VELAMMAL

MATRIC. HR. SEC. SCHOOL,

SURAPET, CHENNAI 66

+2 BIOLOGY
3. IMMUNOLOGY

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

I. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER:

d) Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency

1. Which of the following can induce immunity

13. Which of the following causes AIDS?

a) bacteria b) viruses

a) Bacteria b) Fungus c) Retro virus d) TMV

c) parasites d) all the above

2. Skin is a/an _____barrier.

14. Thymus growth occurs up to ____.

a) anatomical
c) phagocytic

a) 17 years b) 12 years c) 5 years d) 30 years

b) physiological
d) inflammatory barrier

15. Which of the following secretes immunoglobulin?

3. Which among the following is anti-bacterial?

a) interferon b) lysozyme c) hormone d) protein

a) T-lymphocyte
c) Macrophage

b) B-lymphocyte
d) Mast cells

16. The H-chain of immunoglobulin has a molecular

weight _____.

4. Which of the following is anti-viral?

a) lysozyme b) interferon c) protein d) hormone
5. Identity the phagocytic cells from the following
combinations.
a) Macrophage and neutrophil
b) Lymphocyte and eosinophil
c) Macrophage and eosinophil
d) Eosinophil and neutrophil

a) equivalent to that of light chain b) Twice that of light

chain c) Triple the amount of light chain d) Twice as that
of dark chain
17. Immunoglobulins are chemically ____ .
a) glycogens
c) glycolipids

b) glyco-proteins
d) Lipo-proteins

6. Histamine is secreted by _____.

18. Hyper variability regions are present in ____ .

a) Epithelial cell
c) Red blood cells

a) heavy chain only b) light chain only c) heavy and light

d) dark chain

b) Mast cells
d) white blood cells

7. Humoral immunity consists of _____.

19. Organ transplantation from pig to human is an

example for _______ .

a) normal cells b) pathological cells

c) cytotoxic cells d) immunoglobulin molecules

a) Autograft b) Allo-graft c) ISO-graft d) Xeno-graft

8. Which type of graft is used in plastic surgery?

a) xenograft b) allograft c) autograft d) isograft

20. Graft between identical twins is called ______.

a) Xeno-graft b) Allograft c) Auto graft d) Iso graft.

9. MHC genes in mouse is located in _____.

21. Primary lymphoid organ in birds is ______

a) Chromosome 1
c) Chromosome 4

a) Thymus
c) Spleen

b) Chromosome 2
d) Chromosome 6

10. Which of the following is an auto immune disease?

a) AIDS b) Multiple sclerosis c) Cancer d) Asthma

b) Bursa fabricius
d) Bone marrow

22. The natural defence in most animals mechanism

which protects from infection is an immunity
called______

11. Which antibody characterizes the allergic reaction?

c) IGM

d) IGE

a) specific b) cell mediated c) non-specific d) humoral

12. SCID is due to ____.

23. The barriers that block the entry of the organisms

into our body are called as _____ barriers.

a) Adenosine deaminase deficiency

b) Glucose oxidase deficiency
c) Phosphatase deficiency

a) phagocytic
c) anatomical

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

b) inflammatory
d) physiological

b) IGA

Page

a) IGG

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

b) 800

c) 700

d) 500

25. Who explained the value of graft rejection?

a) Johansson

b) Gallo

c) Garrot

d) Medewar

26. Interferons are released in response to the viral

infection by certain cells called______
a) Lymphocytes
c) WBC

b) Macrophages
d) Leucocytes

27. Phagocytosis an important mechanism of innate

immunity is performed by the most important
phagocytes called______
a) Interferons
c) Bacteriolytic

a) Paratope
c) Immunogen

34. If first step of inflammatory barrier fails, fate of the

injury would be ______
a) simply depends on second encounter
b) no activity medicated
c) remain as it is
d) additional chemical mediatory activities
35. Perforin lined pores in the plasma membrane are
targeted by the cells called______
a) T-lymphocytes
c) Histamines

b) pathogens
d) Neutrophils

b) Antigens
d) Haptens

b) Lymphocytes
d) Phagocytes

28. The viral RNA genome is converted into DNA copy

by viral enzyme______

36. Acquired immunity is not possible with the animal

named ______

a) oxidase
c) oxy-reductase

a) prochordates
c) invertebrates

b) reverse transcriptase
d) transcriptase

29. T-Lymphocytes mature and differentiate as T-cells in

______
a) Thymus gland
c) Thyroid gland

b) Spleen
d) Bone marrow

30. Which of the following is not a lymphoidal

structure?
a) Bursa of fabricius b) Liver c) Spleen d) Peyers patches
31. The inflammatory response occurs due to the
stimulation of damaged mast cells by releasing the
signals or alarms called ______ alarms.
a) ionic b) magnetic

c) chemical

d) physical

32. The disease caused by antibodies that attach the

myelin sheath of nerve cells is called ______
a) Rheumatoid arthritis b) Myasthenia gravis
c) Multiple sclerosis d) Insulin-dependent diabetes

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

b) vertebrates
d) chordates

37. The lymphocytes are produced in ______

a) Liver
c) Lymph glands

b) Spleen
d) Bone Marrow

38. The mature thymocytes are called______

a) B- Lymphocytes
c) T Lymphocytes

b) Lymphocytes
d) Leucocytes

39. The complex foreign molecules that activate the

specific immunity are called______
a) antibodies
c) pathogens

b) stimulants
d) antigen

40. The immunity due to the transfer of immune

products from an individual to a non-immune individual
is the kind of immunity called______ immunity.
a) passive b) active

c) barrier

d) none

41. The killing of cancer cells is involved by the type of

immunity called______

a) 600

33. The chemical groups which are not immunogenic on

their own but will react with preformed antibodies are
called______

Page

24. The total number lymph nodes in human body is

about ______

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

42. Humoral immunity is involved by the type of

immunity called ______
a) T Lymphocytes
c) Dentric cells

b) Immunoglobulin
d) Macrophages

43. The immunoglobulins are produced by the cells

called______
a) T cells b) T.Helpers c) Cytotoxic cells d) B cells
44. The shape of molecules in Tetra polypeptide chain
is ______
a) U shape b) X shape c) L shape

d) Y shape

45. Lymphatic proliferation in the central lymphoid

organs in bird is ______
a) Lympho hypothelial
c) Lympho epithelial

b) Lympho mesoepithelial
d) all the three

46. The organ that represent the primary lymphoid

organ takes place at terminal______
a) Spleen
c) Thymus

b) Bursa of fabricius
d) Bone marrow

47. The thymic lymphoid cells or thymocytes

differentiated from the cells that reach the thymus
are______
a) dentric and bone marrow b) fetal liver and dentric
cells
c) fetal liver and mesenchymal cells
d) fetal liver and bone marrow.
48. The predominant lymphoid organ in all animal
species formed by the 3rd month of gestation is ___
a) Thymus

b) Liver c) Heart

d) Thyroid

a) Platelets

b) RBC c) WBC d) Hassalls Corpuscles

51. 99% of lymphocytes are destroyed in thymus by the

process called______
a) Thymosin
c) Thyumopoietin

b) Apoptosis
d) Thymulin

52. The Bursa of fabricius an organ, equal to thymus in

structure, development and function is found in _____
a) birds b) Fishes

c) Lizards

d) Amphibions

53. The Bursa of fabricius becomes a lymphoid organ,

on the day in the embryonic stage is ____ day.
a) 16th

b) 17th

c) 15th

d) 18th

54. The Bursa is a place for proliferation and

differentiation of ______
a) Lymphocytes
c) Gama lymphocytes

b) Beta lymphocytes
d) Alpha lymphocytes

55. The extensions of the fibrous capsule that penetrate

in to the nodes are called as ______
a) Mesh work
c) Cortical follicles

b) Trabeculae
d) Medullary cords.

56. The broad intermediate zone between the cortical

follicles and medullary cords in the lymph nodes is
called______
a) Medulla
c) Para cortex

b) Trabecula
d) Cortex

57. The function of lymph glands in connection with

immunity is to ______ antigenic stimulation.
a) Control
c) Enlarge

b) Maintain
d) Produce antigens.

58. The largest lymphoid organ is______

49. The thymus continues to grow till the age of ______

years.

a) spleen b) bursa

a) 13th

59. The major part of the interior of spleen consists of

______

b) 12th

c) 15th

d) 14th

50. The whorl like aggregations of epithelial cells amidst

mature lymphocytes are ______
VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

a) Red pulp
d) Cortex

c) lymph nodes

b) Medulla

d) thymus

c) White pulps

b) Humoral
d) Macrophages

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a) CMI
c) Dentric cells

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

60.
Erythrocytes,
lymphocytes,
macrophages,
granulocytes and antibody secreting plasma cells are
the constituents ______
b) Trabecula
d) Splenic cords

a) Xenograft b) Isograft

c) Allograft

d) Autograft

70. The graft between the members of the same species

but to different genetic constitution is called ______

61. The immunological function of the spleen is

primarily directed against ______

a) Xenograft b) Isograft c) Allograft d) Autograft

a) antibodies
c) antigen

71. The mouse contains a cluster of genes known as the

major histocompatibility complex or
MHC on the
chromosome number______

62. Antigen describes a molecule which react with the

activated cellular constituents of cell
mediated
immunity. It is called______
a) Genicity
c) Antigenicity

b) Immunogen
d) Antigenology

a) 6

b) 5

c) 4

d) 3

72. The cluster of genes found on the chromosome 6

in mouse is called______
a) MHC

b) HIV

c) DNP

d) HLA

63. The part of the antibody molecule which makes

contact with the antigen is termed as ______

73. The array of HLA alleles on a homologue of our

chromosome 6 is known as ______

a) Haptens b) Pentene c) Paratopes

a) Diplotype
b) Tetraplo type
c) Haplotype
d) Triplotype
74.
The cells involved in the primary rejection of a
graft are______

d) Editopes

64. One of the following is a particulate antigen ______

a) Bacterial toxins
c) Bacteria

b) Fungi
d) Biological macro molecules

65. One of the following is a potential antigens______

a) Bacterial toxins
b) Fungi c) Bacteria
Biological macro molecules

d)

66. The hormonaSSl basis of immunitywas established

towards the end of ______ century.
a) 16th

b) 18th

c) 17th

d) 19th

67. A molecule of immunoglobulin may have the

polypeptide chains of ______
a) Lambda
c) Either Kappa or Lambda

b) Kappa
d) Both Kappa and Lambda

68.
The areas of V region of high variability in the
variable region of H and L chains are called as ______W
a) Hotspots
c) Red hotspots

b) Variable spots
d) Cold spots

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

a) B cells
c) T cells

b) Inter Leukin I
d) Inter Leukin II

75. The medicine which may cause of allergy is ______

a) Teramycin
c) Anocin

b) Crocin
d) Penicillin

76. Allergies result from an inappropriate and excessive

immune response to common antigens are the disease
called as ______
77. When the immune system attacks and destroys self
cells and molecules, the disease is called..
a) Auto immune
b) Hyper sensitivity
c) Immuno deficiency d) Anti immune
78. Gene mutations, infections and accidents may lead
to the disease called______
a) Auto immune

b) Anti immune

b) blood bone antigen

d) foreign antigen

Page

a) Medullary cords
c) Cortical follicles

69. If the tissue of the original donor is grafted back into

the same donor, it is called..

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

c) Hyper immune

d) Immuno deficiency

79. A very low number of circulating thymocytes is a

characteristic defect of ______
a) Multiple sclerosis b) Severe combined immuno
deficiency c) Anaphylaxis
d) Immuno deficiency

a) encysted spores
c) merozoite

b) vegetative trophozoite
d) schizont

91. Which one of the following is a trematode worm ?

a) Schistosomes

b) Wuchereria c) Taenia d) Ascaris

80. Who first developed vaccine for rabies in man ?

92. The more promising chemotherapeutic agent for

treating viral diseases is

a) Robert koch
c) Louis Pasteur

a) Tetracycline
c) Interferon

b) Joseph Lister
d) Stanley

b) Ampicillin
d) Anthramycin

81.Which one of the following fields paved the way for

modern microbiology ?

CONCEPTWISE QUESTION FOR PREPARATION

a) development of vaccines
b) technique of
new viral strains
c) discovery of new viral strains
d) development of pure culture technique

I. Immunity
A) Innate (Non-specific) Immunity
Anatomical, Physiological, Phagocytic
and Inflammatory Barriers.
B) Acquired Immunity (Specific
immunity)
Types of specific immunity, viz., (a) cellmediated and (b) antibody-mediated or
humoral immunity
Activation of Adaptive Immunity

82. Which one of the following statements is incorrect

regarding the structure of viruses ?
(a) Nucleic materials are covered by a protein coat,
called capsid
(b) The capsid is made up of capsomeres
(c) Some animal viruses have an additional envelope
(d) The additional envelope is made up of glycoprotein
83. Virions contain only a single copy of nucleic acid,
hence they are called

84.Tumour inducing viruses are called

a) Pathogenic viruses
c) Para viruses

b) oncogenic viruses
d) variola viruses

1. What is Immunology? (Pg. 108)

2. What are the four types of infectious agents? (Pg. 108)
3. Define innate immunity (Pg. 108)
4. What is lysozyme? (Pg. 109)

85. Which one of the following is a protozoan disease ?

5. What is phagocytosis? (Pg. 109)

a) African sleeping sickness

c) Cholera

6. What is acquired immunity? (Pg. 110)

b) Measles
d) Taeniasis

7. Differentiate cell mediated and humoral immunity.

86. Sexual reproduction of plasmodium takes place in

8. Differentiate active and passive adapted immunity.

a) liver cells of man

c) Plasma of man

10. Mention the functions of free antibodies (Pg. 111)

b) RBCs of man
d) body of mosquito

90. The pathogenic form of Entamoeba histolytica is

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

11. Define haematopoiesis. (Pg. 110)

b) haploid viruses
d) complete viruses

Page

a) incomplete viruses
c) ploidy viruses

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

12. Name the chemical alarm signals released during
inflammatory response. (Pg. 109)

31. What is acquired immunity? What are the unique

characteristics of acquired immunity? (Pg. 110)

13. How do natural killer cells kill virus infected cells?

(Pg. 109)

32. Write a note on two major group of cells employed

in specific immunity. (Pg. 110)

14. Is fever a good response? Justify your answer. (Pg.

109)

33. What is humoral immunity? Write a note on activation

of adaptive immunity. (Pg. 111)

15. What are monocytes? (Pg. 109)

34. Write a note on the structure and function of the

immune system. (Pg. 112)

18. What happens to an individual when he / she is

attacked by a pathogen for the first time in life? (Pg. 110)
19. What are the other names of specific immunity ? Why
does specific immunity take time to trigger off its
functioning? (Pg. 110)
20. What are the types of specific immunity? (Pg. 110)
BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS (PREVIOUSLY ASKED)
21. How do interferon acts as physiological barriers in
our body? (M-11) (Pg. 109)
22. What is phagocytosis? Mention the important
phagocytes. (S-08, O-09) (BB) (Pg.109)
23. How are macrophages acts as phagocytic barriers?
(M-10) (Pg.109)
24. Define Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI). (J-06) (BB)
(Pg.110)
25. Write any three unique features of specific immunity.
(J-09) (Pg.110) s

BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS (PREVIOUSLY ASKED)

35. What are the anatomical and inflammatory barriers
in first line defence? (J-07) (Pg.109)
36. Explain the unique features of the adaptive immunity.
(S-08) (BB) (Pg.110)
37. Write a short note on antibody mediated immunity.
(M-06) (Pg.111)
38. Write short notes on activation of adaptive immunity.
(M-10) (Pg.111)

II. Structure and Functions of the

Immune System
I. Primary Lymphoidal organs Thymus
II. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs
A. Lymph nodes, B. Spleen

1. What are the immunoglobins? (Pg. 116)

26. What are the main functions of free antibodies? (O06, J-09, O-10, M-11, M-12) (BB) (Pg.111)

2. State the functions of spleen. (Pg. 114)

27. Define opsonisation. (O-11) (Pg.111)

4. Define the term antigen? (Pg.115)

28. Differentiate active adaptive immunity from passive

adaptive immunity. (M-06) (BB) (Pg.111)

5. What are haptens? (Pg. 115)

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS

29. What is Innate immunity? Write a note on anatomical
and physiological barriers. (Pg. 108 & 9)
30. Write a note on Phagocytic and Inflammatory barrier.
(Pg. 109)

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

3. What is an immunogen? (Pg. 115)

6. Distinguish paratope and epitope.

7. Name the five classes of immunoglobins. (Pg. 116)
8. Distinguish the variable and constant region in the IG
molecule.
9. Mention the role of thymus in conferring
immunological competence on the lymphocytes. (Pg.
114)

17. What could be a self antigen? (Pg. 110)

Page

16. What are NK cells? (Pg. 109)

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

11. Write a note on MALT. (Pg. 114)
12. Describe the types of antigen.
potential antigen. (Pg. 115 & 6)

Add a note on

13. What are hot spots or hyper variable region? (Pg.

116)

31.Describe
the
structure
immunoglobulin. (Pg. 116).

and

function

of

BOARD EXAM FIVE MARKS

14. What is antisera? (Pg. 117)

32. Describe the structure of lymph node with the help of

diagram. (O-10) (Pg.113)

15. When can a hapten become immunogenic? (Pg.

115)

33. Describe the structure of immunoglobulin with a

diagram. (J-09, J-10) (Pg.116)

16. How are the polypeptide chains of immunoglobulin

named? (Pg. 116)

34. Draw a labeled diagram of Immunoglobulin (IgG) (J06, J-10) (BB) (Pg.116)

17. What are the important

immunoglobulin? (Pg. 116)

regions

of

an

18. What is the difference between Fab and Fc?

BOARD EXAM THREE MARKS

QUESTIONS

III. Transplantation immunology

Classification of grafts
Genetic basis of organ transplants
Process of graft rejection

19. What is the primary function of the Thymus? (M-09)

(Pg.113)
20. Name the secondary lymphoid organs. (M-07)
(Pg.114)
21. Distinguish between paratope and epitope. (M-07)
(BB) (Pg.115)
22. State the functions of spleen. (J-10, J-11, O-11) (BB)
(Pg.115)

1. Distinguish between auto-graft and allograft.

2. How does Xenograft differ from Isograft?
3. What are immuno-suppressant drugs? (Pg. 118)
4. Define Transplantation. (Pg. 117)
5. What are the symptoms of graft rejection? (Pg. 118)

23. Define the term antigen. (O-06, J-11) (BB) (Pg.115)

6. What were Medawars findings? (Pg. 117)

24. What are Haptens? (O-07, J-08, O-10) (BB) (Pg.115)

7. What types of graft show possibility of rejection? (Pg.

118)

25. Name the five classes of immunoglobulins. (M-08)

(BB) (Pg.116)
26. Comment on L chain of immunoglobulin. (M-06)
(Pg.116)

8. What is MHC speak about its significance? (Pg. 118)

9. Why does a graft get rejected? (Pg. 118)
BOARD EXAM THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

27. Draw the diagram of immunoglobulin and mark the

parts. (J-07) (BB) (Pg.116)

10. Write any three effects of graft rejection in a host. (O08) (Pg.117)

FIVE MARKS
11. Define Xenograft. (O-07) (BB) (Pg.117)
28. Write a note on Thymus. (Pg. 112)

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

13. What are immuno-suppressant drugs? (J-07) (BB)

(Pg.118)

30. Write a note on spleen. (Pg. 114)

12. Write any three preventive measures for graft

rejection. (M-10) (Pg.118)

Page

29. Write a note on lymph nodes. (Pg. 113)

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

10. Describe the immune system disorders. (Pg. 118).

14. Describe the types of grafts. (Pg. 117)

BOARD EXAM FIVE MARK

15. Write a note on genetic basis of organ transplants

(Pg. 117)

11. Give an account of immunodeficiency diseases. (M08) (BB) (Pg.119)

17. What is organ transplantation? Classify the types of

graft. (J-08) (Pg.117)

1. Write an essay on lymphoid organs and their

functions. (Pg. 112)

18. Describe the types of grafts. (M-09) (Pg.117)

2. Critically evaluate the transplantation immunology.

(Pg. 117)

19. Write short notes on genetic basis of organ

transplants. (M-11) (pg. 117)
20. What are the symptoms of graft rejection? Or What
are the symptoms of allograft rejection?
21. How it is prevented in clinical field? (O-06, M-07, O07, O-09, J-11, O-11, M-12BB (Pg.118).

IV. Immune system disorder

(1) hypersensitivity or allergy,
(2) auto-immune diseases, and
(3) immunodeficiency.
1. What is anaphylaxis? (Pg. 119)
2. How is multiple sclerosis caused? (Pg. 119)
3. What is SCID? (Pg. 119)
4. When an allergy becomes sudden and violent fatal
how is it known? (Pg. 119)
5. What is the role of reverse transcriptase? (Pg. 119)
6. Why is SCID severe? (Pg. 119)

BOARD EXAM THREE MARKSQUESTIONS

7. What is anaphylaxis? (O-09, M-12) (Pg.119)
8. When do autoimmune diseases occur? Give an
example. (J-08) (Pg.119)
9. How is the multiple sclerosis formed? (M-09) (Pg.119)
FIVE MARK QUESTION
VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

3. Write an essay on natural innate immunity. (Pg. 108 &

9)
4. Give an account of the mechanisms of acquired
immunity. (Pg. 110 & 1)
5. Write the sequence involved in CMI. (Pg.110)
6. Differentiate between Haptens , antigens and
immunogen.
7. Analyse the reasons in graft rejection. (Pg. 118)

ENRICHMENT STUDY
1. Antigens vs Immunogens
An immunogen refers to a molecule that is capable of
eliciting an immune response by an organisms immune
system, whereas an antigen refers to a molecule that is
capable of binding to the product of that immune
response. So, an immunogen is necessarily an antigen,
but an antigen may not necessarily be an immunogen.
Antigen -- any agent (molecule) that binds to
components of the immune response -- lymphocytes and
their receptors -- antibodies and the TcR.
Iimmunogen -- any agent capable of inducing an immune
response.
Hapten -- is antigenic but not immunogenic unless it is
attached to a carrier molecule of some sort which
supplies the immunogenicity.

2. Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can
differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to
produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular

BOARD EXAM FIVE MARKS

Unusual / Unexpected 5 Mark

questions.

Page

16. Describe the process of graft rejection. (Pg.118)

+2 BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIALS - IMMUNOLOGY

SCID is the most severe form of primary

immunodeficiencies and there are now at least nine
different known genes in which mutations lead to a form
of SCID.It is also known as the bubble baby disease and
bubble boy disease because its victims are extremely
vulnerable to infectious diseases and some of them,
such as David Vetter, have become famous for living in
a sterile environment. SCID is the result of an immune
system almost absent.
It is a genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed
development of functional T cells and B cells caused by
numerous genetic mutations.

5. Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in
onset and may cause death. It typically causes an itchy
rash, throat or tongue swelling, shortness of breath,
vomiting, lightheadedness, and low blood pressure.
These symptoms typically come on over minutes to
hours.
Common causes include insect bites and stings, foods,
and medications. Other causes include latex exposure
and exercise. The mechanism involves the release of
mediators from certain types of white blood cells
triggered by either immunologic or non-immunologic
mechanisms.Diagnosis is based on the presenting
symptoms and signs after exposure to a potential
allergen.
The primary treatment of anaphylaxis is epinephrine
injection into a muscle, intravenous fluids, and
positioning the person flat.

6. Precipitin VS Agglutinin
Major difference between precipitation and agglutination
is the size of antigens involved.
Antigens are soluble in case of precipitation while they
are insoluble in agglutination.

SCID patients are usually affected by severe bacterial,

viral, or fungal infections with interstitial lung disease,
chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive.

Agglutination is more sensitive than precipitation.

4. MS

2. Agglutination: particles settle out of suspension.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease in

which the insulating covers of nerve cells are damaged.
This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous
system to communicate, resulting in a range of signs and
symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes
psychiatric problems.
Specific symptoms can include double vision, blindness
in one eye, muscle weakness, trouble with sensation, or
trouble with coordination. MS takes several forms, with
new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks
(relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive
forms). Between attacks, symptoms may disappear
completely; however, permanent neurological problems
often remain, especially as the disease advances.

VELAMMAL MATRIC. HR.SEC.SCHOOL, SURAPET, CH 66.

1. Precipitation: soluble proteins become insoluble

7. Interleukin
The first interleukins were identified in the 1970s. Initially
investigators believed that interleukins were made
chiefly by leukocytes (white blood cells) to act primarily
on other leukocytes, and for this reason they named
them interleukins, meaning between leukocytes.
Because leukocytes are involved in mounting immune
responses, interleukins were thought to function only as
modulators of immune functions. interleukins are a group
of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules)
that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells
(leukocytes)

10

3. SCID

Although the exact cause is unknown, multiple sclerosis

is considered to be an autoimmune disease.

Page

organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of

stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from
the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells,
which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms,
stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for
the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing
embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the
specialized cellsectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative
organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues. Stem
cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just
after birth. Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting
involves the least risk. By definition, autologous cells are
obtained from one's own body.