A Family of Power-Factor-Correction Controllers

Zheren Lai and Keyue M. Smedley

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of California at Irvine
Irvine, California 92697
Ahslract - This paper presents a family of constant-switchingfrequency pulse-width-modulated controllers for single-phase

power-factorcorrection circuits that operate at continuousconduction-mode. Both trailing-edge and leadingedge pulsewidth modulation are used. These controllers do not require
the muitiplier and the rectifid-linevoltage sensor, which are
needed by traditional control methods, and can be
implemented with a unified control circuit to achieve
simplicity. Controller examples are analyzed and verified
experimentally.

L Introduction
A single-phase diode bridge followed by a dc-dc converter
can form a rectifier with active power-factor correction
(PFC). The dc-dc converter controller forces the average
input current i to have the same shape as the input voltage
g
I'
Such a rectlfier is called a "resister emulator."
g.
The multiplier approach and voltage-follower approach
are two traditional control strategies for the resistor
emulator[ 11. Examples of the multiplier approach include
the average-current control[21 and the peak-current
control13 ) . etc. Examples of voltage-follower approach
include buck-boost converters operating at dtscontinuousconduction mode(DCM)[1]. Cuk converters at DCM (51, and
boost converters at the boundary of DCM and continuousconduction mode (CCM)[6], etc. Rectifiers under multiplierapproach control usually operate at CCM while rectifiers
control generally operate at
undcr \,oltage-follower-approach
DCM or at the boundary of DCM and CCM. Converters
operate at DCM are usually used for low-power-level
applications. The CCM becomes necessary when power level
goes higher. because the current stress on a switch and the
current ripple in the inductor are too large for a single DCM
converter to operate efficiently. The multiplier approach
requires a multiplier in its current loop and to sense the
rectified line voltage, hence, the control circuit is more
complicated.
A number of papers have been dedicated to control
methods for the CCM operation without a multiplier and the
input-voltage sensor [7-11). Some methods can be
implemented with a very simple control circuit under the
penalty of higher current dlstortion. The non-linear-carrier
control, proposed in [8, 91 for the boost converter and other
topologies, has the simplicity of the voltage-follower
approach and the performance of the multiplier approach.

0-7803-3704-2/97 $10.00 0 1 997 IEEE

However, the non-linear camer is very difficult to generate

for some topologies. The carrier in [9] was approximated,
with a fairly large minimum duty ratio &in (= 0.22) which
leads to a limitation of load range at the light end. The
Linear Peak Current Mode control proposed in [IO] shows a
simple and promising method for PFC application. A unified
approach was proposed in [ 1 11 as an application example of
a general pulse-width-modulation (PWM) method for a
family of simple-and-high-performance CCM PFC
controllers. The members of this family include the methods
of [8] and [lo]. The objective of this paper is to further study
these controllers.
In this paper, the general PWM modulator is briefed in
section 11, followed by the derivation procedures of t h s
controller f a d y . Derivation results of five commonly-used
topologies are listed in a table. Section I11 takes the simplest
controller among this family as example. Stability and
current dtstortion are analyzed in detail and then the control
method is verified experimentally. Section IV and V verify
the validity of the controller family experimentally by
applying them to the flvback and Cuk converters
respectively. Finally conclusions are drawn in section VI.
Notation conventions are as follows. Capital letters are
used for quantities associated with steady state unless
indicated explicitly; lower case letters represent time-variant
variables; a quantity in a pair of angular brackets is the local
average of the quantity, i.e. the average in each switching
cycle.
U. Unified Realization of a Family of PFC Controllers

Fig. 1 shows the block dlagram for PFC circuits with the
proposed controller family. Notice that no rectified-linevoltage sensor and multiplier appear in the diagram. The
proposed PFC controllers are similar to the current-mode
controllers for dcdc converters.
The PWM modulator and the current sensor in Fig. 1 are
distinct from those used in typical multiplier-approach
controllers. The PWM modulator in Fig. 1 is the general
PWM modulator which can perform leading-edge
modulation as well as trailing-edge modulation. The sensed
current can be valley inductor current or valley switch
current besides peak and average inductor or switch current.
One can see shortly that for trailing-edge modulation, the
sensed current need to be the peak current while for leadtngedge modulation, the sensed current is the valley current.

66

(a) average-switch-current sensing

rHT-;&&
Sensor

Modulator

Compensator
Vnf

Fig. 1 . Block diagram of PFC circuits with proposed controllers.

The peak or valley inductor current can be considered as the

instant inductor current and the peak or valley switch
current can be considered as the instant switch current. Thus
the proposed control methods is summarized as instantinductor-current control, average-inductor-current control,
instant-switch-current control, and average-switch-current
control respectively according to the way that the current is
sensed. The instant inductor current and the instant switch
current are not equal in converters with more than one
inductor, such as the Cuk converter.
Average or instant-switch-current controls are more
desirable than inductor-current control due to simpler
current-sensing circuitry. These two sensors can be
implemented as shown in Fig. 2 . The capacitor voltage in
Fig. 2(a) is reset cycle-by-cycle to provide the averagemitch-current information in that. switchng cycle. The
switch current can be the current in the active switch, such
as a MOSFET, or the passive switch, i.e. a diode. The diode
current is for the first time utilized in a PFC controller.

Fig. 2. Switch-current-sensing schemes.

be obtained by re-organizing (1) into a polynomial in d'.

where d' = 1-d, with Q of the flip-flop as d' output, i.e. is
the duty-ratio output. Th~scan be achieved by applying VI'.
v2'. ... to v 1. v2, ... of the modulator respectively 11 11. where
VI'. 9')... satisfy

-1

-1

-1

Sign(v1') is the sign of voltage v1' to guarantee V I ' to be

positive. For some applications, leadmg-edge modulation
may lead to simpler control circuitry, such as the boost PFC
circuits shown in section 111.

B. Derivation of the PFC Controller Family

This derivation is to find control inputs to the general
modulator so that the input current of the dc-dc converter is
proportional to the input voltage, with the proportional
coefficient controlled by the modulation voltage vm.
Trailing-edge modulation equations are found first, then
convert to the leadlng-edge modulation equations by ( 2 ) .
The following three assumptions are made for simplicity.
1) The switching frequency and the linc frequency are
well separated so that the line current and voltage can be
considered slow signals and the power stages operate at
quasi-steady state.
2) The current ripple in an inductor is negligible. This is a
stronger condltion than CCM operation. Current distortion
will be higher if this assumption is not satisfied, however,
some amount of distortion is tolerable for PFC applications.
3) The energy conversion efficiency is assumed to be
100% so that the efficiency term is not carried in the
derivation.
The dcdc converter should be able to step-up in order to
be suitable as a PFC circuit, since the output voltage will be
lugher than the input voltage when the line voltage is near
zero [ 11. This condition excludes the buck and buck-derived
converters, such as the forward converter, as PFC circuits.

A 7he General PWModulator

The general PWM modulator proposed in 1111 is redrawn

in Fig. 3. It contains a constant-fiequency clock generator. a
flip-flop FF. a comparator CMP, and a few stages of
integrator-with-reset. The integrator performs conventional
integration unless the control input R is at logical-high state,
which as result resets the integrator output to zero. The time
constant of the integrator is selected to equal the switching
period. The general PWM modulator can realize control
functions expressed by a general modulation equation
V I = ( vz d + v3 d2 + ~4 d3 + ...... )

@)instant-switch-cumnt sensing

(1)

where v l . v2. ... are control inputs to the modulator and are
linear combinations of the sensed current and the
modulation voltage vm in the PFC controller case, shown in
Fig. 1. These control inputs are slow signals compared to the
switching frequency. To find the d solution for (l), the
general modulator can be applied with Q of the flip-flop as
its trailing-edge modulation duty-ratio output. Equivalent
leading-edge modulation for the same control function can

67

R
I Inlegrator
w/ reset

R
I Mqwtur

R
I integrator
W i Imet

Wi

reset

Fig. 3 , The general constant-frequency pulse-width modulator.

Dcdc converters are classlfed into two types according to

the device right after the &ode bridge when the E M filter is
ignored. ' h s device can be a switch or an inductor, as
shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4(a) represents converters that have a
switch in series with the &ode bridge, such as the buckboost converter. Fig. 4@) shows converters having an
inductor in series with the bridge, such as the boost or the
Cuk converters, etc.
The control goal for both types of converters is

VO

@)

(10) gives the trailingedge average-witch-currentcontrol modulation equation. This equation is the basis of

non-linear-carrier control. The left side of (10) is

implemented n 4 h the average-current sensor shown in Fig.
2(b) while the right side is a non-linear carrier. The required
non-linear camer vm/M(t/Ts) for 0 < t .c Ts is a rational
function of (Os),therefore, is very drfficult to generate
sometimes. However if (10) is re-arranged into the general
format as (I), it can be implemented with the general
modulator. The re-arrangement is to move the denominator
at one side of the equation to the other side. Mathematically.
this re-arrangement will not change the solution value of d.
The local average of the switch current <iT> satisfies
clT> = 1T d.
(1 1)

(5)

(7)
(8)

hence

when the diode is on. Function N(d) is the ratio of two

polynomials in d. similar to M(d). N(d) for the five
topologies are also listed in Table 1.

R, iT d = v,/M(d)

(12)
Re-arranging ( 12) yields the trailing-edge instant-switchcurrent-control modulation equation. One can find out in
Table 1 that the difference between instant-switch-current
and average-switch-current control methods is to integrate

I . IIc-LJc
converters with Fig. 4(a) conjiguration
a) Trailing-edge modulation
For the hpe of converters shown in Fig. 4(a). average
currents

<ig>=<IT>.

= vm/M(d) = v,Q(d)/P(d).

= vmQ(d)/P(d).

the instant-switch current one more time than the averageswitch current. These two methods are physically equivalent.
They both are listed for convenience of application.
Substituting (7) into (12) results in

(9)

Combining with ( 5 ) yields

$<iT>

Fig. 4. General power stage cmfigurations of smgle-phase PFC circuits.

vn, = %v&
(6)
and R, is the equivalent current-sensing resistance. For a dcdc con\.erter at CCM steady state, the instant active-switch
(MOSFET) current IT does not always equal the inductor
current iL uhen the active switch is on. instead

iD = N(d) iL

-n?on-

vg vom(d),
(4)
where M(d) = P(d)/Q(d) is the conversion ratio of the dcdc
converter. P(d) and Q(d) are polynomials in d. M(d) for five
commonly-used converters are listed in Table 1. Thus the
general PFC control function is

iT = N(d) iL .
Similarly the instant &ode current

@$T-Jqq+

<ig > = v g b .
(3)
where
is the emulated resistance. At quasi-steady state in
a line cycle, the duty ratio d needs to be controlled to satisfy

R,<ig > = vnl/M(d).

where

'r'lT

5 i~ d = vmW(a?N(d)l.
(13)
Re-arranging ( 13 ) yields the inductor-current-control
modulation equation.

t 10)

68

b) Leadmg-edge modulation
From (13) one can obtain a leading-edge inductor-currentcontrol modulation equation by applying (2). During t E [0,
d' T,], (8) holds. Substituting ( 8 ) into the inductor-currentcontrol equation yields the instant-switch-current-control
modulation equation. Finally, substituting
<iD> = d' iD
(14)
into the switch-current-control equation results in the
average-switch-current-control modulation equation for
leading-edge modulation.
2. Dc-dc converters with Fig. 4(b) conjguration

a) Trailing-edge modulation
For the converter type shown in Fig. 4@),

<i g> = <iL>.

Substituting (15) into ( 5 ) yields

(15)

%<iL> = vm/M(d).
This equation gives the inductor-current control

(16)

>

R& = vmm(d)
(17)
under the small current ripple assumption. Substituting (7)
into (17) yields the instant-Awitch-current-control
modulation equation
E

[v"(d)l/M(d).
(18)
Finally, substituting (11) into (18) yields the averageswitch-current-control modulation equation
$ 1 ~=

&<iT>

[v, d N(d)]/M(d).

?*

(19)

b) Leading-edge modulation
Applying (2) to (17) leads to the leading-edge inductorcurrent-control modulation equation. Substituting (8) into
the inductor-current-control equation gives the instant.witch-current control. Finally. one can use (14) to get the
leading-edge average-switch-current-control modulation

equation.
Derivation results for the five commonly-used converters
are listed in Table 1. Same procedures can be used to obtain
control circuits for other topologies. Notice that the trailingedge a\.erage-switch-curn~control for boost converter is
the same control method as the non-linear-carrier control[8].
The instant-switch-current control for the trailing-edge boost
converter. which turned out to be the same method as the
Linear Peak Current Mode control proposed in [lo]. is an
approximation of the peak-current non-linear-carrier
control[81. Accurate instant-switch-current control can be
obtained through the same derivation as (13) in [SI which
can directly apply the general modulator.
For those controllers with input v4 = 0 in Table 1, two
stages of integrators are required whle those with inputs v3
= VJ = 0

.-el

need only one stage of integrator. There are six

possible controllers for each converter topology. Some of

69

.--1

s
r

them arc obviously more complicated than others. Some

controllers may be subject to stability problem. Complete
analysis of the stability of all the controllers is beyond the
scope of this paper. Modification of the controller is
necessary when the instability happens.
IIL Leading-edge PFC Controller for Boost Converters

The simplest controller found in Table 1 is for the boost

converter with leadtng-edge instant-switchcurrent control.
Accordmg to Table 1, v1 = R&, v2 = vm, where R& is
the sensed current and Vm is the error ampllfier output, so
only one stage of integrator is required. The entire circuit is
shown in Fig. 5(a) with the general modulator blocked in
dotted lines. Notice that the sensed current is the &ode
current for this case and 3 is the duty-ratio output because
of the leadmg-edge modulation.
A. Circuit Operation

The operation waveforms are shown in Fig. 5@). When a

clock pulse arrives, FF is set to logical hgh, hence,
is
logical low. As result, the MOSFET is turned off and the
inductor current flows through the &ode D. When the
integrator output vint meets the sensed current, CMP outputs
a signal to reset FF, therefore, 3 becomes logical high to
turn on the MOSFET and reset the integrator. This
operation repeats at the next clock pulse.

Fig 5 . Leading-edge modulated PFC redifier. (a) Circuit diagram.

@)Operation waveforms.

B. S t a dy-Sta te and Stability Analysis

Mapping theory [12] is use for t h s analysis. Assume the

peak inductor current for nth cycle is Ipn and the inductor
current changes linearly with time. The moment that FF is
reset satisfies,
The steady state can be found out by letting (23) equals 0,
therefore,

where Ti is the integrator time constant. Without losing

generality, Ti can be selected to equal switching period Ts .
If Ti # Ts. the only parameter that will be afFccted is vm
which is adjusted automatically in a closed-loop system.
Replacing t with dn'Ts results in

x,

,I)'=
Yo

(26)

Combining (26) with (22) yields the steady-state peak

inductor current

(2 1)
where f, = l/Ts is the switching frequency. Thus
dn' = I ; ( &

Rs

r;

-I

Valley inductor current I, is found to be

___ ) - I

(22)

Lfs

On the other hand

For constant V,
R, and Vo, the valley current is
proportional to the input voltage. The average inductor
current is then found to be

hence,

70

18
16
14

12

i? 10
B e

I-

4
2

0
0

Fig. 6. Calculated line current at various power levels.

20

40
60
80
powsr Level f%WI Loslb

100

Fig. 7. Theoretical THD vs. power levels.

Fig. 8. Experimental waveforms at different load power levels. Top: duty ratio ( 0 3 d i v ) ; Middle: line voltage (110 Vrms); Bottom:
l i e current, SA/div, ?,A/div, and O.SA/div respectively for (a), (b), and ( c ) . (a) at full load; (b) at 40%of full load; (c)at 10%of full
load.

Ks determines the stability of this control method [ 121, In

order for the control method to be stable,
1.
(30)
For a given value of Vm. Vg. and Vo, the inductor current
will reach a stead\ state. Any perturbation will drsappear
gradually. If the inductor current is higher than the steadqstate Ialue, it takes longer for vint to reach R, iD for a given
valuc of Vm. thus the inductor has longer time to dlscharge.
If the inductor current is too small. vint reaches 9s iD
sooner. resulting a larger duty ratio, hence. the inductor
current
increases.
Sub-switching-frequency-harmonic
oscillation occurs when (30) is not satisfied.
Combining (6). (25). (30). and (26) gives another form
the stability condltion at steady state.,i.e.
IKSI

(3 1) indcates that the stabilih is load dependent

C. Application to PFC Control

If the operation is stable. the PFC circuit will be

approaching to quasi-steady state. Since the valley inductor
current of the boost conyerter is proportional to the input
yoltage vg. under small ripple assumption, the average
inductor current is approximately proportional to vg, When

71

the ripple is not negligible, (29) can be used to find the

actual average line current. An example is given with the
following circuit parameters.
For vg = 110 Vrms line voltage, L = 520 pJ3, fs = 100
MIZ, and Vo =220 Vdc. The normalized line current is
calculated and shown in Fig. 6 for R, = 30, 70, and 300
Ohms respectively. Take
= 30 Ohms as the full load, the
line current THD vs. power level is plotted in Fig. 7. The
distortion improvement over the peak-current control with
multiplier approach [3] is obvious.
When the voltage conversion ratio is h g h enough ( 2 2).
the duty ratio is higher than 0.5, thus the current loop is
always stable, as (31) indlcates. This condltion may not be
satisfied at light load and low voltage conversion ratio. With
certain minimal load condltion, the unstable situation can be
excluded.

D.Eqxrirxnta 1 Verification
An experimental circuit has been built accordmg to Fig. 5(a)
and tested. The line voltage is 110 Vrms and the output
voltage is 220 Vdc. The switching frequency fs is 100 kHz.
The inductance of the boost converter is 520 pH. An LC
EM1 filter was inserted between the diode bridge and the
boost converter with an inductance of 44 pH and a
capacitance of 0.68 pF. Experimental waveforms for a full
load of 350 W. 40% of full load, and 10% of the full load are
shown in Fig. 8 (a), (b), and (c) respectively. The waveforms
in each figure, from top to bottom, are the duty ratio

Fig. 9. W s t d e n v e d PFC topologies employed in references[ 14 - 161

310U

I/

,,JUT

I1

310 un

Fig. 10. Flyback PFC converter with trailingedge average-witch-current control.

Fig. 12 Cuk converter wlth insiant-mdudorcurrent mtrol.

Fig 14 CuL converter wrth average-switchcurrent control

Fig 13. Experimental waveforms of the Cuk

converter with instant-indudor-current control at
150 W power output. Top: duty ratio (0.5idiv);
middle: line voltage (1 10 Vrms); bottom: line
current (2 Aldiv)

Fig 15. Experimental waveforms of the Cuk

converta with average-witch-currentt control at
150 W power output. Top: duty ratio (0.5idiv):
middle: line voltage (1 10 Vrms): bottom: line
current (2 Ndiv).

I
M 1 0 W O N CH3 l N D V

lime 5 M V

F i g . 1 1 E r g m e n t a l waveforms of the
flyhach conxerter at 100 W power output
Top dut\ ratio (0 61'div). middle h e
xoltage ( I 10 \ mis) bottom lms current
(1,Idn)

measured with Tektronis time-to-voltage converter

TVCSO 1. the line koltage. and the line current with its scale
marked in the figure respectively Notice that in (a) and (b)
the current dstortion is not significant while in (c) the
lstortion is noticeable The current shape in (c) is similar to
the calculated na.ceform shown in Fig 6 It is &fficult to
compare the measured THD wth the theoretical THD since
the line \ oltage itself has some dlstortion. however, one can
still see the trend of lstortion as load decreases

two or more diode currents, thus they can be sensed with one
CT, as shown in each figure.
3) The switching ripple current in the output filtering
capacitor is reduced. The boost converter is usually used as a
pre-regulator and the post-regulator is normally trailingedge modulated. This results in less switching ripple current
in the capacitor C as indicated in [ 131.

E Advantage\ of Lading-Edgr Mvdula hon

From Table 1 one can also find the control circuits for
flyback PFC converters. Fig. 10 shows the flyback PFC
converter of trailing-edge average-switch-current control
(the error amplifier is not shown). Under small ripple
assumption, the line current chstortion for the PFC circuit is
negligible. Similar analysis as the boost converter can be
carried out for the current distortion if the current ripple is
not negligible. As indlcated in [lo], this control method is
uncondltionally stable.
An experimental circuit was built and tested. The major
circuit parameters are as follows: fs = 63 kHz, the primary
inductance is 340 FH,flyback transformer turns ratio is 1: 1,
Lf = 100 pH, Cf = 0.68 pF. line voltage is 110 Vrms, the
output voltage is regulated at 50 Vdc. The experimental

IV.Flyback Converter

to trailing-edge modulation. Icadlng-edge

modulation has threc a& antages
1 ) The controller for boost converter is the simplest
resister emulator controller ever

Compared

2) The current-sensing circuit for some boost-demed

topologies u i t h multiple switches is simplified Fig 9 shows

some of these topologies emplo?ed in literature[lJ 161 For
trailingedge modulation. the switch current is the current in
the actiLe snitches. i e in the MOSFETs in these eumples
Since these topologies ha\e more than one active switch. at
least two current transformers (CT) are required For
leadmg-edge modulation there is a common path for the

72

result is demonstrated in Fig. 11. Obwously the linecurrent

dstortion is insignificant.

The PFC circuits are ideal resister emulators when the

switching-frequency inductor-current ripple is zero. In
practice, the linecurrent dlstortion &e to the current ripple
can be anal-wedfor each specfic control method.
For this family of controllers, the rectified-line-voltage
sensor, the error amplifier in the current loop. and the
multiplier in the voltage feedback loop that exist in a
traditional CCM PFC circuit are eliminated hence, the
control circuitq is simplified. The performance of these PFC
circuits is comparable to or improved over those traditional
CCM converters with the multiplier-approach control. The
most important advantage of these controllers is that their
implementation is unified. One can see from the three
converters and four control methods experimentally verified
in t h s paper that they share an identical PWM modulator.
Therefore, these controllers are well-suited for integratedcircuit implementation.

V. Cuk Converter
Cuk, Sepic, and Zeta converters were classified as the same
category as the flyback converter in [9] and [IO]. Neither
reference clearly addressed the control of the these
converters. The derivation results in t h s paper indmtes that
the control circuits for these converters are not always
equivalent.
To verify the control methods for the Cuk converter,
instant-inductor-current
and
average-switch-current
controlled PFC circuits were built and examined. The
circuits are illustrated in Fig. 12 and Fig. 14 respectively
with their error ampldiers not shown. The same power stage
were used for both control methods. The switchng
frequency is 100 kHz and other major parameters are shown
in the figures. The line voltage was 110 Vrms and both
outputs were regulated at 50 Vdc. Fig. 13 and Fig. 15 are
the experimental waveforms at 150-W power output. From
top to bottom the waveforms are the duty ratio, line voltage,
and line current respectively. Notice that both line currents
are closely following the line voltage in shape.
It was observed that, for the average-switch-current
control, the line current had some ringing at around 2 kHz
when the rectified line voltage changed slope rate abruptly,
i.e. when the line voltage crosses zero or is at its peak for the
dstorted line voltage. The ringing is noticeable in Fig. 15. It
is believed that thls ringing is caused by the high system
order of Cuk converter and the average-switch-current
control does not provide enough damping. With instantinductor-current control. the ringing i s significantly damped
for the same power stage. In other words, Merent control
methods may provide different dynamic performance for the
same power stage.

References
I. Sebastian, M. Jaureguizar, J. Uceda, "An overview of power

VI. Conclusions
A famil! of PFC controllers are presented in this paper
based on a general PWM modulator. The derivation
procedures are addressed in detail with derivation results for
five commonly-used converters listed in table. Both trailingedge and leading-edge modulation can be realized at
constant switching frequenq . Leading-edge modulation can
sometimes lead to simpler control circuitry as demonstrated
in the boost converter example.
Both leadng and trailing-edge modulation have three
basic control circuits for one converter accordmg to the way
that the current is measured. Physically the average-smltchcurrent control is equivalent to the instant-switch-current
control in the sense that the former is the integration or the
latter.

73

1101

111

12)
131

[14]
I151
1161

factor correction in single-phase off-line power supply systems,"

IECON'94.
L. Dixon, "Average Current Mode Control of Switching Power
Supplies," Unitrode Power Supply Design Seminar, 1990.
R. Red1 and B. P. Erisman, "Reducing Distortion in Peak-CurrentControlled Boost Power-Factor Correctors," APEC'94.
R. Erickson, M. Madigan, and S . Singer, "Design of a Simple HighPower-Factor Rectifier Based on the Flyback Converter," APEC'PO.
M. Brokovic, and S. Cuk, "Input Current Shaper Using Cuk
Converter." INTELEC'92, Washington D. C.. Oct.. 1992, pp. 532539.
J . Lai and D. Chen. "Design Consideration for Power Factor
Correction Boost Converter Operating a1 the Boundary of
Continuous Conduction Mode and Discontinuous Conduction
Mode," APEC'93.
D. Maksimonvic, "Design of the Clamped-Current High-PowerFactor Boost Rectifier." APEC'94.
D. Maksimonvic, Y. Jang, and R. Erickson, "Nonlinear-carrier
control for high power factor boost rectifiers," APEC'95.
R. Zane and D. Maksimovic, "Nonlinear-carrier control for highpower-factor rectifiers based on flyback, Cuk or SEPIC converters,"
APEC' 96.
I. P. Gegner and C. Q . Lee. "Linear Peak Current Mode Control: A
Simple Active Power Factor Correction Control Technique For
Continuous Conduction Mode," PESC'96, June 28, 1996.
Z. hi and K. M. Smedley, "A General Constant Frequency PulseWidth Modulator and Its Applications," HFPC'96, Las Vegas, Sept.
5. 1996.
F. C. Moon, Chaotic b7brations - An introduction for &plied
Scientists and Engineers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ,1987.
R. A. Mammano, "New Developments in High Power Factor Circuit
Topologies," HFPC'96, Las Vegas, Sept. 5, 1996.
P. N. Enjeti and R. Martinez, "A High Performance Single Phase Ac
To Dc Rectifier With Input Power Factor Correction," APEC'93.
A. Pietiewicz and D. Tollik, "New High Power Single-Phase Power
Factor Corrector With Sofi-Switching," Intelec'96.
E. X. Yang. Y. Jiang, G. Hua, and F. C. Lee, "Isolated Boost
Circuit for Power Factor Correction," APEC'93.