Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Abstract: Global energy demand is increasing exponentially. This increase in demand causes concern pertaining to the global energy
crisis and allied environmental threats. The solution of these issues is seen in renewable energy sources. Solar energy is considered one of
the major sources of renewable energy, available in abundance and also free of cost. Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are used to convert solar
energy into unregulated electrical energy. These solar PV cells exhibit nonlinear characteristics and give very low efficiency. Therefore, it
becomes essential to extract maximum power from solar PV cells using maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Perturb and observe (P&O)
is one of such MPPT schemes. The behavior of MPPT schemes under continually changing atmospheric conditions is critical. It leads to two
conditions, i.e., rapid change in solar irradiation and partial shading due to clouds, etc. Also, the behavior of MPPT schemes under changed
load condition becomes significant to analyze. This article aims to address the issue of the conventional P&O MPPT scheme under increase
solar irradiation condition and its behavior under changed load condition. The modified MPPT scheme is implemented in the control circuit
of a DCDC converter. The simulation study is done using PSIM simulation software. A prototype unit is tested with artificial light setup on
a solar PV panel to simulate the changed solar irradiation condition. The results of the modified MPPT scheme are compared with existing
schemes. The modified MPPT scheme works fast and gives improved results under change of solar irradiation. Furthermore, the steady state
oscillations are also reduced.
Keywords: MPPT, photovoltaic, power electronics, perturb and observe, PSIM
1. Introduction
Global energy crisis and climate change threats are among the
major concerns faced by the present civilized world. The limited
reservoirs of fossil fuels and emission of greenhouse gases are
the major identified reasons for the above concern. Renewable
energy sources (RES) such as solar, wind, and tidal are considered the solution to overcome these concerns. Among these RES,
solar energy is considered one of the potential sources to solve
the crisis as it is available in abundance and free of cost.1
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are used to convert solar energy
into regulated electrical energy using power electronics converter.2 These solar PV cells exhibit nonlinear characteristics and
very low efficiency.3 The characteristic of solar cells become
more complex under changed atmospheric condition such as
partial shading.4 Due to these issues, it becomes essential to
Ahteshamul Haque
This is an Open Access article. Non-commercial re-use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in
any way, is permitted. The moral rights of the named author(s) have
been asserted.
*Address correspondence to: Ahteshamul Haque, Electrical
Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia University, M. M. Ali Jauhar
Marg, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India. Email: ahaque@jmi.ac.in
116
A. Haque
MPP with
increase
in solar
irradiation
(2)
(3)
Where I is the PV cell output current; V, the PV cell output voltage; Rp , the parallel resistor; and Rs , the series resistor. Ios , is
the PV module reversal saturation current. A and B are ideality
factors; T, the temperature ( C); k, the boltzmanns constant;
Iph , the light-generated current; q, the electronic charge; and KI ,
the short-circuit current temperature coefficient at ISC . S is solar
irradiation (W/m2 ); ISC , the short-circuit current at 25 C and
1000 W/m2 , EGO , the band gap energy for silicon; Tr , reference temperature and Ior , the saturation current at temperature Tr .
Figure 1 shows that the power varies nonlinearly with the variation in solar irradiation, and maximum power point (MPP) varies,
too. However, the modeling of solar PV under partial shading
condition gives the results differently.4 The MPP point varies
with ambient conditions. It is the task of researchers to make
this moving point as the operating point to extract the maximum
power.
reference current signal of the solar PV. The flow chart of the conventional P&O method is shown in Figure 2. In this flow chart, Y
is shown as the reference signal. It could be either solar PV voltage or current. The main aim is to achieve the MPP. To achieve
it, the system operating point is changed by applying a small
perturbation (Y) in solar PV reference signal. After each perturbation, the power output is measured. If the value of power
measured is more than the previous value, then the perturbation
in reference signal is continued in the same direction. At any
point, if the new value of solar PV power is measured less than
the previous one, then the perturbation is applied in the opposite
direction. This process is continued till MPP is achieved.8
117
Start
Yes
No
Compare
P(t) P(t1)>0
V.
Yes
Yes
Compare
Y(t) Y(t1)>0
Compare
Y(t) Y(t1)>0
No
No
Y(t+1) = Y(t) Y
Y(t+1) = Y(t) + Y
Y(t+1) = Y(t) Y
Y(t+1) = Y(t) + Y
Return
Change in power
Next perturbation
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Negative
Positive
irradiation, ambient temperature, and resistive load. The reference signal is either incremented or decremented periodically,
comparing the power obtained in the present cycle. The reference
signal is considered as PV voltage in this work. Table 1 presents
the summary of the P&O MPPT method, and Table 2 describes
the change in power with the change in solar irradiation and load
resistance.
Once the solar irradiation is increased, the PV power is
increased, and if it decreases, the power is decreased. The PV
power varies differently with resistive load.
Change
Power
Voltage
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
118
A. Haque
dV= V(t) V(t1)
dI = I(t) I(t1)
dP = P(t) P(t1)
= 0.005
= 0.08
Start
Yes
dP>0
Yes
No
dV > 0
dV > 0
No
Yes
Yes
No
dI > 0
dI > 0
No
dP
< 0.05
dV
No
Yes
V(t+1) =
V(t) .V(t)
V(t+1) =
V(t) .V(t)
dP
< 0.05
dV
Yes
dP
< 0.05
dV
dP
< 0.05
dV
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
V(t+1) =
V(t) +.V(t)
V(t+1) =
V(t) +.V(t)
V(t+1) =
V(t) +.V(t)
V(t+1) =
V(t) +.V(t)
V(t+1) =
V(t) .V(t)
V(t+1) =
V(t) .V(t)
Update
V(t) = V(t+1)
I(t) = I(t+1)
Return
Rin
DC DC
Converter
Ro
119
curve in the case of Buck-Boost and SEPIC (single-ended primary inductor converter) DCDC converter. Since these converters are complex, they exhibit more cost in comparison to buck or
boost converters.
Ro
Rin
Rin
Ro
Rin = Ro/D2
Rin = Ro(1D)2
D Duty Cycle
Rin
D Duty Cycle
Ro
Rin
Ro
Rin = (1D)2*Ro/D2
Rin = (1D)2*Ro/D2
D Duty Cycle
D Duty Cycle
Rin vs Duty Cycle
RLoad = RMPP
B
MPP ZONE
WORKING ZONE
A-B
B-C
A-B, B-C
A-B, B-C
NO WORKING ZONE
B-C
A-B
NONE
NONE
120
A. Haque
Table 3. Parameters of DCDC buck converter.
+
Lbuck
S. No.
Name of the
Parameter
Values
MOSFET
Vin
DIODE
Cbuck
Vo/p
(5)
Vin
2
3
4
5
6
MOSFET
DIODE
Lbuck
Cbuck
Vo
7
8
Frequency
Power Output
The DCDC buck converter is used to implement the modified MPPT scheme (Fig. 8). The input voltage of DCDC buck
converter is the output voltage of solar PV. Equation 5 gives the
relationship between input and output voltage of buck converter.2
Vo = d.Vin
S. No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
PV Type
No. of Cells: Connected in series
Rated Maximum Power: PMPP
Open Circuit Voltage: VOC
Short Circuit Current: ISC
Voltage at MPP: VMPP
Current at MPP: IMPP
Values
Vikram Solar
Model: ELDORA40
PolyCrystalline
36
40W
21.9 V
2.45 A
17.4 V
2.3 A
DCDC Buck
Converter
LOAD
Voltmeter
Solar PV
Voltage Sensor
Current Sensor
Microcontroller
(PIC-16F887)
MPPT Controller
DATA LOGGER
PWM
121
The rating of solar PV used is 40W @ 1000 w/m2 solar irradiation. The simulated Power-Vcell characteristic is shown in
Figure 10. Since the PV is flooded with artificial lighting, therefore, power generated is not 40Wrather, it is around 67 Watts.
But the purpose to test the effectiveness of MPPT scheme is
achieved. The Power-Vcell curve of solar PV from the experimental setup with artificial light source, i.e., 1000 W/m2 , is
shown in Figure 11.
Figure 12 shows the experimental results under changed solar
irradiation levels. Figure 13 presents the experimental results
obtained under similar conditions to that of simulation. It can be
seen that the time taken to reach MPP is approximately 0.21 sec,
and even if the solar irradiation is changed, the MPP scheme
is not giving false results. Also, the experimental and simulation results are almost similar, except the steady state oscillation
122
A. Haque
Appendix: Nomenclature
MPPT Maximum power point tracker
PV Photovoltaic
Rp Parallel resistor
Ios PV module reversal saturation current
T Temperature in degree Celsius
Isc Short circuit current
RES Renewable energy sources
P&O Perturb and observe
Rs Series resistor
A, B Ideality factor
k Boltzmanns constant
S Solar irradiation
References
Gain
method
Proposed
method
0.4 sec
2.0 watt
0.192 sec
0.500 watt
2.5 sec
1.800 sec
9. Conclusions
The correct and fast tracking of MPP under change solar irradiation and change load conditions are challenging tasks for
researchers. The proposed MPPT scheme provides a solution
to improve the existing methods. The proposed scheme may
help in achieving accurate and fast response in standalone and
grid-connected solar PV energy conversion systema. It can be
applied in fast-changing solar irradiation areas where solar PV
is used. The limitation of the proposed method is that it is not
evaluated under partial shading conditions.