Michael V.

Lurie
Modeling of Oil Product and
Gas Pipeline Transportation

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Michael V. Lurie

Modeling of Oil Product and

Gas Pipeline Transportation

The Author
Prof. Dr. Michael V. Lurie
Russian State University
of Oil and Gas
Moscow, Russian Federation
Translation
Emmanuil G. Sinaiski
Leipzig, Germany

Cover Picture
Trans-Alaska Pipeline

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2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.
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ISBN: 978-3-527-40833-7

In memory of the Teacher academician Leonid I. Sedov

Modeling of Oil Product and Gas Pipeline Transportation. Michael V. Lurie

Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-40833-7

VII

Foreword
This book is dedicated rst and foremost to holders of a masters degree and
postgraduate students of oil and gas institutes who have decided to specialize
in the eld of theoretical problems in the transportation of oil, oil products and
gas. It contains methods of mathematical modeling of the processes taking
place in pipelines when transporting these media.
By the term mathematical model is understood a system of mathematical
equations in which framework a class of some processes could be studied. The
solution of these equations provides values of parameters without carrying out
model and, especially, full scale experiments.
Physical laws determining the dynamics of uids and gases in pipes are
presented. It is then shown how these laws are transformed into mathematical
equations that are at the heart of one or another mathematical model. In
the framework of each model, are formulated problems with the aim of
investigating concrete situations. In doing so there are given methods of its
solution.
The book is self-sufcient for studying the subject but the text is outlined in
such a way that it impels the reader to address oneself to closer acquaintance
of considered problem containing in special technical literature.

Professor Michael V. Lurie

Moscow

Modeling of Oil Product and Gas Pipeline Transportation. Michael V. Lurie

Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-40833-7

IX

Contents
Dedication Page V
Foreword
Preface

VII
XIII

List of Symbols
1

1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.7
1.8

2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

XV

Fundamentals of Mathematical Modeling of One-Dimensional

Flows of Fluid and Gas in Pipelines 1
Mathematical Models and Mathematical Modeling 1
Governing Factors 3
Schematization of One-Dimensional Flows of Fluids and Gases
in Pipelines 4
Integral Characteristics of Fluid Volume 5
The Law of Conservation of Transported Medium Mass.
The Continuity Equation 7
The Law of Change in Momentum. The Equation of Fluid Motion
The Equation of Mechanical Energy Balance 11
Bernoulli Equation 15
Input of External Energy 16
Equation of Change in Internal Motion Kinetic Energy 17
Hydraulic Losses (of Mechanical Energy) 18
Formulas for Calculation of the Factor (Re, ) 20
Total Energy Balance Equation 22
Complete System of Equations for Mathematical Modeling
of One-Dimensional Flows in Pipelines 29
Models of Transported Media 31
Model of a Fluid 31
Models of Ideal and Viscous Fluids 32
Model of an Incompressible Fluid 34
Model of Elastic (Slightly Compressible) Fluid

34

Modeling of Oil Product and Gas Pipeline Transportation. Michael V. Lurie

Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-40833-7

Contents

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.8

Model of a Fluid with Heat Expansion 34

Models of Non-Newtonian Fluids 36
Models of a Gaseous Continuum 38
Model of a Perfect Gas 39
Model of a Real Gas 39
Model of an Elastic Deformable Pipeline 42

3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Structure of Laminar and Turbulent Flows in a Circular Pipe 45

Laminar Flow of a Viscous Fluid in a Circular Pipe 45
Laminar Flow of a Non-Newtonian Power Fluid in a Circular Pipe 47
Laminar Flow of a Viscous-Plastic Fluid in a Circular Pipe 49
Transition of Laminar Flow of a Viscous Fluid to Turbulent Flow 51
Turbulent Fluid Flow in a Circular Pipe 52
A Method to Control Hydraulic Resistance by Injection of
Anti-Turbulent Additive into the Flow 62
Gravity Fluid Flow in a Pipe 65

3.7
4

4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.7
5

5.1
5.2

Modeling and Calculation of Stationary Operating Regimes of Oil

and Gas Pipelines 73
A System of Basic Equations for Stationary Flow of an
Incompressible Fluid in a Pipeline 73
Boundary Conditions. Modeling of the Operation of Pumps and
Oil-Pumping Stations 75
Pumps 75
Oil-Pumping Station 78
Combined Operation of Linear Pipeline Section and Pumping
Station 81
Calculations on the Operation of a Pipeline with Intermediate
Oil-Pumping Stations 84
Calculations on Pipeline Stationary Operating Regimes in
Fluid Pumping with Heating 87
Modeling of Stationary Operating Regimes of Gas-Pipeline Sections 92
Distribution of Pressure in Stationary Gas Flow in a Gas-Pipeline 94
Pressure Distribution in a Gas-Pipeline with Great Difference
in Elevations 96
Calculation of Stationary Operating Regimes
of a Gas-Pipeline (General Case) 97
Investigation of Thermal Regimes of a Gas-Pipeline Section 98
Modeling of Blower Operation 100
Closed Mathematical Models of One-Dimensional Non-Stationary
Flows of Fluid and Gas in a Pipeline 109
A Model of Non-Stationary Isothermal Flow of a Slightly Compressible
Fluid in a Pipeline 109
A Model of Non-Stationary Gas Flow in a Pipeline 112

Contents

5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.3.6
5.3.7
5.3.8
5.3.9
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Non-Stationary Flow of a Slightly Compressible Fluid

in a Pipeline 113
Wave Equation 113
Propagation of Waves in an Innite Pipeline 115
Propagation of Waves in a Semi-Innite Pipeline 117
Propagation of Waves in a Bounded Pipeline Section 119
Method of Characteristics 121
Initial, Boundary and Conjugation Conditions 124
Hydraulic Shock in Pipes 127
Accounting for Virtual Mass 134
Hydraulic Shock in an Industrial Pipeline Caused by Instantaneous
Closing of the Gate Valve 135
Non-Isothermal Gas Flow in Gas-Pipelines 138
Gas Outow from a Pipeline in the Case of a Complete Break
of the Pipeline 146
Mathematical Model of Non-Stationary Gravity Fluid Flow 149
Non-Stationary Fluid Flow with Flow Discontinuities
in a Pipeline 152

6.7

Dimensional Theory 157

Dimensional and Dimensionless Quantities 157
Primary (Basic) and Secondary (Derived) Measurement Units
Dimensionality of Quantities. Dimensional Formula 159
Proof of Dimensional Formula 161
Central Theorem of Dimensional Theory 163
Dimensionally-Dependent and Dimensionally-Independent
Quantities 164
Buckingham
-Theorem 168

7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

Physical Modeling of Phenomena 173

Similarity of Phenomena and the Principle of Modeling 173
Similarity Criteria 174
Modeling of Viscous Fluid Flow in a Pipe 175
Modeling Gravity Fluid Flow 176
Modeling the Fluid Outow from a Tank 178
Similarity Criteria for the Operation of Centrifugal Pumps 179

Dimensionality and Similarity in Mathematical Modeling

of Processes 183
Origination of Similarity Criteria in the Equations of a
Mathematical Model 183
One-Dimensional Non-Stationary Flow of a Slightly Compressible
Fluid in a Pipeline 184
Gravity Fluid Flow in a Pipeline 186
Pipeline Transportation of Oil Products. Batching 187

6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

158

XI

XII

Contents

8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4

Principle of Oil Product Batching by Direct Contact 188

Modeling of Mixture Formation in Oil Product Batching 189
Equation of Longitudinal Mixing 192
Self-Similar Solutions 194
References

199

Appendices 201
Author Index

205

Subject Index

207

XIII

Preface
This book presents the fundamentals of the mathematical simulation of
processes of pipeline transportation of oil, oil products and gas. It is shown
how the basic laws of mechanics and thermodynamics governing the ow of
uids and gases in pipelines are transformed into mathematical equations
which are the essence of a certain mathematical model and, in the framework
of a given physical problem, appropriate mathematical problems are formulated
to analyze concrete situations.
The book is suitable for graduate and postgraduate students of universities
having departments concerned with oil and gas and to engineers and research
workers specializing in pipeline transportation.
Beginners will nd in this book a consecutive description of the theory and
mathematical simulation methods of stationary and non-stationary processes
occurring in pipelines. Engineers engaged in the design of and calculations on
pipelines will nd a detailed theoretical and practical text-book on the subject
of their work. Graduate and postgraduate students and research workers will
become acquainted with situations in the theory and methods in order to
generalize and develop them in the future.
The author of the book, Professor Dr. M. Lurie, is a great authority in Russia
in the eld of the hydromechanics of oil and gas pipeline transportation.

Prof. Emmanuil Sinaiski

Leipzig

. . . No human investigation could be referred to as true when it is not supported

by mathematical proof
Leonardo da Vinci
Modeling of Oil Product and Gas Pipeline Transportation. Michael V. Lurie
Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-40833-7

XV

List of Symbols
Symbol
a
a
a
A
A+
A
[A] = A+ A
dAin
dAex
b
c
c
C2
Cf
Cp
CSh
Cv
cP
cSt
d
d
d0
D
D
D
Dim
Dp
D
ein
ekin

Denition
radius of the ow core
dimensionless constant
parameter of the (Q H) characteristic
proportionality factor
value of parameter A to the left of the discontinuity front
value of parameter A to the right of the discontinuity front
jump of parameter A at the discontinuity front
elementary work of internal force
elementary work of external force
parameter of the (Q H) characteristic
velocity of wave propagation in a pipeline
sound velocity in gas
integration constant
friction factor
heat capacity at constant pressure
Chezy factor
heat capacity at constant volume
centipoise, 0.01 P
centistokes, 0.01 St = 106 m2 s1
pipeline internal diameter
diameter increment
nominal internal diameter of pipeline; cylinder internal
diameter
pipeline external diameter
velocity of hydraulic shock wave propagation in a pipeline
velocity of discontinuity front propagation in the positive
direction of the x-axis
diameter of impeller
diameter of pump impeller
JouleThompson factor
internal energy density; specic internal energy
kinetic energy density; specic kinetic energy

Modeling of Oil Product and Gas Pipeline Transportation. Michael V. Lurie

Copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 978-3-527-40833-7

XVI

List of Symbols

E
Ein
Ekin
Ei(z)
f1
f (Q)
F
dFn
Fr
g
g0 , g1
h
h(S)
hc
hcr
h.
hn
H
H
H = F(Q)
H1
1
H
He
i
i0
I
I
I1 , I2
J
k
k
k

k
k
K
K
K
lc
L

M0
OPS

elastic modulus in extension and compression,

Youngs modulus
internal energy
kinetic energy
Euler function
dimensionless factor
friction force
restoring force
elementary force
Froude number
acceleration due to gravity
dimensionless constants
piezometric head
depth of pipeline cross-section lling with uid
head losses in station communications
critical depth
head before PLP
normal depth of gravity ow in the pipe
head
differential head
head-discharge (Q H) characteristic of a pump
hydraulic head
hydraulic head
Hedstroem number
hydraulic gradient
hydraulic gradient
momentum
Ilyushin number
Riemann invariants
gas enthalpy
factor of string elasticity
factor of power, Ostwald uid
parameter of non-Newtonian uid
factor; heat-transfer factor; empirical factor 1/K
Karman constant
dimensionless constant
kinematic consistency
heat transfer factor
elastic modulus of uid, Pa
factor of longitudinal mixing of oil product
length of the mixture region
length of a pipeline or a pipeline section
mass ow rate
initial mass ow rate
oil-pumping station

List of Symbols

n
n
n
n
n
n0
nin
N
Nmech
Nus
N/e
p
p
p0
pen
pcr
pex
pin
pL
pl , pe , p
pr
pst
pu
pu
pv
[p]
[pinc ]
[pre ]
[ptrans ]
P
Ps
Pa
Pe
qh
qex
qM
qn
Q
Qe
Qk
QM

factor of power, Ostwald uid

exponent in Ostwald rheological law
exponent
number of revolutions of centrifugal blower shaft
unit normal vector
nominal number of revolutions of blower shaft
specic power of internal friction forces
power consumption, kW
power of external mechanical devices
useful power of mechanical force acting on gas
specic power
pressure
difference between internal and external pressures, pressure
drop
nominal pressure, initial pressure, normal pressure, pressure
at the beginning of the pipeline section
pressure of gas at the entrance of compressor station
and blower
critical pressure
external pressure; pressure at initial cross-section
of the pipeline section
internal pressure
pressure at the end of the pipeline section
pressure at the pressure line of pumps (PLP)
reduced pressure
standard pressure, pst = 101 325 Pa
pressure before oil-pumping station
head before station
saturated vapor tension (pressure)
pressure jump
incident pressure wave amplitude
reected pressure wave amplitude
transmitted pressure wave amplitude
poise, 0.1 kg m s1
wetted perimeter
pascal (SI unit), kg m1 s2
Peclet number
specic heat ux
heat inow (qex > 0) to gas; heat outow (qex < 0) from gas
specic mass ow rate
external heat ux
volume ow rate; uid ow rate
ow rate of gas at the entrance to the compressor station
commercial ow rate of gas
mass ow rate

XVII

XVIII

List of Symbols

Qv
r
r0
R
R0
Rh
Rim
Rr
Re
Recr
Re
S
S0
St
t
T
T0
Tav
Tcr
TB
Tex
TL
Tm
Tr
Tst
u(y)
umax
uw
u
v
v
vcr
V
[v]
w
x
x1
x2
y
z(x)
(z1 z2 )
Z

volume ow rate of gas at pipeline cross-section

radial coordinate
pipeline radius
gas constant (R = R0 /g )
universal gas constant
hydraulic radius
radius of the impeller
reduced gas constant
Reynolds number
critical Reynolds number
generalized Reynolds number
area of a cross-section; area of pipeline cross-section part lled
with uid
area of pipeline cross-section; nominal (basic) area
stokes, 104 m2 s1
time
absolute temperature
nominal temperature; initial temperature; temperature of uid
at normal condition
average temperature over pipeline section length
critical temperature
temperature of gas at the entrance to the compressor station
temperature of external medium
temperature at the end of pipeline section
mean temperature
reduced temperature
standard absolute temperature
velocity distribution over cross-section
maximum value of velocity
uid velocity at pipe wall
dynamic velocity
velocity averaged over cross-section
mean ow rate velocity
critical velocity
volume
uid velocity jump
acceleration
coordinate along the pipeline axis
coordinate of gravity ow section beginning
coordinate of gravity ow section end
coordinate transverse to the pipeline axis; direction of a normal
to the elementary surface d
elevation level of a pipeline cross-section x
geometrical height differences of sections 1 and 2
over-compressibility factor

List of Symbols

Zav
Z = Zr

average over-compressibility factor

reduced gas over-compressibility

,
v
T

angle of inclination of the pipeline axis to the horizontal

factors
volume expansion factor
thermal expansion factor
compressibility factor
adiabatic index
ratio between the hydraulic gradient of pipeline section
completely lled with uid and the absolute value of the
gravity ow section with slope p to the horizontal
shear rate, s1
pipeline wall thickness
absolute equivalent roughness; roughness of wall surface
relative roughness; compression ratio; thickness ratio
local resistance factor
dimensionless radius
efciency
function of temperature; concentration; parameter of overcompressibility factor; parameter of state equation of real gas;
concentration of anti-turbulent additive
hydraulic resistance factor
effective factor of hydraulic resistance
dynamic viscosity factor kg m1 s1
molar mass of gas; molecular weight
turbulent dynamic viscosity
apparent viscosity of power Ostwald uid
kinematic viscosity factor m2 s1
kinematic viscosity factor at temperature T0
kinematic viscosity factor at temperature T1
Poisson ratio
turbulent kinematic viscosity
factor of volumetric expansion, K1 ; self-similar coordinate;
dimensionless coordinate
dimensionless parameter; similarity criterion
initial pressure distribution
density
values of parameters before hydraulic shock wave
values of parameters after hydraulic shock wave
nominal density; uid density at p0 ; density of uid under
normal conditions
gas density under standard conditions
area of suction branch pipe cross-section; hoop stress; degree
of pipe lling; circumferential stress

(t)

(%)

eff

g
t

0
1
P
t

(x)

, v , p , S
+ , v+ , p+ , S+
0
st

XIX

XX

List of Symbols

0
w

cr

(x)

elementary surface area; surface element

tangential (shear) stress
tangential friction stress
critical (limit) shear stress
tangential (shear) stress at the pipeline internal surface
specic volume
critical specic volume
angle of inclination of a straight line to the abscissa; central
angle
initial uid velocity distribution
frequency of rotor rotation; angular velocity of impeller
rotation