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PRECAST CONCRETE
SPECIALISTS
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l pt1
. 2l pt
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M. Slevin
E. Stack
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS
Banagher Precast Concrete would like to thank the Concrete Bridge Development Group (CBDG) for asking us to present our Bridge Beam
Manual at their annual conference in Oxford. We would also like to thank Abhishek Das in MIDAS for his help with the initial bridge model and his
continued support throughout and a special thanks to our expert reviewers and researchers for their comments and help.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN STANDARDS REQUIRED
3. SCHEME DESIGN
4. MATERIALS
4.1 Concrete
4.2 Prestressing Steel
4.3 Reinforcing Steel
4.4 Cement
4.5 Modular Ratio
5. COVER
6. STRUCTURAL MODEL AND ANALYSIS
6.1 Modelling Assumptions
6.2 Loads
6.3 Boundary Conditions
6.4 Construction Stages
7. SECTION PROPERTIES
8. CALCULATION OF LOADS
9. COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
10. DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE
11. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
11.1 Uniform Temperature Component
11.2 Temperature Difference Component
11.3 Non Linear Component
12. PRESTRESS DESIGN
13. PRESTRESS LOSSES
13.1 Immediate Losses
13.1.1 Relaxation Loss
13.1.2 Elastic Shortening Loss
13.2 Time Dependent Losses
13.2.1 Relaxation Loss
13.2.2 Creep
13.2.3 Shrinkage
13.3 Summary of Long Term Prestressing Losses
13.4 Effective Prestressing Force
13.5 Transmission Length
14. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS)
14.1 Decompression Check at Transfer of Prestress
14.2 Revised Stresses With Debonding
14.2.1 At End of Transmission Length
14.2.2 At End of Debonded Length
14.3 Stress Check at Construction Stage
14.4 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (midspan max)
14.5 Stress Check at Service (midspan min)
14.6 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (end of diaphragm)
14.7 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (end of transmission length)
14.8 Decompression and Stress Check at Service (end of different debonded lengths)
14.9 SLS Stress Summary
15. ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (ULS)
15.1 Ultimate Limit State Flexure Check
15.2 Minimum Reinforcement Requirement Check
15.3 Global Vertical Shear Design (beam ends)
15.4 Shear at The Interface Between the Beam and The Slab
15.5 Shear Check Between The Web and The Flange of The Composite Section
16. BEAM CAMBER ESTIMATES
17 CREEP INDUCED SAGGING MOMENT AT SUPPORTS
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Irish Plant
UK Plant
Disclaimer
This manual gives Banagher Precast Concretes view on prestressed bridge beam design and in particular our W-beam which we developed in
2005. Please note that the calculations presented in this design manual are for information only. Banagher Precast Concrete Ltd. do not accept
any liability for the use of any presented material.
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1. INTRODUCTION
The design is for a two-span integral bridge, with each span having
a length of 30.75m from centre of abutment to centre of pier giving
an actual beam length of 30.50m as per fig 3.2. The bridge carries a
6.0m wide carriageway with 1.5m wide footways on either side as per
fig 3.1. The superstructure consists of six Banagher Precast Concrete
prestressed W11-beams with a 230mm structural in-situ reinforced
concrete deck slab 200mm over the top of the beam cast on ribbed
fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) semi participating permanent shutter.
There are in-situ diaphragms at the abutments and pier. A 500mm gap
between the precast beams is used at the pier to allow projecting links
from the crosshead. There is a 1500mm wide precast crosshead
spanning between two precast columns which makes up the pier.
The bridge beams span from abutment to crosshead with 500mm
bearing/embedment and without the need for temporary support.
1500
10000
9000
1500
500
140
110
80
1500
7
1466.624
1700
200
600
230
350
350
250
15
1500
1450
The Bridges for which the industry and of course Banagher Precast
Concrete manufacture beams require considerable expertise in
design. The design is usually carried out with a Contractor employed
Engineer taking the project from planning to working drawings
of the bridge for which the beams would be required. The design
of the beams may be carried out by this engineer, by the engineer
in cooperation with Banagher Precast Concrete the supplier or
completely by Banagher Precast Concrete using the engineers
analysis output as the starting point. In the last few years, the design
regulations have been harmonised throughout Europe as part of the
Common Market for Goods and Services with the introduction of a
suite of Eurocodes and European Product Standards. Each Member
State of the EU has the responsibility for Structural Safety and the
Eurocodes therefore come with a National Annex in which National
preferences with respect to safety factors etc are given. The designs in
this manual have used the UK National Annexes which are very similar
to the Irish National Annexes. Where the Irish regulation would be
different, it is noted in the text. The coherence of the new regulations
allow, with the use of Harmonised Product Standards,
a common approach which is used as the basis of the CE Marking
of Bridge Beams, in turn enabling them to be part of an open pan
European Market.
This manual gives Banagher Precast Concretes view of the new design
process for Prestressed Bridge Beams to the Eurocode and it is hoped
will promote more use of Bridge Beams and a common and agreed
understanding of the many new clauses in the codes. The manual
considers the design of the innovative Banagher W beam in a typical
two span road bridge. The internal beam is designed in detail and as
the loading code is also new, the approach to the use of this code is
also demonstrated.
600
3. SCHEME DESIGN
730
3000
2000
The following list contains the relevant standards that are required for
the design of this bridge.
Figure 3.1 - Section through bridge deck showing W-11 beams at 3.0m centres
ABUTMENT
PIER
30500 OVERALL BEAM LENGTH
400
100
100
ABUTMENT
62500
400
400
100
100
400
500
500
1500 CROSSHEAD
29500
500
500
500
1000
900
300 PIER COLUMN 300
500
500
29800
30750
450
450
29800
500
500
30750
4. MATERIALS
4.1 Concrete
Assumed properties of concrete are given in BS EN 1992-1-1, clause
3.1. BS EN 1992 uses cylinder strengths throughout but Table 3.1 gives
the corresponding cube strengths, allowing the continued use of
cubes as control specimens. The concrete strength class used in this
design is C50/60 for the precast beams, C40/50 for the in-situ deck slab
and diaphragms and C45/55 for the precast columns and crosshead.
4.2 Prestressing Steel
The proposed European standard for prestressing steel is prEN 101383 and it is often referred to in BS EN 1992-1-1. prEN 10138-3, however,
has since been voted down, though it is likely that it will be rewritten
and published at a future date. In the meantime, BS 5896: 1980 has
been amended to cover those products currently on the market for
which no specification would otherwise exist.
PRECAST CONCRETE
INSITU CONCRETE
Modular ratio
Diameter
Area per strand
Ultimate strength
% Ultimate strength applied
Characteristic value of max Force
REINFORCING STEEL:
Pi
fpi
Ep
1000
209.25 kN
1395.00 N/mm2
200.00 kN/mm2
1.50 %
fyk
500.00 MPa
4.4 Cement
Cement type class R is used by Banagher Precast Concrete in the
design calculations as rapid hardening cement is generally used
in production.
4.5 Modular Ratio
A modular ratio of 1.0 is used for this example in accordance with
common UK practice (BS 5400) which allowed a modular ratio of 1.0
if the difference between the precast strength & in-situ strength does
not exceed 10 MPa.
fck
fck cube
fcm
fctm
fctk,0.05
fctd
Ecm
fck @ transfer
fck cube @ transfer
fcm @ transfer
fctm @ transfer
fctk,0.05 @ transfer
fctd @ transfer
Ecm @ transfer
50.00 MPa
60.00 MPa
58.00 MPa
4.06 MPa
2.84 MPa
1.90 MPa
37.28 GPa
3.00 days
28.00 MPa
35.00 MPa
36.00 MPa
2.77 MPa
1.94 MPa
1.29 MPa
32.31 GPa
fck
fck cube
fcm
fctm
fctk,0.05
fctd
Ecm
40.00 MPa
50.00 MPa
48.00 MPa
3.51 MPa
2.46 MPa
1.64 MPa
35.22 GPa
5. COVER
In the Republic of Ireland the National Roads Authorities (NRA)
version of BD57/10 Design for Durability December 2010 version is
a very useful booklet and has exposure class diagrams in Appendix
A. At present in the UK there are no such diagrams available in
any of the their documentation therefore use BS8500 Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1.
1.00 -
dia
Aps
15.70 mm
fpu
fpu%
Fm
150.00 mm2
1860.00 N/mm2
75.00 %
279.00 kN
The nominal cover is worked out for the exposure class and the
concrete grade. The most severe result has been used so that the worst
case scenario is taken, e.g in Ireland XD1 with concrete grade C50/60
is 35mm minimum cover plus 5mm C for precast = 40mm nominal.
In the UK XD1 for the same concrete is 30mm minimum plus 5mm for
C = 35mm nominal.
Please note C is taken as 5mm for precast and 10mm for the insitu in
this example.
It is also worth noting figure 5.2 which shows the differences in Ireland
and the UK in relation to exposure class when dealing with
de-icing salts.
XC4/XD3
50mm
(55mm)
XC4/XD3
50mm
(55mm)
XC3 - 40mm (35mm) (IF DECK IS WATERPROOFED)
XD3 - 50mm (55mm) (IF DECK IS NOT WATERPROOFED)
INSITU DECK & PARAPET
XC3
35mm
(30mm)
PRECAST W BEAM
XC3
35mm
(30mm)
XC3
35mm
(30mm)
PRECAST W BEAM
XC4/XD1
35mm
(40mm)
PRECAST W BEAM
PRECAST COLUMN
The diagram in figure 5.1 below shows the UK values with the NRA
values in brackets where different.
XD3 - 50mm
PRECAST COLUMN
CONCRETE GRADES:
ALL RC PRECAST - C45/55
PRESTRESSED BEAMS - C50/60
INSITU - C40/50
OVERBRIDGE STRUCTURE - EXPOSURE CLASS AND NOMINAL COVER DIAGRAM
THIS IS BASED ON BD57/10 IN ROI AND BS8500 IN THE UK.
THE VALUES ARE BASED ON THE UK WITH THE ROI VALUES IN BRACKETS WHERE DIFFERENT
Figure 5.1 - Exposure Class & Nominal Cover Diagram. Based on UK values with ROI values in brackets where different.
6.2 Loads
Load type
CARRAIGEWAY LEVEL
8000
Rep of Ireland (NRA)
5000
7500
Load Value
Permanent
Self Weight of beam
Parapet
CARRAIGEWAY LEVEL
Surfacing
10000
Hydrostatic Pressure
UK
Pretensioning
Tendon Prestress
Element Temperature
20 degrees
Load Model 1
Load Model 3
SV 196
Footway
5kN/m2
Variable
Temperature Difference
the slab on top of it. MIDAS composite section type beam elements
allow extraction of discrete force and stress results for both the slab
and the precast beams separately for a composite main beam section.
For W beams it is common practice to provide one longitudinal
grillage member per beam web (i.e. two per beam). Modelling a
single line per beam does not accurately model the load transfer from
deck slab to beam webs and does not accurately model load sharing
between adjacent beams. However for this example this action was
not taken for simplicity.
Figure 6.2 - Vehicle Position for gr5 for Max Sagging Moment
Figure 6.3 - Bridge Cross Section taken from MIDAS Civil showing tendon input locations
Figure 6.1 - Full Fleshed Model
6.3 Boundary Conditions:
Fixed supports under piers and vertical soil springs below the abutments
7. SECTION PROPERTIES
from the W11 beam and a 3m rectangular slab.
The W11 - beam has 40mm wide by 50mm deep recesses at the top
of the webs, this is in order to facilitate the placing and positioning of
permanent shutter on site. This shutter is fibre reinforced concrete,
FRC, and is manufactured by Banagher Precast Concrete. For this
example FRC 50/20 will be used which has a 20mm bottom flange
(ignored in calculating the deck slab thickness) and 30mm upward
projecting ribs which participate structurally with the deck and is
included in the composite section properties.
Depth
(mm)
Area
(mm2)
Yc
(mm)
ZT
(mm3x106)
ZB
(mm3x106)
Ixx
(mm4x109)
Self Weight
(kN/m)
Overall W
(mm)
W11
1500
846920
631.30
248.01
341.33
215.46
21.17
1900.40
Section
accounting for all long term time dependant effects, including creep
& shrinkage.
Time dependent analysis for concrete is done within the construction
stages for both slab and beam. Creep and shrinkage behaviour is
inputted as per Eurocode. Compressive strength gain of concrete is
also applied as per Eurocode to account for short term and long term
elasticities. To keep the analysis simple, cracking in the deck is not
assumed at the intermediate support.
Live Load Analysis: Highway Live Load Analysis was carried out based
on MIDAS influence line analysis. 2nr Notional lanes and 2nr footway
lanes were defined. The following live load combinations were
analysed as per EN 1992-1-1 and its national annex.
1. Gr1a: LM1 characteristic + 0.6 x Footway Characteristic
2. Gr5: LM1 frequent (Psi=0.75) + LM3 (SV196) straddling
between 2nr notional lanes
200
30
230
3000
120
1.00
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
-
D
(mm)
A
(mm2)
Yc
(mm)
Zinterface
(mm3x106)
ZB beam
(mm3x106)
ZT slab
(mm3x106)
ZB slab
(mm3x106)
Ixx
(mm4x109)
Comp.
1700
1521500
1055.15
1262.25
532.16
870.76
1262.25
561.51
50
148
20
22
0
R2
chamfer 10x10
50
56
20
15
138
148
148
148
138
15
750
Figure 7.1 - Section through Banagher Precast Concrete FRC 50/20 shutter
Figure 6.5 - MIDAS Civil Screenshot Showing Construction Stages Input
SPAN
PERMANENT SHUTTER
SPAN
PERMANENT SHUTTER
SPAN
Carraigeway:
Asphalt surfacing - for simplicity assume maximum thickness
of 120mm over whole carriageway. This includes allowance for waterproofing.
PERMANENT SHUTTER
Notional Lanes
Figure 7.2 - Section showing Banagher Precast Concrete FRC shutter in place prior to in-situ deck slab pour
Carraigeway width, w =
nr
8. CALCULATION OF LOADS
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges is
the main document used to calculate loadings on bridges in Ireland
and the UK. This document is to be used along with its national annex.
Transient Loads:
Definitions:
Notional Lanes:
Dead Loads:
Dead Load:
W11 Beam alone:
Area = 846920 mm2 (value taken from BPC Bridge Beam Manual)
Weight = 21.173 kN/m (value taken from BPC Bridge Beam Manual)
Composite section:
Area = 1521500 mm2
Weight = 38.04 kN/m
Superimposed dead load:
This loading is applied to the composite beam and slab structure
10
Loads due to vehicular and pedestrian traffic, LM1 & LM3 SV196
Load Model 1
Tandem system
Qik
(kN)
Qi
UDL system
QiQik
(kN)
qi
(or qr)
qi qik
(kN/m2)
Lane 1
300
300
0.61
5.5
Lane 2
200
200
2.5
2.2
5.5
Table 8.2 - Load Model 1 results as per EN1991-2:2003 4.3.2 & Table 4.2
The wheel contact shapes for LM1 and LM2 are 400mm square in the
Republic of Ireland and the distribution through surfacing is 30 and
through the concrete slab is 45. The UK national annex has a different
wheel size for LM1,2 & 3 and can be found in its NA.
11
Load type
Load Model 2
Axle Weight, Qak =
400 kN
400 kN
Adjustment factor, Q = Q1
Carriageway
Footways and
cycle tracks
Vertical forces
In this example SV196 model vehicles will be used. The SV196 loading
is combined with a reduced value of LM1, known as the frequent
value. Figure 8.1 below shows the SV196 vehicle from the UK national
annex to EN1991-2:2003, the only difference between the UK and the
ROI is that instead of the last 3nr loads being 180kN, 180kN & 100kN in
the ROI they are all 165kN.
Horizontal forces
Vertical forces
only
Reference
4.3.2
4.3.3
Annex A
4.3.5
4.4.1
4.4.2
5.3.2.1
Equation (5.1)
Load system
LM1
(TS and UDL)
LM2
(Single axle)
LM3
(Special
vehicles)
LM4
(Crowd
loading)
Braking and
accelaration
forces
Centrifugal
& transverse
forces
Uniformly
distributed
load
Groups
of loads
gr1a
Characteristic
gr1b
gr2
0.6 times
Characteristic
Characteristic
Frequent(4)
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
gr3
(1)
gr4
gr5
Characteristic
Frequent(4)
gr6
Load Model 3
Basic axle load (kN)
100
1.2
120
130
1.16
150.8
165
1.12
184.8
180
1.1
198
225
1.07
240.75
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
Characteristic
Dominant component action (the group is sometimes designated by this component for convenience).
(1) This group is irrelevant if gr4 is considered
(2) Characteristic value obtained from 5.3.2.1.
(3) This is a reduced value accompanying the characteristic value of LM1 and should not be factored by 1. However when gr1 is
combined with leading non-traffic actions this value should be facted by 0
(4) The 1 factors should be taken from the UK National Annex to BS EN 1990
SV196
Table 8.4 - Dynamic amplification factors for SV and SOV vehicles (Table NA.2 EN 1991-2:2003)
165
kN
1.2m
165
kN
165
kN
165
kN
1.2m
1.2m
165
kN
165
kN
1.2m
1.2m
0.35m
3.0m
3.0m
165
kN
165
kN
1.2m
1.2m
180
kN
180
kN
4.0m
1.6m
100
kN
4.4m
Direction of Travel
0.35m
Overall Vehicle Width
165
kN
9. COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
There are three combinations of actions that must be considered at
the serviceability limit state(SLS):
1. the characteristic combination, which can be considered the most
severe loading to which the structure should be subjected to
Critical of
1.2m
or
5.0m
or
9.0m
Group gr5
Group gr1a
LM 1 is combined with footway loading. The footway loading is
reduced to 3kN/m2 (0.6 x 5kN/m2).
12
The vehicle load optimiser in MIDAS Civil places the LM1 and LM3
vehicles on the bridge and gives results for the worst possible position
of same.
Four ultimate limit states (ULS) are defined in BS EN 1990, namely EQU,
STR, GEO and FAT.
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
Action
Groups of loads
Load component
0.6
0.6
0.5
Tandem system
0.75
0.75
UDL
0.75
0.75
Pedestrian loads
0.4
0.4
SV vehicle
Thermal actions
Traffic actions
gr1a
gr5
Table 9.1 - Values taken from the recommended values of for road bridges (Table NA.A2.1 EN 1990:2002)
13
inf
Dead load
1.35
0.95
Superimposed DL
1.2
0.95
Temp. diff.
1.5
Prestress
1.1
0.9
Traffic groups
1.35
NA
Beam Top Differential Shrinkage Stress = Force/Area of the composite section + Moment/Ztp = 1.10 MPa
where;
Restraining Moment = Force x eccentricity = 5.44E+08 Nmm
Restraining Force = 0.43 x differential shrinkage strain x Ecm x Total Area of insitu topping /Modular ratio = 1.51 N / mm2
Z top precast beam = 1.3E+09 mm3
Area of the composite section = 1.52E+06 mm2
Table 9.2 - Values taken from the design values for for road bridges (Table NA.A2.4(B) EN 1990:2002)
Eccentricity = (area of top slab x lever arm / Total Area of insitu topping)-Height to the Centre of
Gravity of the Composite Section = 532.14 mm
Value
-0.35
1.1
-0.41
-0.22
H (mm)
1500
1500
1700
Figure 11.1 - Diagrammatic representation of constituent components of a temperature profile (Fig 4.1 - EN1991-1-5:2003)
14
15
Heating
Surfacing = 120 mm
Altitude = 13.34 m
Fig NA.1 - Minimum shade air temperature = -9 C
Fig NA.2 - Maximum shade air temperature = 29 C
Annex A1 note 2 - The minimum shade air temperature may be reduced by 0.5 C per 100m above sea level
Annex A1 note 2 - The maximum shade air temperature may be reduced by 1.0 C per 100m above sea level
Fig 6.1 - Uniform minimum bridge temperature, Te,min = Tmin + 8 = -1.07 C
Fig 6.1 - Uniform maximum bridge temperature, Te,max = Tmax + 2 = 30.87 C
NA2.21 - T0,con = 15 C
NA 2.21 - T0,exp = 5 C
Maximum contraction range TN,con = T0 - Te,min =
16.07 C
Maximum expansion range TN,exp = Te,max - T0 =
25.87 C
Table C1 - Coefficent of linear expansion for concrete, = 0.00001/ C
Length of beam = 30.5 m
No. of continuous spans = 2 nr
Maximum contraction = .TN,con.L = 9.80 mm
Maximum expansion = .TN,exp.L = 15.78 mm
Cooling
Temperature (C)
Depth (mm)
Temperature (C)
Depth (mm)
13.5
-8.4
150
400
-0.5
250
1480
450
2.5
1700
1250
-1
1450
-6.5
1700
Table 11.1
The resulting restrained forces can be calculated using MIDAS:
Moment (kNm)
Heating
173
428
Cooling
-21
-372
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
The uniform temperature components and linearly varying temperature
difference components may be calculated as follows:
Tu = (N / Ac) / (E)
TM = (Mh / l) / (E)
Tu (C)
TM (C)
Heating
1.75
1.41
Cooling
-1.52
-0.17
Table 11.4
11.3. Non linear temperature component, TE:
The non-linear temperature difference component is self-equilibrating,
so it does not need to be included in the global model. However, it sets
up local stresses that need to be assessed for SLS. The non-linear
Heating
Cooling
TE (C)
E (MPa)
Depth (mm)
TE (C)
E (MPa)
Depth (mm)
11.05
4.12
-6.8
-2.53
0.55
0.21
150
1.1
0.41
250
-2.45
-0.91
400
1.6
0.6
450
-1.04
-0.39
1480
1.43
0.53
1250
1.46
0.54
1700
0.43
0.16
1450
-5.07
-1.89
1700
Table 11.5
Table 11.6
Figure 11.2 - Temperature differences for bridge decks - Type 3: Concrete Decks
16
17
Cross
sectional area
(mm2)
Ultimate
strength
(MPa)
%Ultimate
strength
applied
(%)
Cracteristic
value of max
Force
(kN)
Initial force
applied
(kN)
Initial
prestress
applied
(MPa)
Elastic
modulus
(GPa)
Relaxation
of strand
(%)
15.7
150
1860
75
279
209.25
1395
200
1.5
194
71.5
50
71.5
150
200
18
328
2 No. 15.7
The across W11 beam showing strand input is the preferred choice
however several iterations were performed:
07
328
07
07
75
Length debonded
bottom row
CL
1115
1230
880
730
480
210
12 No. 15.7
28 No. 15.7
340
4 No. 15.7
B10-04
1430
250
265
790
2 No. 15.7
CL
70
60
110
2 No. 15.7
B10-03-300
40
2 No. 15.7
B12-01
540
B12-02
275
07
The stress in the strands immediately after transfer is also limited this
time to the lesser of 75% of the characteristic tensile strength or 85%
4 No. 15.7
1500
B12-07
1172
92
6000
6000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
12 no. debonded
both ends
19
Strand Layout
Row
10
4 @ 1430 mm
4 @ 1230 mm
2 @ 1115 mm
2 @ 880 mm
2 @ 730 mm
2 @ 480 mm
2 @ 340 mm
4 @ 210 mm
12 @ 110 mm
28 @ 60 mm
Using the denominator from D5.10-4 we can work out the elastic deformation modification factor (MF) as follows:
MF = 1 + Ep/Ecm(t) x Ap/Ac x (1+Ac/Ic x z2cp) = 1.0894
where;
Modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel, Ep = 200 GPa
Short term modulus of elasticity for the concrete, Ecm(t) = 32.31 GPa
Cross sectional area of the tendons, Ap = 150 mm2
Area of concrete section, Ac = 846920 mm2
Second moment of area of the concrete section, Ic = 215.46 x109 mm4
Eccentricity of the tendons, zcp = 283.4 mm
Prestress at Centroid of section, c
Loss of prestress = c(Ep /Ecm(t))/MF
62 @ 348 mm
Further losses of prestress occur with the passage of time. Long term
prestressing losses are due to:
Further relaxation of the strands
Creep of the concrete due to the permanent compressive stresses
Shrinkage of the concrete as it cures
The prestressing force does not actually achieve its initial value. The
prestress transferred to the beams after they are cast is less than the
force initially jacked into the strands.
The loss due to the relaxation of the tendons during the period which
elapses between the tensioning of the tendon and the prestressing of
the concrete beam.
prestressing force. The final prestress is usually about 25% less than
the initial prestress and it is the final value that must be used in the
long term SLS calculations for the beams.
13.2.1. Relaxation Loss
The loss due to the relaxation of the tendons checked at different
times. The code sets out checks at transfer, construction, open to traffic
and long term. All of these are checked across and tabulated.
Relaxation Loss
Stage (days)
Loss (MPa)
Loss %
Transfer
7.76
0.56%
Construction
30
11.95
0.86%
Open to traffic
100
14.98
1.07%
Long term
20833
40.77
2.92%
- (Exp 3.29)
- (Cl 3.3.2(5))
20
supported beam.
The methodology used in the Designers Guide to EN 1992-2 by
Hendy & Smith has been adopted with particular reference to
equation D5.10-4. Using the denominator from this equation the
losses due to elastic deformation at a given time can be
modified.
13.2.2 Creep
Creep causes a number of effects that have to be considered at various
stages in the design of prestressed concrete structures. Perhaps the
most significant is the loss of prestress that results from creep and the
effect that this will have on the SLS criteria.
Parameters required:
Relative Humidity of the ambient environment in %, RH = 80.00 %
1 = 0.70
2 = 0.90
3 = 0.78
h0 = 384.44 mm
Mean compressive strength, fcm = 58.00 MPa
Curing period, ti = 72.00 hrs
T(ti) = 20.00 C
Temperature adjusted age of concrete at loading in days, t0,T = 3 days
For cement class R, = 1
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
B.8c)
B.8c)
B.8c)
B.6)
21
Creep Coefficent:
(t,t0) = 0 x c(t,t0) = 1.46
- (Exp B.1)
B.10)
B.4)
B.9)
B.5)
B.2)
B.7)
- (Exp 3.6)
= 104.9 MPa
= 7.52 %
fcm (MPa)
RH
Transfer
43
0.98
0.99
0.99
1.26
Constr.
30
58
0.70
0.90
0.78
1.08
Open to traffic
100
58
0.70
0.90
0.78
1.08
long term
25550
58
0.70
0.90
0.78
1.08
Creep Strain:
cc(,t0) = (,t0).(c/Ec) = 5.25 x 10-1
Creep Loss:
Long Term Creep loss = Ep. cc
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(Exp
(fcm)
c(t,t0)
(t,t0)
Transfer
2.80
1099.73
0.00
2.20
0.00
Constr.
30
2.21
1047.43
0.33
1.48
0.49
Open to traffic
100
2.21
1047.43
0.48
1.48
0.71
long term
25550
2.21
1047.43
0.99
1.48
1.46
P (N)
Zc (mm3)
c (MPa)
Transfer
12051778
7.60E+08
15.58946219
Constr.
30
11880191
7.60E+08
15.09189229
Open to traffic
100
11749674
7.60E+08
14.88913387
long term
25550
11183839
7.60E+08
14.01010687
(t,t0)
cc
Creep Loss
(MPa)
Creep
Loss %
Transfer
33.92
15.59
0.00
0.00E+00
0.00
0.00%
Construction
30
39.14
15.09
0.49
1.89E-01
37.88
2.72%
Open to traffic
100
39.14
14.89
0.71
2.69E-01
53.82
3.86%
long term
25500
39.14
14.01
1.47
5.25E-01
104.90
7.52%
At transfer - 3 days
At construction - 30 days
MQP = Msw
MQP = MDL+MSDL+MCONST.
MQP = MDL+MSDL
MQP = MDL+MSDL
MQP/Zc
Pe/Zc
Figure 13.1 - Calculating stress at the centroid of the strands (c) due to prestress, self-weight and all other
quasi permanent actions at the time under consideration
Long term c of 14.01 MPa exceeds 0.45fck(t0), 12.6MPa, therefore non linear creep should have been taken into account as per (Exp 3.7)
from Cl. 3.1.4 which will increase the creep coefficent and therefore the creep losses by a factor of exp(1.5(K-0.45)) = 1.0785
NA
22
c
(MPa)
13.2.3 Shrinkage
Ec
(GPa)
Note:
c = stress at centroid of the strands due to prestress, self weight and all other quasi permanent actions at the time
under consideration.
CENTROIDS
OF STRANDS
Stage (days)
- (Exp 3.12)
23
- (Exp 3.9)
- (Exp B.6)
- (Exp 8.15)
- (Exp 3.16)
= 63.07 MPa
= 4.52 %
- (Exp 8.16)
The design transmission length is calculated as the more unfavourable of the below:
The design stresses in the precast W beam are the stresses due to the
final prestress after all losses have been taken into account. The table
below tabulates these losses. The design stresses when worked out are
then compared to the allowable tensile and compressive stresses from
the Eurocode to see if they meet the limits set out.
Summary of Long Term Prestressing Losses
Relaxation
Shrinkage
Elastic Shortening
Creep
Total
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
Loss MPa
Loss %
40.77
2.92
63.07
4.52
88.71
6.36
104.90
7.52
297.45
21.32
- (Exp 8.17)
- (Exp 8.18)
Before Losses
100.00
12973500
Transfer
92.90
12051778
Construction
30
88.86
11527895
Opening
180
86.71
11249141
Long term
25550
78.68
10207201
P/A
14.23
14.23
Pe /Z
-13.77
10.01
0.92
-0.67
1.38
23.57
Limits
-2.07
19.60
Status
OK
Not OK
Msw /Z
Table 14.1
Therefore debonding required at beams ends
24
The calculations across are taken from clause 8.10.2.2 and in particular
Exp(8.15),(8.16), (8.17) and (8.18) of BS EN 1992-1-1.
For design purposes the transmission length is taken as being either
20% higher or lower than the calculated value, whichever is more
unfavourable for the given situation.
Moment due to self weight at 748.62 mm from beam ends = 228.12 kNm
P = 12051777.64 N
25
10
4 @ 1430 mm
4 @ 1230 mm
2 @ 1115 mm
2 @ 880 mm
2 @ 730 mm
2 @ 480 mm
2 @ 340 mm
4 @ 210 mm
12 @ 110 mm
16 @ 60 mm
P = 10207201 N
Heating
Frequent combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
2.15
-5.09
2.15
3.11
3.33
-7.89
3.33
4.82
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
50 @ 417 mm
Table 14.2
14.2 Revised Stresses with Debonding
12nr strands at 60mm above the beam soffit have been chosen to be
debonded with the check re calculated, the section passes with the
revised strand layout.
Characteristic combination
21.97
1.42
2.25
5.55
23.17
-1.32
3.45
7.67
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
P = 9719175.516 N
P/A
11.48
11.48
Pe /Z
-8.40
Msw /Z
P/A
14.23
14.23
6.10
Pe /Z
-13.77
10.01
0.92
-0.67
Msw /Z
6.44
-4.68
4.00
16.91
6.90
19.56
Limits
-2.07
19.60
Limits
-2.07
19.60
Status
OK
OK
Status
OK
OK
Table 14.3
Table 14.4
P = 11527894.8 N
P/A
13.61
13.61
Pe /Z
-13.17
7.24
17.82
-12.95
18.26
7.90
Limits
30.00
30.00
Status
OK
OK
MDL /Z
Table 14.6
Cooling
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
2.15
-5.09
2.15
3.11
3.33
-7.89
3.33
4.82
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
22.08
0.21
2.36
2.22
23.30
-2.78
3.58
3.68
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.7
Table 14.5
26
27
The bridge was modelled with a 500mm diaphragm and the check for
decompression and stress at service is shown below. The moments
due to self weight and dead load are worked out using an equation
along the length of the beam and the moments due to surfacing,
GR1a and GR5 are taken from MIDAS Civil.
Heating
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
-0.34
0.79
-0.34
-0.49
-0.49
1.17
-0.49
-0.72
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
19.48
7.30
-0.24
1.95
19.35
7.74
-0.37
2.13
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.8
Cooling
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
17.82
-12.95
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
0.41
-0.98
0.41
0.60
MLive /Zi
-0.34
0.79
-0.34
-0.49
-0.49
1.17
-0.49
-0.72
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
19.59
6.09
-0.13
-1.38
19.48
6.28
-0.24
-1.86
Limits
30.00
0.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
-4.06
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Heating
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-4.75
3.45
0.00
0.00
-4.75
3.45
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
0.62
-0.45
0.00
0.00
0.62
-0.45
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
MLive/Zc
-2.03
4.81
-2.03
-2.94
-3.54
8.40
-3.54
-5.13
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
1.29
15.66
-3.11
-2.21
-0.20
19.31
-4.60
-3.99
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.10
Table 14.9
28
29
Cooling
Heating
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Frequent combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
6.49
6.49
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-4.75
3.45
0.00
0.00
-4.75
3.45
0.00
MSW /Z
0.62
-0.45
0.00
0.00
0.62
-0.45
0.00
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
0.53
-0.38
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
-0.77
1.82
-0.77
-1.11
MSDL /Zi
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
MLive /Zc
-2.03
4.81
-2.03
-2.94
-3.54
8.40
-3.54
-5.13
MLive/Zc
-1.81
4.30
-1.81
-2.63
-3.14
7.45
-3.14
-4.55
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
0.33
0.12
2.47
1.40
14.45
-3.00
-5.54
-0.07
17.85
-4.47
-7.98
3.02
19.51
-2.81
-1.79
1.71
22.72
-4.12
-3.30
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.11
Table 14.12
Cooling
Distance from end of beam to end of the transmission length (most unfavourable) = 748.62 mm
e = 214.3 mm
Peff = 8231613.5 N
Characteristic and Frequent moments at the end of the diaphragm:
Characteristic = -3965 kNm (From Midas)
Frequent = -2290 kNm (From Midas)
Moment due to superimposed dead load = -875 kNm (From Midas)
Moment due to self weight of the beam = 228.12 kNm
Moment due to dead load = 195.09 kNm
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
9.72
9.72
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
-7.11
5.17
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
0.92
-0.67
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
0.79
-0.57
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
-0.69
1.64
-0.69
-1.00
MLive/Zc
-1.81
4.30
-1.81
-2.63
-3.14
7.45
-3.14
-4.55
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
3.13
18.30
-2.70
-5.12
1.84
21.26
-3.99
-7.29
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Table 14.13
30
to self weight, moment due to permanent slab weight will all change
automatically, the rest of the moments are taken from MIDAS Civil.
This check is required at the end of each debonding zone, (1m,1.5m,
2m, 3m, 4m & 6m in this case).
The check has the same form at each location, as such for simplicity
only one instance of the calulation is presented here.
31
Debonded length X = 6
Distance from beam end to end of debonded length = 6000 mm
No. of remaining debonded strands after debonded length X = 0 nr
Peff = 10207201 N
e = 283.4 mm
Moment due to self weight of the beam = 1505.61 kNm
Moment due to permanent slab load = 1287.63 kNm
Moment due to superimposed permanent load on composite
section -57.7 kNm (From Midas)
Characteristic and Frequent moments at distance chosen above
Characteristic = -1256.3 kNm (From Midas)
Frequent = -820.6 kNm (From Midas)
No. remaining
debonded strands
Result
1000
10
OK
1500
OK
2000
OK
3000
OK
4000
OK
6000
OK
Table 14.14
Heating
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
MLive /Zc
-0.65
2.40
-0.65
-0.94
-1.00
2.36
-1.00
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
Temp Effects
0.10
0.27
0.10
2.06
0.12
12.15
14.77
-1.01
0.83
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
The following tables and graphs take the worst case scenarios from
heating and cooling for both frequent and
characteristic combinations.
Frequent Combination
Beam
Length (m)
Beam top
(MPa)
Beam btm
(MPa)
Compressive
Limit
30.00
-4.06
0.50
1.30
15.66
30.00
-4.06
0.75
3.01
19.52
30.00
-4.06
1.00
3.26
21.26
30.00
-4.06
0.00
Decompression
Limit
1.50
4.31
20.95
30.00
-4.06
2.00
5.24
20.33
30.00
-4.06
3.00
7.28
18.43
30.00
-4.06
4.00
8.98
17.28
30.00
-4.06
6.00
12.16
14.81
30.00
-4.06
15.25
22.07
0.21
30.00
-4.06
24.50
12.16
14.81
30.00
-4.06
26.50
8.98
17.28
30.00
-4.06
27.50
7.28
18.43
30.00
-4.06
-1.44
28.50
5.24
20.33
30.00
-4.06
-0.41
-0.22
29.00
4.31
20.95
30.00
-4.06
0.33
0.12
2.47
29.50
3.26
21.26
30.00
-4.06
11.82
14.79
-1.34
0.74
29.75
3.01
19.52
30.00
-4.06
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
30.00
1.30
15.66
30.00
-4.06
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
30.00
-4.06
30.50
Table 14.17
Table 14.15
Cooling
Frequent combination
Characteristic combination
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
Beam Top
(MPa)
Beam Btm
(MPa)
Interface
(MPa)
Slab Top
(MPa)
P/A
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
12.05
12.05
0.00
0.00
Pe /Z
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
-11.66
8.47
0.00
0.00
MSW /Z
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
6.07
-4.41
0.00
0.00
MDL /Z
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
5.19
-3.77
0.00
0.00
MSDL /Zi
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
0.11
-0.05
-0.07
MLive /Zc
-0.65
2.40
-0.65
-0.94
-1.00
2.36
-1.00
-1.44
Diff Shrinkage
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
1.10
-0.35
-0.41
-0.22
Temp Effects
0.21
-0.94
0.21
-1.27
0.25
-1.13
0.25
-1.52
12.26
13.56
-0.90
-2.50
11.95
13.33
-1.21
-3.25
Limits
0.00
30.00
24.00
24.00
-4.06
30.00
24.00
24.00
Status
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Figure 14.1
Table 14.16
32
33
Characteristic Combination
Beam
Length (m)
Beam top
(Mpa)
Beam btm
(Mpa)
Compressive
Limit
Decompression
Limit
30.00
-4.06
0.00
0.50
-0.19
19.30
30.00
-4.06
0.75
1.83
22.72
30.00
-4.06
1.00
2.12
22.32
30.00
-4.06
1.50
3.25
21.54
30.00
-4.06
2.00
4.34
20.80
30.00
-4.06
3.00
6.65
18.70
30.00
-4.06
4.00
8.55
17.29
30.00
-4.06
6.00
11.83
14.84
30.00
-4.06
15.25
23.29
-2.77
30.00
-4.06
24.50
11.83
14.84
30.00
-4.06
26.50
8.55
17.29
30.00
-4.06
27.50
6.65
18.70
30.00
-4.06
28.50
4.34
20.80
30.00
-4.06
29.00
3.25
21.54
30.00
-4.06
29.50
2.12
22.32
30.00
-4.06
29.75
1.83
22.72
30.00
-4.06
30.00
-0.19
19.30
30.00
-4.06
30.00
-4.06
30.50
Table 14.18
Row
No.
Strand @
Stress MPa
Strain
Force kN
Lever Arm mm
Moment kNm
10
1430
1038.29
5.19E-03
622.97
15.00
9.3
1230
1429.01
7.94E-03
857.41
215.00
184.3
1115
1440.00
9.51E-03
432.00
330.00
142.6
880
1462.45
1.27E-02
438.74
565.00
247.9
730
1476.78
1.48E-02
443.03
715.00
316.8
480
1500.67
1.82E-02
450.20
965.00
434.4
340
1514.04
2.02E-02
454.21
1105.00
501.9
210
1526.46
2.19E-02
915.88
1235.00
1131.1
12
110
1536.02
2.33E-02
2764.83
1335.00
3691.0
28
60
1540.79
2.40E-02
6471.33
1385.00
8962.8
Sum
13850.6
Sum
15622.2
Figure 14.2
34
35
36
- (Table NA.9)
- (Exp 6.2a)
Shear due
to surfacing
(kN)
Shear due
to parapet
(kN)
Shear due
to gr5
(kN)
0.6
447.2
161.2
13.9
1335.8
358.1
131
13.2
1172.4
287.8
166.8
11.4
1014.3
10
111
46.3
6.8
696.8
X
(m)
Shear Force
per beam end
(kN)
Chosen Link
Dia
(mm)
No. legs
Max
Spacing
(mm)
Asv /s req
(mm2/mm)
Chosen
spacing
(mm)
Asv /s prov
(mm2/mm)
0.6
2619.26
12
248.78
1.82
250
1.81
2241.20
12
316.58
1.43
300
1.51
1973.39
12
359.55
1.26
350
1.29
10 - Mid
1155.27
12
1159.01
0.39
550
0.82
Table 15.3
Slab reinforcement provisions - based on similar examples
- (Exp 6.2b)
- (Exp 6.3n)
Spacing (mm)
Top
16
150
Bottom
16
150
As prov (mm2/m)
1340.412866
1340.412866
Table 15.4
15.4 Shear at the interface between the beam and the slab
- (Exp 6.5)
- (Exp 6.9)
- (Exp 9.4)
- (Exp 9.12)
- (Exp 9.6)
Shear due to
SW
(kN)
- (Exp 6.8)
= 0.75d(1+Cot) = 1080 mm
X
(m)
Table 15.2
max
The value for minimum shear interface links is taken from FIB Bulletin
65: Model Code 2010 Section 6.3.5 as:
Minimum reinforcement ratio = 0.2(fctm/fyk)>0.001 where fctm is that of
the beam.
37
15.5 Shear Check Between The Web and The Flange of The
Composite Section
This check is carried out looking specifically at the insitu slab. The rebar
is that crossing the failure/shear plane to resist longitudinal shear
forces as per fig 15.2 below.
z = I/A = 1717.633917 mm
where;
I = 561.5109106 mm4
A = 600000 mm2
= 544.8492304 mm
- (6.2.5 (1))
Surface roughness:
Rough
c = 0.4
= 0.7
Note: Do not set c=0 as shown in TG13 except when using specific load cases for fatigue
- (6.2.5 (2))
- (Exp(6.25))
Total shear force transmitted from web to flange: VEd/z = 1456N/mm length
Proportion of shear force transmitted to flange : (1-bw/b)/2 = 0.41
Longitudinal shear stress across junction: (VEd/z)*((1-bw/b)/2)*(1/hf) = 3.02 MPa
Permissible shear stress = 0.4fctd = 0.76 MPa < 3.02 MPa
Therefore transverse reinforcement is required
Required amount of transverse reinforcement:
= 0.5Sin-1 (2VEd/vfcd) = 14.06
Shear due to
parapet
(kN)
Shear due
to gr5
(kN)
0-3m
178.5
13.9
1225
3-6m
141.3
13.2
1006
6-Midspan
50
11.4
662
X
(m)
- (6.2.4(6))
- (Exp 6.22)
Table 15.5
Curtailment along length of beam using a stepped distribution
X
(m)
Average Shear
Force per beam end
(kN)
No. Legs
VEdi
(MPa)
Asv/s min
(mm2/mm)
Chosen
Spacing
(mm)
Asv/s prov
(mm2/mm)
0-3m
1886.72
12
2.14
2.33
175
2.58
3-6m
1545.48
12
1.75
1.67
250
1.81
6-Midspan
969.09
12
1.1
0.84
500
0.90
Transverse reinforcement per unit length: Asf/sf = vEdhf /fydCot = 691.4 mm2/m
- (Exp 6.21)
As the slab is also subject to transverse bending, the area of transverse steel should equal the greater of
691.4 mm2/m or half this value plus the area required to resist transverse bending.
- (6.2.4(5))
Table 15.6
38
39
Internal
= 520kNm
Note: We have taken the elastic modulus at transfer and the full
prestress force for working out the deflection due to prestress. For
working out the deflection due to self weight and wet slab weight
we have used an increased elastic modulus which has come from
extensive factory testing and data. This modification factor is 1.2.
Formulae required:
Upward deflection due to full prestressing moment, = Ml2/8EI
Downwards deflections due to self weight and slab load, = 5Wl4/384EI
Beam
Length
between
supports
(mm)
Ecm
(transfer)
(GPa)
Ecm
(GPa)
I
(mm4x109)
Mprestress
(kNm)
Deflection
due to
prestress
(mm)
Wself weight
(kN/m)
Deflection
due to
selfweight
(mm)
Wslab
(kN/m)
Deflection
due to
wet slab
(mm)
Ex
works
camber
(mm)
Final
camber
after
slab pour
(mm)
30000
32.31
37.28
215.46
3676.65
59.42
21.17
-23.17
18.11
-19.81
36.25
16.44
Table 16.1
BEAM END
PROJECTING STRAND
TRANSVERSE HOLES
W11 BEAM
Figure 16.2
Figure 16.1
Note: We feel that leaving strand projecting is not necessary with
a precast downstand crosshead at the pier and when built into an
abutment wall but we have carried out the check for completeness.
prestress
-M
Dead Load
-M
40
Dead Load
= 4419kNm
41
APPENDIX A
42
Appendix A1 - Bending Moment Diagram for gr5 Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix A3 - Bending Moment Diagram for surfacing Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix A2 - Bending Moment Diagram for gr1a Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix A4 - Shear Force Diagram for gr5 Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
43
APPENDIX B
Appendix A5 - Shear Force Diagram for gr1a Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix B1 - Photo showing W Beam end with transverse hole formers, lifting strand, prestressed strand,
spacers, links, stopends and debonding all visible.
Appendix A6 - Shear Force Diagram for surfacing Loading - internal beam - results taken from MIDAS
Appendix B2 - Photo showing W Beam being poured. The internal and external formers and fixed. The
operative is vibrating the concrete with the other operative pouring the next beam on the line.
44
45
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
Ac
Ap
As
As,min
Asw
D
Ec, Ec(28)
Ec,eff
Ecd
Ecm
Ec(t)
Ep
Es
El
EQU
F
Fd
Fk
Gk
l
L
M
MEd
N
NEd
P
P0
Qk
Qfat
R
SLS
ULS
V
VEd
b
bw
d
d
dg
e
fc
fcd
fck
fcm
fctk
fctm
fp
fpk
fp0,1
fp0,1k
f0,2k
ft
46
NOTES
ftk
Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement
Yield strength of reinforcement
fy
Design yield strength of reinforcement
fyd
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement
fyk
Design yield of shear reinforcement
fywd
h
Height
h
Overall depth of a cross-section
i
Radius of gyration
k
Coefficient; Factor
l (or l or L)Length; Span
r
Radius
t
Thickness
t
Time being considered
The age of concrete at the time of loading
t0
u
Perimeter of concrete cross-section, having area Ac
x
Neutral axis depth
x,y,z
Coordinates
z
Lever arm of internal forces
C
F
G
c
c1
cu
u
uk
1000
l
w
c
cp
cu
(t,t0)
(,t0)
0
1
2
Angle; ratio
Angle; ratio; coefficient
Partial factor
Partial factor for concrete
Partial factor for actions, F
Partial factor for permanent actions, G
Compressive strain in the concrete
Compressive strain in the concrete at the peak stress fc
Ultimate compressive strain in the concrete
Strain of reinforcement or prestressing steel at
maximum load
Characteristic strain of reinforcement or prestressing
steel at maximum load
Angle
Slenderness ratio
Coefficient of friction between the tendons and
their ducts
Poissons ratio
Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear
Ratio of bond strength of prestressing and
reinforcing steel
Oven-dry density of concrete in kg/m3
Value of relaxation loss (in %), at 1000 hours after
tensioning and at a mean temperature of 20C
Reinforcement ratio for longitudinal reinforcement
Reinforcement ratio for shear reinforcement
Compressive stress in the concrete
Compressive stress in the concrete from axial load
or prestressing
Compressive stress in the concrete at the ultimate
compressive strain cu
Torsional shear stress
Diameter of a reinforcing bar or of a prestressing duct
Creep coefficient, defining creep between times t and t0,
related to elastic deformation at 28 days
Final value of creep coefficient
Factors defining representative values of variable actions
for combination values
for frequent values
for quasi-permanent values
47
NOTES
48
NOTES
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