New Autogas Formulation

for Diesel Engines

Iwatani International Corporation
Makihiko Mori
SLIDE 1

Demand for automotive fuel in the world

1200
96
97
98
99

Demand (million ton)

1000
800
600
400
200
0

Kerosene, light oil

Motor gasoline

SLIDE 2

LPG

Autogas

Source Oil information 2000 ( IEA)

Statistical review of Global LPG 2000(WLPGA)
Developing a Sustainable Autogas Market (WLPGA)

Characteristics of fuels
NG LPG

Gasoline Kerosene

Light oil

Heavy oil

Number of carbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Octane number

high
high

Cetane number
Engine

Diesel engine

Gasoline engine

PM emission

much

Sulfur, aromatic compounds

much

Viscosity, lubricity

much
SLIDE 3

Characteristics of LPG as diesel engine fuel

Merits
Easily vaporized

Low PM emission

Containing no sulfur and

aromatic compound

Use of catalyst for

the deNOx

Demerits

Low cetane number

Improvement of cetane
number

Low lubricity and

viscosity

Countermeasures for fuel

pump failures

SLIDE 4

Development team
Iwatani
International
Corporation
Fuel adjusting technique

The University
of Tokyo
Molecule design of
cetane number
improver

LPG diesel
technique

Comotec
Corporation
Vehicle remodeling
technique

National Institute of
Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology

LP gas engine technology

SLIDE 5

Improvement of
cetane number

Addition of material
with high ignition
GTL light oil: 5 to 20 wt%
and
Cetane number improver:
0.5 to 3 wt%
SLIDE 6

Typical cetane number improver

Nitrate

Organic peroxide

Ex: 22-Ethylhexylnitrate

Ex: Di
Di-tertiarytertiary-butylperoxide DTBP
CH3

CH3(CH2)3CHCH2-ONO2

CH3

CH3-C-O-O-C-CH3

CH2CH3

CH3

CH3

Main application:
application:
Polymerization starting agent of plastics, curing agent
Main manufacturer:
Ethyl, Akzo Nobel
SLIDE 7

Influence of GTL light oil on the effect of cetane number improver

C e ta n e n u m b e r [-]

70

large
60

Amount of addition
of GTL light oil

Cetane number
of light oil

50
40
30
20
10
0

Addition of cetane number improver

SLIDE 8

Molecule design of cetane number improver

Reaction model
LPG: Extension of the model built by Kojima, et. al .
Cetane number improver: Model built by Griffith, et. al.
Calculation by MOPAC 97 (AM1)
Thermodynamic data
Calculation by THERGAS

Computer software
CHEMKIN 3.5

Calculation results

DTBP

Tx 145

6%
1%
0%

0.1%
0.01%
0%

Check of model
Shock tube test
FIA test
SLIDE 9

Combustion states inside the engine

Light oil

LPG
SLIDE 10

Countermeasures for fuel pumps

(1) Improvement of pumps

InIn-line injector pump: carbon coating of plungers
Rotary distributor pump: pressure tightness of oil seals

(2) Improvement of fuel properties by additives

Improver of lubricity
Improver of viscosity

SLIDE 11

NOx [ppm]

Efficiency [%]

Performance and exhaust gas characteristics

40

LPG
Light oil

30
20
10
0
800
600
400
200

Smoke [%]

0
20
15
10
5
0
0

0.1
SLIDE 12

0.2

0.3

0.4

BMEP (MPa)

0.5

0.6

engine loade

Experimental models

Vehicle No.1
(with inin-line injector
pump)

Acquisition of license plate in June 2000

Confirmation of realization of our concept with available fuel costs
costs
Traveled distance: over 15,000 km

Vehicle No.2
(with rotary distributor
pump)

Acquisition of license plate in March 2001

Confirmation of prospect of the vehicle manufacturing cost
SLIDE 13

Main remodeling parts

Fuel tank for LPG

with builtbuilt-in pump
Rotary distributor pump

Pressure tightness of
pump shaft seals

Catalyst for exhaust gas

SLIDE 14

Exhaust gas test results of experimental models

by mode test
g/kWh
Vehicle No.1

G13

Vehicle No.2

engine
D13

97 Regulation

02 Regulation

G13

D13

G13

D13

CO

0.2

51.0

7.40

16.0

2.22

HC

1.06

1.80

2.90

0.58

0.87

NOx

3.61

4.50

4.50

1.40

3.38

PM

0.25

0.18

30% of
light oil

SLIDE 15

Exhaust gas targeted values for LPG diesel vehicle

0.3

PM [g/kWh]

97 Regulation

0.2
02 Regulation

0.1
Target level of
the vehicle No.3
(50% of 02 regulated value)

Euro 3
(2000)
Euro 5
(2008)

Euro 4
(2005)

0
0

NOx [g/kWh]
SLIDE 16

Targeted values for industrialization

No more than 110%
of that of autogas

Fuel cost
Remodeling cost
of vehicle

500,000/unit

Start of
practical use

April 2002

Basic concept
on licensing

Principally open
SLIDE 17

DME diesel vehicles

Iwatani (temporary)

NKK

SLIDE 18

Volvo

High speed operating tests on a test course

Video 2

10