Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
OF OCB-283
SUBSYSTEMS & FUNCTIONS
OF OCB-283
GENERAL FUNCTIONAL
BREAKDOWN OF ALCATEL 1000
E-10 (OCB-283)
CCITT #7
SIGNALLING
NETWORK
TELEPHONE
NETWORK
SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION
DATA
ACCESS AND NETWORK
SYSTEM CONTROL
VALUE
ADDED NETWORK
DISK
OPERATION
AND O&M
MAINTENANCE NETWORK
MAGTAPE
PABX
OCB-283 ARCHITECTURE
OCB-283 COMPRISES OF FOLLOWING 3
SUBSYSTEMS
CCITT #7
• SUBSCRIBER
SIGNALLING
NETWORK
ACCESS SUBSYSTEM
TELEPHONE
NETWORK
SUBSCRIBERCONNECTION
DATA
• CONTROL & ACCESS
SYSTEM
AND NETWORK
CONTROL
CONNECTION VALUE
ADDED NETWORK
SUBSYTEM
INTRODUCTION OF OCB-283
• OCB-283 is the latest Electronics Digital
ISDN type Switching technology being
imported in INDIA
• THIS IS MANUFACTURED BY M/S ALCATEL
OF FRANCE
• This Exchanage works on Stored
Programme Control Principle.
• Exchange can work with all types of Circuit
& Subscriber Signallings & also provides
for lot of novel facilities to the
subscribers.
• This exchange can work on Common
Channel Signalling principle using the
CCITT#7 reccommendations .
INTRODUCTION OF OCB-283
•1 SUBSCRIBER ACCESS
SUBSYSTEM
•2 CONNECTION & CONTROL
SUBSYSTEM
•3. OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
SUBSYSTEM
INTRODUCTION OF OCB-283
• A-CONTROL FUNCTIONS
–COMPRISE OF COMMON CONTROL
equipments which;
–process
–monitor
–& control the call setup & release
INTRODUCTION OF OCB-283
–CONNECTION &SWITCHING BLOCK
COMPRISES OF
–Switching matrix equipment for performing
digital time switcihing of speech path
–Connection equipments for connecting PCM
(digital) Junctions from;
– other exchanges &
– RSU’s
– Auxiliary Equipments for Tones ,Frequencies
& other auxillaries for signalling protocol
INTRODUCTION OF OCB-283
EXCHANGE EXCHANGE
A B
VOICE CHANNELS
EXCHANGE
C
RSU
PS 4 EXCH 1 EXCH 2
PS=2000 COC0 PS=3000
CSN 4 CSN 5 SP1 SP2
PS 5 COC1
COC:- COMMON SIGNALLING
CHANNEL
PS 63
CSN 63 NATIONAL
OCB-283
STP
PS= SIGNALLING POINT NO
PS-2033 STP=SIGNAL TRANSFER POINT
CSNs ARE GIVEN LOCAL VERSION OF PS No.
EXCHANGES & STP GET NATIONAL PSNo.
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
SMT LR COM PU
ETA
URM PE
CKTS SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
OCB-283 SWITCHING SYSTEM
Any Automatic Switching System comprises in general of following distinct Subsystems :------
In OCB-283 we can classify various units into following types according to the nature of their functions :-
• Connection Units
-These provide facility to connect a Speech path from a subscribers loop or circuits
from an external PCM and transfers these Speech samples on to selected Time Slots called voice channels
on a LR link (internal PCM)
- These units are
NAME FUNCTIONAL NAME
(a) Subscriber Connection units CSNL,CSND, CSED
(b) Circuit Connection Units SMT (URM )
(c) Tones & Frequency Receiver/ SMA ( ETA )
Sender & Common Channel Signalling SMA ( PUPE )
Protocol Handler
•Switching Network -
These provides facililty for CONNECTING the LRs (internal PCM’s)
coming from connection units and performs Switching Operation for Calling Subs TS onto
Called Subscriber TS & vice versa for a two way connection per call of telephony.
• Control Units
- These units provide control of calls on the basis of Stored programmes
& they process the calls on reception of dialled digits from calling subscriber/ circuit & take part
in handling of call setup & release by processing .monitoring,measuring charging of call &
all other commomn control function s needed for working of an Automatic Common Control
Exchange.
- These Contro units can comprise of following Functions
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
SMT LR COM PU
ETA
URM PE
CKTS SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
OCB-283
SUBSCRIBER ACCESS
SUBSYSTEM
• SUBSCRIBERS IN OCB-283 ARE
CONNECTED ON “ DIGITAL
SUBSCRIBER CENTRE” CSN
• CSN CAN BE LOCAL OR DISTANT
• LOCAL CSN IS CALLED CSNL
• DISTANT CSN IS CALLED CSND
• SUBSCRIBERS CAN ALSO BE
CONNECTED VIA A CSED
• PABX OR CENTREX SUBSCRIBER
CAN ALSO ACCESS TO OCB-283
CONNECTION
CSNL SUBSYSTEM
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
SMT LR COM PU
ETA
URM PE
CKTS SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
CONNECTION SUBSYSTEM
• CONNECTION SUBSYSTEM
COMPRISES OF
SWITCHING MATRIX STATION
SMX
TRUNK MULTIPLEX STATION
SMT
AUXILIARY EQUIPT. STATION
SMA
& ALL ASSOCIATED LR
LINKS
SWITCHING MATRIX STATION
SMX
• SMX IS THE STATION WHERE TWO
WAY TS SWITCHING IS DONE
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
CONTROL
LR
SMT COM PU
CKTS
SUBSYSTEM
URM
ETA
PE
SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
• CONTROL SUBSYSTEM SUPPORTS ALL THE
COMOMN CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF EXCHANGE
WHICH SETUP & RELEASE A CALL
• COMMON CONTROL FUNCTIONS ARE :-
MR,TR,TX,MQ,GX & PC
• IN SOFTWARE FORM THEY ARE CALLED LOGICAL
MACHINES
• HARDWARE COMPONENT IS CALLED MAIN
CONTROL STATION SMC
• ANY ONE OR MANY CONTROL FUNTIONS CAN BE
LOADED IN A HARDWARE STATION.
ROLE OF COMMON
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
• THE MAIN CONTROL STATION SMC SUPPORTS THE
FOLLOWING COMMOMN CONTROL FUNCTIONS FOR
DOING THE DEFINED JOBS
- MR CALL HANDLER(OVERALL CONTROLLER OF
CALLSETUP & RELASE)
- TR TRANSLATOR (DIGIT ANALYSIS & DATA )
- TX CHARGING DEVICE ( TAXING & METERS)
- MQ MESSAGE DISTRIBUTOR (MARKING)
- GX MATRIX SYSTEM HANDLER (SWITCHING)
- PC CCS 7 SIGNALLING LINKS NETWORK
CONTROLLER (MONITORING OF PUPE)
OCB-283 FUNCTIONAL
DIAGRAM
CSNL
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
SUBSYSTEM
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
COMMUNICATION LR
MULTIPLEX
SMT LR COM PU
ETA
URM PE
CKTS SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLEX
• COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX IS THE
HIGHWAY OF COMMUNICATION
BETWEEN VARIOUS HARDWARE
STATIONS OF OCB-283
• IT WORKS ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
TOKEN RING
• THERE ARE TWO TYPE OF COMM.
MULTIPLEXES
– MIS
– MAS
OCB-283 FUNCTIONAL
DIAGRAM
TIME BASE
CSNL
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
SMT LR COM PU
ETA
URM PE
CKTS SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
SYNCHRONISATION & TIME
BASE
• TIME BASE IS USED TO SYNCHRONISE
THE LR LINKS
• TIMEBASE IS GENERATED IN OCB BY
STS EQUIPMENT
• STS COMPRISE OF THREE OSCILLATOR
CARDS PROVIDING TRIPLICATE TIME
BASE
• STS EQUIPMENT IS MOUNTED IN SMM
RACK
OCB-283 FUNCTIONAL
DIAGRAM
CSNL
LR LINKS
LR (4MB / S)
SMX
CSND DT
2 MB/S BT
PCM MCX
LR
SMT LR COM PU
ETA
URM PE
CKTS SMA
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX
TMN
OM MQ GX MR TX TR PC
LR LINKS
• LR LINKS ARE SPEECH CARRYING PCM LINKS WORKING
INTERNALLY IN THE EXCHANGE BETWEEN CONNECTION
UNITS & SWITCHING MATRIX SMX
– CONNECTION UNITS ARE
– CSNL SMT SMA
• LR’s ARE PAIR OF UNIDIRECTIONAL DIGITAL TIME
DIVISION MULTIPLEXED PATHS :
– LRE -> ENTERING SMX
– LRS -> LEAVING SMX
• THESE CARRY 32 TIME SLOTS IN A TIME FRAME OF 125
MICROSECOND WITH 16 BITS PER TIME SLOT
• LR’s WORK ON 4.096 Mega Bits Per Second RATE
• LR’s ARE ALSO CALLED MATRIX LINKS
IN OCB-283
CALL PROCESSING
FUNCTIONAL EQUIPMENTS
INVOLVED IN CALL
MCX
HANDLING
CSNL SC SC CSNL
VC VC
CSND UR
M ETA
SC
CKT COM PU/PE
S SC
MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
VC VC
CSND UR
ETA
M
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
NEW CALL ORIGINATION
• TS-16 OF LR 0 &LR 1 OF CSN ARE SIGNALLING CHANNELS SC BETN. CSN
& THE EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT (PU/PE)
• NEW CALL MESSAGE COMES ON SIG.CHANNEL SC
VC VC
CSND UR
ETA
M
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
CALLING SUBS. COS IDENTIFICATION
• NEW CALL MESSAGE IS SENT TO MR BY
PUPE.
VC VC
CSND UR
ETA
M
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
CALLING SUBS. COS IDENTIFICATION
• NEW CALL MESSAGE IS SENT TO MR BY PUPE.
• MR REQUESTS CALLING SUBSCRIBER DATA FROM TR ..OVER
MIS
• TR PROVIDES CALLING SUB’S COS DATA TO MR
VC VC
CSND UR
ETA
M
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
MCX SIDE ADDRESS OF VC
• MR REQUESTS MQ TO PROVIDE ADDRESS OF
VC ON MCX (LR-LRX CORRESPONDENCE)
• MQ PROVIDES MCX SIDE ADDRESS TO MR
VC VC
CSND UR
ETA
M
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
DIAL TONE PROVISION TO CALLING SUBS.
• MR ORDERS MCX FOR CONNECTING DIAL TONE TO
CALLING SUBS. ON LRS-TS VC
• DIAL TONE IS PROVIDED FROM MCX (DIALTONE
GIVEN BY ETA’s TS-LRE TO MCX)
VC DT
CSND UR ETA
M
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
RECEPTION OF FIRST DIGIT
• FIRST DIGIT IS RECEIVED VIA VOICE CHANNEL
VC IN RGF OF ETA (FOR DTMF SUBS.)
VC
CSND UR ETA
M RGF
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
RECEPTION OF FIRST DIGIT
• FIRST DIGIT IS RECEIVED VIA VOICE CHANNEL VC IN
RGF OF ETA (FOR DTMF SUBS.)
• ETA SENDS IT TO MR ON MAS
• DIAL TONE IS CUT OFF ON ORDERS OF MR
VC
CSND UR ETA
M RGF
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
DIGIT ANALYSIS
• FIRST FEW DIGITS ARE PRE-ANALYSED ON
REQUEST OF MR BY TR
• REMAINING DIGITS MAY BE STILL BEING RECEIVED
VC
CSND UR
M RGF
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING SELECTION
• ANALYSIS OF DIGITS COMPLETED CALLED PARTY COS OBTAINED
ROUTING OF CALL -
• MR ORDERS CSN-B TO TEST ‘B’ & GIVE VC FOR ‘B’
• CSN-B TESTS ‘B’ AND GIVES RINGING TO ‘B’
• MCX GIVES RBT TO ‘A’
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING CALLED PARTY ANSWERS
• CALLED PARTY B GOES OFF HOOK
• CALLED PARTY’S CSN SENDS LOOP CONDITION & VC-B
INFORMATION TO MR OVER SC VIA PUPE
• RINGING CURRENT & RBT ARE STOPPED
VC-A VC-B
CSND UR
M RGF
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
BOTHWAY CONNECTION
• TWO UNIDIRECTIONAL CONNECTIONS ARE
ESTABLISHED IN MCX ON ORDER OF MR VIA GX
BETWEEN VC-A & VC-B
• ‘A’ & ‘ B ‘ CAN NOW CONVERSE
‘A’ MCX ‘B
CSNL SC SC CSNL
VC-A VC-B
CSND UR
M RGF
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
CALL PROCESSING
CHARGING (METERING)
• TWO UNIDIRECTIONAL CONNECTIONS ARE ESTABLISHED
IN MCX ON ORDER OF MR VIA GX
• ‘A’ & ‘ B ‘ CAN NOW CONVERSE
• CHARGING IS STARTED BY TX - MR RELEASED
‘A’ MCX ‘B
CSNL SC SC CSNL
VC-A VC-B
CSND UR
M RGF
SC
COM PU/PE
CKT SC
S MAS
TX TR MR MQ GX PC
MIS
OM SC: Signalling channel
VC: Voice channel
OCB-283
EXCH
AND YOUR
METER
IS RUNNING
HERE!!!
HARDWARE
ARCHITECTURE OF
OCB-283
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF OCB-283
16 LR’S
CSNL STS
MCX
1x3
PCM
CSND LR
SMT SMX
2TO 16
(1 TO 64)x2 (1 TO 8)x2
CSED LR
2 TO 4 SMA
2 TO 64
SMC SMC
(2 TO 32)
MIS 1 A&B
VDU
TTY
SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
LINK TO TMN
OCB-283 COMPONENTS
• 1. SUBSCRIBER ACCESS UNIT
CSN :- CALLED DIGITAL
SUBSCRIBER CENTRE CSN
– IT CAN BE LOCAL -> CSNL
– OR DISTANT ->CSND
• 2.CIRCUIT TERMINATION UNIT
SMT :- CIRCUITS ARE
TERMINATED ON TRUNK
MULTIPLEX CONNECTION UNIT
ITS FUNCTION IS CALLED URM
OCB-283 COMPONENTS
• 3. COMMON CONTROL UNITS:
CALLED MAIN MULTIPROCESSOR
CONTROL STATION SMC , CONTROL
UNITS SUPPORT FOLLOWING
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
MR,TR,TX,MQ,GX,& PC IN
SOFTWARE FORM
• 4. AUXILIARY UNITS:-
CALLED SMA THESE UNITS SUPPORT
FUNCTIONS FOR SIGNALS & TONES:
ETA & PU/PE
OCB-283 COMPONENTS
• 5. SWITCHING MATRIX UNIT
• CALLED SWITCHING MATRIX STATION
SMX COMPRISES OF
– SWITCHING MATRIX->MCX
– SWITCHING SOFTWARE FUNCTION
CALLED -> COM
• 6.OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
UNIT SMM :- ITS FUNCTION IS
CALLED OM
• 7. COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEX:-
THESE ARE MIS & MAS
HARDWARE STATIONS OF OCB-283
• CSN : SUBS.ACC UNIT
• SMC:MAIN CONTROL STATION
• SMA:AUXILIARY EQPT CONTROL CSNL
MCX STS
STATION PCM
CSND
• SMT :TRUNK CONTROL STATION SMT SMX
• SMX:MATRIX CONTROL STATION CSED
• SMM :MAINTENANCE SMA
STATION
• STS :SYNCH. TIME BASE CIRCUITS MAS
• MIS :INTERSTATION COMM.
SMC SMC
SMC
MULTIPLEX
• MAS:STATION ACCESS COMM.
MIS
MULTIPLEX VDU
TTY SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
LINK TO TMN
HARDWARE STATIONS OF OCB-283
• CSN: SUBS. ACCESS UNIT
CSNL
MCX STS
CSND PCM
SMT SMX
CSED
SMA
CIRCUITS MAS
SMC SMC SMC
MIS
VDU
TTY SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
LINK TO TMN
HARDWARE STATIONS OF OCB-283
• CSN :SUBS.ACC UNIT
• SMC:MAIN CONTROL CSNL
STS
STATION PCM
MCX
CSND
SMT SMX
CSED
SMA
CIRCUITS MAS
SMC SMC SMC
MIS
VDU
TTY SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
LINK TO TMN
HARDWARE STATIONS OF OCB-283
• CSN :SUBS.ACC UNIT
• SMC:MAIN CONTROL CSNL
STS
STATION PCM
MCX
CSND
• SMA:AUXILIARY EQPT SMT SMX
CIRCUITS MAS
SMC SMC SMC
MIS
VDU
TTY SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
LINK TO TMN
HARDWARE STATIONS OF OCB-283
• CSN :SUBS.ACC UNIT
• SMC:MAIN CONTROL CSNL
STS
STATION PCM
MCX
CSND
• SMA:AUXILIARY EQPT SMT SMX
MIS
VDU
TTY SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
LINK TO TMN
HARDWARE STATIONS OF OCB-283
• CSN :SUBS.ACC UNIT
• SMC:MAIN CONTROL CSNL
STS
STATION PCM
MCX
CSND
• SMA:AUXILIARY EQPT SMT SMX
CSED
SMC CAN BE LOADED SMA
WITH MR,TR,TX,MQ,
GX &PC SOFTWARE CIRCUITS M IS
SMC
SMA CAN BE LOADED
VDU
WITH ETA,PUPE TTY SMM
SOFTWARE OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS
CONTROL
TERMINAL
PERFORMANCE DATA:-
5 CA/S OR
18000 BHCA
LINK TO TMN
STANDARD CONFIGURATIONS OF OCB-283
SMALL ( P) CONFIGURATION
SMC : 2 +1 BACKUP
SMA : 2 CSNL
MCX STS
SMT : 1 PCM
CSND
SMX : 1 SMT SMX
CSED
SMC CAN BE LOADED SMA
WITH MR,TR,TX,MQ,
GX &PC SOFTWARE CIRCUITS MAS
SMC SMC
SMA CAN BE LOADED
WITH ETA,PUPE MIS
VDU
SOFTWARE TTY SMM
OPERATION &MAINTENANCE
TERMINALS CONTROL
TERMINAL
PERFORMANCE DATA:- LINK TO TMN
36 CA/S OR
1,30000 BHCA
STANDARD CONFIGURATIONS OF OCB-283
CSED
2 SMC’S CAN BE SMA
LOADED WITH
TR,TX,MQ,GX &PC CIRCUITS MAS
SOFTWARE SMC
SMC
100 CA/S OR
3,60000 BHCA
STANDARD CONFIGURATIONS OF OCB-283
220 CA/S OR
800,000 BHCA
SWITCHING PRINCIPLE
AND DESIGN OF
OCB-283
SWITCHING PRINCIPLE
•1.OCB-283 SWITCH WORKS ON SINGLE STAGE
TIME SWITCHING PRINCIPLE
INLET
Sequential Write 0
1 SPEECH
X BUFFER MEMORY
SPEECH OF X X
TS2047 Y TS0
X OUT LET
C OUTGOING LINK CARRYING 2048
O TIME SLOTS OF 64 INTERNAL
N LINK EACH OF 32 TIME SLOTS
0
T
R
Controlled Write 1
O X
Y
L
U CONTROL MEMORY
N Sequential Read
I
T Y X
64x32-1
=2047
SMX-A
CONNECTION UNIT ‘X’
LRE X(A)
X LRE Y(A)
SAB B MLCOM
LRS Y(A)
LRS X(B)
CONNECTION UNIT ‘Y’
SAB A
LRE X(B)
LRE Y(B)
Y MLCOM
SAB B LRS Y(B)
MAS 1 (A & B)
MIS A & B
MIS A & B
CSNL GLR 0B
GLR 1B
SMX
1 GLR =8 LRs
GLR 0A
GLR 1A
SMX 8
B
0 B
SMT
LR
2
G
PCM 1 B
2
CH
3
IT
A
LR
SW
8
G
0
PCM
B
1
A
SWITCHING
2
3
2
1
CIRCUIT GLR OB A MATRIX
CH
CONNECTION A
IT
SW
EQPT. GLR OA
A
AUXILIARY
EQPT SMA
SPEECH PATH IN OCB-283
SPEECH PATH IN OCB-283
• SPEECH PATH IN OCB-283
CONSISTS OF
– SUBSCRIBER ACCESS UNITS CSNs
– TRUNK MULTIPLEX CONNECTION
STATION UNITS SMTs
– AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT STATION
UNITS SMAs
– SWITCHING MATRIX STATIONS SMXs
– NETWORK LINKS LR’s
SUBSCRIBER ACCESS IN
OCB-283
CSNL & CSND
CONFIGURATION
CSNL
256
SUBS CSN
CNE CNL BASIC OCB-283
256 RACK
SUBS
PCM
SWITCH
256
SUBS
CSN
CNL BASIC
256 RACK PCM
SUBS. PCM
CNE
CSND
SUBSCRIBER ACCESS UNITS
CSNL OR CSND RACKS
X TO
BASIC RACK
N LR
SM S
K
LI
T
TOND C
R
M
TOND T
T
C
UCX0 UCX1 GTA R
M CNL OR ICNE
T
T T
C C
CNL OR ICNE R CNL OR ICNE R
M M
T T
T T
C C
CNL OR ICNE R CNL OR ICNE R
M M
T T
T T
C C
CNL OR ICNE R CNL OR ICNE R
M M
T T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R CNL OR ICNE
M
T
EXTENSION RACKS
SUBSCRIBER ACCESS UNITS
CSNL OR CSND RACKS
X TO
N LR
SM S
K
LI
T
TOND C
R
TOND M
T
T
T T
T
C C
CNL OR ICNE R CNL OR ICNE R
M M
TOND
T T
C CNL OR ICNE
T
C
R
M
CNL OR ICNE
T
C
R
M
R T
T
T
M
C C
CNL OR ICNE R CNL OR ICNE R
TOND
M M
T T
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
CNL OR ICNE
T
T
C
UCX0 UCX1 GTA R
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
T
CSN BASIC RACK
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
CSNL OR CSND SHELF NAMES
POWER
BASIC RACK SUPP INTERFACE
T
TOND C
R
M
TBALAM
TOND T
T
INTERFACE WITH UCX0 UCX1 GTA
C
R TBUCN
EXCHANGE M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R TBABM2
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R TBABM2
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R TBABM2
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R TBABM2
M
T
GLR TO GLR TO
SMX B SMX A
GLR0 &1(A)
GLR 0&1(B) AUX. EQPT
T
TOND C
CONTROL R
M
LOGICS TOND T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T SUBS. CONNECTION
T
C
SHELFS
CNL OR ICNE R
M
PCM T
CNE T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
1 GLR= 8 LRS
TWO GLR/CSN
CSN HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
DIGITAL CONTROL UNIT
CSND BASIC
UCN
RACK IN CASE OF CSNL IN CASE OF CSNL
TCILR TCBTL
T T T
T T
T T T T T T T
TOND 80 (0) C
B C
R R R B B C C
A ~ 40 V O
B
S
13 12 9 8 5 4
S
1
S
0
T T R R
L T T T
D D M M T T T T
TOND 80 (1) T T T T T S S S S
A R R U U U U
R B A
~40 V R R R R
N S S S V V V V
15 14 11 10 7 6 3 2 2 2 2 2
T
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
T T T T T T T T T R R R M M P C C H H R R F
T T 5
V
C C P M MR R R P M C
B C C U U Q C C C
C C C Q U U C C L L F F I O L
1
7
X X X R C C S S R R 8 8 L R
U S S C C R X X X T 2 B B B M
S A
B 2 S B M
C M U
M B T
5 T
N C V
1
* * * 7
T
TOND C
CONTROL R
M
LOGICS TOND T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T SUBS. CONNECTION
T
C
SHELFS
CNL OR ICNE R
M
PCM T
CNE T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
T
C
CNL OR ICNE R
M
T
1 GLR= 8 LRS
TWO GLR/CSN
CSN EXTENSION
RACK
LOCALSUBSS.
CONCENTRATOR
CNL OR ICNE
CNL OR ICNE
EXPANDED VIEW OF
C N L SHELF CNL OR ICNE
CNL OR ICNE
CNL OR ICNE
CNL OR ICNE
CNL OR ICNE
TT T T TTT T TT T
AA A A P HH A AA C
BB B B OLL B BB R
AA A A L RR A AA M
01 15T
DETAILS OF CN SHELF
SUBSCRIBER CARDS
16 SUBS / CARD
MAX. 16 CARDS
T TTT TT TT TT
A AAA P H HA AC
B BBB OL L B BR
A AAA LR RA AM
T
COM 5
8 LR 2047
LR 2047
256x256 SQUARE MATRICES
LRE 0 LRS 0
0~63 I/L
64x64
0~63 O/L
256x256
SQUARE 64~127 O/L
MATRIX
EXPANDE
D VIEW
64 x64
BASIC 128~191 O/L
SQUARE
MATRIX
192~255 O/L
64~127
192~255
TWO WAY SWITCHING OF TIME SLOTS OF X->Y & Y->X
IN SINGLE STAGE TIME SWITCH OF OCB-283
R 64x32-1
R 64x32-1
=2047 =2047
Y X
OUT LET TS2047 TS0
C OUT LET TS2047 TS0
C
O O
N N
T
T W 0
1
R
W 0
1
R
O CONTROL MEMORY O CONTROL MEMORY
L L
U U
X y Y X
N R N R
I 64x32-1
I 64x32-1
T =2047 T =2047
SWITCH OF Y SWITCH OF X
BASIC 64x64 SQUARE MATRIX BASIC 64x64 SQUARE MATRIX
CORRESPONDING TO LRE OF X CORRESPONDING TO LRE OF Y
WITCHING RACKS OF OCB-283 (FOR 1024 LRS
4 SMX SWITCHES IN EACH BRANCH
B BRANCH
A BRANCH
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
UNITS: SMA
• SMA IS THE HARDWARE STATION WHICH SUPPORTS
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FUNCTIONS -(DOING FOLLOWING JOBS)
SMC
SMC
SMA SMC
SHELF
SMA
SMA
TRUNK MULTIPLEX
CONTROL STATION : SMT
• SMT IS THE HARDWARE STATION
WHERE THE
EXTERNAL PCMS ARE
TERMINATED
• SMT HARDWARE IS FULLY SMC
DUPLICATED IN TWO LOGICS
• IT OCCUPIES TWO SHELVES OF A SMT(A)
RACKS
• THERE ARE TWO GENERATIONS OF PCM
SMT’s SMT(B) TER
MIN
– SMT 1G CAN CATER TO 32 PCMS ATIO
ON
– SMT 2G CAN CATER TO 128 PCMS
CONNECTING OF AUTOMATIC
DIGITAL ANNOUNCEMENT IN OCB-283
• AUTOMATIC ANNOUNCEMENTS ARE PROVIDED IN OCB-283 AT THE
SWITCHING MATRIX IN THE FORM OF DIGITAL RECORDED VOICE MESSAGES
STORED IN PCB’s
• THERE ARE TWO PCB’s :- ICMPN2 ->RAM & VOLATILE MEMORY ICSMP
->EPROM SAVES VOICE-ANN. ( DIGITAL )
• THESE TWO CARDS ARE SITUATED IN SMM RACK & THE ANNOUNCEMENTS
ARE CARRIED BY ONE PCM LINK FROM ICMPN 2 CONNECTED TO ONE SMT;
FROM SMT LINK GOES AS LR LINK TO SMX WHERE ITS TIME SLOTS ARE
USED FOR GETTING THE RESPECTIVE ANNOUNCEMENTS.
LR LINKS
SMM RACK SMT RACK
PCM
DDF
CONTROL STATIONS OF OCB-283
0 GLR( A & B) GLR (A & B)
CSNL 3 0 S
1 4 1 M
0
PCMS SMT 1 MAIN
2
3 MULTI PROCESSOR
CONTROL
STATIONS :SMC
MIS A & B
MAINTENANCE
MAS 1
STATIONS
SMC1 SMC2 SMC
SMM A&B
MIS A & B
SMMA SMMB
MIS A & B
MAL
MAS : MAS CAN BE FROM 0 TO 4 RINGS & ARE DUPLICATED AS A & B
MIS : MIS IS ONE RING DUPLICATED AS A & B
MAL : ALARM RINGS CAN BE UPTO 5 AND DUPLICATED AS A & B
COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEXES
• COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEXES ARE THE HIGHWAYS OF
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN VARIOUS CONTROL STATIONS OF
OCB-283
• THERE ARE THREE TYPE OF COMMUNICATION MULTIPLEXES:
– MAS TOKEN RING :-STATION ACCESS MULTIPLEX ,IT IS
BETWEEN
• CONNECTION STATIONS (EXCEPT CSN) AND ALL SMC’s
• SWITCHING STATIONS AND ALL SMC’s
• IT IS ONE OF THE
PERIPHERAL TERMINAL OF
SMM WORKING ON
ASYNC.LINE FOR O&M
• IT SHOWS THE GENERAL
DISPLAY OF ALARMS IN
EXCHANGE PGS/TI
• IT PROVIDES ASSISTANCE IN
MAN-MACHINE COMMANDS
IN TI:INTELLIGENT MODE
CONTROL TERMINALS
MIS
CONTROL TERMINASL
• THESE ARE SYSTEM VIDEO SMM
TERMINALS CONNECTED CONTROL
TO SMM TERMINAL
AFGRA=SMA-GLR AFGRX=2-8
AFGRX=2-11 SMX2 ( A &B)
AFGRA=n-0
SMAn
AM=SMAn AFGRX=3-3
PCM AFGRT=n-0
AFGRT=n-1
SMTn AFGRT=n-2
AM=SMTn AFGRT=n-3 SMX8 ( A &B)
SIMPLE SOPHISTICAT
MEANS:- PARITY PARITY CRC
TYPE :- PERMANENT PERMANENT ON REQUEST
SWITCHING IN OCB-283
DEFINITION OF ADDITIONAL BITS IN SAB FUNCT
ADDITIONAL BITS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 SPEECH BITS 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ADDITIONAL 8 BITS
MODES OF OPERATION
PERMANENT MODE MULTIFRAME MODE
BIT 13 =0 BIT 13=1 (SYNC WORD)
BIT 14=0 (HOMOLOGOUS RESULT BIT 14=CONTROL BI
OF LRS A&B TSi ON LRE-TSi :IF NOT,=1)
BIT 15= PARITY BIT 15= CRC BIT
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OF OCB-283
Rack Size in : 2000 Hx 950 Wx 690 D
(mm)
No of Rows (Suits) in a Switch Room : Not Fixed
No of Racks per suite : Not Fixed but for practical convenience may be
limited upto 16
Inter Suite Gap : Min. 800 mm to 1000 mm Max:- Variable
Clearance from Sidewalls : 1500 mm
Height of Ceiling Minimum : 3000 mm
Approximate floor area for a 6k exchange : 44 sq m
Sequence of lay out of racks in suites :
No special sequence or restriction (other than specific to site)
except for following
CA & DBM racks to be installed together preferably in middle of
Suites of racks
XA Racks to be installed in continuity & in Identical locations in
two suites for the branches A & B
OCB-283 RACKS - Front View
CA DBM CB CC XA UA
SMC SMC SMC SMC
1 SMC +STS+SMMA/B MTU 3 SMC + 2 SMA 5 SMCs Only SMX’s 1 SMC+ 2 SMT’s
UB UC UD CSN-BASIC CSN-EXTN.
SMC SMC SMC UCN CNL
4
SMT-A SMA SMT-A CNL0 CNL5
1500
CSN CSN
TR07 UE1
021 020
800
950
CSN CSN
TR05 011 010
UD1 UC2 XA1B XA2B
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
I
VDU VDU VDU VDU R
P
OPERATION ROOM ACDB
CONNECTION UNITS’ UR DESIGNATION
NUMBERING IN OCB-283
TYPE OF CONN.UNIT S/W MACHINE RANGE OF UR NO.S
UR NUMBERING SCALE UR #
1234 63 64 223 224 256
• CALCULATING LR ‘s
MODULARITY OF LR’s (30 voice channel carrying links)
Minimum 8 LRs called GLR can be installed
TYPE OF CONN. UNIT LR REQUIRED GLRS
CSNL 16 2
SMT 1G 32 4
SMT 2G 128 16
SMA 8 1
Calculate based upon Total Subscriber Number & TRAFFIC
PER LINE the No of CSNL racks required & GLRs
Calculate based upon the projected circuit traffic the total No
of Circuits needed & Calculate No of SMTs & GLRs
Calculate based upon the projected Signalling traffic the total
No of RF & PUPE needed & Calculate No of SMAs & GLRs
DIMENSIONING OF OCB-283
• CALCULATING SWITCHING MATRIX SIZE
MODULARITY OF SMX
SMX :- Maximum 256 LRs or 32 GLRs/SMX
XA RACK:- 2 SMX STATIONS/ XA RACK
RCID CARD SLOTS PER XA RACK =32
TOTAL NO OF SMX STATIONS REQUIRED = TOTAL GLRs/32
TOTAL NO OF XA RACKS NEEDED =TOTAL SMXs/2
WITHIN SMX MODULARITY OF :-
RCID CARD 16 LRs or 2 GLRs
RCMT CARD 64 LRs or 8 GLRs
RCSM CARD 4 PER SMX (IN STEPS OF 1 RCSM/ PAIR OF
RCSM FROM RCMT0 TO RCMT7 )
IF GLRs >128 THEN MORE THAN 16 RCMT NEEDED
AND SECOND SHELF OF EACH SMX WILL BE USED WITH
MORE RCMT’s & RCSMs CARDS AS PER SIZE + 1 RCMP
DIMENSIONING OF OCB-283
• CALCULATING SMA
MODULARITY OF SMA
MINIMUM 2 SMA -> SMA 1 & SMA 2 ( ALWAYS NEEDED)
NO OF SMA NEEDED DEPENDS UPON
• NO OF ETAs REQUIRED
• NO OF PUPEs REQUIRED
– ETA REQUIREMENT DEPENDS UPON
– TOTAL RF (RGF) CIRCUITS REQUIRED
– TOTAL CCF CIRCUITS REQUIRED
ICTSH CARD PROVIDES 8 RGF/CARD OR 8 CCF /CARD :
IN SMA 1 & 2 UPTO 7 ICTSH OF RGF TYPE & 1 ICTSH OF CCF TYPE
& IN OTHER SMAS 8 ICTSH OF RGF TYPE & 2 ICTSH OF CCF TYPE CAN BE
INSTALLED.
– PUPE REQUIREMENT DEPENDS UPON
– TOTAL NO OF CCS7 DATA LINKS TO BE TERMINATED
ACHIL CARD PROVIDES FOR 16 CCS7 DATA LINKS PER CARD
ONE SMA HOLDS MAXIMUM 2 ACHIL CARD GIVING 1 PUPE
ONE PUPE IS KEPT SPARE AS STANDBYE
DIMENSIONING OF OCB-283
• CALCULATION OF SMCs
• SMCs ARE CALCULATED BASED UPON THE TOTAL PROJECTED TRAFFIC OF
THE EXCHANGE BASED UPON THE SPECIFIC TRAFFIC DATA OF THE AREA OF
THE EXCHANGE & THE CONFIGURATION OF THE EXCHANGE REQUIRED:
• SMC’S ARE THE H/W STATION SUPPORTING THE S/W LOGICAL MACHINES ‘ML’
OF COMMON CONTROL FUNCTIONS OF EXCHANGE :-
ML -> MR TR TX MQ GX & PC
• THESE LOGICAL MACHINES ‘ML’ ARE LOADED EITHER INDIVIDUALLY OR IN
DEFINITE COMBINATIONS OF ‘ML’s IN SMC’S.
• THE SIZE OF THE FILES OF FOLLOWING MLs IS FIXED & THE FUNCTIONS OF
THESE ‘ML’s ARE DUPLICATED ; (ONLY TWO OF EACH TYPE )
– MLMQ,MLGX & MLPC
• THE SIZE OF FILES OF FOLLOWING ML’s DEPENDS UPON THE TOTAL NUMBER
OF SUBSCRIBERS & TOTAL CIRCUITS & THESE ML’S FUNCTIONS ARE ALSO
ONLY DUPLICATED ;
– MLTR & MLTX
• THE SIZE OF MLTX ALSO DEPENDS UPON TOTAL ERLANGE TRAFFIC TO BE
HANDLED BECAUSE IT PROVIDES THE CHARGING REGISTERS WHICH HANDLE
THE CALLS DURING THE CONVERSATION PHASE OF CALLS (1 REGISTER/CALL)
– EACH MLTX HOLDS MACROPROGRAMME MEMORIES IN
BLOCKS ; BLOCKS CAN BE MINIMUM 1 TO MAX. 4
– EACH BLOCK GIVES 2000 (OR 3000) CHARGING REGISTERS
DIMENSIONING OF OCB-283
• CALCULATION OF SMCs (CONTD ->)
• THE MLMR IS THE LOGICAL MACHINE WHICH IS THE OVERALL CONTROLLER OF
THE CALL,HENCE
– IT IS ACTIVE FOR THE LONGEST DURATION DURING PROCESSING , ANALYSIS
& SELECTION & SETUP / RELEASE OF CALLS ;
– THIS IS THE MACHINE WHICH IS REQUIRED TO WORK WITH EVERY EVENT
OF THE SUBSCRIBERS/ CIRSUITS DURING SETUP & RELASE .
• MLMR’s CAN BE MINMUM 2 & MAXIMUM 7 ,& EACH MLMR FUNCTION
HANDLES UPTO 1016 SIMULTANEOUS CALLS INDEPENDENTLY & ITS
MEMEORIES ARE NOT DUPLICATED
• AN MLMR CAN HAVE 1 TO 4 BLOCKS OF MACRO-PROGRAMME MEMORIES
; EACH BLOCK HOLDS 256 CALL HANDLING REGISTERS , HENCE MAXIMUM
REGISTERS PER MLMR =1024 ;
• 2 REGISTERS PER BLOCK OF MACRO-PROGRAMME DO NOT HANDLE CALLS
HENCE NET AVAILABLE REG./BLOCK=254
• MAXIMUM REGISTERS / MLMR=1016 AVAILABLE FOR HANDLING CALLS
• DEPENDING UPON THE TOTAL EXCHANGE’S PROJECTED TRAFFIC & BHCA
( CALLING RATE OF ALL SUBS./CKTS) ; THE TOTAL NUMBER OF REGISTERS
REQUIRED IS ESTIMATED.
• DEPENDING UPON NO. OF REGISTERS REQUIRED - THE ACTUAL MEMEORY SIZE
OF MLMR IS OBTAINED & THEN THE NO. OF MLMR’s NEEDED IS DECIDED.
• MLMR IS HAVING THE LOWEST TRAFFIC HANDLING CAPACITY ,HENCE IT IS THE
MOST CRITICAL COMMON CONTROL FUNCTION IN EXCHANGE
• CALCULATION OF SMCs (CONTD ->)
• LOGICAL MACHINES ARE LOADABLE IN SMC’s IN COMBINATIONS SHOWN IN TABLE -1
& THIS GIVES TRAFFIC HANDLING CAPACITIY OF SMC’S FOR SUCH COMBINATIONS .
• DEPENDING UPON REQUIRED TRAFFIC HANDLING CAPACITY THE NUMBER OF MLMR’s
& THE RIGHT COMBINATIONS OF ML’s IS TO BE SELECTED.
• MAXIMUM MEMEORY SIZE OF AN SMC IS = 36 MB THEREFORE IF IN THE EXISTING
COMBINATIONS, IF THE SIZE OF ANY ‘ML’ INCREASES DUE TO INCREASE IN SIZE OF
EXCHANGE EQPTS., OR IN TRAFFIC , THEN ADDITIONAL SMC’s MAY BE REQUIRED TO
DE-COMBINE THE ‘ ML’s.
• NORMALLY IN A MEDIUM SIZE EXCHANGE OF 10 K TO 20 K LINES & (PROPORTIONATE
NO. OF CIRCUITS) THERE ARE 5 SMC’S WHICH HOLD THE ML’s AS FOLLOWS;
– 2 SMC’s WITH ->MLMQ,MLTR,MLTX,MLGX,MLPC
– 2 SMC’s EXCLUSIVELY FOR - > MLMR1 & MLMR2
– 1 SMC AS RESERVE OR STANDBYE
• AS THE NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS & CIRCUITS INCREASES OR AS THE TOTAL TRAFFIC
INCREASES THERE WILL BE CORRESPONDING NEED OF INCREASE IN SIZE OF MLTR
OR MLTX OR BOTH ; THEREFORE ACCORDINGLY, AFTER CALCULATING THE SIZE OF
MEMEORIES OF THESE ML’s IT MAY BE REQUIRED TO SHIFT THESE ML’s IN
EXCLUSIVE SMC’s OF THEIR OWN.
• FOR CALCULATING THE MLMR & MLTX REGISTERS THE EMPIRICAL FIGURES OF
HANDLING & PROCESSING TIME etc. CAN BE TAKEN FROM THOSE CORRESPONDING TO
MR & TX REGISTERS OF E-10B
• FOR CALCULATING SIZE OF MLTR MEMEORY THE EXISTING SIZE OF MLTR MAY BE
TAKEN & PROPORTIONATE INCREASE MAY BE INCORPORATED
TABLE -1 :- TRAFFIC HANDLING CAPACITIES OF
SMC’S
COMBINATION OF ML’s TRFC. HANDLING CAP. MIN. NO & MAX.
OR FUNCTIONS IN SMC CALL ATT./SECOND/SMC NO OF SUCH SMCS
1.MR,MQ,TR,TX,GX,PC 18 CA/S 2 - 2
2.MQ,GX,TR,TX,PC 50 CA/S 2 - 2
3.MQ,GX,PC 110 CA/S 2 - 2
4.TR 110 CA/S 2 - 2
5.TX 110 CA/S 2 - 2
6.MR 36 CA/S 2 - 7
E
SMC 32 A 4A
H G
RT HN
SMA 24 A 3A
EA CA
EX
SMX
SMT1G 34 A 4.5 A
SMT2G
SMM
CSN B
CSN E
HART OF INSTALLATION ACTIVITIES OF A MEDIUM SIZE OCB-283 EXCHN
IN DAYS
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4
ACTIVITY DAYS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
MARKING
TILE CUTTING
BASE PLATE FIXING
RACK FIXING AND ALIGNMENT
FIXING DCDB, ACDB, IRP, ALARM BOX
LAYING DCDB TO SDE POWER CABLE
LAYING O/P CABLE TO DCDB POWER CABLE
LAYING SDE TO RACK ENERGY CABLES
INTER RACKS AND INTER CSNL CABLING
SMM TO IRP CABLES
ACDB TO PERIPHERALS POWER CABLES
IRP TO PERIPHERALS SIGNAL CABLES
PCM CABLE LAYING AND LACING
PCM CABLE PREPARATION (BOTH SIDES)
PCM CABLE TERMINATION (BOTH SIDES)
BUZZING PCM CABLE
ALARM CABLE LAYING AND TERMINATION
SUBS CABLE LAYING AND LACING
SUBS CABLE PREPARATION (BOTH SIDES)
SUBS CABLE TERMINATION (BOTH SIDES)
SUBS CABLE BUZZING AND FAULT CLEARING
A-B WIRE CHECK AND FAULT CLEARANCE
LOCAVAR
ALARM TESTING
SMM TEST
JUNCTION DATA VERIFICATION AND TEST
SUBSCRIBER DATA TEST
JUNCTION THROUGH TESTS
FSQ TEST
ISDN :
THE CONCEPT OF
MODERN COMMUNICATION
YOR FUTURISTIC
HOME IN INDIAN VILLAGE
WASHING
MACHINE CAMERA
YOUR COMPUTER
WILL TALK TO FROM CARPHONE YOUR WIFE
ELECTRICITY AUTHORITIES CAN ORDE R OVEN TO START
TO DECIDE WHEN
TO PUT ON
THE WASHING MACHINES