotor
Principle of Operation
In constructing a synchronous
machine a point to note is that the
stator is fixed and the poles rotate.
A Cylindrical Rotor
Principle of Operation
Principle of Operation
Its characteristic feature is that the
armature rotates through a stationary
magnetic field, and the generated AC
is brought to the load by means of
slip rings and brushes.
Principle of Operation
The revolving-field type alternator
has a stationary armature and a
rotating magnetic field.
120
120
120
The
voltage
waveforms
generated across each phase
are drawn on a graph phasedisplaced 120 degrees from
each other.
A
B
T h re e P h a s e S T A R
C o n n e c te d
T h re e P h a s e
D E L T A C o n n e c te d
DC
S o u rc e
Field Regulator
ZZ
FL
F
Z
L
Zs
Zs
E
a
a .c .
A rm a tu re
C ir c u it
Zs
F ie ld C u r r e n t
F ie ld C u r r e n t /A
S o u rc e
ZZ
FL
F
Z
L
Z
Z
A rm a tu re
C ir c u it
E
a
short circuit
DC
Field Regulator
a .c .
F ie ld C u r r e n t
s.c ) /A
F ie ld C u r r e n t ( I f) /A
In conventional synchronous machines the short circuit characteristics
is practically linear because the iron is unsaturated up to rated
armature current
LOAD CONDITIONS
A
DC
S o u rc e
Field Regulator
ZZ
FL
F
Z
L
Zs
Zs
a .c .
E
a
a .c .
Load
B ank
Zs
A rm a tu re
C ir c u it
F ie ld C u r r e n t
D e lta /S ta r
C o n n e c te d
Generator power
flow => out
Motor power flow
=> in
E Vt 0 I L . jX s
Power = VIcos
Considering the diagram
Therefore
h = ILXscos = Esin
ILXscos = Esin