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Factors

influencing
health and
human
development

Factors influencing health and


human development

It is often a
combination of these
factors that impact
on health and human
development

Influence of income
Gross National Income (GNI) relates to the amount of income
generated in a given year after expenses owing to other
countries have been paid. It is a reflection of the wealth of a
country and indicates how much money is available to spend on
services and infrastructure.
In developing countries it is common for a few people to have
control of most of the wealth.

Poverty
Absolute poverty or extreme poverty
Those living on less than a certain amount per day (often US$ 1.25
a day).
Relative poverty
Those living on less than 50% of their countrys average income.
Summarise Income in your workbooks

Influence of gender equality


http://www.dailyinfographic.com/the-girl-effect-fact-sheet
When women have the same power and control over their lives as
men do, their health outcomes improve. Unfortunately, in many
cultures and countries, women have less power and less control
over resources than men. This in turn typicallyleads to
disadvantage in the economic, political, social, educational and
health domains.

two-thirds of the 775 million people in the


world who lack basic literacy skills are female
300 000 women die each year from
complications during pregnancy 99 per cent
of them in developing countries.
women may be the last fed and may not
receive enough nutrients, leading to
malnourishment.
gender norms in many countries make men
the sole decision makers.
in many countries, women are expected to
abide by their fathers or husbands decisions.
Violence may result if the woman challenges
the mans authority.

Activity/Homework
Case study Furry over honour killings page 330- 331
Test your knowledge on page 331
Complete Edrolo Introducing Global Heal and Human
Development- Key knowledge 4A

Big Question: what factors influence health and human


development?
Learning Intentions:
By the end of this section you will be able to state and define the
factors that influence health and human development.
Success Criteria:
By the end of this section I:
- can explain and define key health indicators
- Can explain the impact education has on health and human
development
- Can explain the influence the physical environment has on
H&HD
- Can explain the influence global marketing has on H&HD

Influence of peace and political


stability

Read and summarise pages 318- 320

Influence of access to health care


Access to hospitals, doctors, essential medicine
and preventative health care is something that
many Australians take for granted. Having trained
health workers means that people can get the
treatment they need to assist them in living long,
productive lives.
Many governments in developing countries do
not have enough money to provide health care
for their people. In some cases, the money the
governments do have is spent in other areas,
such as defence. This has a direct effect on the
health of a population.

Government health
expenditure per capita, 2012

Summarise pages 321322

Activities
http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/obstetric_fistula/facts/en/in
dex6.
html
Complete case study The Addis Ababa Fistula Hospital on
page 322-323.
Complete test your knowledge questions on page 323.

Influence of education
Education affects health and human development in a number of
ways. Education promotes literacy, which can lead to higher
socioeconomic status, including stable employment and income.
This in turn improves access to essentials such as food, shelter
and health care. Educated people are more likely to have an
understanding of health promotion messages and take notice of
them.

Influence of education
Globally, an estimated 61 million primary school age children and a
further 71 million lower secondary school age children were not
enrolled in school in 2013. More than half of these were females
and most were in developing countries. Vulnerable groups are the
most likely to lack access to education, including children living in
poverty, those from rural and remote areas, AIDS orphans, those
from indigenous communities, and children who are disabled or
sick.
In developing countries, many governments do not have the funds
available to provide education for their people.

Adult literacy rates in Australia


and developing countries, 200910

Influence of physical
environment
Physical environment includes
- access to water and sanitation
- housing
- physical infrastructure
- climate and climate change
http://
www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/infographics/In
fographic_AAAS_Air-pollution_2016.pdf
As a class read through the rest of 8.6
Then complete test your knowledge questions on page 329

Influence of global marketing


Globalisation
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced
or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on
a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different
societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in
barriers to trade, communication and transport contribute to this
process.

Tobacco
In recent decades, many tobacco manufacturers have
been targeting developing countries in an attempt to
make up lost revenue experienced in developed
countries. The laws, taxes, regulations and public
awareness campaigns that operate in many developed
countries such as Australia are often non-existent in
developing countries.
According to the WHO, tobacco use is growing fastest in
low-income developing countries. It has been estimated
that more than 80 per cent of the worlds tobacco-related
deaths will be in low- and middle-income countries by
2030
http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/02/marlb
oro-boys-indonesia-kids-smoking-cigarettes-photos

Prevalence of current tobacco use


among adults in selected countries,
2011

Alcohol
Global alcohol consumption has increased in recent
decades, with most or all of this increase occurring in
developing countries.
Developing countries experiencing an increase in
alcohol consumption are often those that have no
cultural relationship with alcohol consumption and lack
the resources to educate the population about alcohol,
control alcohol consumption and care for those
suffering the negative effects associated with
excessive drinking, such as liver disease,
cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Processed foods
Companies producing processed foods have been marketing their
products in developing countries for years. As a result, many
people in developing countries have neglected their traditional
diets, which are often low in fat, for westernised foods. These are
often high in fat, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more
energy-dense diet.

Activities
Complete test your knowledge questions 1a, 2-6
Complete global marketing activity
Complete chapter tests 1 and 2
Complete exam preparation questions on pages 355- 358

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