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  • A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping

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    97 visualizações40 páginas

    A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping

    Enviado por

    FanisKountouris
    Shipping

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping Seawre® SIGTTO Part GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘A BPI “American Petroleum institute, PELL ‘Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level. A ten steps process instituted by the United National Environment Programme (UNEP) {0 help decision-makers and technical personnel improve or create ‘community awareness of hazardous installations and integrated joint ‘emergency pians, asT™ ‘American Society for Testing and Moterals, ‘Absolute Humility ‘Mass of water vapour per unit volume of air. Expressed in grammes per ‘cubic metre for 2 given temperature and pressure. ‘Absolute Temperature, | The temperature at which the volume of a gas theoretically becomes: ‘Absolute Zero zero and al molecular mation ceases. It is generally accepted as being 273.16°C. One degree Kelvin is equal to one degree Celsius or one degree Centigrade. To convert Celsius to Kelvin. add 273, The absolute pressure fs the pressure above absolute vacuum, [A iquid with a pH value between 1 and 7. ‘A portable stairway suspended from the ship. that may be raised or lowered, for boarding or leaving a ship, especialy at sea. Deviation of the average value of measurements from the true value. The acknowledgement of an alarm by an operator. 'A desiccant (or drying) medium which operates by the absorption of water molecules, Device which can be mechanical, hydraulic or electrical. used to move repeateaty some piece of equipment such as a valve or a door. ‘Substance added to a product to improve it, prevent deterioration, ater Ccolour or odour or prevent it from reacting with another product. Within the European Community, approved additives are given an official number (€ number, Without transfer of heat. Adiabatic expansion is a volume change in quid (0 gas wath no heat loss or gain involved. ‘The Government of the country in which the ship Is registered. This is the authority that issues some of the certficates related to the operation (of a ship, and is responsible for inspections to ensure compliance with ‘appropriate national and international standards The government of the country in which a port's stuated. Not related to Flag State, ‘Aerating means the introduction of fresh air into @ space with the object of removing toxic, and inert gases with at A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping siGTTO Air Cooler ‘Consists of @ battery of finned tubes, carrying a cooling medium, When warm air is exposed to the chiled surfaces of the cook, it is cooled to a ‘mean surface temperature Air Heaters ‘Air may be heated through the medium of steam, water, electricity or gas. ‘Steam or water heaters consist of tube banks - containing the heating ‘medium - around which air passes. Airlock {A separation area used to maintain adjacent areas at a pressure aiflerertial For example, the ailock to an electric motor room on a gas cartier is used to maintain pressure segregation between a gas-dangerous zane on the ‘open deck and the gas-safe motor room which is pressurised, Alarm NNotifcation function of a control system that a parameter is beyond set limits, All Fast This denotes the time that a ship has completed deploying and securing all the mooring lines at a berth, Alkalinity The pH level of a basic (as opposed to acini) solution. (value between 7 and 14). ‘Anchor ‘A metal device, at the end of a chain, used to secure a ship to the sea bottom. (To Anchor - to secure the ship to the sea bottom by deploying the anchor), ‘Alongside ‘A word used in contracts of affrighment regarding the delivery of the Cargo both in loading and akscharging, Annular Space A space between two cyindrical surfaces, Anoxia ‘A dangerous level of oxygen deficiency. Ambient ‘The medium or space surrounding a body. ‘Approved Equipment Equipment of a design that has been tested, approved and certiied by an appropriate authority, such as an Administration or Classification Society, 1a safe for use in a specified hazardous atmosphere, Asphyxia ‘The condition arising when the biood is deprived of an adequate supply of ‘oxygen 30 that loss of consciousness may follow. Asphyxiant ‘A gas or vapour. wihich may or may not have toxic properties, which when present in sufficient concentrations, excludes oxygen and leads to asphyxia. ‘Auto-ignition The lowest temperature to which @ Sold, liquid or gas requires 10 be Temperature raised to cause self-sustaining combustion without inkiation by a spark (Autogenous ignition (or flame or other source of ignition temperature) ‘Automatic Level Gauge Level gauge indicating the level in a container on @ continuous basis without any manual intervertion such as a float gauge. ‘Automatic Voltage Device which operates to maintain the output votage of a generator within Regulator (A.V.R) predetermined limits, usually by controling the excitation of the generator In response to load changes. ‘Automation ‘The control of a process without human intervention, 2 ‘September 1998 ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘B BASEEFA British Approved Standard for Electrical Equipment in Flammable Aumospheres. BCH (Code) Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk BLEVE Boling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion, Associated with the rupture lnder fre conditions of a pressure vessel containing iquefied gas BL Bulk Liquids and Gases - Sub-Committee at IMO. Back Pressure Pressure on the discharge side of a pump or system. The output or cficiency of the system will be reduced if the back pressure exceeds the designed valve. Ballast ‘Any solid or liquid mass placed in a ship either to increase the draught, change the trim or regulate stabi. Ballast Lines Piping system used to fil and empty ballast tanks. Ballast Tanks ‘Compartments at the bottom or on the sides of a ship which are filed with ‘sea water for stablity and to make the ship seaworthy, Barograph {A sel-recording barometer with @ rotating cylinder covered by a chart with 2 pen attached to a pointer to register the atmospheric pressure, Barometer ‘An instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. Blower ‘A device for pumping a large volume of gas at a moderate pressure differentia. Boiling Point The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a iquid equals that of the pressure above ts surface Boil-off Liquid vaporsation due to heat transfer into cargo transported near its boiling point. Would nat occur perfect insulation was available. Bollard Pull Maximum pull exerted by a tug at zero speed. Bonding (electrical) The connecting together of conducting materials to ensure electrical continuity Booster Pump ‘A pump used to increase the discharge pressure from another pump, Bow Thruster Reversible propeller mounted in a tunnel running through ship's hull at the ‘bow to give movement athwart ships in either drection to assist with low ‘speed manoeuving, Bridge ‘Superstructure defined as erection above freeboard deck which extends to ship's side and gives clear view from which ship can be manoeuwed and navigated. Bridgewings ‘Open portion of the briige extending from wheelhouse to side of vessel September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquelied Gas Shipping SIGTTO ‘Break-away coupling 'A system used for cargo transfer hoses or mechanical arms which allows rapid disconnection with the minimum of spilage British Thermal Unit, The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water to one degree Fahvenhet. Equal to 0.252026 Kilo Calorie, 1.055 Kio Joules. Bulkhead Vertical partition which subdivides interior of ship into separate ‘compartments, Brittle Fracture Fracture of 2 material caused by lack of ductity, usually with very Kile: plastic deformation, Ductle fracture implles slow fracture with significant elongation before fracture occurs. Propagation of brite fracture is rapid characterised by chevron shaped markings at fracture zone, One possible cause of bratle fracture can be the result from exposure of the material to low temperatures, Bubble Point The bubble point of a iquid mixure, at a given pressure, is defined 3s the temperature at which the Fquid mixture will Degin to bod as the temperature rises. ‘The term in bulk refers to the catiage of homogeneous cargo in tanks oF Pressure vessels which are constructed a part of the ship, the contents boeing loaded and discharged by the ship's instaled handing system. Bunkers Fuel consumed by the engine of a ship or stored in compartments or tanks, in ship for that effect. By-pass Divert flow of a fuid, gas, etc, around a plece of equipment September 1998 ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘Cc’ (French = Comite Européen de Normalisation) European Committee for Standardisation, The European equivalent to ISO, JIS etc. ‘Contract for the sale of goods for overseas shipment under C.LF. terms Cost, Insurance and Freight - cargo delvery tetm. Under this cargo tem the exporter (seller) undertakes all the risks and costs 10 deliver the goods to the named destination port embracing both the freight and insurance. The buyer (importer) accepts the goods at the named destination port \when they have passed over the ship's rail and accepts all the costs from this point onward. Compressed Alr Breathing Apparatus, The act of checking and ascertaining graduation of scales with measuring instruments or by physical trials; checking the performance of equipment against known or designed values, Kept on board all tankers showing tank volume at regular intervals of ulage OF Sounding. Also used for Ballast tanks, Bunker tanks, etc A unit of heat. The amount of heat required to raise one gram of water through one degree Celsius. This is now repiaced by the Joule; a calorie equals 4.1868 Joules, Quantity of heat released per unit weight of fuel completely bumed is termed the calorific value of the fuel ‘Apparatus for measuring the caloric value of a substance. ‘A respirator consisting of mask and replaceable canister fiter through hich air mixed with toxic vapour is drawn by the breathing of the wearer {and in which the toxic elements are absorbed by active specific material A fiter dedicated to the specific toxic gas must be used. Sometimes this ‘equipment may be referred to as a cartridge respirator. It should be noted that a canister fter respirator is not suitable for use in an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Pan of a ship showing her loading capacity, arrangement and dimensions, ‘A neutral gas which is present in the products of fuel combustion ‘Chemical formula CO,, Also used as a refligerant gas and for fire-fighting, Particularly electrical fires, Highty toxic substance produced by incomplete combustion of carbon ‘based materials, in particular hydrocarbons. Chemical Formula CO. ‘A substance capable of causing cancer, ‘Merchandise conveyed on a ship. That part of the ship which contains the whole cargo containment system, including compressor rooms, and the ful beam deck area over the length (f the ship above the cargo containment system ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping siGTTO Cargo Containment The arrangement of containment for cargo including, where fitted. 2 System primary and secondary barrier, associated insulation and any intervening ‘spaces, and adjacent structure, If necessary for the suppor of these elements, If the secondary barrier §5 par of the huf structure it may be | boundary of the hold space. Cargo Control Room Place where all controls and information pertaining to the cargo are (CCR) installed, It can be common with the engine control room on certain ships othe bridge on others, ‘Cargo Manifold The piping valves and flanges through which bulk iquid carriers*recelve and discharge their cargoes. Usually situated amidships. ‘Cargo Pump ‘A pump for discharging cargo. On a gas ship normally installed inthe tank Carge Officer Ship's deck officer in charge of cargo operations, Cargo Log ‘An official record, Kept by the ship, of all cargo handling operations. Cargo Engineer Ship's engineering office in charge of cargo handling equipment. Cargo Operations ‘Any operations on board 2 gas cartier involving the handling of cargo liquid oF vapour, @.g, cargo transfer, relquefaction, venting etc. Cargo Sample ‘Small quantity of cargo taken at random according speciied procedures, ‘The sample can be kept for further reference or analysed by a third party also folowing shecified procedures to confirm the cargo specification. ‘Cargo Tank ‘A space cated for the carriage of liquid cargo. Cargo Transfer The transfer of cargo iquid and/or vapour to or from the stip Cascade Reliquefaction | The process in which vapour boll from cargo tanks is Condensed in a Cycle ‘cargo condenser in which the coolant is a refrigerant gas. The refrigerant may be cooled by additional refigeration stages. Catwalk ‘A walkway or ramp for access to normally inaccessible locations, Cathodic Protection ‘An electrolytic system for the protection of a metal from corrosion by providing an electric current to neutraize the current naturally produced in the corrosion process. The current may be provided by sacrificial anodes, (see Anodes, sacrificial) or be applied through incorrodable anodes in an impressed current system, The electric medium to the metal to be protected which is the cathode. Cavitation ‘A process occuring within the impeller of a centrifugal pump oF around a propeller blade when pressure at the inlet to the impeller falls below that of the vapour pressure of the liquid being pumped, The bubbles of vapour which ate formed collapse with impulsive force in the higher pressure regions of the impeller. This effect can cause signficant damage to the impeller surfaces and creates a loss of suction in the pump. 6 ‘September 1998 siGTTO A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping Centficate of Fitness ‘A certficate issued by or on behalf of the Flag Administration confirming that the structure, equipment, fitings, arrangements and materials used in the construction of a gas carrier are in compliance with the relevant IMO Gas Codes. Such certification may be issued on behalf of the ‘Administration by approved Classification Societies. Certificate of Quality CCentficate delivered by an independent third party confirming the qualty of 2 product and its conformity to @ given specification or standard, Certificate of Quantity CCentticate delvered by an independent third party confirming the quantity (of product on board or in a tank ashore, Certified Gas Free ‘Atank or compartment is certified to be gas-free when its atmosphere has been tested with an appropriate and approved instrument and found in sutable condition by an independent chemist. This means it Is not deficient in oxygen and sufficiently free of toxic or flammable gas for 2 specified purpose. Charter Party AA contract whereby a shipowner agrees to place his ship, oF part of it, at the disposal of a merchant or other person (known as a charterer for the Carriage of goads from one port to another, on being paid freight; oF to let. his ship for a specified period, his remuneration being known as hire ‘money. ‘Check Valve ‘Serew down non retun valve which regulates flow of fluids. in piging systems and machinery, Vessels specially designed to cary chemicals, many of which are highly corrosive, poisonous and volatile, Bult according to the IMO BCH Code. ‘Types can be |, Ik or ll, They relate to cargo containment and survival capabilty and define the (ype Of product that the ship is alowed to cary. ‘An instrument used for the detection of gases oF vapours which works on the principle of a reaction between gas and a chemical agent in the ‘apparatus; the gas discolours the agent or the agent dissolves some of the gas. ‘Chiksan Arm ‘A.well known brand of hard arm, Circulating Pump Classification Societies CCntetugal or axial low type pump that draws water from sea to supply cooling water to condensers and also to machinery. Non profit-making bodies directed by committees of persons representing shipovmers, shipbuilders, engine-buiiers and underwriters for the purpose ff ensuring ships are properly constructed and maintained! in a seaworthy condition, They make rules governing ship construction. arrange and carty ‘out surveys during the buking of a ship and throughout the vessel's trading ie, Closed Gauging ‘System (closed ullaging) ‘A sysiom in which the level of a tank can be measured without the need {0 open the tank to atmosphere. Examples are float-lype systems, electronic probe, magnetic probe and bubbler tubes. ‘A space between bulkheads or decks to prevent leakage between adjoining compartments, September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO ‘Combustible Gas ‘An instrument for detecting a flammable gas and usualy measuring the Detector (Explosimeter’) | concentration of gas in terms of its Lower Flammable Limit (LFLJor the Content of gas ia an inert atmosphere. No single instrument is retable for I ‘all combustible vapours. Combustible, Liguids or other substances giving off flammable vapour. ‘Combustion ‘Act of burning. This occurs when oxygen and flammable material unite in a reaction which is accompanied by the evolution of light and the rapid ‘release of heat energy. (An energetic exothermic reaction) ‘Commingle To mix oF to be mixed. Used as @ mathematical term but also to describe the action of mixng ti cargoes both physialy and from an Ownership Poin of vew. ‘Commissioning To test and putin service forthe fist time a sip or shore facty. To make 2 plant operative. To equip and test a ship for active sence. ‘Compression Ratio ‘The rato of the absolte pressure at the discharge from a compressor for Compressors dived by the absolute Pressure atthe suction Compressor Machinery used to increase the pressure ofa gas. may be reciprocating Centiugal oF rotary Condensate “The Squid wich resus from the removal from a vapour of that portion of the latent neat of vaportsation which t possesses LPG/Chernical cargo vapours to cargo iquids. Cargo vapours reiquetied by retigeraton systems. = Volatile iquds recovered from raw gas streams. = Petroleum ight ends from crude ol Contamination To pote a product by ming with an unacceptable quantity of another product Continuous Density Meter Density meter installed in-line giving a continuous messurement of the density of the product passing through the pipe. Contras Sanping | ‘Sampling system installed in such a way that continuous sampling Collection throughout @ transfer operation is possible, Control ‘Any purposeful action on oF ina system to meet specified objectives. Controt Station ~ | Point tom which the cenvalsed conta fan operation s possible Copper Strip Test ‘A simple corrosion test used to determine the corrosive conaition of a _| ryatecarton product usualy crated by suphr products Coriais Force ‘The Corals force acts at right angles to the decton of motion of any body moving over the earth's surface. The force is to the right of the drection (of motion in the Northern Hemisphere, is zero at the equator and 1s to the left of the direction of motion in the Souther Hemisphere. This force can affect the ciection taken by a hull drifting at sea | Correction Factor Factor by which @ measurement or any other figure has to be corrected to obtain & tue result, This can be the shrinkage factor of a Naat gauge tape, or the effect of zn oF Bst on tank level reading. September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping Deterioration of @ metal by the natural process which reverts the metal to a state of lower free energy, such as an oxide. This is also called triple point. It is the point on the Molier diagram of a liquifed gas where tne saturated quid ne and the saturated vapour ine meet, At this point, quid and gaseous conditions cease to be distinguishable and the densties of the quid and the gas are identical, The pressure at which a substance exists in the kqu state atts erica! ‘temperature. (In other words it Is the saturation pressure at the critical temperature). The temperature above which a gas cannot exist as a liquid. Pipe between port and starboard manifold connected with the liquid or ‘vapour main neader and used to load or discharge the cargo. The process by which ovmership, or custody, of a cargo fs transferred between contractual partners, usualy before loading or discharging. This Inckies the measurement of volume. temperature and composition. ‘The study of the behaviour of matter at very low temperatures. A Glossary of Terms Use in Liquefied Gas Shipping siGTTO GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘D’ Dangerous Cargo Endorsement Endorsement issued by a flag state adminstration to a certificate of ‘competency of a ship's officer allowing service on dangerous cargo carriers ‘such as oil tankers, chemical caries, or gas carters, Deepwell Pump + A type of centrfugal cargo pump commonly found on gas carriers. The Prime mover is usually an electric or hydraulic motor, The motor is usualy ‘Mounted on top of the cargo tank dome and drives, via along transmission shaft, through a double seal arrangement, the pump assembly located in the bottom of the tank. The cargo discharge pipeline sucrounds the drive shat and the shaft bearings are cooled and iubricated by the hquid being pumped. ‘The maximum weight of cargo, bunkers, stores etc. that a vessel can carry ‘ehist floating wath @ speciic freeboard. (e.g, summer deadweight is the maximum a vessel can load whist floating at summer draught in salt water) ‘An agreed dally amount, specified in the charter party, which is to be paid by the charterer, in case of delays to the ship that are not caused by the ship. that cause Laytime to be exceeded. A arying agent. The mass per unit volume of a substance at speciied condtions of temperature and pressure. Deadweight Demurrage Desiccant Density Dew Point ‘The ratio is called relative humidity. If a sample of air is lowered in temperature then ultimately the air becomes saturated with water vapour ‘and further reduction creates condensation dew. The temperature when this happens is the dew point for that sample. ‘A ship is described as “double hull” when the cargo is contained in an inner hull separated from the outer hull by ballast tanks or void spaces, Normally the maximum depth from the water fine to the lowest part of the vessel beneath the water. Can also be applied as air Graught wich isthe highest point of the vessel above the waterline, _| Sehr earners aaa | one room runes omer oats pel ‘means of quick disconnection in case of an emergency whist only spiting ‘a very small amount of cargo, The actuation of the dry-break coupling 's usually hydraulically controlled and is inked with the actuation of the two valves. Dry Chemical Powder Sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate and urea potassium bicarbonate are the main dry chemical powders used t0 extinguish smal LNG of LPG fires. The powder 's contained in a pressure resistant container and propelled. in case of need, by compressed gas such as ritrogen. Dry chemical powder can also be used for extinguishing electrical fres. 10 September 1998 ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘Er ‘See Ejector ‘Atype of pumping device used for discharging or expeling a iquid or gas from a space or tank. A jet of water, steam, oF ait forced under pressure from a nozzle and creates. a partial vacuum or low pressure area which acts ‘on the suction pipe from the space to draw from No moving parts exist in this device. Pian sting the various types of emergency to be considered and describing the actions t0 be taken in case of these emergencies happening Emergency Shut-Down Emergency shut-down system (ESO) applied to the ship to shore interface: AA syster devised to protect ship and shore in the event of dangerous ‘condions developing during cargo transfer. The system employs valves which close atthe ship's manifold and also Isolate the shore faites in a sequential fashion minimising risks of surge. Ships’ cargo pumps and shore pumps are also stopped during the shut-down process. nition can be manuel both from ship of from shore, and automaticaly when sensing equipment registers abnormal coneitions such as gas detection and tank over ‘A-chemical reaction which absorbs heat in the process. The capacity for doing work. Mechanical energy can take two forms potential energy by virtue of the position of a body and kinetic energy by virtue of ts. motion, ‘A measure of the total energy of a system including energy associated with the pressure-volume relationship plus the internal energy. H=E+PV where H = enthalpy or heat content E = internal energy P = pressure V = volume A phase change from liquid to gas. When the Draft of a ship fore and aft are the same. ‘A chemical reaction which produces heat. Device installed within a piping system and allowing expansion or shrinkage ‘of the system in case of change of temperature. ‘See Flammable Limits. See “Combustible Gas Detector” Explosion Proof/Flame Proof Equipment or Equipment or apparatus which will withstand, without damage and in accordance with ks prescribed rating, any explosion of a prescribed flammable gas to which it may be subjected under practical operating conditions and which wil prevent the transmission of fame to the surrounding atmosphere. n A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping sIGTTO GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS FY FOB. ‘Cargo delvery term - Free On Board - exporter (sole responsibe for meeting al charges and risk of damage or loss of cargo unt! the goods pass the ship's rail onto the vessel at which point importer Gouyer) responsible fr a costs and risks thereafter Fans {A device for delivering or exhausting large volumes of air oF gas with only a low pressure increase, Fans are used to supply combustion air to bolls ether as Farced Draught (FD) Fans or Induced Draught (D) Fans. Pressure ditferentials for these fans are of the order of 500 mm water gauge (approximately 20 inches water gauge or 30 mm of Mercury). Fans are ‘f50 fundamental to any form of mechanical ventilation. In this role there ‘are three types: (1) Centfugal - widely ted as they give the best combination of high value, better pressure and reasonably high efficiency. There are four types of impeller: forward curved (mut-blade); backward curved (single blade): backward curved (aerofol blade); and paddle blade. Efficiencies vary from 503% up to 85% for the aerotol blade. @) Axial flow - used less than centifugal fans because of higher noise levels and lower pressure produced but fited with silencer straight trough design can be an advantage. (3) Propeller-imited, due to low pressure, 10 roof and wall extractors Fatigue (Human) ‘A reduction in physical and/or mental capablity as the result of physical mental or emotional exerton which may impair nearly all physical abt. Fatigue in Materials Deterioration of the properties of a material which takes place under Cconaitions involving repettive stress. Often associated with sharp notches ‘discontinuities in structure. Fatigue Crack ‘The progression of a crack in a material under a repetitve stress. cycle. Propagation Fender Resilient device, usually movable, interposed between a ship's hull and harbour walls or other ships to minimise impact and prevent direct contact thus reducing risk of structural damage or chafing. Often of rubber ‘compound, timber or pneumatic construction, Fibre-optic ‘The transmission of light signals through transparent glass or plastic fibres. Filling Limit (oF Ratio) ‘That volume of a tank, expressed as a percentage of the total volume, Which can be safely filed, having regard to the possible expansion (and change in density) of the liquid. Fire Wire (Also known as - Emergency Towing Wire) Mooring wires which are fixed @ mooring arrangements on the vessel's upper deck and led over the ‘ship's outboard side, forward and aft, and maintained close to the water ‘and accessible to tugs, thus permitting the vessel to be towed form the jetty. nan emergency. without intervention from the ship's crew. Fireball ‘Alarge mass of buoyant burning gas, characterised by intense radiation, Fire Main ‘A pipeline used to supply pressurised water for fre fighting, 2 ‘September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping ‘See “Administration” ‘A device fited in gas vent pipelines to arrest the passage of fame. [A portable oF fited device incorporating one oF more corrosion resistant ‘wire woven fabrics of very small mesh used for preventing sparks from fentering a tank or vent opening. or for A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME preventing the passage of flame. yet permitting the passage of gas not to 'be confused with Flame Arrestor). See “Explosive Proot/Flame Proof Equipment or Enclosure”, ‘Capable of being ignited and burning in ai. The range of gas concentrations in at between which the mixture is flammable. This describes the range of concentratons between the LFL {Lower Flammable Limi) and the UFL (Upper Flammable Limi). Moaures ‘within this range are capable of being ignited. ‘An isolated chimney or pipe at the end of wich unusable gases are burnt of ‘The temperature at which a Equid heated gives off sufficient vapour to flash momentarly on the application of a small fame. Device installed in a tank to measure the level by means of a foat on top ‘of the liquid surface which drives a tape allowing the liquid level to be read ‘outside the tank ‘Any device for measuring uid flow in closed pipes, conduits and ducts. ‘A. gas liquid continuum in which bubbles of gas contained in a small volume ‘of quid are expanded. Chemicaly made foam is sprayed on fre to ‘extinguish flames by excluding oxygen (O,). Re-igntion may occur ‘cooling water is not applied to reduce temperature. Specialy effective with petroleum fres.. ‘A unit of length equaling 30,48 cemtimetres, (Engish measurement) ‘An event beyond the responsibilty ofthe ship owners, charterers, shippers and receivers of cargo. ‘The effect on a ship's stabllty by tanks being partial led, caused by the Unrestrained redistribution oF quid as a vessel heels to either side. Distance trom the waterine to the upper surface of freeboard deck at side. Freeboard has a considerable influence on seaworthiness of ship, Minimum ‘reeboords are prescribed by intemational law in the form of Load Line Regulations to achieve a minimum standard of seaworthiness.. Freight is the reward payable to the carrer forthe carriage and arrival of goods in a recognised condition, ready to be delvered to the merchant. ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGHO Freon Halogenated hydrocarbons (je. compounds derived from compounds of Carbon and hydrogen by replacing some of the hydrogen by one or other (of the halogens, chiorine or fluorine) used as refrigerants as they are vitally non-toxic and non-insmmable. Gases are expensive, odouress. non-corrosive and soluble in ol Freon 11. CC1F Freon 12 CCI, Freon 22 CHCIF, ‘The production of Freon 11. and 12 (and other CFCs products) have been forbidden by the Montreal Protocol - Freon 22 and HCFCs will also be phased out in the near future, Fusible Element Link ‘A mechanical device which melts at a prescribed temperature preciptating 8 safety shut-down of the system it protects (See IGC Code 5.6.4 for example) 4 ‘September 1998 A Glossary of Ferms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘G’ ‘A navigation system where a receiver colects signals from @ number of satelites in space and treat the information recelved to determine the geographical position of the receiver with a high degree of accuracy. (Global Positioning System ‘A tanker intended to carry liquefied petroleum gases, ether fuly pressurised at ambient temperature, or fuly refrigerated at a pressure ‘Sightly above atmospheric pressure, oF “semi-pressurise ata pressure of berwoen 6 t0 7 bar ‘The Gas Cartier Codes are the Codes for the Construction and equipment Cf ships carrying Iquefied gases in bulk. These standards are set and published by IMO, They are the Gas Carrier Code, the Gas Carrier Code for Existing Ships and the Intemational Gas Carrier Code. ‘A rade name for an instument used to dotect and indicate the presence of cargo vapour. ‘A tigi cylindrical metal receptacle designed as a portable pressure vessel for the storage and transport of gas under pressure, ‘A space or zone (defined by the Gas Codes) on a ship wich is kely 10 contain flammable vapour, (Refer to the Gas Codes for a more detaied definition. Te monitoring ofan area or compartment for toxic or foramable gases. is usualy associted wth a measurement, an acceptable spay or the tiggering ofan alarm inthe event of an unacceptable vai being recorded oF registered bythe equipment. ‘An instrument which alarms at the presence of toxic or flammable gas. ‘A gos-free certificate is most often issued by an independent chemist to show that a tank atmosphere has been tested, and is ceriied to contain ‘adequate oxygen and to be sufficiently free trom toxic. chemical and hydrocarbon gases for a specied purpose such as tank entry and hot work. (h panicular circumstances, such 9 certfcate may be issued when 2 tank has been suitably inerted and is considered safe for suroundig hot ‘work) The certificate is vali only fora clearly defined ength of time. ‘Gas-free condition is achieved by tre ful gasTreaing process cared Out in ‘order to actieve a safe atmosphere. The process of displacing toxic or flammable vapours from a tank, ‘compartment or container, folowed by the introduction of fresh air into the tank, compartment or container, Materal used to make @ joint or seal between two surfaces, ¢.g. may be placed between two pipe flanges, or between cyinder head cover and. cinder head. 15 ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping sigTTo Gassing-up ‘Gassing-up means replacing an inert atmosphere in a tank with the vapour from the next cargo to a suitable level to allow cooling down and loading, GESAMP, G.E.S.A.M.P. | Group of Experts on the Scientiic Aspects of Marine Pollution made up of experts nominated by eight United Natlons bodies, including the IMO. cLcims Gas Liquid Chromatograpy/Mass Spectographiy ‘Guarantee Period The contractual period following delivery of ship (or other entity) during which the Contractor is responsible for correcting defects in material and workmanship. 16 ‘September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘Ht NS ‘Substances carried a5 cargo, that if released from ther containment ‘systems, would be detimental to man and the environment, (Hazardous ‘and Noxious Substances) Halon ‘A member of the halogenated hydrocarbon family of chemicals. Once used extensively in fe and explosion suppressant systems, halons are bbeing phased out under United Nations agreements (Montreal Protoco)) ‘and banned from installation in ships from 1991 due to the environmental effect i iis released, Harbour ‘An enclosed safe water area deep enough for ships to enter and where they can anchor, berth and shelter for various purposes such as loading, discharging, repairing and other requirements. ‘An articulated metal atm used at terminal jetties to connect shore pipelines to the ship's mani, Hazard identification technique, which considers the effects of deviation from the normal operating intent by identiying basic causes, their Immediate effects and the resuitant consequences. ‘A substance which by vitue of ts properties constitutes 3 hazard. ‘A process of identiying the existence of hazards in a system and assessing thei possible implications when the system details are not fully defined, ‘A quantitate accounting for the thermal energy in a system. A pipe used to connect multiple tanks, pumps or other fuid containers or processing unis, (1) The transverse inclination of a ship from the upright. 2) The amount of quid cargo retained in a cargo tank at the end of discharge to maintain the tank temperature untl the next loading, ‘The space enclosed by the ship's structure in which a cargo containment system is situated, Continuous compostion. ‘Any work involving welding or burning and any other work including certain ring and grinding operations, electrical work and the use of non- intrinsically safe electrical equipment, which may induce an incendiary ‘A document issued by an authorised person permitting hot work to be ‘An addtive to certain iquefied gases capable of reducing the temperature at which hydrates begin to form. Typical hydrate inhibitors are methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO, Hydrates with reference | The compounds formed by the interacton of water and hydrocarbons at to liquid gases certain pressures and temperatures, Hydrocarbon ‘An organic compound formed from hydrogenated carbon. Natural gases ‘are primarly composed of hydrocarbons. Crude oil s a miture of hydrocarbons, Hydrostatic Test ‘A pressure test applied by means of water being poured into ‘compartments or tanks, unt they are completely filed. By this action the tightness and strength of mater can be checked Hygrometer Instrument for measuring humidity of ait or gas, 18 September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS 7 Intemational Association of Classification Societies, AN association representing the world's major Classification Societies. Intemational Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk. ‘International Chamber of Shipping, ‘Intemational Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Buk. (See Gas Codes) Inert Gas Systern/Generator International Oil Potion Prevention Centiicate International Safety Guide for Ol Tankers and Terminals. International Standardization Organization A ship is said to be in ballast when she is without cargo and is party filed ‘with water to attain a required draft and maintain stably A spark of sufficient temperature and energy to ignite a gas in a lammabie miture, ‘A. gas, such as nitrogen, or 2 mixture of gases containing insufficient ‘oxygen to support combustion {A system by which exhaust gas is taken from the funnel. or produced by 2 separate generator, cleaned, dried and pumped into the spaces to be inented, Inerting means:- the introduction of inert gas into an aerated tank with the object of reducing the oxygen content to a level at which combustion cannot be supported or attaining an inert condition suited to a safe gassing- up operation. @ the inizoduction of inert gas into a tank ater cargo discharge and ‘warming-up with the object of:- {@) reducing flammable vapour content to a level below which ‘combustion cannot be supported if aeration takes place, (b)_ reducing existing vapour content to 2 level suited 10 gassing-up Prior to the next cargo, (2 reowcing existing oxygen oF cargo vapour content to a level ‘stipulated 0 local authorities a special gas-free certificate for thot work is required, ‘A substance used to prevent or retard cargo deterioration oF a potentially hazardous chemical sel-reaction, @.g. polymerisation of VCM. ‘An Insulating device placed between metalic flanges, bots and washers, to prevent electrical continuity. A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping siGtTO Insulation 1) Any form of barrier restricting the flow of heat or elect current from ‘one body to another is Said to insulate them, and the non-conducting material used is termed insulation 2) Matera's of high resistivity and electric strength used to prevent conduction between a conductor and earth, other conductors oF the frame of a device Interbarrier Space The space between the primary and secondary bamer of a cargo containment system, whether or not completely or partly filed by insulation or other materia imerface The boundary between wo surfaces in chemical contact. International Maritime | A code produced by the International Martime Organization representing Dangerous Goods the classification of hazardous cargo into some nine classes and identiying Code (IMDG Code) the maritime shipment of such cargoes uncer an international legal framework. International Maritime Organisation (IMO) ‘A specialised agency of the UN: ts role Is to facitate co-operation among {governments on technical matters affecting international shipping such 35 Navigation, safety. dangerous cargo shipment cade and pollution control It was called IMCO prior to 1982. Intrinsically Safe Equipment instrumentation or witing is deemed to be intrinsically safe if is Incapable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal Conditions oF spectied fault concitions to cause ignition of @ speciic hazardous atmosphere in ks most easly ignited concentration. Inwar ‘A motal composed of about 60% of ron and 40% of nickel which has a negligible coefficient of thermal expansion. It's used in the fabrication of the Gaz Transport type LNG cargo tanks for ships and also for measuring tapes and balance wheels of clocks. je Isolating Valves ‘A valve ina piping system, normally fuly open, which can be closed to ‘Separate one part of the system from another for use in an emergency or ‘during maintenance of part of the plant. ‘September 1998 ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS y ‘Voluntary act of throwing or pumping overboard cargo, stores, etc, in time (of ship's perl. ‘A pier, mole or breakwater running out into the sea. kt may be used as a landing pier ‘See " Gasket * Joule (1.5 = 1.Nem) ‘Quantity of heat. Work done when a force of 1. Newton (N) is exerted ‘through a distance of 1 metre () in the drection of the force. Work done ‘or heat energy expended by a current of one ampere flowing for one second against a resistance of 1 Ohm, TBtu 7.055 KJ where Btu is British Thermal Unit) 1 Bus = 1.055 kW 1 Bub = 2.326 kitkg A rigid enclosure where electric cables are joined 2 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS. ‘K’ Kinematic Viscosity The ratio of the viscosity of a iquid to Is densky at the temperature at wich the density is measured, Knot ‘A.unit of speed - a nautical mile (6080 feet) per hour. A standard nautical ime is 1.151 statute mile or 1853 metres 2 ‘September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS w Lower Explosive Limit - also called LFL. Lower Flammable Limit Lette of Compliance. Ship equipped to carry iqueied propane and / or butane ‘A ship that has been decommissioned, normally with reduced manning, ‘due to either the market ar other conditions being unsuitable ‘The latent hest of fusion of 2 substance Is the amount of heat required to convert unit mass of the substance from solid to liquid without change of temperature. The latent heat of vaporization isthe amount of heat required to convert unit mass of a substance from liquid ta vapour without change of temperature. The dates within which a ship is to present ready for loading, as agreed in the charter party, The charter wil commence form the time of atival or an ‘agreed time therealter, Ifthe vessel arrives early, there is no obligation for the charterer to accept the vessel prior to the commencement of lay days. If she fs t00 late to meet the last date - the canceling date - she may be cancelled “The period of time agreed as found in a charter patty for loading or discharging the cargo. This is normally 72 hours ‘The distance on the summer waterine from the fore side of the stem to the after side of the rudder post, o to the certse of the rudder stock if there is no rudder post. The distance from the bow to the centre of the discharge manifold on a ‘vessel. On a gas tanker the referenced manifold is usually the vapour line, The length of a vessel measured horizontally between lines vertical to the ‘extremes bow and stern, above or below the waterine. ‘A document indemnifying the shipowner or agent for any consequences, risks or claims which may arise through “clean” Bil of Lading being irogulaty issued. ‘A device designed to give an extemal indication of the level of quid inside a tank. The mass of the ship made up of the hull propeling mackinery and all {tings to make the vessel complete and ready for sea, but without. carga fuel and stores, ‘Change of gas or solid into quid state. Natural gas consists of methane, ‘thane. propane and butane. The propane and butane are removed by liquefaction and are marketed as LPG, A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO Liquefied Gas ‘A iquid which has a saturated vapour pressure exceeding 2.8 bar absolute {a 37.8/C, formed by refrigeration, pressurisation or a combination of both arg certain other susiances of similar characteristics specified in the IMO Gas Codes. Liquefied Natural Gas ancy To lquelly Newwral Gas reduces it's volume 600 times and makes ts ‘wansportation by containers possible. The temperature of LNG at atmospheric pressure is approximately -160°C depending on ks ‘composition. [A specially constructed ship designed to carry Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) at law temperature close to atmospheric pressure fanproximately -760°C). Nirogen liquefied by refrigeration. The saturated temperature at atmospheric pressure Is -193°C. Product from the production of gasoline which iS undesirable in petrol engines because of &s high volatity. LPG can also be produced from Natural Gas oF from assaciated gas, The heavier gases propane CH and butane CyHyq are Separated, compressed unt quid and stored under pressure in steel cylinders for industrial and domestic uses, Boling points: propane -42.29C, butane -0.5°C at atmospheric pressure ‘The transverse inclination of a floating ship. (See Hee! 1). Lioya’'s Open Form (Standard Form of Salvage Agreement) ‘A printed form issued by Lioje's and used as @ contact for any sahage ‘partion. The agreement fs signed by the master or owner of salving ship and the master or owner of @ ship in need of salvage assistance, ‘containing their names, the amount of sakage payable and a provision that the sence is provided or a “no cure no pay" basis, tha is, the Salvage is rot payable unless the property is saled in accordance with the agreement Load Line The mark on a ship's side indicating the maximum draught to which a ship may be loaded under specified conditions in accordance wetn the marime law of the country of registry Load Line Certificate 4{— ‘Ship's document containing por of registry. gioss registered tonnage. ship's name, freeboard and loadin. Loading Arm + ‘See Chiksan arm. Lower Flammable Limit The concentration of a hydrocarbon gas in ak below which there Is Insusficient ydrocarbor t9 support combustion. 24 ‘September 1998 siGTTO A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘MW MARPOL “The Intematonel Convention for the Prevention of Pollution fom Ships, 1973. as modified by ts Protoceh 1978, ; MARVS "An abbreviation Tor the Maximum Alowable Relief Valve Setting. mic “This is the abbreviation for metres tquid column and isa unit of head used in some cargo pumping ‘Manifokd ‘See "Cargo manifoks” and “Cross over’. Manning Certificate ‘A centicate issued by the Flag State. under a guideline issued by the International Martie Organisation laying down the minimum number of ualtied officers and crew to be engaged on a ship to make her officially termed “Safely Manned”. ‘Manometer ‘An instrument for measuring the pressure of gases or iquids. ‘Membrane Tank 1 i corse UNG comprising a thin mean igachigne rg completa supported by a load beating insuiaton, This in tum is supported by the ssoucture of the ship, Methane (CR) “A tyckocarbon gos - simplest of the paafins having basic formula C, Hina. Methane fs used as an incisal and domestic fue See LNG. Mimic Diagram ‘System diagram usualy attached 10 swtchboards or control boards in ‘which visual indicating devices show the operational condition of the various elements in the syste, ‘Molar Volume ‘The volume occupied by one molecular mass in grams (9 mole) under specific conditions, For an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure itis 0.0224 mg more, ‘Mole The mass that is numerically equal to the molecular mass. Kis most frequently expressed as the gram molecular mass (g mole) but may also be expressed in other mass unts, Such as the kg mole. At the same pressure and temperature the volume of one role the same forall ideal ‘925es, Iv Is practical fo assume that petroleum gases are ideal gases. “The number af moles of any component in a mixture divided by the total ‘number of moles in the moture. ‘Applying to the molecule of a substance, that is the smallest amount which ‘can exist in 2 free state. 'A graphic representation of the thermal properties of a flud in iquid and {gaseous phases. ‘A means of connecting a foating vessel to a fixed structure by using a system of mooring lines. ‘A structure, separate to the jetty or berth, to which mooring lines are secured. 3 ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO Moulded draught The distance betweer the moulded baseline of a vessel, which is the upper surface of the bottom plating, and the water surface without Ist, at a sspecifind fore and aft location. 26 September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘N’ Natural Gas Underground accumulations of gas of widely varying compostion which may or may not be associated with accumulations of ol. Most ol ‘accumnuiations have natural gas dissolved in the oil and often a “gas cap’ Or free gas above the alin the higher part of the structure or trap. Consists mainly of varying proportions of hydrocarbons in the paraffin series, the lightest member, methane CH,, baling point -161.5 °C, predominating (93- 95%) This is the abbreviation for Natural Gas Liquids. These are the liquid ‘components found in association with natural gas. Ethane, propane, ‘butane, Pentane and pentane-plus are typical NGL. + "National Fite Protection Association, USA. ‘Abbreviation for Oxides of Niogen. Nitrogen and oxygen form together several Oxides. For practical purposes NO,, can be regarded as composed ‘f Nitrous Oxide (NO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO;). tf considered 0 be a pollutant and a prime cause of “acid rain’. This & the abbreviation for Net Postive Suction Head. Ths 1S an expression used in cargo pumping calculaons. 1 the total heed atthe pump inet less the fd vapour pressure head and Is a measure of the Suction head avalabe to prevent cavitation trogen tN) Gaseous element which forms about four-fiths of the earth’s atmosphere. Its an inert gas, [Non-Destructive Testing | Processes for testing for properties. quaity or soundness of materials ‘¢ components, wich can be appled without causing damage. Typical non-lestructive test processes include radiography, dye penetrant, magnetic paricle and ulvasonic methods for detecting Internal laws oF cracks, Not-Return Valve [Notice of Readiness ‘A valve in a pipeline which wall automaticaly close If the direction of fd fw is reversed, Notice given by the Master to charterers that ship is ready to commence loading or discharging COwet crc fo @ pressurised Mid usualy so shaped to convert pressure ‘energy into velocity energy. Typical examples are the nozzles of injectors, ectors, fre hoses, or nozzle forming passages which direct the flow of five steam or gases i the moving blades of a wurbine. The tern may also be applied when a ship's propel is shrouded by 8 ring er duct So as to increase thrust at low speed. 1998 a A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SiGTTO GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘or Ohm | Unit of electrical resistance. 7 ampere through & produces @ potential Atlerence across It of 1 vot. il Boom. Floating barriers installed around a possible source of ol potution such as 2 ship transferring oil (cargo or bunkers) to prevent the eventual ol leakage ‘to expand without control il Poltution ‘The contamination resuiting from the escape or discharge of oll from a vessel or any other property, il Record Book 'A book or Jog kept by the master of a ship wherein every discharge or escape of of recorded, A requirement of MARPOL il Slick Fim of ol on the surface of the water caused by accidental or tlogal discharge and giving rise to pollution. Oity Water Separator —_| Term used to denote equipment designed 10 separate oil rom ol-water mixtures in such a way as to achieve acceptably clean water. These devices are used to process oll bige water and tank washing, ‘OPA 90 it Pollution Act of 1990 - USA. OPRC Convention Intemational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Co operation 1990, Oxygen (0) Gaseous element which forms about one fith of the earth's atmosphere, Its a reactive gas which supports combustion. Oxygen Analyser ‘An instrument used to measure oxygen concentrations, expressed 38 2 percentage by volume, ‘Oxygen-Deficient ‘An atmosphere containing less than 21 per cent oxygen by volume. ‘Atmosphere Ozone (0;) ‘Alotropic form of oxygen which Is naturally formed between 1% and 30 kiometres above the earth surface. It protects the earth from uitra-violet radiations. 28 ‘September 1998 sIGTTO A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘p Powered Emergency Release Coupling, fited to hard arms to alow quick ‘disconnection of the arm in case of emergency. ‘The individual pressure contribution of ane constituent of a vapour mixture. The measure of a concentration of a substance when mixed with another as millonth parts of the whole ‘A natural mineral insulation produced ftom the veatment by heat of ‘volcanic stones. Used in both LPG and LNG containment systems. The measure of alkainty or acidty Of 8 substance, A pH below 7 indicates ‘acidity and one above 7 alkalinity ‘Small manifold connection oF Nose carried by a larger hose or arm. ‘A locally Icensed navigator who advises the master in local waters on ‘tanoeuting the passage to and from the berth ‘Smal valve used to admit uid to one side of a piston operating a large valve. ‘Acting by means of compressed ai, Environmental contamination of the sea The phenomenon ‘vy which the molecuies of a particular compound lnk together into a larger unit containing anything from two to thousands of ‘molecules, the new unit being celled a polymer. “he authorty (parson or boxy empowered to exercise effective contain 2 port area and responsible for port services and facies. The exert of its responses wil vary occording tothe type of port management. Port State Control The Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control Is a ‘regional administrative agreement, conckuded in Paris on 26 January 1982 by the maritime authortes of 14 European counties. In this memorandum (of understanding the participating martime authorties agree to establish in ‘thelr ports a harmonized system of Port State Control with the aim of eliminating the operation of sub-standard ships. Force per unit area Loss of pressure in a specified portion of a piping system caused by flow resistance, The innermost surface of a cargo Containment system which is normally in ‘contact with the cargo. (See Gas Code) ‘Establishing liquid flow through @ centrifugal pump, ‘Cargo tanks of rectangular or trapezcice section, generally, which transmit ‘most of the cargo weight to the ship's hull trough the botiom and contain the lateral pressure internally. | 71998 29 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO Propane (C,H) ‘One of the more common petroleum gases obtained as a by-product ia various oil refining processes. Purging Replacing the atmosphere of a space with a diferent gas by displacement. Often associated with inerting of tanks. PTFE Polytetiaiuorosthylene (PTFE) is @ thermoplastic polymer which is virtually Gellon or Fluon) immune to chemical attack and which may be used over @ very wide temperature range, 30 ‘September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘Q’ ‘Quick Connect / Disconnect Couping - A means of connecting the hose ‘96 afm to the vessels cargo manifold without the requirement for bots. They may be hydraulically or manually operated. ‘Athook on the jetty oF the vessel designed to be able to be released quickly whist under load. a AA Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS RB [Roteronce Temperature "An expression used in the IMO Gas Tanker Codes which has @ speciic defintion and which iS used 10 determining the maximurt fing fits of cargo tanks. a Registry (Certificate of { Attestation of a ship's registration in a country, not necessaty the country of ownership Regulatory Agency ‘A local, state of international agency with authority to approve or disapprove the actions of principals in an industry Regulatory Authority The national, regional, provincial or local authority empowered to make and ‘enforce legal requirements in respect of port area. Regulatory Body Organisation set up by governments ar other accredited authorities such as Trade Associations, to regulate the practices within the industry. Relative Vapaur Density { Tie mass of the vapour compared with the mass ¢f an equal volume af ait, both at standard conditions of temperature and pressure, Relief Valve \Vale loaded by spring of other means to release fui from a system when the pressure in the system matches @ preset Jovel Reliquefaction Converting cargo bol-off vapour back into @ quid by reltigeration, Repeatability (of results | The aiference between successive test results, obtained by the same ‘or measurements) Operator with the same apparatus under corstant conditions on identical test material, Reset To restart after a shut down oF stop. Responsible Terminal | The shore supenisor ir charge of all operators and operations at the Representative terminal associated with the handing of products, or his responsible dolegate Restricted Gauging Systetnfalso known as Restricted Ullage System) ‘A system employing a device which penetrates the tank and which, wher it use, gives indication of the tank level but permits a small quantity ‘of cargo vapour or quid to be released to the atmosphere, When notin use the device is completely Closed. Sip tabes are ant example. Return Gas Blower [A Dlower used 10 return gas ffom the ship (9 shore or shore to shir dung cargo loading or discharging operations. Risk Analysis: The process of analysing 2 particular general business or investment situation with @ view to determining the risk areas and how they can be best minimised, | Roll Over, ‘The pitenomenon where the stabilty OF ako, inverted, strated layers of liquid of difering relative density is disturbed, resulting in a spontaneous rapid mixing of the layers. accompanied in the case of kquelied gases, by a violent vapour evolution. The few recarded incidents occured with LNG storage, 2 ‘September 1998 SIGTTO A Glossary of Terms \sed in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘Ss! ‘SCBA Saif Contained Breathing Apparatus. (See CABA). siGTTO Society of international Gas Tanker ang Terminal Operators Limited. SIRE ‘Ship Inspection Report: a database maintained by OCIMF. recording detais of tanker inspections conducted by members inspectors, using a common inspection booklet SOLAS Safety of Life t Sea. The International Convention for the Seley of Lie at Sea (SOLAS) 1960 and 1974, adopted by the Intemational Markime Organization (0). The most important of all international treatios conceming the safety of merchant ships and one of the oldest. There have ‘been a number of amendments since 1960. Sox Gaseous oxides of suiphur. which are tov. ‘STCW Convention Intemational Convention on Standards of Trahning, Certification, and ‘Wotchkeoping for Seafarers. 1978 as amended in 1995, sts ‘Snip to Ship Transfer of cargo. Safety Check List ‘Ast of safety related Rems that are checked prior to stating and during an operation ‘Safe PortiBerth ‘A pontiberth which, during the relevant period of time, the ship can reach, enter, romain at and deper from without. in the absence of some abnormal ‘occurrence, being expased to danger which cannot be avoided by good navigation and seamanship. Safe Working Load (SWL) | The maximum oad in working that should not be exceeded. Satety Valve ‘A valve which opens automaticaly in the event of excess pressure in a _| ents 9. ole stzam drum o piping sytem ‘Saturated Vapour The pressure exerted by a boling iquid vapour at a specified temperature Pressure vathin @ container Scrubber Cleaning tower in an inert gas system. ‘Sea water is sprayed into the gas Path to remove soot and other contaminants before the Inert gas fs led to the cargo tanks. «holds ‘Seaworthiness The fitness of a ship to encounter the hazards of the sea with reasonable safety. In addon to having @ sound hl, the ship must be fully and Competenty crewed and sufficiently fueled and provisioned for the contemplated voyage. ‘Secondary Barrier “The liquid-esisting outer lament of @ cargo containment system designed to afford temporary containment of leakage of auld cargo through the primary barter. Types of secondary barter are more uly defined in the IMO Gas Codes. = Tr Semi Pressurised Gas | A purpose bult tanker capable of conveying gas in @ semi pressurised Cartier condition (60 7 bar) at a controlled temperature ‘September 1998 33 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SiGTTO Sensible Heat Heat energy given to or taken fram @ substance which res of lowers ts teenperaure Ship Survey Examination of sip's hull and machineyy By Surveyor of Shipowners Ciessicaton Society organisation, SU (Systeme Intomnationad | An iniemationaly accepted system of nits modeled on the metic system Units Consisting of unts of length (mete, mess (ogra, time [second electric ‘current (ampere), temperature (degrees Kelvin), and amount of substance (mote). Silica Gel “Amorphous form of fyerated sca. Used ih the fem of hard granules, k is chemicaly and physicaly almost inert but very hygroscopic and thus cfectie as an absorbent of Thids or vapours. Most usual uses are fr drying a, dehydrating gases or ftation. Aer use, k canbe re-generted by heating to dive off the absorbed mater. Used wih histor to dtu cargo holds Sip Tube 17x aeice sed 0 deterine tne iq vapour ce ang the ugh ‘of Semi and fully pressurised tanks. See Restricted Gauging = Stoshing ‘Wave formations which may aise atthe Iquld surface n@ cargo tank fom the elects of ship mations Smoke Detectors 7 fre-detection systom that enables the presence of smoke in naccesstbe places ofthe vessel to be detected ‘Shan Gas 7 gas sample of @ known compostion sed to Calbrate a gas measuring ‘oF detecting nstrument ‘Special Survey ‘Survey by classiicaion Socey requied to be Caried ou every 5 years Conf thatthe condition ofthe vessel hud and machinery alow class to be maintained Specific Gravity The rato of the density of @ iqud at a gen temperate to the densiy of fresh water at standard temperatire Specific Heat This | the quanly of energy ih Klo Joues required © change the temperature of TK mass of tho Substance by 1. For a ges the speci heat at constant pressure greater than that at constant volume. ‘Spontaneous ignition | (isthe lowes temperate at wich a substance wit gt spontaneous Temperature ina, wthout an extemal Source of igton - sito ignition. ‘Spool Piece 7 shor lengit of open pipe wih end flanges used either adjust the length of @ fied pipe or to. temporary, Join two sections of a piping system together Spontaneous Combustion} The ightion of material brought about by @ Heavproducng chenieal reaction within the material Sel without exposure to an extemal Source of ignition. ‘Spray Pump 7 sal pump Used 1 presse the Spray tes within 8 cargo tank forthe purpose oF cooing the tank and the Contained vepour. Sprinkler System ’ Ted fo Sghing sysiom that deploys water trough @ Sytem of ppES and nozzles. tis usaly automaticaly acivated by heat a Sepiomber 1998 SIGTTO A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping Static Electricity Static Electicty is the electrical charge produced on dissimilar materials ‘caused by relative motion between each when in contact. ‘Stop Check Valve ‘A shut off valve which, when open. permits flow in one direction only. Best known as @ Non Retum Yale. 'A perforated plate or wire mesh gauze used for capturing relatively coarse ‘contaminants in a flowing liquid. Stripping Pump ’A pump used to discharge the residual cargo which the main cargo pumps cannot it. ‘A type of centilugal cargo pump commonly installed on gas carriers and in terminals in the bottom of a cargo tank. It comprises drive motor, limpoler and bearings totaly submerged by the cargo ‘ten the tank contains buik iquid of diolectic charaterstics. If the cargo is conducting ‘electricty the electric motor has to be enclosed in @ tight enclosure, ‘Superheated Vapour ‘Vapour removed from contact with ts iquid and heated to a temperature ‘above that which sustains its saturated pressure, ‘Surge Fluctuations in the speed of @ stip due to encountering waves. ‘Surge Pressure ‘A phenomenon generated in a pipeline system when there is a change it, the rate of flow of liquid in the fre. Surge pressures can be dangerously high ifthe change of flow rate is too rapid and the resuitant shock waves ‘can damage pumping equipment and cause ‘upture of pipelines and associated equipment, ‘September 1998 Ey ‘A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS TT ‘Tank Cover The structure intended to enclose the cargo containment system where it rotrudes through the weather deck: ‘Tank Dome The upward extension of @ portion of the cargo tank. For below-deck cargo containment systems the tank dame protrudes through the weather eck. and allows pipe connections and access to the tank from the exterior. ‘Tank Farm ‘An area enclosing a number of tanks for the storage petroleum products, ‘chemicals oF tavelied gas. L ‘Yank Skirt The vertical ofindrical structure attached to the ship's hu structure, supporting a sptericat cargo tank at ts equator. ‘Tension Meter {A device which measures and transmits to a femote location the tension ‘8 mooring ine ‘Thermocouple ‘A dovice for measuring temperature based on the smal voltage generated by the temperature diference between two junctions of two wires of dissimilar materials, Thermostat ‘A temperature controler for a heating or cooling system, Threshold Limit Value ay) The ‘time-weighted average’ (TWA) concentration of a substance to which workers may be repeatedly exposed, for a normal 8-hour working day and 40-hour working week, day alter day. without adverse effect. i may be supplemented by a "short-term exposure imi (STEL) TLV, Throttle Valve (1) Avalve used 10 seduce the pressure of a fluid, e.g. ina steam system it may be used to reduce the pressure of steam before i is used for aunliais, @ A wave used 0 control the admission of fuel to an internal ‘combustion engin. ‘The hiting of @ vessel for a specific period or number of voyages. The ‘owner pays for insurance of the ship, wages. stores, etc. The chiaterer must pay for bunker fuel, reste water, stevedoring, pon charges. potage ete Toxicity Detector An instrument used for the detection of gases or vapours. t works on the principle of a reaction occurring between the gas being sampled and a ‘chemical agent in the apparatus, ‘Transducer (1) A dovice for converting @ mechanical or thermal measurement into an tectrical signal for transmission to a remote location. (2) The part of @ sonar set or echo Sounder which transmits or receives the scund signal inta oF from the sea. Trim, Ditference between forward and att draft of a ship, 36 ‘September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping SIGTTO, GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS ‘Ul UnrasonicTesting "A method of non-destructive tesing. Used in locating defects in metal by the reflection of sound waves. ‘Amount of iquid remaining at the bottom of the tank which the cargo pump (oF stripping pump is not able to remove, Upper Flammable Limit | The concentration of a hydrocarbon gas in air above which there is, Insufficient ai to support combustion. Ey September 1998 A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping sictTo GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS vw Vacuum ‘Absence, or a degree of absence, of matter in space. Vapour Gaseous form of a normally iquid or sold substance Vaporiser ‘A heat exchanger used to vaporise iquefied gasses, Vapour Pressure The pressure exerted by the vapour in equilbriam with tne liquid in an enclosed space above the quia, Ventilation The process of maintaining in a space an atmosphere suitable for human access, by natiral or mechanical means, using a fited oF potable system, Venting The release of cargo vapour or inert gas from cargo tanks and associated systems, Flammable and toxic chemical gas which can be liquefied for wansport. Symbol C,CH,Cl Wis a strong carcinogenic product with @ TLV of 2 ppm. ‘A device for measuring viscosity of which three types can be used: Redwood, Saybolt and Engler. In each case the time in seconds for a given quantity of liquid to run from the viscometer ks measured Viscosity ‘The internal resistance of @ Muid to flow. The viscosity of fuids decreases as the temperature riges and Is expressed in Redwood seconds. (1) Dynamic Viscosity of Poise (P): defined as tangential force exerted per unit area on each of two paralel plates at unit distance apart in the ol, one ‘moving in its own plane with a unit velocity relative to the other. (2) Kinematic Viscosity of Stoke (St): for most purposes more convenient 12 se and is dynamic viscosty density. Units normally used are centipoise (cP) and centistokes (eSi), being a one-hundredth part of the respective unt. The most important property of a lubricating ol Void Space ‘An enclosed space in the cargo area or other parts of a ship, not being @ hold space, ballast space, fuel of tank. cargo pump or compressor room, o* any space in normal use by personnel 38 ‘September 1998 SIGTTO. A Glossary of Terms Used in Liquefied Gas Shipping GLOSSARY OF SHIPPING TERMS Ww Wiatkie ~ Talkie” Water Fog ‘A hand held two way portable radio, of limited range, normally using VHF oF UNF feequencies, Very ine droplets of water generated under high pressure injection through Nozzles used to extinguish fie ina ship's compartment of machinery Water Curtain 1). flow of water over a surface to protect it against brite fracture in case of a cargo spill Usually used on the sides of a gas ship under the cargo manifold when cargo operations are taking place. 2) A wall of water generated through nozzles on the jetty. used as fre protection of the shore installation in case of a fire on the ship in the ‘manifold area, i Water Hammer Percussion in pipe when the rate of low changes suddenty Water Pressure Test (1) The testing of @ tank, bulkhead, etc. by filling to the maximum working head wath water, No leaks must occur, deformation may or my ‘not be permitted depending upon the lassficaon of the tank or bukhoad vc. (2) Tho esting ofa pressure vessel or pipe system by hyeraukc pressure to the test pressure lid down by the reguiations. This may be more than the working pressure ‘Water-Spray System ‘A system to provide a blanket of water droplets to cover the cargo ‘manifolds, tank domes, deck storage tanks. and boundaries of superstructure and deckhouses. Unit of power: the rate of work done in joules per second: the energy expended per second by an unvarying electric current of 1 ampere flowing though a conductor the ends of which are maintained at @ potential diffrence of 1 vo. Equivalent to 10; gs per second. The power in watts '5 given by the products of the curent in amperes and the potential

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