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e€f)\1'l1eJllNl es-; ,e~ Ka~~j0,r, (l ~iB] ) . ~

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.It. tras~ bl 'jpmn.'t, ;\\1]:w£1ID; il~u~'{ti;t¢s i1l,e_:Ilind8J:noo,ta! lnaE>iliry.'. r tfte ~€'nJ~Ifi~.lll,)\ p ~" ~t.d~d ,~»ouo}ll. to aGC1;~'mmGhteJw~ te~ Qfraptd te€b.~t-,*~goc«~ iRrtl€fV~n0!n 1$ dl€ ~penDi@cm .. (l)f tq.€ ~ud@neoC' ciqt. of A_1f.d1Je'~~jl·~~iM ~e~c.,tT1.;v~sibi[r:sk.?tI In ]9!i7 R:b:rus, _ bev', ~p0ri,~ rg~'mWlm if.'€f.m rh~·". ruted,. ~te~· timed ,. - e~!1th'll1Jl:u~ .Am~€aA ~Jfiif,~ "ici:y Ja.PJ1pus:]' '.'d~·}l1 6o:nvin'Gw tha~pn the rilJkw. ,dllIofw(i

~vie se~enm~ m;:)1dd ~l[ntlfi~B ~ ~ W ~tp 'i!g}li'l$ltQ'1\.. Bp th, d'ri.ce yri a Itea'd~'fj"li·mtt~~$..t!~~:, ~_iad!, 1:av,enti~~" h la:unclmd the 001., stru Bon @,F~ seienee tcii~'·.n the "SiQ'e1jap b'lF~' f4lJ ~Si ~0lt,tlie ShM€$ ofiiieJn;tiji'-.'~ "n~rr~ft, iaj~.Bt to" tJu!"delib~rat~ly separated Born" the main m~~erljam in.dm:trial ~n~p,01.i ti~~ ~n t -, N~v0~rs s,pm'@lar tke b"s~ y.:¢! ~ o;l~, (£l~~3!lJt !! "~i~ ~ill . ·&aJ·e.ntin th£~:vi~ lJnAon were given ineen« ti~e~ to s0~nl!. tbe~~r~a¥ '£FIlm, Ih~a.li:a'qe~~ opr~llu.fracy ~f M&tt.Jw 2gn.gt - ~~, :q~pt3~ ~n~ s(JmavlJa t ffner :U.O'Ill (fues:. id601ogiGal,c~:n 1To1. L~ ulli~ 19't~'lS,. ~~ij~'m,g~~"'lD*.i9~~:'bed as, .~igf rrtentifj"_ CfJi1ter

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dii f.!1ijlS.J: b~tWtf~ mn-JJi' ~~~: m~i¢ tt. imp~ibt~ 't rba;rm,~r." ~'L, .• _

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:1" :$t~~ .~~ .. Ii,' \ :tl'Me'~, it seun~ ~~tta.lft~ .eviti·"nt mat it was im.po'SllJle' tG m~d~;r[li)Jl~~ ~b"e'[~~tm.IJ)~b~~'(l !e. gB.}~n t ,o.:F the ee~~¥'wi[haut

~ v~ J.aJ1l]l?J:Rg ~~ e'~Ere ~t~PL P-Fe:c 1.:i'eJ, . "&ea~ tbe planrl.d ¢t.0nomy. l:uw:te I,~ ~_ .= bl~lM'1 u1lretd"e_;pe 'r' - . -.~ It \~ mmpossibl~ WL rem'Cfd"y

[~~~lHtaf~lZf~~~~ ~~~ .t~ ~m~ ~M1t:~d~~~., ellS tfGif' tDtn. ,~- .. p[~ lele~~tr.'_ ew~f) ',IIKll&U ~~b ug ~ac:&J ~OOlent ~£!he . $~m t&· ~tetff;l¢ 'witlI Ih~

~1iti.e~~ ~0. ~ge.~e .~~~[~~ 1Jl~ . ~gc ,ttf estol, scarcC~ f.F~igrt ~~cll- 1~~0 .7, ~,eJQiJl~~~"~Of ~,-. SHl11n"'1 '1:ndj,srp,eJilsabl6 gCgtll~UL ipf tn~~~, "]i'er1$l .~r· ~lGl .·e ~Ji!lQn[t1 ,:ga\fS!l tl{i)! the milit!~r:y~ffii ".ust¢ia1 S'eC10r 11 and

~~f·~~1J~~::'~ ~ ~I~~ ~,~_ O:~Ou~etwe'en Cwo incre~gl ~~E)p1-' ~ aJil; !.~ ~b.~~1i0811·'fal ~@msl~ tbe war .', _ ,- '~h:iIut ana tt{· s:urnval ~1€'O:nitJn~"

I!z~j~~:t ";';,:it I~.ut i.a~~si~al ~itpl~ssio'lll and the p'~ILl1tcSJ}f WQ[M' Ulla'lrl'oB GQRb;;e)I'w~ll~.€-r~j¥, Q~!i~ le,~.fi. mu 'tvaD.oQ. aqd dif{MieD 0

t~ [\, ,i(~Jllla~ :"I?i'l\t'S W~·" e]5 (OCll~ d 0D intOfiWld.on P G 6s~ing.1"l 1;;wu6:~ iH- ml~ ]'§I lOS t11 -. ~~eJ~Sifs '. S,.r - ··SOl we. 'e Idt l!iehiDd.. to'be

F~w.la~1tIJ ~Y;. tJj[~ gilla\1~ ~1iJu~qtlYes of~_(:t~n.titilZ and te~i,hU rev~

], t:~ ~J" 1-1. <Ill ;W1 1-.. ~ ... ,~ kloli" ,.., " .... ",. L "1::.0- ~,:~ ~ ..JI

. ilil~·m :a:s: Jw.'l.6. :m.3.,I:_'ilrtAI uJJ::S!lii!l r L!l.' SICllj"~~;A,I<m> ., €-[[!].A0 was Uu8itll-!i~.e.u

s1tq~-&y' ift,~ IQiJJtmlrtt-1ftav"s_ fall .rthQigglI 0IIl}!:d '1\ exerrising m.£.eL" l~Ewa~ lelmO~ ~1t 20 '~aF&; Rc'y:h~~Gtics" Geas:c!d t·@'ue 000' il'gr~li a I~tl!l §eiQ .. S' ~'tien,~.~1 m~1t_nfati_ al mtrJit@t lvert!' in reduced in ~0l!)1l}liJiliks,· ~. m ,an~ysis ;wu fav.~fllbly' lro~' "'eJjted ~'OR in th~ ~~'~i ~ ~ni1!l~~S'~ crr(flJts~ ,J»l4~ n\~i~ ~g!im :antly, he ~ade'Dl¥ of LireR~6S 'l;~c~Lved stra~ material SllPpDtt .. aird Q:ollSid~t$lc bureau~~,tit :a~~1~~t$1)~ rm 'Iliik~ '_ . 0r~,ts ~lm ,.~,- including ~erGlismg its 1~;W,n i d'e811a.l'ical G€Jlt'tFals. 'Yet". S"oviet sci'etJ,pe' and te'Cnnol;.@gy le~n!}.~~nim:~~ t~ &Uif.eV'fi:,om bilit~au~q, Id€ol~~tal ~1>ntro1~ iJDd pl.illt-· i~a~: Ele~'Fasi!~n.?g JiEee~ t~ rre mtttr1latioti=U srlentifi:t 00InlB nOry,

'bTbm~.l'~l€~ Vt€I"J ]~mi' tk and p.waj a:bte QuI)' to J. select F(JUE GfSCldlr e:tsts'j I~Q'Siely IS .lrF\rtdlilt~ 'flth the- ,e'llSuiuli njllr!icB4p fer sctientifiE 'tv(~rs:s~ji' ~dJ.tzA'ni,6n·. hsearoo infQrmatlp was i[l1tered.~ R'J!§i $8 ~i(fll!lS~(?)D 6;f tijldi1fl,g$ wMY.ccm1t'QUe.d a:tiji limited.~ Scie,nce bUr~~ .

''1 .,Sm~l (tl19$' ~ ,.

~f $J.1t~~~IJJf4 ~] QS'S}.

T.,h~ AlJlullfio -) of tliJ;en1lny and 'he crisis 0" Soviet

f.e'deJ'alism .

~ ~tt~~ rt~~~1!fjJj~ ~ ~J(})Wied:~~. t~tQn~~~D1j na~~ p! fine twrJ}.I~m.PIA!t i1JMr;1i 1I!w L 'i~ 'u iItiJ ~~~ JJt ~ht!" McsSiam ltllrt'eA~ltPit\; J4iI'itr.d .;0: Il~trilrmz.(ll .. :'· r: nciP.l8..ltlnd tht11l.mitl!rltia(~-

tm:in' f}?1linttiple. '

, Etlan -'~I~) H~~\h~~Febmaq 2'~~ [g94

~~!:.~_'~'3!tl],!l>' '~, ~~~~(fms ~er.e ~xpliiitlr u~, at ilirir 'ince(?titfn" ;,at ..e1(§:(~}'nEJ.mi,~ '1l€t~;etm(Fi", M-dl [e~" n~~'gi(!a1. _. Ji.tJ:iemiUtte r, Y~tj_ these ~fK ~if.e ,q/ _~ ~ij_9' ,enilr-f~u 0Jth* g~e\ ' stem. The OlmdauoIlS 0f the 1t11Jt]n:-atiarn.ll~ Inl~lti,-etl:rAi€j multilay€_@d S~t ed~r~ ~stii~e we e .IW!I"·lt.~~fl - ;]¢~H~)"(-~tD.d @ 'f~e..,n~lttro,h_s~~~-anii'b~ ustadneclJ

~ ·'l~"]' •• 81 Adl ~~".: ~~ .t(o!lI~' r:nll!';,..,;.,t" ~i""'''' .. k~_'

»r ~~U)l1D. ~ -. '5$ ;l""(jp]i':eSS~(i)ll'. ~t€r IttMr!iitVe: ja"".f'Gf I,:Q,tto~ ~ ErR~~ eW.~ ~lC

@t~a:J!~ r~J Si~:rl0. «m.dr ch~t_1li1 Mia. 11£nl~er St1llI~ll;t an iiQD~rad 'pr1t" itth\li(ien was imp®ood· en the. autcncmous exp-relSi'o!l. natio~l:istn af.l!l!l~_jig~ t',e- [il I ','I,' •. .' - a :lllm..rlr.~a_ n.a1i~irt~.s apd. e. ,gr}f)Ups

th1t~ FID'I_l»li~late~ ~the' ~~el Uni0n~~ Alt~:~n:gh the~~were',~~olat~~ f: a t11/@lTh c t t d;:e~il~"'ff)n· ti '~(£)11 (ror e . m Ie t Atme.nla'~ Apdi 196~)

Qll I~Vf ~ 1'~80l'i, ,_ _ , . ._

~ ~~lJ~~,gt (~tlt6~,: POlapiog'lLIDd: Rerry ~ 1,'~) I !\owen,and Wolf (1'990); 'Tiitbo,

P91a~ .

$ti Ca:1.~jrer~ Q ~Ih e;1Uls~e ,1978)" ti1M'ek~'~~h \1.' 7·a1~.

~ r '¢tt)d'{tJI7~~ L~m~' (a~~~.

'&i '8j]1~~~ (J~!: ijm~ ~ 1;!O}.

~ J~?t11~"a. W~~1ftifi~~am'il,ji~L~f rAt 1feiatj;apship bi~etl: $ltmluW.sm aRa nlwbt li~~.Jj '~1 I§~ ~li~l~,Une. .e: J~'Lt (197] f:Sp" Ip~n I.) wrue:h se . hij ailal,qft~ f~~ B!: ~. ium ii11 eQIDP~atbt p8l"5P.~C,tiy~·

00 Pll]le!. ~ I~g~i

I ISingh" 1 ,H1; l-Im (lg,~); J~od6V' ( [,'88) .

'110 fl.i... '!;: d 'n. _' . ~ llLt"lOf':i'\

l!i,biiil~f e:I_~ EoIn~a~IJS'~ ~ .~.'~~ t l ~

1m ~n 'the Fclati(JFlS'11i.p 'b tw~tll tb~na ti@ua.l-terfllarial prlncriple of Sevi:et fener.ah"S,m. 'a.ii.~ th.· fit:q~tSJ ~lli~in .er'z:tiQn of the ~r'lWet Unionl ~ tb~ in9ighrtbl 'a;rt~tm§l ji).f' Ea11li~[~.lli'~~~~~,. For a.vct~olle~tlr.Jn mttQe~ven .... _.smith (Ulj2)~ ~~ '1Sitrnt:Y" ~9m~: lLl~m..

!1 " QifiqU:esll Cl;9li7:); 'Singh t 19' ~~1' M~ ,1 W'~l.; ~ ~~reJ:e a; 'nca Ji§j

S~nr "lg~$)l.

~ Slhly t1:~'~: eh, 3~ ..

fJipJier.t ,.a'~[,.,cal1gs, ~ 19~j . 1t " r2} .•

43

(100 'Wlti~lht «tiiSf: j~5.,~ 71·4l·i1mere~~En€artI5S~ (1991). ~

I(;i S~ln~ "~~S~.; G-lli:na $'l*'r~v~i, GV~ Lel!:.t_llR at the Center for Sb~ and i_: ·r.L~~ll'Q'pgan lli.umeJs, tj·Q1.VF.sity ~ {Jtillfomi~ 11, '~~~ar~ Feb1iUB1'f25~ 1994, ~D1m~ac ,~~l;;rav,a"s n(l)ite!t~

t~~ . ',S~(e~ amQn$~~el w;O~~1B1J\II'~d_ r OFm1be~~ Cranbepg·and ~pe (19B9~ 'il1ii1:, pE,~erg El,'g1~gl) ..

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l.afl_r ileliJUJ mJiJ:S

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er! n ~ ti ~n~dd~mW1lrcj J'~R' iO:H\l ~\7i:tbim, I:h~' ,(tlvi[~ t ,R;' ~ h·ad !), e:.' ,~tiSi.ef iJ1 bl, ~Q n in. ~\)'._ :08'1 r:,~ Qf tl ~ B:ojmeV:t~ '. - vrn·llr~.®n s u m,:iJ!lffiilled

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_.,nn~ed iin I9~1ll@cll ·the basis @.fWf l§l"g W'1:(~~,9:tr~~'l~=-MG)ill~tP'v pact,

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fa1 1'1}~~.' ,re ~J~i, III ~:~~~~ .. ' the ~,whiel'l'cf0B!t'itNt{!i.I thie· . s~rB~~6:~. of Iih~ ,~~l(dMrrt~ l1h~. it€tUfal ruli~J1 elps Gl Lh~ ~_"~~J). j[J!f)lOfO,,' ,~ .. fn ~~I ~'e~n ~he ~'rm r\~kh'u.r4 has >it ~'~ ·Ete ~e.,'mng~: .~'[ ~ 'the list tifp,ositions in th state a:~ ~1'

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~I . :1fI, tl ' ~e a'l1.P~mt¢'~; ~ll the ,tti6t~, 'anlI mcis:t re.t~~an L ~'k. rdife~p ~. iji! ... ~mrd ~li~th0u!ilUl~ of9QfIj,1Jj0r1~1~ ]i,~~:~uue.d e~p~icJf ~e~menltby the Oenttwl G;om:rruu.e1c

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(b} I -]~16 .fe:€'0 ~l_ mslh~ir'~ ~l~t~ pre '~'~. b':_f} state ~p.paratuS lias iJf~'E,~, tiw],' IClJ. ~~~n~ Ctlfi,.~~q" who ~mal~h~p~ I1lw Iq"Anqed It:~a~- <e~'Wl!E'~ ~Jnvi"~!t ec€n10~1:1'IQ d 13lvt ~!n~:truct~ons .t~,ll'l~ 'Mtl~tb"at ltl"i,nj_~ihtl~' ~f¢L ~iul$!!r,aii¥m 'Llmi,'l ~ ·G.l,mae· an~. to

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t~ k eh!' d f"O,J1&p was fbrn.t~El by the' . o~, ~1:S of the armed ,gfJt~t~~ .. Al'aIp',~glt ,h:t;f~er~ alwa.y®.·s.uhmlt:r;~d to tll'e ~ty a"JJi 1n.~,d'fY' I~ ~M:tlbuila.rlr~~~ Iii,~ir tOeeLmaUOD. by Stalin in fh,~ l'~!Qs.·. lih~tr r-~~ Ie· thitu(cll an in'en3§ingly au on.Qmt.'t18~gro~"P a '. .1,1~ ~~y gre\i\ .~n CQlJIiP,· xt~, w· :a '\:tecmne. mere reliant <e;11 Ite' -h![l!b" ~U 'a~l1i tD1telhge·n@e~ The: m~asing. y ]~~X'etrls.etl t -:€ir ~ .. ~~e1:' if. . ~,t~ ana .. oUl,d tIQt!be eeunaed GD withou !®~i sus £&mu~ta tion in the last de~de, l5f (he So)liet U~IL ~ Ulmw J~,,~~ p~mfim ,~s: l~a m~14 f<0G l'a(~,l''lb

,·Ml. 'L~'m, Ei~~l ~ R@' leMl XCB m_;ri 1m ~ri:aj' Ministtt silHiw WCes ~prfliin:u' <!?l ,to pl~ 'an; inrpertam and ~ela:..tivel)! all 0 (tIi\b'tls~ '~J~' in: u1-, .. SrJ.' iet 5bit~~ l-tr:y·,. t,frembody die' ~ .: ~H~5ts ~", : state ~be¥ond tIl,a ~a.tia'B:'Gn.st~ PQllt±Oil aval·' 'VhtlJ_m tOe party.

b .dig.ufd I ,;~ lem.e ,bJi~€d, 1hijt m€ tonteO'l;fonuy JiG~ ~ ~~:t;~d ,~t~'r ~!r." '. ~~lt;h) in MJn,ch t~4J .'ifter~ albiUl(€ if9''''tlj[~e ,a1fty lead'l:rsblp and the armed fBYCZCtS 8up~e~.d~~

:. ~tfrJellitP~" i ,"u~ by Selia anij the Nf'ID Ithe {Q; , .r p btr~a1

.~oe;·,. a~, lW'l!b' h~l1l. ~~ ,:~- . a~~a)1 ~el'l ,ql\! . 1 ~ cause ~~ th 'm 'mn'i~,~sl 0f'l'j~O:s' terrer, Thus, inspite of. bvi@~s 0 n~_ 'i~".-" i":@,~ j.,"b~ ~" ,fa CJj;E j,\1;;.a ~,"R\Qi('lltlo·U»!I.~'t.ro tb.:B dir:e,cthistonttll1 r .,\11; IltlJ]II!JI.~~. !IjfJ)}.Ii;1I;,;. 'JFJ ~l~ I.U" ..... '.1 ~ ~~i,:I 'l" q,.Q • - . fi. till

ef D:te' iil'11insky ~!I.'~, hPt a me' e pn.ifessiollal: eree, S . :~t ,lejEl~gIi!Lt an thtS ()i?SlJ but more fpeus.td. ~fl~ the.po\~er~ S1R~'bilic'l ~F' ."!;}·S~~el ,!.t~ Oh n Gn the idealo81c'alllun,. 0f~~

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wIDdla mma;~ t.e'litera.l!¥ 'inlFbsjibl ror Afl'br'a ~'l 'coi'tqn; . in.t¢rnatl~n~J~¥~ fZi~hheJf i~ _~l u f~l~[.urilli or In ajiV~'~:Q S:emt!"es~ . th1t1r"a£~ti~ 'tlb,a'~ ail 0, ~~~i. 01il e~i:~e']i]!t j, ,: Qtm~tl.G.n preeessing , sur h .is tA e

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.;'W, m,~~€llt/~01«~~~m<I~~U[ ntp .~ ,~m a;~·~m agrirultmal pl!Qdn;~ run~l1!",. ,e ~ar~~ ~~tlfre: ina.bill~· (.if A&ri6an .t~~ ,t~ pT~dtt~l1Se a~~alilcemt re~bJ,f~llQg&t.l, ·~JA;PiQl!FJ.1_ ~d lpl~w.:H0IWl rJieir ~balan,~e Qf tlt;:(d'~ ~'~~1~~5 ~nl~stainableJ il'S the added valu:e df rJfchl\QIQgy,In:l!ell&i~&'lm& ~ ~s_ ·~ue.$ t~ ~~ ~ 4_ui.l: the ~ ~f ' , a'~\f l.~t~~41n,l argriootu.ral pFoCl)dM'cl:S HmiDBg, them eap~~ ta

. im~0 htpti1'8 -ltet.lllSWy [Q li! ~Jl ~ .i,I( !:0P1l1,'J1l! ..• ~ pf~dJJ.t.EnQn sySt~ JJI ·'p,tl;il~'rJ1~ 11liOrllowsa. ~lownwa~ S~K~'~ ~~p~,,~~ 58 •. as ~ c a ,~'e~ ~. ltll:' iij; F~JiIrlglr ~la!Fg¥IjID~li¢d ~n th~ ~ll;jf.ofmiLIiJ ~FJll.g~.~~al ¢f&tllg.mmy !, ~€h lc~p far.ward in t:echnologiclil, ~b~€~.~~ d]'S~~ t~l~~~~ ~f~l¢a· 3:1: m~ 9~wn :of ~~ jm:~tl011 Ag~ WI b~ the. '" '~1i iruJILlIilI 'VlIDUD'nw. intUcmd en th~~, 'Gonttnent h· G lc" 'Pat&:rm:, of sd"~l~·j .1_:I~n¥j ~gFa'mtlfril ~~ tible' pel~· I '. ~f tl1e . i .. d~ ~ ~ I2J e.

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Th'fe p·~rI~,.@itt~1 ~V s'tate

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l~(~~ evole'~.m'~l._ ~Rmr.fHj S1ll :t a ~Rtrcr[1:a:~e .5y'S'teml va::ri~)l' eli e ~ at 1J_~.e' _ JiIJ~ ~~~l~ qf ~v~Fm'me," ~ltim~, '1 'rlcron~tle'"C1l to the ~, of SI[l!.e'~.IPJ~e([:, ~ill(.: m eo:mpt~' M6€ 'la;tiq_m ana "", ~te~'(es~ how to '[t1fiC\'l'Ji1\lI~,ze ~bl:p~~l!IiJ a~ II! r ~,'.ijjal~ ;€'lu~,nte ~fh whlle ,ifilmbiniJ the it'~~I!t:-:~J_ ~lf ~~,:S.&~C'€ s . nel'tif{Sysa~ry r,~ ebtalft ·this s~Pl}b9f.t.. A ,_. -'ixbit~ ~:;f G4~]t~~la- ~nt():mFnls:~j,ng; ,Lhnitit~l~~l t~rFi : ';rtali;)Jf" a)ad ~~QIl0ml~S,E;f.Inl',,~~~' r,~~B' .. f0:m 'Dle1t!','/ ~~~ri.'bllegt~'omeJtl}' that C'0nstiliU~ the f'6:a1~1:J:f6 ;po.bacs 11.11 mi1!l rt 0.f Afnfa.

, Whjl~. I~~~'~~~'Q .. ;'m,'~i~l a~:a ,,',s~s ft;l[,e q'eyenJi the SCiQ.~~f Itds ~;1~~'l~'~@1~~' 7_~J],iU lUusfjF,3~· 1€;4patJli¢smAfti,~~ prt'~1J SQl~~lM~ , , ll~k~~ f.ef~]f '. _ e '~I ne twG lIfI~Jtr~(fnn,m~s~, Zrmt~ tin. 1',"'7 j ~onm-"0) ,a,tnd. !N1'1§:e'F1m ..

2M'rt~; thYiJ "ers.fJna'l ap,prfl~iflafitQ.n g)f tHe, mata

f '~ffin~ 'ij' ·1G.afll~ atJ~:a$;t-berF0r'¢i 199-1 ~ '1iD-e ,~l~qm§: Q 'jl'l!6.datP.ITPJjlitics} .as \~ell as a ~ntTJtS oi ~~f!VIl_se~~It'Cf;S. of se&ifa1l ,and p(ijlili~. ~ ttlIr~f;g:r ' r ' ~\m~ ~ we ~ as I~f li~Rlm e 'a;sfifa~~~s (~~i mi,tS' f#UM~

.... .ell ~ .,,_i~ • ,t;; ..LJL ,.".... fil!ji ~_ "'1:"

1:t1!l<s~a£v~',s~ .S~;y'U/\!\TaF&~1 J 'FeS~t1iD:;~i]J!lomw.€:se~O!llt't..€s r: lILne L!.aI_xftan stare

WiI·: l€;rg!i.1q,~, ,,~lI. aEl,.,1~t]1 ",' I '~ffi0nalIQi~~tyS~ .~ P 'Q SergCl- .. J Md\:J;p.tu, B'[ljl~'rpQ'[~t ·iEl' ~ytJiaD:I' if!:, B~giUltl affd die;. nited~gtares'Ln the·,contextm 1~~c(i14, ~r p@1itile~. f.Y:Q~ Ee~ ,~Ej)&,A~~JITitnt.is~WTirerl ~l1-mm~arrii3~Q~ ja t'Qtm~Ji M._(~llru~s Wyl~~lbQl. fuU0W&

M~lhD'1ThJ 's.;~ is:' ,- erg~mfE in Be~~;ium ~ l G,elorual arm whQ $,'-ti~,d PQWI~f. 'wilbJ ., .f<'miJ Wes em D 't11f§rn 1$6~, ~d~ a

,..:'~.8,tit iV.ihlL b'e:~ 'ee~il pFa4(10;1l~m:unistB.nd' anti~IPm- '·tst fllCtlURS~ F0r mre,€ d,e~a)d6', h~ ~h" ~~ ~untry, the se~~nd !argtJ$'.' ,I;t) .• ~~: h&1tt1"" .. , i~Lat t]le d$p.g:tal tlfmB rellA.and o~'er ~,\i'.~!d~;em~ I;g~;JZteie',) .rum used -'it as Q1 sta'gmg bu'e {or actiVl~S

'QJ '.,! rld'ij" 0i(;il~ ~l~~t;·,).·.;\6~~t, ~l9a~. '; ~ar "tl$lln '(11~21j • ahletl~~)~ Ke1~~~ ~ '~~~.~I;, "P:'lnt\}.sls ~jl99!J~;' bi!¥ ([ 9g4) i 'F[~~.n h ,e L9\1..,) ; W6<lSS (199 ,~; Mdlliiley

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'[ht,~ fa1!P. ~iF'NJi:g~~·. i"J!~I?)'OlikiIlI'folr Jb~ll'- ~~flfd1, o'~. to':3ll.~Ptlti2!rpi~Fr 01f ·Stlc:beSa:aaFB.1l1 fiilit=a, is lik~~ '[0 t:1JJnilhian the m~f! <af Aii,q~~~ .. , If Sf~ ~ 11-~DSi! l!(11) are .~t-. 3k:. llJl!e ,.€GJll~rt1:y a " igtfti, m~l"e .alf01Xud &h.,e slate, an:d 'sta:~ ."€Gnttdl ~_r Qil re~nu;a, which aCC:Q'Un.r. ttDrJ ~,1;;: m~rIGen' Qf:', ~,g;~11a:d £!¥;A0FU,. and 'in rlP'[Pen.t ~f gSv- mm t

~ ~.B::;. f.i. '~~ • ~ "'~r;l! w. l=-"'~T r • _ "'" i·I!·~

r€l)~f]~es. Tl1J)~ R~'taQiI a~ IU)aiC'tJJi j:_ Qf Iib't sfat:e arc I'gattited by and iu·,~urtil like m-ditary, l1\~hilfl1' aa:\!e con tFQlleid the ,g~YernmQl t f-Or ,26 0l 'rub.~~3,5~ l¢a ~, ~'.;iLtd;e~~n~Ell~, ~ .. re,U:qg electlens and imposing its ,~1 \"h III 1!1~ €Sh'a~'l' es III the 19B! CQ:qp led by "e te 1.1 .S\lni

~,',s) \l~~1i: 1!¥}-9} .. 'fir 1id_'~~ (b~6: I~Lh

Et:hn iCi II~e" "1lW~,P1 :e~ml@.lfffi e a eb~'~irat~ QDn, 2tnd stat1l f.'flllflaJlirjjn i:r.I~ '~'friea

l\~~s - ;~*tI1~~nilS " I fte '. 'Oif~~cturi'~I' ti£ tble 1l!~1i~~ ~~a ~~rn' tfl lb~ 'e-l1l!1!llThciatail 1:]]1 terms of ~tkn city re1a:~ te uienumes 'WIn .

di . I'lQt ~1It .. i':> n twt lp ,err. II !least,·.: 'tf'. ! ~ riot as d!!tIJ' r '~fillled"., ~. .: ' 11€~c01'@nlsB-Fs "G6A€c;pa~tmd'lHGBma:£{ hwtta:~,lm~

&~~ w'~1461a m.t}lli:aa- [~t\p-tedJ\s"s-" ci1t€ld.~;n.titi~S,t ~oo~lnJ~_~d in Ilhu~.wil'Fl,~ti.n,ltijja 0lt &~mQi!le1 f$f a'b. ~lh ~f!ml!nt na~~ ,'l~' . Ii~.,. Wit,]} ~its Jar -o:bin alled prefe,et "r"a:l.-9ngtil t ' e, Te'J::LeM

<~ 1.J 'M '-l!9fJ~] Of -~_

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~ ~yim 'IF f ~:9 2) ~ Lindq~i~L (fl,~16~. ~t~_[naran i (1iJi') ..

111

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~p A.~~JnjIM (l~~ ~).

,FiDlU]fje 2.,! F,m~: I! .~'mIMJqU;w ger '~~T:SlaM C19S1 = ~ IDa} t5tUb~Sa~~air~R

Afllies: e-xcliludes Seu:t1ll' A~'riG;j) ,

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~\rd' I' ~ ~' l~~PifOli J rcdvo lage ali, HIVllasittve. (}ver the uest 1~.2'i ,~aF~, '1: :,e • I t1PSll .. t 'f)f MEta ~ l(thUd S\uM'~"' pr(U~t€d tQ ll'e more ,', ~ 'I ,t. nbalJil ti11C€ itHPf(Ct ~.rthe diste'~,@n dt~@ive~ pGrpula:.rlon. AIDS

]~ ft'~;~. ~ ~€i·aJ..4(~ In"0lt~g lea:tms in) ahi-Wten ill Su~\\mn Affi:rG¢

1bla(li)j e'ita€r m~lqmi:ft @I Dl~l,es. Child mti infant monaJity IQres lJ~l~1t',h \¥$lt~ .F~j ~t:~d tQ ~cF~¥e b): ~" ~r£e<nt in tb.1t! next ,Ie~atde J ~e n' W~lDl~J ~ t~ t:o '. 'wain the Dllle., @f e ell ina-ease J ID-lt·,1111$'., of JW:J8,. ChUarl( tJtrpih;an.:s are 1ieooming a': 'Vee PI' ·'clem.

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1':1~ 0, JUSS1~~r ]~eF~Bln 1 rommluli:cadi0n (19 ·ia).

Ie!'l Oi1~bl~ 'iMnt~~ 1 ~I'l' ; tin,a (10~~; w'$ 'Mutharika (lg9bJ.

ThJe New' Amer.'ilca.m. Dillml,mil: hlequ:a:Ut-y,. tJIlJiJaA!

PB.·vefty,~ lIl1ft 8'Q£\I'81 e:.,cJu,$ieA in Jil9 Ihf,.ommaitli'oJI1II Au"

H!~ )I~" J'fJ,\bl.al1ld~· t\fJ~~ptOl'l} 'fl!J94h H'uuon (lH61: 1~ Fll1.~~ft M'h¢1~C!)~er (,1 gg~~ .• ' 1JU,p:n (11l9 , ..

riSP JjJ~:. ·Iltii~ 'S~U~" 1 01f$W r~;r rhls sn~biJen Gn ~O,tt3J ~~ ~Ga!~ ., , nJl!E .e;goo!1~ l llfqnrnl~ study b;t. M1]~fJ(1~ tC!'li 1 t'199ID~~ whruG!i 'p-~Via;e8 ~[brdr 0~n in (gh~ e~,bf ~tr.01] of Fe ia~le<$~[lsd.t'iS. l'·~,·:s @ti1~~R¥]S~ h~d' e~<t~l,f da1:9J Itirecm in Ilhe ~t'lf ftalt ' ntiis .!Jl!li .ce.

f,iiglU ~: I;!i.. A~'I,AUa'1 gf~wtIl1l Itnf'~~disn i'amHy in'tome, '947--9,4- $~,~r~'a~"Il!IQtSJl1rt~a~ ·ftf 11he Ettn1rSUS (1996)" efa!!,. rttJt:I by':Mrshe~ et L Hf96:,~1)

.~ I.

,

1'988

H~'!u ril'~' W,llg ~ :S_1ifIlit men b'y ·wage percentile, 97~5 ,S>Qvr~(Ji; Mfs~ el ert al, (1996: 1Aa}

Aigl1llr'e' alb HdJJl.dy,; :Wa~~s~m_1i we'm·e1n by wii§:e, ~e.gr<eelirtll;e",1' ~1l1~!I$ Sav'"F(fJ~~ rvn:sf.tf;!:1 ~~ ia!.I~ .(~'9~i,~ ',' 4,~')

f97~

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Rlglllll'te' ~iJ7 ~,\i!~I~alf! m"ln,u~1 ~hanQl@ i'n family ~,n,e-Q'm~, ';G41-it4 S~\w't1e:~M i.s~re,11 "Q'lt a I. ( eSfl! ·~§l

1-1 i,t~difl.g:~ l.\i~Fi~r.Hbtl pIQ~rdl0n in r1.'JPl~e)l$. ~rr) ~if .~'tt'~me 'i~~V@'~ I!~{- \h.·"~ ~.~i?\.ijl_d ~V~'H fas~e"f:. lpefi~iqg mbist.aregtiFf _as those ~1)~l(rr ~€l1~n$- ·~"d:i!l bleom:~i'&eI0w $0 pe.roen.t of·lhe' p.overty;levfl (in I ~,I§o4 ~ i ',?fj , ,:tl ariili ~11ia;l i~ati1t-1fGF .a ~milJ ef :roU~t1 J [!m,-' a¢~unt~d tor it,h ~ ~.,-t '3:0 "~erG@-1ijl!t @f'.~n p~Oli in . !J'15, and the, reacMd ~O .. 5 ~1!cent of aU,.J[~ll' " ~ lin . ~~t w.l1j1tM i,' all I lIS 1) milU~n Am ritatLs:~

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p"verty ~lhl~·"ttly ~'od Wr. th!e ,.~. e~ .. -.' ~tlma} e -lmieu. as 'epit~ rnizeei JifIl ,mB d!tm:'~li£men ef1ffe· tn A.mre'cit{Q:~·ihaer~t;! ,gbert" ..

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and ,,~l"J (t-t~,Pt:~I®tSlia}_f 1\" 'th,e tim, "~' rite; t ;"e'lofinf0rr&ftidlf!alis~ in i\rl!1e.np .. ,L1S,I""_€: "~} .' .~a!, (be ar;;~~~d that the sut:iw, ;e:¢0f.l.omi~, antI b~,IJ),slni' ;(t';0~111ilitOns in m~~~UL h!t;fl.e·~G:i,ty gl~ett~ ha~ ~.lDl·l!~id~raDly

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