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nn tt m
m dd tt .. cc oo m
m
JN =
(E
) dE z
(1)
(2)
eV
G=
exp A z
z
(3)
)(
G exp A 1 + 3V 2
(4)
Summary
Tunneling
current-voltage
characteristic
represents number of electron states and their
distribution in energy spectrum of electrodes
which creates tunneling contact.
Differential conduction G is proportional an
electron state density. For metals at low
voltages G does not depend on applied voltage
(3). At intermediate voltages the relation
between G and applied voltage is parabolic (4).
Experimantal current-voltage and differential
characteristic are in good agreement with
theory.
References
Current-Distance Characteristic
Measurement of relation between tunneling
current and tip-sample distance is carried out in
I ( z ) spectroscopy mode. According to (11) from
chapter "John G. Simmons Formula", in absence of a
condensate, a typical current-height relation is an
exponential current decay (Fig. 1) with a
characteristic length of a few angstrom [1], [2].
Fig. 1. Theretical
I=
S V
exp A z
z
(1)
e 2m
2m
, A = 2
, S contact
2 2
h2
4 h
area, m free electron mass, e elementary charge,
h Planck's constant.
where =
(2)
1
= 2
A
d ln( I )
d ln( I )
10 20
eV
d z
d z
(3)
Reference
I ( z )
I ( z )
JN 0 + N
(1)
where N 0 =
(E )dE
eV0
Summary
V = V0 + b sin t
(
J [1 A a cos(t )]
J=
z 0 + a cos(t )
exp A ( z 0 + a cos(t ) )
(1)
Work-Function Distribution Study
where J 0 = J ( z 0 ) .
Thus, total current flowing through the tunneling
gap in this case is equal to J = J 0 + J ~ , where J ~
alternating tunneling current. Because J 0 is held
constant during the scan, the alternating tunneling
current amplitude is proportional to the square root
of the tip and the sample work function half-sum.
Assuming that tip work function is constant during