Al- Balqaa Applied University

Al- Huson University College

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mechanism of Automobile and

Components
Dr. Montaser Tahat

Team

#11

:Team Members
Asem Kasasbeh

31419118123

Mohammad Melhem

31319118065

Mohammad Kanakri

31319118024

Mohammad Yaqoub

31319118501

:Contents
Introduction
Mechanism For Car Window
Mechanism For Engine
Mechanism For Transmission
Mechanism For Drive Shaft
Mechanism For Steering system

Introduction
Mechanism is when many parts working together
to create a motion for a transmission, such as in
automobile, the car engine creates a power to the
transmission, in order to move the car. The basic
mechanisms of an automobile are explained using
the components of the first-generation Crown.
Simply the mechanism in general is to transforms
input forces into the desired of output force, by
moving components such as gears, belt, chains,
.cam,..etc

:Mechanism of car window

Mechanism For Engine

:

Engine Main Parts

Spark Plug( 1
2) Valves
3) Piston
4) Piston Rings
5) Connecting Rod
6) Crank Shaft
7) Sump

Spark Plug
spark plug is an electrical device that creates an artificial bolt
of lightning within cylinder head of the engine, simply it
initiates the spark to create combustion. The electricity must
be at a very high voltage in order to travel across the gap
and create a good spark. Voltage at the spark plug can be
anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000 volts. Figure 1 shows a
.spark plug cutaway and its main parts

Figure (1)

Valves
Theres two main types of Valves The intake and exhaust
valves. The intake valve opens to let in air and fuel in noninjected cars, and only air in injection cars, and the exhaust
valves to let out the burned gases out of the engine. So
more valves in the car engines means high performance.
.Figure 2 shows the intake and exhaust valves

Figure (2)

Piston
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal located in the top of the
cylinder and moves up and down inside the cylinder, it is one of
the most important parts of an engine, because it is the
mechanisms that contains the engines energy. The pistons come
in many different sizes and materials to fit the cylinder and to
make and proper compression. Figure 3 shows a sample of
.piston

Figure (3)

Piston Rings
As we noticed from their names, they are rings around the pistons,
they are fitting the grooves surrounding, in order to regulate the oil
consumption, conduct heat from piston to cylinder, prevent
transferring gases from combustion chamber to the crank, and
provide a sliding seal between the outer
edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The Piston
Rings simply two types: the oil control rings and compression rings.
.Figure 4 shows the rings and how they are placing around

Figure (4)

Connecting Rod
A rod is transmitting motion from moving part to
another, the connecting rod in car engine is connecting
the crankshaft to the piston, there are different
materials for the connecting rods, the most common are
.Steel and Aluminum. figure 5 shows connecting rod

Figure (5)

Cranks Shaft
The crankshaft is one of the major parts in the car engine
that powers the drive wheels, the crankshaft converts the
linear energy into rotational energy, all pistons are
connected to the crankshaft by the connecting rods. Figure
.6 shows an example of crankshaft

Figure (6)

Sump
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It stores some amount
of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump, from this
sump the oil pumped to the engine parts in order lubricate
these parts, by different type of lubrication system, and the
most known is oil pump. Figure 7 shows the sump, to make
.it much clear

Figure (7)

How The Car Engine

?
works
After the explanation of the main engine parts, now making the
idea of how does the engine work is clearer, and reader of this
paper can imagine how these parts are working together to
.create the motion energy to the car wheels
Generally, this motion comes from the four strokes cycle, which
is happening inside each one of the cylinders as its shown in
:figure 8
:Intake Stroke( 1

the piston lowers in the cylinder, sucking air into the

cylinder in the injected cars while the fuel injectors sprays
fuel into the cylinder and a mixture of air and fuel in the
non-injection cars into the cylinder through the intake
.valve

:Compression Stroke( 2
in this stroke the valves close, and crankshaft moves the piston up,
.compressing the fuel-air mixture
:Combustion Stroke( 3
When the piston reaches the top, the spark plug sparks, igniting the
fuel-air mixture.
: 4) Exhaust stroke
When the piston reaches the bottom, the exhaust valve opens up,
then the piston comes back up and forcing the exhaust out of the
. cylinder

Figure (8)

We summarize from these four strokes, that air, electricity, fuel,

and pressure come together to create a small explosion to make
the pistons move up and down, which is the power to move the
.car
In addition to that, the engine includes an upper part called
cylinder head, which is a piece of metal covers the engines
cylinders, in between the cylinder head and the cylinder block
theres a head gasket seals the joint between them to save the
pressure, one of the main role of the cylinder head is to control the
intake and exhaust gases by open and close the intake and
exhaust valves with a rotational movement of an important part
.called Camshaft, which is shown in figure 9

Figure (9)

Moreover, some cars have only one camshaft and cars with 16
valves have two camshafts controls the intake and exhaust
valves on inline engines, and two camshafts on the V-shaped
engines, one camshaft to control the valves on a side and the
other camshaft to control the valves on the next side, figure
.10 clears both of the engine shapes

Figure (10)

The camshaft gains this rotational movement from the

crankshaft via timing belt or chain, the next figure will show
the timing belt or the chain and the place of in the car
.engine and how this mechanism movement is generated

Figure (11)

After understanding how the car engine works, and how

creates the power to the crankshaft, rotating the crankshaft
will make a rotational movement to something on the opposite
side from the timing belt, connected to the crankshaft called
Flywheel, this flywheel takes this mechanism to the next part
.of the car to move the car
Figure 12 shows the flywheel and how its connected to the
.crankshaft

:second Part: transmission

Engine run at high speeds, so a reduction in gearing is necessary to
transmit power to the drive wheels, a transmission needed which is
a mechanism for transmitting power from a vehicle's engine (or
motor) to its wheels. There are two major types of transmissions in
.most cars on the road today: automatic and manual
The transmission contains of different gears o provide the needed
speed, the lower the gear, the slower the road wheels turn in
.relation to the engine speed

Figure 13

the input shaft takes the power from the engine into the
gearbox, after that the selector rods and forks move the
synchromesh unit back and forth, according to which gear is
selected. The lay shaft transmits drive from input to the main
shaft when the a constantly meshed gear is locked to the
main shaft (or output shaft), and the main shaft transmits
drive from the lay shaft to the propeller shaft, as it shown in
.the figure shown, which is a manual gearbox

In this case will show how the fourth gear

:transmission works
Neutral gear: All the gears except those
needed for reverse are constantly in mesh.
The gears on the output shaft revolve freely
around it, while those on the layshaft are
.fixed. No drive is being transmitted

1st gear: In first gear, the smallest gear on the lay

shaft (with the fewest teeth) is locked to it,
passing drive through the largest gear on the main
shaft, giving high torque and low speed for a
.standing start
2nd gear: In second gear, the difference in
diameter of the gears on the two shafts is
reduced, resulting in increased road speed and
lower torque increase. The ratio is ideal for
.climbing very steep hills

3rd gear: still larger gear on the layshaft

increases forward speed still further but
.reduces torque increase

4th gear: In fourth gear, the input shaft and

main shaft are locked together, providing 'direct
drive': one revolution of the propeller shaft for
.each revolution of the crankshaft

Reverse: For reversing, an idler gear is

interposed between gears on the two shafts,
.causing the main shaft to reverse direction

The mechanism for connecting and disconnecting a vehicle's

engine from its transmission system is called clutch. In a car,
we need the clutch because the engine spins all the time, but
the car's wheels do not. In order fore car to stop without killing
the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the
engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a
spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling
.the slippage between them. Figure 14 shows the clutch

Figure (14)

Drive shaft & Axles shaft

One of the most essential component parts in the cars
are axle shaft and drive shaft. The drive shaft appears
most often in off-road vehicles and in the rear-wheel
system of a truck, and in a front-wheel drive system the
.axle shafts are used
In the cars with the driveshaft, the driveshaft turns, the
motion is transferred to the drive axles via the CV joint as
.shown in figure 15

Figure (15)

at the end of the driveshaft is connecting to the

rear axles, while rotating the driveshaft the axles
through the ring gear will generate the rear axles
rotate, which they are connected to the road
wheels. Figure 16 is a cutaway drawing of a car's
rear axle, showing the crown wheel and pinion of
.the final drive

Figure (16)

In addition to that, in the Modern front wheel drive

cars typically combine the transmission (gearbox
and differential) and front axle into a single unit
.called a transaxle which is shown in figure 17

Figure (17)

So in the front wheel cars, the axles are connected

to the transmission and taking the motion from the
transmission directly to the wheels, each axle
connects to the hub wheel with constant velocity
.(CV) joint, Figure 18 shows a front wheel axle

Figure (18)

Steering System
When we turn the steering wheel in the car, the wheels turn,
this movement because of a system called steering system,
which is a group of parts that transmit the movement of the
steering wheel to the front, primary purpose of the steering
.system is to allow the driver to guide the vehicle
The steering system converts the rotation of the steering
wheel into a swiveling movement of the road wheels in such
a way that the steering-wheel rim turns a long way to move
.the road wheels a short way
The steering wheel is connected to the upper steering shaft,
and its fixed at the steering upper shaft through the wheel
steering hub. This connection is to make the steering wheel
moving the steering arm to generate the movement. The
next figure shows the upper shaft under the steering wheel
.inside the car

Figure (19)

And the next shows the steering wheel and its hub and how will be
.fixed at the upper shaft
After this connection, now rotating the steering wheel right or left
will rotate the steering column, which is at the end of this column
there is a universal joint connected to the lower shaft, in order to
make the rotation easier. As its shown in the figure 20, the steering
.column and the shaft

Figure (20)

Next to the lower shaft, is connected to the steering arm,

-which converts the linear (back-and
forth) motion of the steering linkage to the rotating
motion of the steering knuckle, as the arm is connected
to the wheels through the sockets. Figure 21 shows the
.steering arm

Figure 21

Now to understand the mechanism of rotating this arm by the

lower shaft, see figure 22 which shows how the steering arm is
.connected to the lower shaft

Figure (22)
We recognize that the connection is done by the pinion and rack, which
they are perpendicular to each other, and when the rotating come from
the steering wheel and rotating the steering column, after that the lower
shaft will also rotate to make movement of the steering arm, which
makes the road wheels moving left or right, according to the required
.motion