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Basics
Addressing and Name Resolution
IP Addressing
An IP address is 32 bits in size
Every IP address is grouped into four 8-bit octets
Octets are separated by decimal points
Valid octet numbers range from 0 to 255 and represent a
binary address
Addressing and Name Resolution
Static address
IP address that is manually assigned to a device
Dynamic address
IPaddress that is assigned to a device through
DHCP
Dotted decimal notation
“Shorthand” convention used to represent IP
addresses and make them more easily readable
by people
Network Classes
Multicasting
Allows one device to send data to a specific group of devices
(not the entire network segment)
New addressing scheme is being developed
IP version 6 (IPV6) will incorporate this new scheme
Subnetting
Figure 5:
Network with
several
subnets
Subnetting
Figure 6: Data
traveling over
subnets
Finding Subnet Address
Socket
Logical address assigned to a specific process running on a
host computer
The socket’s address combines the host computer’s IP address
with the portnumber associated with a process
Port numbers in the range of 0 to 1023 are called well-
known ports
Sockets and Ports
Table 2:
Commonly
used TCP/IP
port numbers
Sockets and Ports
Resolvers
Hosts
on the Internet that need to look up domain
name information
Name servers
Servers that contain databases of names and their
associated IP addresses
Each name server manages a group of device,
collectively known as a zone
Configuring DNS
Figure 11-12:
Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
Properties dialog
box in Windows
2000
Configuring DNS
Figure 11-13:
DNS
Configuration
properties tab
DNS Name Space
Name space
Refers to the actual database of Internet IP addresses and their
associated names
Every name server holds a piece of the DNS name space
At the highest level of the hierarchy sit the root servers
DNS Name Space
Resource record
Element of a DNS database stored on a name server that
contains information about TCP/IP host names and their
addresses
Address resource record
Type of resource record that maps the IP address of an Internet-
connected device to its domain name
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)
Lease
Agreement between DHCP server and client on how long the client
will borrow a DHCP-assigned IP address
Figure 11-15:
DHCP lease
agreement
Terminating a DHCP Lease
Figure 11-16:
Advanced
TCP/IP
Settings
dialog box in
Windows
2000
Addressing in IPv6
IPv6
Also known as IP next generation or IPng
Slated to replace the current IP protocol, IPv4
Perhaps the most valuable advantage IPv6 offers over IPv4 is
its promise of billions and billions of additional IP addresses
through its new addressing scheme
Addressing in IPv6
Unicast address
Type of IPv6 address that represents a single interface on a
device
Multicast address
Type of address in IPv6 that represents multiple interfaces,
often on multiple nodes
Anycast address
Type of address specified in IPv6 that represents a group of
interfaces, any of which can accept a transmission
Addressing in IPv6
Figure 11-17:
How RARP
works
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) and
Post Office Protocol (POP)
SMTP
Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to
another
POP
Provides centralized storage for e-mail messages
Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
ARP table
Database that lists the associated MAC and IP
addresses
Contains two types of entries:
Dynamic ARP table entries
Static ARP table entries
ARP utility provides a way of obtaining
information from and manipulating a device’s
ARP table
Packet Internet Groper (PING)
Figure 11-25:
Detailed
information
available through
winipcfg
Ifconfig
Newsgroups
Provides means of conveying messages in which
information is distributed to a wide group of users at
once
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
Supports process of reading newsgroup messages, posting
new messages, and transferring news files between news
servers
E-commerce
Means of conducting business over the Web
Voice Over IP (VoIP)
One end of the call uses a PC, while the other end relies on a
traditional telephone