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Lithosphere
Lithosphere- rigid, outermost
layer of Earth (crust and solid
mantle(uppermantle))
3 rock types:
Igneous- crystallized magma
Sedimentary- cemented
sediments in layers
Metamorphic- rock is changed
without being melted
Intrusive Rock
Building materials
(strong, resistant to
weathering)
Granite most
durable igneous
rocks
Ore deposits are found
within igneous rocks
Gold, silver, lead,
and copper found in
igneous veins
Diamonds found in
igneous rocks
Deposition:
Deltas
Deposition and
landforms:
Ice: (Glaciers)
large-scale and
dramatic; scrape,
gouge out large
sections of
landscape
Waterfalls, lakes,
various shaped
sediment
deposits (glacial
till: extremely
heterogeneous
sediments of glacial
origin)
Deposition and
landforms:
Wind: moves dry,
small particles
easily in areas
where there are
not many plants to
hold soil in place
Shores: winds
can blow fine
particles uphill
creating sand
dunes
Primary feature
horizontal layering
called bedding
Graded bedding coarser,
heavier particles on
bottom layer
Cross-bedding inclined
layers of sediment move
forward across horizontal
surface
Rock Types:
Metamorphic Rocks
When high temperature and pressure combine to
alter the texture, mineralogy, or chemical
composition of a rock without melting it, a
metamorphic rock forms.
During metamorphism, a rock changes form while
remaining solid.
Temperature comes from Earths internal heat
Pressure comes from either overlying rock or
compressive forces during mountain building
Rock Types:
Metamorphic Rocks
Two groups:
Foliated
Nonfoliated
Weathering
Weathering set of
physical and chemical
processes that break
rock into smaller
pieces.
Chemical weathering
minerals in a rock are
dissolved or chemically
changed
Physical weathering
minerals are not
chemically changed, rock
fragments simply break
off the solid rock
Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering
Weathering
Climate effects on weathering
Precipitation, temperature, and evaporation
Temperature and precipitation have greatest
effect on weathering
Chemical weathering occurs more in areas
with warm temperatures, high rainfall, and
lush vegetation
Physical weathering occurs more in cool, dry
areas, especially where repeated
freezing/thawing occur
Little/no chemical weathering occurs in areas that
are frigid(very cold in temperature) all year round
Weathering
Rock Cycle
Energy driving the
cycle:
Temperature (heat
from earths interior
causing melting and
cooling)
Mechanical
(erosion, deposition,
cementation)
Gravitational
potential energy
(pressure from
layers of rock
above)