GEOMETRY REVIEW

By PEACEMINUSONE
CHAPTER 1: Points, Lines, Planes, and Angles
1. Space is the set of all points.
2. Collinear points are points all in one line.
3. Coplanar points are points all in one plane.
4. Segment AC consists of points A and C and all points that are between A and C with A and C
as the endpoints.
5. Ray AC consists of AC and all other points P such that C is between A and P. The endpoint of
AC is A, the point named first.
6. SR and ST are called opposite rays if S is between R and T.
7. A bisector of a segment is a line, segment, ray, or plane that intersects the segment at its
midpoint.
8. An angle is the figure formed by two rays that have the same endpoint, The two rays are called
the sides of the angle, and their common endpoint is the vertex of the angle
9. Acute angle : Measure between 0 and 90
Right angle : Measure 90
Obtuse angle : Measure between 90 and 180
Straight angle : Measure 180
10. Adjacent angles are two angles in a plane that have a common vertex and a common side
but no common interior points.
11. The bisector of an angle is the ray that divides the angle into two congruent adjacent angles.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 1
Segment Addition Postulate : If B is between A and C, then AB+BC=AC.
Angle Addition Postulate : If point B lies in the interior of AOC, then
mAOB + mBOC =mAOC.
If AOC is a straight angle and B is any points not on AC, then
mAOB +mBOC
equal 180.
Postulate 5 : A line contains at least two points; a plane contains at least three points not
all in one line; space contains at least four points not all in one plane.
Postulate 6 : Through any two points there is exactly one line.
Postulate 7 : Through any three points there is at least one plane, and through any three
noncollinear points there is exactly one plane.
Postulate 8 : If two points are in a plane, then the line that contains the points is in that
plane.
Postulate 9 : If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Theorem 1-1 : If two lines intersect, then they intersect in exactly one point.
Theorem 1-2 : Through a line and a point not in the line there is exactly one plane.
Theorem 1-3 : If two lines intersect, then exactly one plane contains the lines.

CHAPTER 2: Deductive Reasoning

1. If-then statements, which are also called conditionals. If p then q is the conditional
statement where p represent the hypothesis and q represent the conclusion.

2. The converse of a conditional is formed by interchanging the hypothesis and the conclusion.
Statement : If p then q Converse : If q then p.
3. An if-then statement if false if the hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false. Such example
is called counterexample, it takes one one counterexample to disprove a statement.
4. A statement that contains the words if and only if is called a biconditional.
p if and only if q .
5. A negation of a statement can be formed by placing not in the conditional. The negation will
have the opposite truth value of the original statement.
6. Inverse is when the conditional statement becomes negative.
Statement : If p then q Inverse : If ~p then ~q
7. Converse is when you flip the conditional statement around.
Statement : If p then q Converse : If q then p
8. Contrapositive is when you flip the conditional and make both negative.
Statement : If p then q Contrapositive : If ~q then ~p
9. A conjunction is a compound sentence formed by combining two sentences using and. A
conjunction is true when BOTH sentences are true.
10. A disjunction is a compound sentence formed by combining two sentences using the word
or. A disjunction is true when EITHER or Both sentences are true.
11. Conditional and Contrapositive are logically equivalent.
Converse and Inverse are logically equivalent.
12.
Addition Property

If a=b and c=d, then a+c = b+d.

Subtraction Property

If a=b and c=d, then a-c = b-d.

Multiplication Property

If a=b, then ca=cb.

Division Property

If a=b and c0, then a/c = b/c.

Substitution Property

If a=b, then either a or b may be substituted

for the other in any equation.

Reflexive Property

a=a.

Symmetric Property

If a=b, then b=a.

Transitive Property

If a=b and b=c, then a=c.

Distributive Property

a(b+c)= ab+ac.

Reflexive Property

DEDE.

Symmetric Property

If DEFG, then FGDE.

Transitive Property

Id DEFG and FGJK, then DEJK.

13. Complementary angles are two angles whose measure have the sum 90.
14. Supplementary angles are two angles whose measure have the sum 180.

15. Vertical angles are two angles such that the sides of one angle are opposite rays to the sides
of the other angle.
16. Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect to form right angles.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 2
Midpoint Theorem : If M is the midpoint of AB, then AM= AB and MB= AB.
Angle Bisector Theorem : If BX is the bisector of ABC, then mABX=
mABC and mXBC= mABC.
Theorem 2-3 : Vertical angles are congruent.
Theorem 2-4 : If two lines are perpendicular, then they form congruent adjacent angles.
Theorem 2-5 : If two lines form congruent adjacent angles, then the lines are
perpendicular.
Theorem 2-6 : If the exterior sides of two adjacent acute angles are perpendicular, then
the angles are complementary.
Theorem 2-7 : If two angles are supplements of congruent angles, then the two angles
are congruent.
Theorem 2-8 : If two angles are complements of congruent angles, then the two angles
are congruent.

CHAPTER 3 : Parallel Lines and Planes

1. Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not intersect.
2. Skew lines are noncoplanar lines. They are neither parallel nor intersecting.
3. A transversal is a line that intersects two or more coplanar lines in different points.
4. Alternate interior angles are two nonadjacent interior angles on opposite sides of the
transversal.
5. Same side interior angles are two interior angles on the same side of the transversal.
6. Corresponding angles are two angles in corresponding positions relative to the two lines.
7. A triangle is the figure formed by three segments joining three non-collinear points. Each of
the three points is a vertex of the triangle. The segments are the sides of the triangle.
8.
Scalene Triangle

No sides are congruent

Isosceles Triangle

At least two sides congruent

Equilateral Triangle

All sides congruent

Acute Triangle

Three acute angles

Obtuse Triangle

One obtuse angle

Right Triangle

One right angle

Equiangular Triangle

All angles congruent

9. A convex polygon is a polygon that no lines containing a side of the polygon contains a point
in the interior of the polygon.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 3
Theorem 3-1 : If two parallel planes are cut by a third plane, then the lines of intersection
are parallel.
Postulate 10 : If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then corresponding angles are
congruent.
Theorem 3-2 : If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles
are congruent.
Theorem 3-3 : If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then same side interior angles
are supplementary.
Theorem 3-4 : If a transversal is perpendicular to one of two parallel lines, then it is
perpendicular to the other one also.
Postulate 11 : If two lines are cut by a transversal and corresponding angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Theorem 3-5 : If two lines are cut by a transversal and alternate interior angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel.
Theorem 3-6 : If two lines are cut by a transversal and same side interior angles are
supplementary, then the lines are parallel.
Theorem 3-7 : In a plane two lines perpendicular to the same line are parallel.
Theorem 3-8 : Through a point outside a line, there is exactly one line parallel to the
given line.
Theorem 3-9 : Through a point outside a line, there is exactly one line perpendicular ro
the given line.
Theorem 3-10 : Two lines parallel to a third line are parallel to each other.
Theorem 3-11 : The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is 180.
Corollary 1 : If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of another
triangle, then the tehir angles are congruent.
Corollary 2 : Each angle of a equiangular triangle has measure 60.
Corollary 3 : In a triangle, there can be at most one right angle or obtuse angle.
Corollary 4 : The acute angle of a right triangle are complementary.
Theorem 3-12 : The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the
measures of the two remote interior angles.
Theorem 3-13 : The sum of the measure of the angles of a convex polygon with n sides
is (n-2)180.
Theorem 3-14 : The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any convex polygon,
one angle at each vertex is 360.

CHAPTER 4: Congruent Triangles

1. Two triangles are congruent if and only if their vertices can be matched up so that the
corresponding parts of the triangles are congruent.
2. A line and a plane are perpendicular if and only if they intersect and the line is
perpendicular to all lines in the plane that passs through the point of intersection.
3. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
4. An altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular segment from a vertex to the line that contains
the opposite side.
5. A perpendicular bisector of a segment is a line that is perpendicular to the segment at its
midpoint.

6. The three medians of a triangle are concurrent in a point called the centroid of the triangle.
The distance from each vertex to the centroid is of the length of the entire median drawn from
that vertex.
7. The three angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent in a point equidistant from the sides of
the triangle called the incenter. It is always the center of the inscribed circle.
8. The altitude of a triangle are concurrent in a point called the orthocenter of the triangle.
9. The perpendicular bisectors of the three sides of a triangle are concurrent in a point equidistant
from the vertices of the triangle called circumcenter.
Acute Triangle

Right Triangle

Obtuse Triangle

Circumcenter

In the interior of the

acute triangle.

On the hypotenuse of
a right triangle.

In the exterior of the

obtuse triangle.

Orthocenter

Lies in the interior of

the triangle.

Lies on the vertex of

the right triangle.

The altitudes and a

side need to be
extended so that the
orthocenter falls in
the exterior.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 4
SSS Postulate : If three sides of one triangle are congruent to three sides of another
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
SAS Postulate : If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two
sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
ASA Postulate : If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two
angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
Isosceles Triangle Theorem : If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the angles
opposite those sides are congruent.
Corollary 1 : An equilateral triangle is also equiangular.
Corollary 2 : An equilateral triangle has three 60 angles.
Corollary 3 : The bisector of the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to
the base at its midpoint.
Theorem 4-2 : If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite those
angles are congruent.
AAS Theorem : If two angles and non-included side of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
HL Theorem : If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.
Theorem 4-5 : If a point lies on the perpendicular bisector of a segment, then the point if
equidistant from the endpoints of the segment.
Theorem 4-6 : If a point if equidistant from the endpoints of a segment, then the point
lies on the perpendicular bisector of the segment.

 Theorem 4-7 : If a point lies on the bisector of an angle, then the point if equidistant
from the sides of the angle.
Theorem 4-8 : If a point is equidistant from the sides of an angle, then the point lies on
the bisector of the angle.

CHAPTER 1: Quadrilaterals
1. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
2. A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right angles therefore every rectangle is a
parallelogram.
3. A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four congruent sides therefore every rhombus is a
parallelogram.
4. A square is a quadrilateral with four right angles and four congruent sides, therefore, every
square is a rectangle, a rhombus, and a parallelogram.
5. A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides is called a trapezoid. The parallel sides
are called bases, and the other sides are legs.
6. A trapezoid with congruent legs is called an isosceles trapezoid.
7. The median of a trapezoid is the segment that joins the midpoints of the legs.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 5

Theorem 5-1 : Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent.

Theorem 5-2 : Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
Theorem 5-3 : Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
Theorem 5-4 : If both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Theorem 5-5 : If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are both congruent and
parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Theorem 5-6 : If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Theorem 5-7 : If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, the the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.
Theorem 5-8 : If two lines are parallel, then all points on one line are equidistant from
the other line.
Theorem 5-9 : If three parallel lines cut off congruent segments on one transversal, then
they cut off congruent segments on every transversal.
Theorem 5-10 : A line that contains the midpoint of one side of a triangle and is parallel
to another side passes through the midpoint of the third side.
Theorem 5-11 : The segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel
to the third side; is half as long as the third side.
Theorem 5-12 : The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
Theorem 5-13 : The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
Theorem 5-14 : Each diagonals of a rhombus bisects two angles of the rhombus.
Theorem 5-15 : The midpoint of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equidistant from the
three vertices.
Theorem 5-16 : If an angle of a parallelogram is a right angle, then the parallelogram is
a rectangle.

 Theorem 5-17 : If two consecutive sides of a parallelogram are congruent, then the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
Theorem 5-18 : Base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
Theorem 5-19 : The median of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases; has a length equal to
the average of the base lengths.

CHAPTER 6: Inequalities
Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 6
Theorem 6-1 : The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure
of either remote interior angle.
Theorem 6-2 : If one side if a triangle is longer than a second side, then the angle
opposite the first side is larger than the angle opposite the second side.
Theorem 6-3 : If one angle of a triangle is larger than a second angle, then the side
opposite the first angle is longer than the side opposite the second angle.
Corollary 1 : The perpendicular segment from a point to a line is the shortest segment
from the point to the line.
Corollary 2 : The perpendicular segment from a point to a plane is the shortest segment
from the point to the plane.
Triangle Inequality Theorem : The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
greater than the length of the third side.
SAS Inequality Theorem : If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of
another triangle, but the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included
angle of the second, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of
the second triangle.
SSS Inequality Theorem : If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of
another triangle, but the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the
second, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of the
second.

CHAPTER 6: Similar Polygons

1. The ratio of one number to another is the quotient when the first number is divided by the
second.
2. A proportion is an equation stating that two ratios are equal.
3. Two polygons are similar if their vertices can be paired so that corresponding angles are
congruent and corresponding sides are in proportion.
4. If two polygons are similar, then the ratio of the lengths of two corresponding sides is called
the scale factor of the similarity.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 7
AA Similarity Postulate : If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of
another triangle, then the triangles are similar.
SAS Similarity Theorem : If an angle of one triangle is congruent to an angle of another
triangle and the sides including those angles are in proportion, then the triangles are
similar.
SSS Similarity Theorem : If the sides of two triangles are in proportion, then the
triangles are similar.

 Triangle Proportionality Theorem : If a line parallel to one side if a triangle intersects

the other two sides, then it divides those sides proportionally.
Corollary 1 : If three parallel lines intersect two transversals, then they divide the
transversals proportionally.
Triangle Angle Bisector Theorem : If a ray bisects an angle of a triangle, then it divides
the opposite side into segments proportional to the other two side.

CHAPTER 8: Right Triangles

1. If a, b, and x are positive numbers and a/x=x/b then x is called the geometric mean between a
and b.
2. Tangent = leg opposite/ leg adjacent
Sine = leg opposite/ hypotenuse
Cosine = leg adjacent/ hypotenuse
3. Law of sine SinA/a = SinB/b = SinC/c
4. Law of cosine c2 = a2+b2-2abcosC
5. Sine and Cosine are confuctions. sin(x) = cos(90-x) and cos(x) =sin(90-x).

6. a = ce
b = cf
d = ef

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 8
Theorem 8-1 : If the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then the two
triangles formed are similar to the original triangle and to each other.
Corollary 1 : When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, the length
of the altitude is the geometric mean between the segments of the hypotenuse.
Corollary 2 : When the altitude is drawn to the hypotenuse of a right triangle, each leg is
the geometric mean between the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse that is
adjacent to that leg.
Pythagorean Theorem : In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the
sum of the square of the legs.
Theorem 8-3 : If one square of one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the square of
the other two sides, then the triangle is a right triangle.
Theorem 8-4 : If c2 < a2+b2 then m c <90, and triangle ABC is acute.

 Theorem 8-5 : If c2 > a2+b2 then mc >90, and triangle ABC is obtuse.
Theorem 8-6 : In a 45-45-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is 2 times as long as a leg.
Theorem 8-7 : In a 30-60-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is twice as long as
the shorter leg, and the longer leg is 3 times as long as the shorter
leg.

CHAPTER 9: Circles
1. A circle is the set of points in a plane at a given distance from a given point in that plane.
2. The given point is the center of the circle and the given distance is the radius.
3. A chord is a segment whose endpoints lie in a circle. A secant is a line that contains a chord.
A diameter is a chord that contains the center.
4. A tangent is a line in the plane of a circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point called
the point of tangency.
5. A sphere with center O and radius r is the set of all points in space at a distance r from point
O.
6. Congruent circles are circles that have congruent radii.
7. Concentric circles are circles that lie in the same plane and have the same center.
8. A polygon is inscribed in a circle and the circle is circumscribed about the polygon when
each vertex of the polygon lies on the circle.
9. When each side of a polygon is tangent to a circle, the polygon is said to be circumscribed
about the circle and the circle is inscribed in the polygon.
10. A line that is tangent to each of two coplanar circles is called a common tangent.
11. A common internal tangent intersects the segments joining the centers.
12. A common external tangent does not intersect the segment joining the centers.
13. Tangent circles are coplanar circles that are tangent to the same line at the same point.
14. A central angle of a circle is an angle with its vertex at the center of the circle.
15. Adjacent arcs of a circle are arcs that have exactly one points in common.
16. Congruent arcs are arcs, in the same circle or in congruent circles, that have equal measures.
17. An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides contain chords of
the circle.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 9
Theorem 9-1 : If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius
drawn to the point of tangency.
Corollary 1 : Tangents to a circle from a point are congruent
Theorem 9-2 : If a line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to a radius and its outer
endpoint, then the line is tangent to the circle.
Arc Addition Postulate : The measure of the arc formed by two adjacent arcs in the sum
of the measures of these two arcs.
Theorem 9-3 : In the same circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if
and only of their center angles are congruent.
Theorem 9-4 : In the same circle or in congruent circles congruent arcs have congruent
chords and congruent chords have congruent arcs.
Theorem 9-5 : A diameter that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord and its arc.
Theorem 9-6 : In the same circle or in congruent circles, chords equally distant from the
center are congruent and congruent chords are equally distant from the center.

 Theorem 9-7 : The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the measure of its
intercepted arc.
Corollary 2 : If two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then the angles are
congruent.
Corollary 3 : An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right triangle.
Corollary 4 : If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are
supplementary.
Theorem 9-8 : The measure of an angle formed by a chord and a tangent is equal to half
the measure of the intercepted arc.
Theorem 9-9 : The measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect inside a
circle is equal to half the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
Theorem 9-10 : The measure of an angle formed by two secants, two tangents, or a
secant and a tangent drawn from a point outside a circle is equal to half the difference of
the measures of the intercepted arcs.
Theorem 9-11 : When two chords intersect inside a circle, the product of the segments of
one chord equals the product of the segments of the other chord.
Theorem 9-12 : When two secants segments are drawn to a circle from an external point,
the product of one secant segment and its external segment equals the product of the
other secant segment and its external segment.
Theorem 9-13 : When a secant segment and a tangent segment are drawn to a circle from
an external point, the product of the secant segment and its external segment is equal to
the square of the tangent segment.

CHAPTER 11: Areas of Plane Figures

1. The center of a regular polygon is the center of the circumscribed circle.
2. The radius of a regular polygon is the distance from the center to a vertex.
3. A central angle of a regular polygon is an angle formed by two radii drawn to consecutive
vertices.
4. The apothem of a regular polygon is the perpendicular distance from the center of the polygon
to a side.
5. A sector of a circle is a region bounded by two radii and an arc of the circle.
Length of Arc AB = x/360 2r
Area of the sector = x/360 r2

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 11
Postulate 17 : The area of a square is the square of the length of a side. (A = s2)
Area Congruence Postulate : If two figures are congruent, then they have the same area.
Area Addition Postulate : The area of a region is the sum of the areas of its nonoverlapping parts.
Theorem 11-1 : The area of a rectangle equals the product of its base and height.
(A = bh)
Theorem 11-2 : The area of a parallelogram equals the product of a base and the height
to that base. (A = bh)

 Theorem 11-3 : The area of a triangle equals half the product if a base and the height to
that base. (A = 1/2bh)
Theorem 11-4 : The area of a rhombus equals half the product of its diagonals.
(A = 1/2d1d2)
Theorem 11-5 : The area of a trapezoid equals half the product of the height and the sun
of the base. (A = h(b1+b2)
Theorem 11-6 : The area of a regular polygon is equal to half the product of the apothem
and the perimeter. (A = ap)
Theorem 11-7 : If the scale factor of two similar figures is a:b, then the ratio of the
perimeter is a:b and the ratio of the areas is a2:b2.

CHAPTER 12: Areas and Volumes of Solids

1. The two shaded faces of the prism are its bases. An altitude of a prism is a segment joining
the two base planes and perpendicular to both. The length of an altitude is the height of the
prism.
2. The faces of a prism that are not its bases are called lateral faces. Adjacent lateral faces
intersect a parallel segment called lateral edges.
3. The lateral faces of a prism are parallelograms. If they are rectangles, the prism is a right
prism. Otherwise the prism is an oblique prism.
4. The lateral area of a prism is the sum of the areas of its lateral faces.
5. The total area if the sum of the areas of all its faces.
6. The height of a lateral face is called the slant height of the pyramid.
7. A cylinder is like a prism except that its bases are circles instead of polygons.
8. In a right cylinder, the segment joining the centers of the circular bases is an altitude. The
length if an altitude is called the height, h, of the cylinder.
9. Similar solids are solids that have the same shape but not necessarily the same size.
10. Cavalieris Principle : If two solids lying between parallel planes have equal heights and all
cross sections at equal distances from their bases have equal areas, then the solids have equal
volumes.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 12
Theorem 12-1 : The lateral area of a right prism equals the perimeter of a base times the
height of the prism. (L.A. = ph)
Theorem 12-2 : The volume of a right prism equals the area of a base times the height of
the prism. (V = bh)
Theorem 12-3 : The lateral area of a regular pyramid equals half the perimeter of the
base times the slant height. (L.A. = pl)
Theorem 12-4 : The volume of a pyramid equals one third the area of the base times the
height of the pyramid. (V = bh)
Theorem 12-5 : The lateral area of a cylinder equals the circumference of a base times
the height of the cylinder. (L.A. = 2rh)
Theorem 12-6 : The volume of a cylinder equals the area of a base times the height of
the cylinder. (V = r2h)
Theorem 12-7 : The lateral area of a cone equals half the circumference of the base times
the slant height. (L.A. = 2rl or rl)

 Theorem 12-8 : The volume of a cone equals one third the area of the base times the
height of the cone. (V = r2h)
Theorem 12-9 : The area of a sphere equals 4 times the square of the radius. (A = 4r2)
Theorem 12-10 : The volume of a sphere equals 4/3r2 times the cube of the radius.
Theorem 12-11 : If the scale factor of two similar solids is a:b then
1) the ratio of corresponding perimeters is a:b/
2) the ratio of the base areas, of the lateral areas, and of the total areas is a2:b2.
3) the ratio of the volumes is a3:b3.

CHAPTER 13: Coordinate Geometry

1. Origin = Point O
Axes : X-axis and Y-axis
Quadrants : Regions , , ,
Coordinate plane : The plane of the X-axis and Y-axis
2. The slope, denoted by m, of the nonvertical line through the points (x 1, y1) and (x2 ,y2) is
defined as : slope m = y1- y2/ x2-x1
3. Any quantity such as force, velocity, or acceleration that has both magnitude (size) and
direction is a vector.
4. Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and the same direaction.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 13
Distance Formula : The distance d between points (x1, y1) and (x2 ,y2) is given by:
Circle Equation : An equation of the circle with center (a,b) and radius r is
(x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2
Theorem 13-3 : Two nonvertical lines are parallel if and only of their slopes are equal.
Theorem 13-4 : Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if and only if the product of their
slope is -1. m1m2 = -1 or m1 = -1/m2.
Midpoint Formula : The midpoint of the segment that joins points (x1, y1) and (x2 ,y2) is the
point

Standard Form : The graph of any equation that can be written in the form Ax+By = c
where A and B are not both zero is a line.
Slope-Intercept Form : A line with the equation y = mx+b has slope m and y-intercept b.
Point Slope Form : An equation of the line that passes through the point (x 1, y1) and has
slope m is y y1 = m(x x1).

CHAPTER 14: Transformation

1. P is called the image of P, and P is called the preimage of P.
2. A one to one mapping from the whole plane to the whole plane is called a transformation.
3. If a transformation maps every segment to a congruent segment, it is called an isometry or
congruence mapping.

4. A reflection in line m maps every point P to a point P such that if P is not on the line m, then
m is the perpendicular bisector of PP and if P if on the line m, then P = P.
5. A transformation that glides all points of the plane the same distance in the same direction is
called a translation.
6. A translation in a plane is a transformation T which maps any point (x,y) to the point (x+a,
y+b) where a and b are constants.
7. A glide reflection is a transformation in which every point P is mapped to a point P by a
glide maps P to P and a reflection in a line parallel to the glide lime maps P to P.
8. A counterclockwise rotation is considered positive and a clockwise rotation is considered
negative.
9. A rotation about point O through x is a transformation such that if a point P
is different from O, then OP = OP and mPOP = x and if point P is the point
O, then P = P.
10. A transformation related to similarity/similar mapping called dilation. |k|>1 is called an
expansion and |k|<1 is called a contraction.
11. Composite transformation of S and T is written as ST.
12. The mapping that maps every point to itself is called the identity transformation I.
13. The inverse of a transformation T is defined as the transformation S such
that ST = I.
14. A figure in the plane has symmetry if there is an isometry, other than the identity, that maps
the figure onto itself.
15. Line symmetry means that for each figure there is a symmetry line k such that the reflection
Rk maps the figure onto itself.
16. Point symmetry means that for each figure there is a symmetry point O such the half turn
R180 maps the figure onto itself.
17. Rotational symmetry has center O and rotates that figure onto itself. 180 is another name
for point symmetry.
18. A figure in space has plane symmetry if there is a symmetry plane X such that reflection in
the plane maps the figure onto itself.

Postulates/Theorems of Chapter 14

Theorem 14-1 : An isometry maps a triangle to a congruent triangle.

Corollary 1 : An isometry maps an angle to a congruent angle.
Corollary 2 : An isometry maps a polygon to a polygon with the same area.
Theorem 14-2 : A reflection in a line is an isometry.
Theorem 14-3 : A translation is an isometry.
Theorem 14-4 : A rotation is an isometry.
Theorem 14-5 : A dilation maps any triangle to a similar triangle.
Corollary 3 : A dilation maps an angle to a congruent angle.
Corollary 4 : A dilation Do,k maps any segment to a parallel segment |k| times as long.

 Corollary 5 : A dilation Do,k maps any polygon to a similar polygon whose area is k 2
times as large.
Theorem 14-6 : The composite of two isometries is an isometry.
Theorem 14-7 : A composite of reflection in two parallel lines is a translation. The
translation glides all points through twice the distance from the first line of reflection to
the second.
Theorem 14-8 : A composite of reflection in two intersecting lines is a rotation about the
point of intersection of the two lines. The measure of the angle of rotation is twice the
measure of the angle from the first line of reflection to the second.
Corollary 6 : A composite of reflection in perpendicular lines is a half turn about the
point where the lines intersect.