Presentation 5

Treatment structures
How the treatments are
arranged or combined in the
design structure

Recapitulation
So far our discussion on CRD, RCBD and LATIN
SQUARE have been limited to ONE treatment
factor (but with a few levels) only.
e.g. Variety: V1, V2, V3
From now on we will consider more than one
treatment factor (use TWO), each with a few
levels.

What to do if there are more than one

factor?
How are we going to arrange the factors (and fit
into the CRD and RCBD designs)?

Treatment
structures

Design
structures

I. Factorial arrangement
A factorial experiment
treatments consist of
all possible
combinations of the
levels of several
factors
Useful in exploratory
work when little is
known about the
optimum levels of the
factors

Exampl
e of a
2X2
factoria
l

Factor
B

Factor A

A1

A2

A1B A2B
B1
1
1
B2

A1B A2B
2
2

Examples

The effect of temperature (25 and 55 C) and altitude (10K ft,

30 K) on the current flow in a laptop.

The effects of selling price (factor 1: RM 10, RM20, RM30) and

type of advertising campaign (factor 2: Newspaper, Radio) on
sales of a product. (3 X 2 factorial)

The effects of different flour brands (A,B,C) and baking

temperature (T1,T2) on the crustiness of instant popia roll. (3
x 2 factorial)

The effects of different legume species (factor 1: alfalfa,

clover, groundnut), planted in different soil types (factor 2:
loam, sand, clay) and treatment regimes of seeds (factor 3:
treated, not treated with fungicide) on rate of emergence of
seeds. (3 X 3 x 2 factorial or 32 x 2)

Advantages of multifactor studies

over one factor at a time approach
Efficiency
Vary the temp (25 & 55C), keep altitude constant (10K).
Get results, repeat experiment to estimate error
variability.
Do the same at 30K
An alternative, use factorial arrangement combining
temp. and altitude.
The amount of experimentation is less when use factorial.
Amount of Information
Readily investigate the joint effects or interaction.
When the factors interact, factorial experiments can
estimate the interaction.
One-at-at-time experiments cannot estimate interaction.
Use of one-at-a-time experiments in the presence of
interaction can lead to serious misunderstanding of how
the response varies as a function of the factors.

Validity of Finding
Apart from being more efficient and readily providing
information on interaction effects, multifactor studies
also strengthen the validity of results.
e.g. The effects of selling price (RM 10, 20, 30) and type
of advertising campaign (Newspaper, Radio) on sales of
a product.
primary interest is effect of price on sales.
If only used newspaper advertising, doubts might exist
whether
or not the price effect differs for other
advertising campaigns. By
using other type of
advertising, management can get info on the
persistence of price effect with different promotional
campaign.

Caution
The advantages of multifactor experiment just
described should not be mistaken that the more
factors are included in a study, the better.
Experiments involving many factors with each at
numerous levels become more complex to
interpret, costly and time-consuming.
The better strategy is to begin with only a few
factors (the important ones), then extend the
study in accordance with the results obtained
thereof.

Factorial Arrangement in CRD

To study the influence of:
Factor A: Time of bleeding
(morning vs afternoon)
and
Factor B: diethylstilbestrol
(with or without) on
plasma phospholipids in
lambs
Five lambs were assigned
at random (CRD) to each
of the four treatment
groups
In total, need 20 lambs

Factorial Arrangement in
CRD
To study the influence of
> time of bleeding (factor
A: morning vs afternoon)
and
> diethylstilbestrol (factor
B: with or without)
on plasma phospholipid in
lambs.
Five lambs were assigned
at random (CRD) to each of
the four treatment groups.

Experimental
Layout

A1B
1

A1B
2

A2B
1

A2B
2

A2B
1

A1B
2

A2B
1

A2B
2

A1B
1

A1B
2

A1B
1

A2B
2

A1B
2

A2B
2

A2B
1

A1B
2

A1B
1

A2B
1

A1B
1

A2B
2

Treatments randomly
assigned to 20 lambs (each

Data
A1B1

A1B2

A2B1

A2B2

8.53

17.53

39.14

32.0

20.53

21.07

26.2

23.8

12.53

20.80

31.33

28.87

14.00

17.33

45.8

25.06

10.80

20.07

40.2

29.33

66.39

96.8

182.67

139.06

484.92

Y2

963.88

1887.02

6913.63

3912.17

13676.7

13.28

19.36

36.53

27.81

24.25

Total

Statistical linear model

Recall basic CRD with one treatment factor
Yij = + ti + eij
For factorial with 2 factors in CRD, treatment now
consists of two factors
Yij = + ti + eij

Yijk = + i + j + ij + eijk
i = the effect of ith factor A
j = the rffect of jth factor B
ij = the interaction of ith factor A and jth
factor B

Statistical Model
Yijk = + i + j +ij + ijk
where i= 1,,a; j=1,..,b; k=1,...,r
Computation (Basic CRD)
CF = Y2/ rab
= 4842/20
SSTO
= Y2ijk CF = 13676.7 -11757.3 =1919.3
SSTR
= Y2ij. /r CF = (66.32 + ..+139.02)/5 11757.3 =
1539.4
SSE = by difference
= 1919.3 1539.4 = 379.9
Decomposition of SSTR in factorial into its components
SSTR is made up of two components, SSTR = SSA + SSB + SSAB
SSA
= Y2i../rb CF
= (163.12 + 321.732) /10 CF =
1256.7
SSB
= Y2.j./ra CF
= (249.02 + 235.82) /10 CF =
8.7
SSAB = SSTR SSA SSB = 1539.4 -1256.7 - 8.7 = 273.9

ANOVA
Source
Treatment
Error
Total

A basic Anova table for CRD

df
SS
ab-1 = 3
1539.4
(r-1)ab=16
379.9
rab-1=19
1919.3

Anova Table Modified for Factorial Arrangement in CRD

Breakdown of treatment effects
Source
df
SS
MS
F
Time
a-1=1
Hormone
b-1=1
Time x Horm. (a-1)(b-1)=1
Error
(r-1)ab=16
Total
rab-1

1256.7
8.7
273.9
379.9
1919.3

1256.7 53*
8.7
<1
273.9 11.5*
23.7

More on Interaction
Model
Yijk = u + Ai + Bj + (A*B)ij + eijk
Test hypothesis
Ho: Test whether or not main effects A are
present
Ho: Test whether or not main effects B are
present
Ho: Test whether or not the two factors interact
To illustrate the meaning of the model elements,
consider a simple two-factor study on the effects
of SEX and AGE on LEARNING of a task.
SEX: male (A1) and female (A2)

Interaction plot : To check whether the factors

are or are are not independent.
No interaction

AGE effect but no SEX effect, with no

interactions
Graphic presentation
The zero slope of each curve indicates that
SEX has no effect.
The differences in heights of the curves
show the AGE effects.

AGE and SEX effects, with no

interactions
Graphical presentation
The curves of mean responses for
the different levels of a factor are
parallel.

Interaction present

AGE and SEX effects, with important

interactions
Graphical presentation
The treatment mean curves for the two
SEXES are not parallel

Note: Model summary

Factorial with one observation per cell
Yij= + i+ j+ eij

A1

A2

A3

B1

Y11

Y21

Y31

B2

Y12

Y22

Y32

Factorial with more than one observations per

cell (have replicates)
Yijk= + i+ j+ ij+ eijk

A1

A2

A3

B1

Y111
Y112

Y211
Y212

Y311
Y312

B2

Y121
Y122

Y221
Y222

Y321
Y322

Factorial arrangement in RCBD

Just as factorial experiment can be done in
CRD when experimental units or setting are
homogeneous, it can also be carried out
using RCBD when the units of experiment
are not homogeneous (the blocking criteria
have been discussed previously).

A simple example of 2x2 factorial in

RCBD
Consider an experiment to study the effects of
two concentration levels of a substrate (factor A)
and two reaction temperatures (factor B) on the
yield of a chemical product.
Each of these four combinations is to be run in
random order on each of three days.
The primary interest is to look at the effects of
concentrations and reaction temperatures.
However since only four reactions (experiments)
can be done in a given day, the extraneous effect
of days will be blocked.

Layout and Data

A1B1 A1B2 A2B1 A2B2

DAY
1
DAY
2
DAY
3

A1
B1
A2
B1
A1
B2

A2
B1
A1
B1
A2
B2

A2
B2
A2
B2
A1
B1

A1
B2
A1
B2
A2
B1

DAY1

11

17

11

21

60

DAY2

13

10

26

55

DAY3

10

12

34

23

36

31

59

149

Statistical linear model

Yim

Basic RCBD
= + i + m + im

where i = ith block effect

m represents treatments and if the treatments are

formed by two factor factorial then
m = j + k + jk
so the complete model for 2-factor FACTORIAL in
RCBD
Yijk = + i + j + k + jk + ijk

Construction of ANOVA

Proceed as usual
Compute
CF
SSBlock
SSTR
SSTO
SSE by difference
SSTO = SSBlock +
SSTR
+
SSE
t
=ab

Basic Anova for RCBD

Source df
SS
Block r-1
SSBlock
Trtt-1
SSTR
Error (r-1)(t-1)
SSE
Total rt-1
SSTO
Anova for factorial in RCBD
Block block-1
SSBlock
A a-1
B b-1
SSTR = SSA +SSB
AB
(a-1)(b-1)
+ SSAB
Error (r-1)(ab-1) SSE
Total rab-1
SSTR

Computations for our example

CF

= 1492/12 = 1850.08

SSTO
SSBlock

= 112 + 172 + .+ 122 CF = 418.92

= (602 + 552 + 342)/4 CF = 95.17

SSA = [(A1)2 + (A2)2]/6 CF = (592 + 902)/6 CF

= 80.08
SSB = [(B1)2 + (B2)2]/6 CF = (542 + 952)/6 CF
= 140.08
SSAB
= {[(A1B1)2 + (A1B2)2 + (A2B1)2 +
(A2B2)2]/3 CF } SSA SSB
= SSTR SSA-SSB
= (232 + 362 +312 +592)/3 - CF SSA SSB
= 18.75
SSE = SSTO SSBlock SSA SSB SSAB
= 84.83

ANOVA Table
Source

DF

SS

MS

Block
0.105
A
1
B
A*B
0.293
Error
Total

95.17

47.58

80.08
80.08
1
140.08
140.08
1
18.75
18.75
6
11

84.83
418.92

P*
3.37

5.66
9.91

0.055
0.020
1.33

14.14
* P values are generated by
computer

II. Nested Structure

Distinction between
nested and factorial
Factorial or crossed factors
Every level of one factor
appears with each level of
every other factor

A1
A2

B1

B2

B1

B2

B3

B4

A1

A2

B3

B4

Certain levels of a factor

occurs only with one level
of the other factor i.e., B1
and B2 occurs only with A1.
B3 and B4 occurs only with
A2.

B is said to be nested within

factor A

Example & Nested model

Instructor (B) within
school (A)
A1
A2
A3
B1 B2 B3
B4 B5
B6
Pots within Species
Sp1
Sp3

Sp2

Plants within pots

General model for two

factors nested
Let Yijk denote k-th
observation for i-th level A
and j-th level of B
Yijk = + i + ()

j(i)

+ k(ij)

Worked example
Three regional schools for mechanics. The school have
two instructors each who teaches classes of 10
mechanics in a 3-week sessions. Classes are randomly
assigned to instructors in the school. This was done for 2
sessions. Y was a suitable measure of learning.
School i Instructor j
Sch1
Sch 2
Sch 3

Class k

Ins Total

Sch
Total
79

Ins 1

25

29

54

Ins 2

14

11

25

Ins 3

11

17

Ins 4

22

18

40

Ins 5

17

20

37

Ins 6

57
44

computation
Compute SSTO
= 252 + 292 + .+22 1802/12 = 766
Compute SS for factor A, SSA
= (792 + 572 + 442)/4 -1802/12 = 156.5
To determine SSB(A), consider each school separately.
Compute
Sch 1: (542 + 252)/2 - 792/4 = 210.25
Sch 2: (172 + 402)/2 - 572/4 = 132.25
Sch 3 : (372 + 72)/2 - 442/4 = 225.0
Total SSB(A)
= 567.5
SSE by subtraction
SSE= SSTO SSA SSB(A)= 42

ANOVA Table

Source

DF

School
2= (school 3-1)
78.25/189.17= 0.41
Ins(sch) 3= (2-1)(1x3)
189.17/7= 27.02
Error
2x3=6
Total
(2x6)-1=11

SS

MS

156.5

78.25

567.5
42.0
766.0

189.17
7.00

Relation between Factorial or crossed

with nested SS

Suppose for some reason (computer package unavailability) or

purely a mistake, you analysed the nested experiment as a
factorial experiment.
Source

DF

SS

MS

sch 2
inst 1
sch*inst
Error
Total

156.5
108.0
2
6
11

78.25
108.0
459.5 229.75
42.0 7.00
766.0 MS=SS/DF

But nested analyses do not have interaction SS, so use the

relationship
SSB(A) = SSB + SSAB to get the correct nested ANOVA
SSB(A) = 108.0 + 459.5 = 567.5. Similarly for DF-2,3,6,11.