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ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ
أﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض
VAT DYES
ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ
اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس & اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر
وﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺮﺟﺎ ﺣﺒﯿﺐ ﺿﻮﻣﻂ
ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺘﺎﻥ
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إﻟﮭﻲ
إن ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦﻣﻨﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ ّ ﻏﻀﺐ ٌ ﻓﻼ أﺑﺎﻟﻲ ...
ﻓﻤﺎ رزﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﺐ ..اﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ً وﺳﻨﺪا ً ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺐ وﺗﺮﺿﻰ ...
وﻣﺎ أزﻟﺖ ﻋﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺤﺐ ...اﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎ ً ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎ ً ﻟﻚ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺐ وﺗﺮﺿﻰ
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ﯾﺎ أرﺣﻢ اﻟﺮاﺣﻤﯿـــــــﻦ
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ﺷﻜﺮ وﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ
ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ...ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ
ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ وﻗﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﻜﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬة اﻟﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ إﺧﻼص
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﻢ وﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﮭﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ .....
ﻓﻜﺎﻧﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﺪوة اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﻢ ...
وإﻟﯿﮭﻢ ﻧﺮﻓﻊ أﺳﻤﻰ آﯾﺎت اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮواﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎن
وﻧﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ
اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس & اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس
وﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺮﺟﺎ ﺣﺒﯿﺐ ﺿﻮﻣﻂ
وﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﻟﻰ :
ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺎﺳﯿﺔ ،وأﺳﺎﺗﺬة اﻟﻤﻌﮭﺪ
اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺠﯿﺔ ،اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻣﺪوا ﻟﻨﺎ ﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻮن واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة .
)) ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺒﻐﺖ ﻗﻄﻨﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﹺﺼﺒﻎ ﻗﻠﱯ ،ﻭﻃﺮﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺕ ﺣﱯ ،ﻣﺰﺟﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺷﻮﺍﻗﻲ ﺣﱴ
ﺗﻨﻈﻔﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺬﺍﰊ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﰊ ،ﻭﻧﻘﻠﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ؛ ﺣﱴ ﺍﺻﻨﻌﻠﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﺴـﺮﺣﺔ
ﺗﺘﻨﻌﻢ ﺑﻠﻤﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻜﻲ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﺤﺒﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻨﺪﺍﺭﺕ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﺳـﻲ ،ﻟﻘﹶـﺪﻣﻠﻚ ﺷـﺮﻳﻂ ﺳـﺤﺐ
ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ ،ﻭﻧﱪﻡ ﲟﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﻡ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﻟﻴﺄﻛﺪﻟﻚ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺻﺪﻗﻲ ﻭﻭﻓﺎﺋﻲ ،ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺳـﺘﺮ
ﻟﲑﺍﻗﺐ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﺧﻼﺻﻲ .
ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻹﺳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﲞﻴﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﺘﻌﱪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﻼﻣﻲ ....
)) ﻳﺎ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺮ ﻗﻠﱯ ،ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﱯ ،ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﺍﺗﻚ ﺩﻭﺭـﺎ ﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺩﺭﺁﺕ ﻧﺒﻀـﻲ ،ﻭﺗﺴـﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﻬـﺎ
ﻣﺸﻂ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ ،ﻟﻴﻀﻢ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻫﻴـﺎﻣﻲ ،ﻟﻴﺸـﻜﻞ ﻗﻤـﺎﺵ ﳎﻬـﺰ ﺑﻨﻘـﻮﺵ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﲝﺮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﻲ ،ﺣﱴ ﺍﺛﺒﺘﻠﻚ ﺑﻐﺮﺍﻣﺎﺝ ﻗﻤﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﳌﺼـﺒﻮﻍ ﺑﺼـﺒﻎ ﻗﻠﺒـﻚ ﻋـﻦ ﺻـﺪﻕ
ﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﱯ ﻭﺇﺧﻼﺻﻲ ،ﻋﺠﺒﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﰐ ..
وﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ ً ....
اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺠﯿﺔ :ﺑﺪي وﺻﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﻮب ﻋﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺰﻟﻚ ...
اﻟﻐﺰﻻوي :وأﻧﺎ ﺑﺪي وﺻﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻔﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﯿﺠﺎﺗﻚ ....
ھﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺒﺮت ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ِ ﺗﺤﻠﻤﯿﻦ وﺣﻤﻠﺖ ُ اﻟﺸﮭﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ طﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺣﻠﻤﺘﻲ ﺑﮭﺎ ..
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺿﻤﺘﻚ اﻟﺤﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺰرع ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ أﻣﻞ ..أﺛﻤﺮ اﻵن ..
ﻷواﺟﮫ ﻗﺴﻮة اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ........رﺣﻤﻚ ﷲ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻨﻮﻧﺘﻲ .
اﻟﺠﻮھﺮة اﻟﻨﺎدرة
إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻟﺠﺄ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻷﺷﻜﻮ آﻻﻣﻲ ..وأﺟﺪھﺎ ﺗﻤﺪ ﯾﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻨﺪﻧﻲ ..
وﺗﻌﯿﺪﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﺗﻲ وﺗﺸﻌﺮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﻤﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ..
وأﻗﻒ ﻷﺷﻜﺮ ﷲ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﯾﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻖ ..وزارﻋﺔ
اﻷﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ .
وﺋﺎم
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول
اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻘﻄﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ
-ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ .
-ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ .
-ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ .
-ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ .
-ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ .
-ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ .
-ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ .
-ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﻲ .
-ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻭﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ .
-ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ .
-ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ .
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول
اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻘﻄﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ
ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ :ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﻒ ﻗﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻕﹴ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ
ﻛﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ .ﻭﲢﻴﻂ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ .
ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ :ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺯﻭﺗﻴﺔ
ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﺘﻸ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﺎﻁ ﲜﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﻒ ﰲ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ .
ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﲣﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﲤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﻭﻗﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ .
ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ
ﺍﳊﻠﺞ .
ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ 300 – 200ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺶ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻦ
ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ
ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﻀﻮﺝ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ.
ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻬﺮ :ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﺗﻴﺰﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ
ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ .
-3ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺯﻭﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ :ﲪﻮﺽ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ -ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ .
-4ﺃﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ .
-ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ %8 -ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ %1 ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ -ﺑﻜﺘﻮﺯ -ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ %5
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﲤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳜﺴﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ
%6,5ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ .
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ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ
) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ( ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞﹼ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻜﻮﺯ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻞ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ %5ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ %14
ﻭ %16ﻟﻠﺼﻮﻑ ﻭ %18,7ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻬﻲ %1,2ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
ﻭ %1,7ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺮ .
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: Elongation -4ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ .
: Electricity -5ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ )65
. %(2 ∓
ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ :ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ 0105ﻡ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ
ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﱴ 0120ﻡ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺒﲏ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ 0240ﻡ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻣﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ H2O/CO2
ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ Elastic
propertyﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ .
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ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ :
ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﱐ ﺃﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ 1 : 2ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ
ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﱃ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻭﺇﻥ ﲢﻠﻞ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
CH2 OH
H OH
اﻟﻐﻠوﻛوز )(C6H10O5
ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻠﻲ ﳋﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺫﺭﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ) (1ﻭ ) (4ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲢﻠﻞ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺳﻜﺎﻛﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲬﺎﺳﻴﺔ ....ﺍﱁ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺫﺭﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ
) (1ﻭ ). (4
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ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻣﺮﰐ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺳﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ( C6H10O5)n :
ﻻﺣﻆ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ 4,1ﲜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ
H 3 C 2 C H H 5 CH O O 3C 2C H H 5C O O--
4C OH H 1 C 4C H OH 1C 4C OH H 1C 4C 1C
O 5CH O O 3C 2C H 5CH O O 3C 2C H
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺬﺏ ﺑﲔ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ :
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ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻭﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ :
ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ
ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ
ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﰲ
ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ
ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ .
ﻭﺗﺘﺒﺎﻃﺄ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻜﺎﻛﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ
ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ CH2- OHCO-ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺔ – . – O
ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻫﻮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺫﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺃﺩﱏ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ 260ﻭﺣﺪﺓ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ .
ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ :
ﲪﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ +ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ +ﻗﻄﻦ ← ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ
ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ .
ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ :ﺃﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ .
-ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ .
-ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺇﱃ
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﻳﺘﺰﺭ
[Cu(NH3)4 ](OH)2ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ .
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻓﻬﻠﻨﻊ
ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺟﺮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ
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ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ Cu+2ﺇﱃ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ Cu+1ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ Cu2Oﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻵﺟﺮﻱ .
-ﻣﻠﺢ ﻃﺮﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻓﻬﻠﻨﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ
ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ .
ﻣﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ CuSO4 5H2Oﰲ 50ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻍ -ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ :ﳏﻠﻮﻝ : Aﻳﺬﺍﺏ 3.46
ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ .
ﳏﻠﻮﻝ 17,3 : Bﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻃﺮﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ7ﻍ ﻣﻦ NaOHﰲ
50ﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ .ﳝﺰﺝ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻻﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ .
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ 2ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻱ ﻭ 2ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻠﻨﻊ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﲢﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ
ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻵﺟﺮﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ Cu2Oﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ .ﺃﲪﺮ Cu+2 ← Cu+1ﺃﺯﺭﻕ .
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻠﲔ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺇﻟﻔﺔ
ﲡﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﲤﺘﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻠﲔ ﰒ ﻳﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ .
H CH O O C C H H O CH O
C OH H C C OH H C C H OH C
O C C H H CH O O C C H
+ H2O
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CH2OH H OH CH2OH
H CH O O C C H H O C O
C OH H C C OH H C + C H OH C
O C C H H CH O OH OH C C H
H OH n CH2OH OH H n
H OH + HOH
O C C H O C C H
C OH H C C OH H C O
ﺗﺣول ﺗوﺗوﻣﯾري
H CH O OH H CH OH H
CH2OH CH2 OH
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ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﳐﺘﺰﻝ ) ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ( .
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ ) ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻲ ( .
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﱵ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ
ﻣﻌﺎﹰ .
C OH H C + NaOH C OH H C ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ +
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ
اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت :
-ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺅﻳﺎ .
-ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ .
-ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ .
-ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ .
-ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ .
-ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
-ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺛﺒﺎﺎ .
-ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﺎﻍ .
-ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ .
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: m
ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺅﻳﺔ :
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﲑ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ( ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻓﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ
ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻴﻔﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ
ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺍﺕ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
-1ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﰲ
ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ .
-2ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ( ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ
ﻟﻴﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻮﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻮﺍﻝ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :
ﺿﻮﺀ
ﺳﻜﻮﺗﻮﺑﺴﲔ + ﺭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﺑﻴﺴﻦ
ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻠﻖ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺺ
ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) (Na+ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺿﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ
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ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ
ﻳﺜﲑ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ،ﰒ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻟﻴﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ .
ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ .
Ne+ ﻗﻄﻌﺔﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ
ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻮﻥ
ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ
) ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ (
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ .
١٠٠
٧٥
٥٠
٢٥
٠
٣٥٠ ٤٥٠ ٥٥٠ طول اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ ٦٥٠
ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎﻧوﻣﺗر
ﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﻲ أزرق أﺧﺿر أﺻﻔر ﺑرﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ أﺣﻣر
ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ -ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ -ﻧﻴﻠﻠﻲ -ﺃﺯﺭﻕ -ﺃﺧﻀﺮ -ﺃﺻﻔﺮ -ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ – ﺃﲪﺮ -ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ
-1ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺔ :ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﲰﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ :
ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﲟﺰﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺰﺟﻨﺎ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﲪﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ
ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ .
-2ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ :ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺮ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ .
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺰﺟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﻪ .
-3ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ : Intensityﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﲤﻴﺰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ
ﺩﲰﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﳑﺰﻭﺝ .
ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﻥ ﲟﺰﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺔ
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺩﻱ .
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ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ :
• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ
ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ .
• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺺ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ .
• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻜﺲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ
ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ .
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ :ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ
ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻐﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ .
-1ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ -2 .ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻨﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ) ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ . ( Affinity
ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ :ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻃﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ
ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ
ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳑﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ .
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ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ )(nm
ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﳐﻀﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ 435-400
ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ 560-500
ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺃﲪﺮ 700 - 650
ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ .
ﻭﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
-1ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﱯ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ chromogenﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺟﲔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ
ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻥ -ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ -ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﲔ .
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
Chromogen
-2ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﻘﻪ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ :
ﺃ .ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ :ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﲡﻌﻞ
ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ
ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ
ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ،ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ
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ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ chromophoreﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ
ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭ ، NO2ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺯﻭ ، NOﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ، C=Oﻛﺒﲑﻳﺘﻮ -ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ
، C=Sﺍﻵﺯﻭ ، N = Nﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻳﻞ C= N
ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ
ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ .
ﺏ .ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ :ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ (
ﻟﻼﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ .
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﺘﺄﻧﻴﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ
ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ :ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﺮﺏ ، –OHﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ، –NH2ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻳﻦ R-NAﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ
ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻼﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .
-1ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ،ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ .
ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻫﻲ :
ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻳﻌﺮﻑ
ﺑﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘﺎ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ
ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ،ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ pHﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ pHﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ .
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﻭﻱ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ
ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ .
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ،ﺗﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ
ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺎﹰ .
ﻭﳚﺮﻱ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ
ﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﳓﻮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ .
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ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ
ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ
ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻡ .
-2ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ .ﺇﻥ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ
ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ
ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻋﱪﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ
ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﲔ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ .
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻜﺴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ ﰲ
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻞ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ،
ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ( ﺗﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 095 – 90ﺱ ﻭﳌﺪﺓ 60ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ :
ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﻯ
ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
ﳝﻜﻦ ﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ) ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﻱ ،ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ
ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ،ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( .
ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲞﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ .
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ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ .
ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ .
ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ،ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ
ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ IZO TERMﺃﻱ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ). (5-1
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(5-1
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(6-1) ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻳﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ) ( Isma Fast Blue 4GL 200%ﻓﺘﺪﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) Isma Fast
( Blueﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ) ) ( Ismaﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ( Blue 4GLﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻛﻨﺔ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ %200ﻓﻴﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ
) ( Standard Of Strengthﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ %100ﺃﻭ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ
ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ( Blue 4GLﻓﺎﳊﺮﻑ Gﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ( Gelbﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ (
ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ Lﺗﻌﲏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) (7-1ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ :
ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻑ
ﺃﺯﺭﻕ . B
ﺻﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ . CF
ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ( Echtﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ . E
ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ( Fur Druckﺃﻱ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ . FD
ﺃﻱ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ . FF
ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ( Gelbﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ( . G
ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺓ . GB
ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ( Grunﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ( . GR
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ . H
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ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ .
ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ( Jauneﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ( . J
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ . L
ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ . LL
ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ . O
ﺃﲪﺮ . R
ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻺﲪﺮﺍﺭ . RB
ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ . V
ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﱄ . X
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )(7-1
ﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ) ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺎ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ .
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• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ) : ( Acid dyes
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ
ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ .
ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ
ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ،ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻲ
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ .
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺒﻐﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻫﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ
ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ
ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ .
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﲪﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ
ﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ
ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ .
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• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ) : ( vat dyes
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﳌﺎ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ .
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﻛﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺬﻩ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ .
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﻮﻝ ﻭﺃﻣﲔ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺄﺯ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ .
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﳍﺎ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ .
ﻻ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺓ
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺯﻭ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ
ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎﺕ .
• ﺍﻟﺒﺠﻤﻨﺖ ) : ( pigments
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺠﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ
ﺭﺍﻧﺘﺠﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻃﺔ .
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ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ) (8-1ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ :
ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺒﺲ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ
ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ .
ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ،ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ 5-1ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 8-1ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ . ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 5
ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ . ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 4
ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ . ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 3
ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ . ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 2
ﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ . ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 1
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ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ . ﺩﺭﺟﺔ 2
ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺽ :
-ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ : H2SO4
ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ 080ﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ
0338ﻡ .ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﻫﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﻭ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﹰ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ،ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﲝﻤﺎﻡ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ .
-ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ : HCL
ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ،ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻭﳋﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ ). (1
ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ .
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ .
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ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ :
-ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻳﺔ ) ﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ( : NaOH
-ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮ ،ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳌﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ
ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲝﻤﺾ ﳐﻔﻒ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳌﺴﻪ .
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ،ﻭﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ .
ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ :
-ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ : Na2SO4ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ 10
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻠﺢ ﻛﻬﺮﻟﻴﱵ ﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ )(Zeta
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ .
ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ .
ﻭﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺗﻜﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ .
-ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) NaCLﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ( :ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ .
-ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ : Na2CO3ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ .
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ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺪﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :
-ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ .
-ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻲ .
-ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ .
ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ : NaNO2ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺯﻭ .
-ﺑﻴﺴﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ : NaHSO3ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ .
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ﻭﻣﺰﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞﹼ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺼﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ .
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﲝﺜﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ،ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲤﻨﻊ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ) ( Anti foaming & deaerating agentsﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ
ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻋﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻣﺒﻠﻼﹰ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻔﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ .
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-ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ،ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ
ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ .
ﰲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ،ﻭﺫﻭ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ
ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ،ﻛﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻼﺏ ،ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ . RO (CH2CH2O)nH :
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اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
أﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض
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ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ) ﺍﳊﻠﺔ (
Vat Dyes
:m
ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻗﺪﳝﺎﹰ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ indigoﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺎﹰ Indigo-Foruaﺑﺎﳍﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺼﻮﺭ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ
ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ .
ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ 1912ﻡ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ،ﻟﺬﺍ
ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﻣﻊ
ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ( ،ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ) Leuco compodsﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ
ﻋﻦ ﻏﻮﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ :
2
ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ( ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ) ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ( ﻣﻠﺢ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ،ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ :
2
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ،ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ Vat
. dyes
ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ) ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ( ﺑﺎﳒﺬﺍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ) ﺃﻱ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻟﻔﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ( ،ﻭﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ
ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ .
ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ( ،ﻭﺗﺆﻟﻒ
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ،ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻝ .
ﻫﻲ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ) Indigoﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ( ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑـ
، Durindone Blue 4 Bﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺠﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ
ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭ .
ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ،ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ .
ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ -NH-ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ ،ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﺻﻴﻎ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ :
ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﳏﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ
ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰲ
ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻐﻤﻨﺖ ) ، ( Pigmentﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ :
ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1903ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ
ﺍﳌﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﻭﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﺆﻛﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﱵ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﲣﺮﺎ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺟﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺛﺒﺎﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ .
ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻷﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻞ ) ( Benzoyl Derivativesﺃﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ
ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ :
ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ
ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ
ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) ( 6 – 5ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ) ، ( 8 – 7ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ) ( -OHﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ
ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﱄ ) ( -ONaﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ .
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﰐ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ -NH-ﻣﺜﻞ
–AQ – NH – AQﺃﻭ . AQ – NH – AQ – NH – AQ
ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎﹰ ﲟﺪﻯ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ
ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﲑﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺛﺒﺎﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ
ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) ( 7 – 5ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳍﻠﺠﻨﺔ :
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ،ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺈﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ( Anthroneﰒ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﲑﻳﻦ
ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ : Indanthrene dark Blue BO
ﻳﺼﺒﻎ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﺮﻭ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ( Indanthrene Blak 2B
ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ ،ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻴﺒﻮﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺖ
ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﻎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ( Caledon Jade Green
ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ،ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ .
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﲢﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺯﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ
ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ،ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ،
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ Anthra Yellow GGSﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ
ﺳﻌﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﻨﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ
ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻷﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ .
-1ﲢﻀﲑ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺕ ، Vatﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺕ Vatﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﰒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ .
-2ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻐﻤﺮ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ .
-3ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ .
-4ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ) ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﱭ ( .
ﺑﻨﺎﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ) ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ( ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ
ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻫﻲ :
ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ،ﲝﻴﺚ
ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ .
ﲢﻀﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ :
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ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ
ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ
ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﳝﺘﺪ ﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ .
ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ،ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ
ﲝﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻟﻨﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺤﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ
ﻭﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ ﻏﺮﻭﻳﺎﹰ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ COLLOISOLﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ BASFﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ
ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺎ ﺣﱴ ) ( 10-2ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ،ﰒ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻄﻒ ﻭﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﰲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﺎﺳﺒﻞ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ
ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ) ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩ ( ،ﻭﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ) ﺑﺮﺍﺳﻠﻪ ( ﻭﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺳﻄﻪ .
ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺣﺒﻞ ) ﻣﻀﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ( ﺗﻘﻠﻞ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﹴ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ
ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ) ( Over – heatingﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ
ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺛﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ
ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻪ .
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ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺂﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮ :
ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻜﻮ .ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ
ﺗﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ .
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﳛﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ) ( wetting Agentﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ْ 50ﺱ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ
ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ) ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ( ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ .
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﳝﻸ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﱃ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
) ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ +ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ( ﰒ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺰﻭﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ،
ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ
ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ 1 : 4ﺇﱃ . 1 : 5
ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ) ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﺮ ( ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺀ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﺇﱃ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ Levelling Agentﻭﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 1,5 – 0,5
ﻣﻞ /ﻟﺘﺮ .
ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻋﱪ
ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺽ .
ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ) ﻟﻔﺔ ( ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰒ ﻳﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ
ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ،ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ .
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ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ
ﺩﻭﺭﺗﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ .
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﲝﻤﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ .
ﺇﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ
ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﹴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ .
ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ
ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ 1 – 0,5ﻍ /ﻟﺘﺮ ) ﻏﻮﺍﺳﻞ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ( ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ 2 – 1ﻍ /ﻟﺘﺮ ﺻﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﺵ
) ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ( ﻭﳌﺪﺓ 30- 20ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺮ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ .
ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻬﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ،ﺑﺈﻣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ
ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﳚﻔﻒ ﰒ ﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ) ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ( .ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻮﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﻣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ
ﲤﻀﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ) ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ( ﻣﻦ 30 – 15ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ْ 108 – 103ﺱ ﻭﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲤﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ .ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻃﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ .ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ
ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ( ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺖ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ – ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ – ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ – ﺍﻟﺘﺼﱭ – ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺮ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ .
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ﺇﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺟﻴﺪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ .....ﺍﱁ .
ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺼﺒﻎ
ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻞ
ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻷﺳﺘﺮ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﲟﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ .ﻭﲢﻀﺮ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ
ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﲑﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ
ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ .
ﺗﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﲪﻀﻲ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ
ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺗﺴﺘﻨـﺰﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 20ﺇﱃ ْ 40ﺱ ،
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 60ﺇﱃ ْ 80ﺱ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ .ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ NaNO2ﺃﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
Na2Cr2O7ﺃﻭ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ .
ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎﹰ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ،
ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﲪﺾ ﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ .
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ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻨﺎ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ
ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ
ﺃﻋﻼﻩ .
ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ ( ،ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ
ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ .
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ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻲﺀ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺎﺵ ،ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ .
ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮﻡ ،ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ،ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ .....ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ
ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ sequesteringﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻝ
ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺐ .
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ) ﻋﺴﺮﺓ ( ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲢﻀﲑ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ .
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﺑﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻲ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ %1ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻨـﺰﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ .
ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﻨـﺰﻑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺰﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ .
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ﻭﰲ ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ BASFﺃﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻠﺐ 1997ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ
ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ :
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ :ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ :
ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﳓﻼﻝ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻜﻮﺱ ،ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﲔ ،
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ) ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ( ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ( ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ
ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ) ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎًﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ( ،ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ
2
ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ،ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﲡﺬﺎ ،ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ
ﲢﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
ﻭﺫﻟــﻚ ﻋــﱪ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨــﻮﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺤــﻲ C−ONa C=O
ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ C−OH
ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ .
ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﻟﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ
ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ Indanthten Brill Green FFBﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ
ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ﺃﲪﺮ .
-2 üﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ :
ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ :
• ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﻱ ( .
• ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ .
• ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ NaHSO3ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ Na2S2O4ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﲪﻀﻴﺔ
ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻫﻮ : Na2SO3
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻏﺔ ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ( ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ .
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
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-3 üﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ :
ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ
ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ
) ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ 670ﺇﱃ 980ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ، ( Mvﻭﳝﻜﻦ
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺗﲔ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ
ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ .
ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻬﻠﻬﺎ
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻧﻔﺎﻟﻴﺖ ) ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ +ﻓﻮﺭﻡ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟ .
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ْ 60ﺱ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ 960ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻧﻔﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ
ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ْ 80 – 70ﺱ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ْ 95 – 90ﺱ .
ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ْ 60ﺱ .
ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ
) ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ( ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ
ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ .
ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ( 3-6ﲢﻠﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
) ( 4-6ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲤﺎﺱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ) ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ،
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﹴ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺕ .
ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ .ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺗﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺄﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ .
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺬﺭ
ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻴﻜﻮ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ
ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺗﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ ( ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﰲ
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻵﺧﺮ ،ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻋﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ) ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻱ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﺩﻩ .
ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻜﱪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ
ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ) ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ( ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ،ﺃﻱ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ .
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ( ﲡﺎﻩ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :
ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ.
ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ
ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ .
-3ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ :
ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ
ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ .
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ :ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ
ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
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-ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ، ( IKﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ، Cold dyeing groupﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺄﺎ
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ .
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ NaOH
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
) ( %32.5
ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ
ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ْ 60 – 50ﺱ
50 – 20 NaOHﻣﻞ /ﻟﺘﺮ ) ( IW
ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﲢﺘﺎﺝ 25 – 3ﻍ /ﻟﺘﺮ ْ 50 – 45ﺱ
25 – 10 NaOHﻣﻞ /ﻟﺘﺮ ) ( IN
ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ
ْ 30 – 20ﺱ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ 50 – 8ﻍ /ﻟﺘﺮ
18 – 4 NaOHﻣﻞ /ﻟﺘﺮ ) ( IK
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ
ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ .
ﺇﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺫﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ .
ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ
ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎﹰ .
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ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ %
ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ
ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
45 30 10 5 2
Indanthren
66 62 50 38 20 IK
Yellow 5GK
Ind. .Brilliant
90 90 84 72 56 IW
Green FFB
87 84 70 57 35 IN Ind . Olive
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ %
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ
ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ
ﻭﺍﻧﺴﻼﺧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ .
ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ
) ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ، Aْ 40 – 20ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ) ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ .
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ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ) ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺭﻭﻧﺘﺠﻦ ( ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ IKﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ، INﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ . IW
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻻ
ﲣﻠﻮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﰒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻲ :
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ
ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ .
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-2ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ :
ﳝﻜﻦ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ
ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ، C- O-ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ
،ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻔﺾ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ
ﻭﳜﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ .
ﺇﻥ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﹴ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ .
ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻫﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ
ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ
) ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ( ﻭﻗﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ ،ﺃﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﺗﻜﺘﻞ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺮ ﻋﱪ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺪ
ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ
ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ .
ﺇﺫﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ) ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ
ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ
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ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ
ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ،ﺃﻱ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :
ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ
ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻊ
ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ،ﺃﳘﻬﺎ :
-2ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﱄ ﺇﻳﺘﻠﻦ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﱄ ﺇﻳﺘﻠﻦ
ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺗﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﺘﻠﻦ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ
ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﳜﻀﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ) ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ( ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺣﺮ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ (
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨـﺰﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ،
ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ %30
ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﺀ .
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ
ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﳑﺎ
ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ .
ﺗﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ
ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ
ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ .
ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ
ﻛﻞ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ .
ﺇﻥ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ :
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ﺝ -ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ :
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳓﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ
ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ Solidegal GLﻭ Peregal P
ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﲜﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ) ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻼﻝ ( ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺘﻬﺎ .
ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﺑﻞ
ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ .
ﻧﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﻣﻨﲑ ﻋﺎﻡ Peters and Sumner 1955
ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ) ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ 1ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺣﺮﺓ /ﻣﻮﻝ ( ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ 9000ﺟﺬﺭ
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ .
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ،ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺷﻮﺍﺫ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻷﻟﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ،ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﺎﻧﺪﺭﻓﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺭﻳﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ
ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ .
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ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎﹰ :ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ :
ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ
ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ 45 – 30ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻹﲤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ
ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ،ﳑﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ،ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ :ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ
ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻝ ( Rollﺃﻭ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ، ( Con
ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ .ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺃﻭ
ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ .
ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲪﺾ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ) ﺇﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ
ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺇﻛﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﺎﹰ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ( ،ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ
ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ .
- üﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ
ﲪﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ .
ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺣﺎﻭﹴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ) ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ( ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ،
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺳﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ .ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﰲ
ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﻭﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ
Bean and Roweﻋﺎﻡ 1929ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻬﺠﺮ ،ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻭ
ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺮﺍ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺎ ﺑﺄﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ .ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ
ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ Kornreichﻋﺎﻡ 1942ﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﻋﺰﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻴﻞ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺷﺘﻒ
Vickerstaffﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ 1953ﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻬﺮ
ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ،ﻭﺑﺮﻫﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ .ﻭﺟﺮﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ،ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ
ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ
ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ،ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎﹰ
ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﳓﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ
ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ .
ﺍﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
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-1ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
-2ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺓ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ :ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ .
ﺇﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ،ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ .
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اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ،
ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﻲ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ .ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ .
ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
-3ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ :
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ
ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ .
ﻓﻬﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺘﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻣﺘﺨﺮﺑﺎﹰ
ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﹰ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ
) ﺇﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ( .
ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﳉﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ
ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻜﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ
ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻝ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ -ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘﺎ -ﻭﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ
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ﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﲣﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
ﻭﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ
ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ .
ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻜﻦ
ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ .
ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ
ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ .
ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ .
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-ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
-3ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ :ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ،ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ،ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ .
-4ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ) ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺎ ،ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ .
-5ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ .
-ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ BASFﰲ
ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﻡ ، 1997ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
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ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ :
ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻼﹰ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
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-ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ . 2 g/l
-ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ . 0.5 g/l
-ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻳﻐﺎﻟﲔ . ( 1.2 ) g/l ( f
-ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ . ( 1-2 ) g/l
-ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ( . ( 0.5 ) g/l
-ﻣﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ . 1/50
ﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ
ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﻭﻧﻐﻠﻴﻪ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﰒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺷﻄﻒ ﰒ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ %1ﰒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺷﻄﻒ .
ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ .
ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﺯﺎ F = 1gﻭﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ) ﲡﺎﻧﺲ (
ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻏﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ) ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ( ﳌﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ 5ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ
ﰒ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
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- (2ﲢﻀﲑ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ) ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ( :
ﻧﺄﺧﺬ 3mlﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ) ) ( % 4.3ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ
ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻧﺰﻥ ) ( % 4.3ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ( ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮ ،ﻭﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ
ﺇﱃ) ( ml 100ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ .
f
w
= 1
50
)W = f × 50 = 1 × 50 = 50 g = 50 ml (water
ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ،ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ
ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ،ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ
ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ( 40-50 ) ْ cﻣﺪﺓ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ .
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- (3ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ :
-ﻧﻀﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﲏ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ،ﳌﺪﺓ 30ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ . 50 ْ c
-ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻧﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ
ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
-ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ min 10ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ . 80 ْ c
ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﳑﺎ
ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ،ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻢ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ .
ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﲢﻤﻞ
ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻱ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ
ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :
ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﻴﺚ
ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﲝﻤﻞ
ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
ﻫﻮ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﲏ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ
ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ .
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ 1ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻵﰐ :
-ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﲟﺪﺓ ) ( 10 minﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ) ( g 1.6ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻧﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ
ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺶ .
-ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ .
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-ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ :
-5ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ :
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ :
ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ،
ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ .
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ .
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻧﺮﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ . c ْ 80
ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ
ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ .
ﻭﺇﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ c ْ 80ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ . C-OH
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
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-ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) : ( 3
ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ Na2 S2 O4ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ .
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ
ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) . ( 0.2 g
ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟
ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ 3ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ 1ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﻏﻤﻖ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ .
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ
ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ،ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺑﺄﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ .
ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ
ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
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-ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) : ( 4
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ 0.1gﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ
ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ g0.05ﻣﻨﻪ .
ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟
ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ 4ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ 1ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ .
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ
ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
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-ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ): (5
ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ .
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ) ( 3mlﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ
ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ) . ( 5ml
ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟
ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ 1ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﲤﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ .
ﻓﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻭﱃ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ NaOH
ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ .ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ
ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ
ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ،ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻧﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰎ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ
ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﰲ
ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺄﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ .
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-ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ): (6
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ
ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) . ( 1 mL
ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟
ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ،ﻭﻛﺄﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ .
-1ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ .
-2ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ
ﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ :
ﻋﺪﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺭﺟﺎﻉ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ
ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .
ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺯﻣﺮ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ .
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ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻍ : Indanthren blue rs sollosol
وزارة اﻟﺼﻨـﺎﻋـﺔ
ھﯿﺌــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔــﺎت واﻟﻤﻘـﺎﯾﯿـﺲ اﻟﻌـﺮﺑﯿـﺔ اﻟﺴـﻮرﯾـﺔ
دﻣﺸــﻖ
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ﻡ .ﻕ .ﺱ 1979 / ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ : ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
UDC : 677.84 : 535 . 68 ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ICS : 59. 080 . 01 ﻟﻠﻌـﺮﻕ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ
S.N.S : \ 1979 )) ﻣﺸــﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔــﺔ (( ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
-1ﺍــــﺎﻝ
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ .
-2ﺍﳌﺒـــﺪﺃ
ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺍﳍﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ) ﲪﺾ ﺃﻣﻴﲏ ( .ﻳﺰﺍﻝ
ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ) ﺑﲑﺳﺒﲑﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺎﺛﻠﻪ .ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ
ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ .
ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ .
-3ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ
-1 / 3ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺎﺛﻠﻪ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ . ( 1 / 7
– 2 / 3ﻓﺮﻥ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻴﲑ .
– 3 / 3ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﳏﻀﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎﹰ ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ :
( 5. 0 ) -ﻍ /ﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ .
( 5 ) -ﻍ /ﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ .
( 5 ) -ﻍ /ﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﺗﻮﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ .
ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ) ( 8ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ .
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– 4 / 3ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲪﻀﻲ ﳏﻀﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎﹰ ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ :
( 0.05 ) -ﻍ /ﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ .
( 5 ) -ﻍ /ﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ .
( 2 . 2 ) -ﻍ /ﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﺗﻮ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ .
ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ) ( 5.5ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ .
– 5/ 3ﻋﻴﻨﺘﺎ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ) 6ﺳﻢ × 6ﺳﻢ ( ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﺋﻂ .ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳔﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ :
-4ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨــﺎﺕ
ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 6ﺳﻢ × 6ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ
ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ .
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– 2 / 4ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ :
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 6ﺳﻢ × 6ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ
) ( 1 / 4ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﺎﻳﺎﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 6ﺳﻢ × 6ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ
ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﲔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ .
-5ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
- 1 / 5ﺗﻨﻘﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﱄ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻐﻤﺮ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ) ( 50ﺿﻌﻒ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ .ﺗﺪﻭﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ) ( 30ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ
ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ .
ﻭﺑﻌﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻀﻴﺒﲔ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﲔ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﲔ
ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺘﲔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ) 6 × 11.5ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ) ( 4.5ﻛﻎ .ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ .
– 2 / 5ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻥ ﻣﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ) ْ( 2 ± 37
ﻭﳌﺪﺓ ) 4ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ( .
– 3 / 5ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ) ْ( 60ﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻼﻣﺲ
ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺧﻴﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ .
– 4 / 5ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ .
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-6ﺍﻟﺘﻘـــﺮﻳﺮ
ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ
ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ .
-7ﺍﳌــﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ
– 1 / 7ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲜﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ .ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ) 6 × 11.5ﺳﻢ ( ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ
ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ .ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ) 6 × 11.5ﺳﻢ ( ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ .ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ ) 1.5ﻣﻢ (
) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ( .
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ .
– 2 / 7ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ) 6ﺳﻢ × 6ﺳﻢ ( ﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ
) 0,125ﺑﺎﺭ ( ﺃﻱ ) 125ﻍ ﺛﻘﻠﻲ /ﺳﻢ. ( 2
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ﻡ .ﻕ .ﺱ 1995 / 1624 ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :
UDC : 677. 204 . 621 ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﻗﻤﺸﺔ
ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺯﻣﺎﻥ
S . N . S : 1624 \ 1995 ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
Determination Of Water Repellency Of Fabrios By Bunesman
Tester
-1ﺍــﺎﻝ
ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺵ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ) ﺟﻬﺎﺯ
ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺯﻣﺎﻥ ( ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) . ( 1
-2ﺍﻟﺘـﻌـﺎﺭﻳـﻒ
ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ :ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ .
-3ﺍﳌـﺒــﺪﺃ
ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺩﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ
ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ،ﰒ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻼﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ .
-4ﺍﳉـﻬــﺎﺯ
– 1 / 4ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﺓ
) 0,1 ± 0,75ﻏﻢ ( ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ 62ﺇﱃ 68
ﻣﻠﻠﻴﺘﺮ /ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ
ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ
ﺩﻣﺸﻖ
1995 / 12 / 31
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– 2 / 4ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ 5 2 ± 20ﺱ ﻭ PHﻣﻦ 16
ﺇﱃ ) 8ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ 1ﻭ 2ﻭ ( 3
– 4 / 4ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ) 141ﻣﻠﻢ ( ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ .
– 6 / 4ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﲝﺠﻢ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﲡﻌﻴﺪ .
-5ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ
– 1 / 5ﲡﻬﺰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ .
- 2 / 5ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ) 141ﻣﻢ ( ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ .
-6ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ،ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ
ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰒ ﺗﻘﻔﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ .
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– 3 / 6ﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﲝﻴﺚ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ) 100ﻡ ( ) ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ( 4ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﳊﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺛﻨﻴﺎﺕ .ﰒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻚ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ .
– 4 / 6ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺫﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺣﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ
ﻭﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺰﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ
ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳌﺪﺓ ) 10ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ( ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ .ﰒ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ
ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﳍﺎ .
– 5 / 6ﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻞ 60ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺍﻵﰐ :
ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻠﻖ ﺻﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﺡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻨـﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ
ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﳌﺪﺓ 60ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟـﺪﺵ ﻭﺗﺮﻓـﻊ
ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﳍﺎ ﻭﲡﻔﻒ ﺻﻨﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ،ﰒ ﻳﺴﻜﺐ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛـﻞ
ﻛﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ 100ﻣـﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻳﻨﺴـﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﻌـﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ
– ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ . 1 / 4
– 6 / 6ﻳﻔﻚ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺛـﲏ ﺃﻭ ﲡﻌﻴـﺪ ﻭـﺰ
) 10ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ( ﰒ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ .
- 7 / 6ﻳﻌﲔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ 0.01ﻏﺮﺍﻡ .
– 8 / 6ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺑﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ
ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻠﻴﻠﻴﺘﺮ .
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-7ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ
– 1 / 1 / 7ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ :ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻠﻴﻠﻴﺘﺮ .
– 2 / 1 / 7ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ :ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
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-9ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
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ﻡ .ﻕ .ﺱ 1979 / 110 ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :
UDC : 677.84 : 535 . 68 ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ICS : 59. 080 . 01 ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ
ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ
ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ( 5 - 1
S . N . S : 110 \ 1979 ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
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ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ
1979 / 12 / 12 ﺩﻣﺸﻖ 1979 / 10 / 21ﻏﲑ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ
– 3 / 3ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ﳛﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) ( 2ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ
) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ 2 / 3ﻭ . ( 1 / 7
– 4 / 3ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ) 10ﺳﻢ × 4ﺳﻢ ( ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ
ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﺋﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) ( 1ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ
ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ .
ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ) ( 1
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-4ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ
ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 10ﺳﻢ × 4ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 10ﺳﻢ × 4ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ 1 / 4
ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ
ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 10ﺳﻢ × 4ﺳﻢ ( ،ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ) ( 1 / 4
ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ .
-5ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ
– 1 / 5ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﱐ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ )
( 1 : 50ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ .
– 2 / 5ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﺪﺗﻪ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) ( 2
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ :
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ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻻ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻻ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻻ
ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ
– 3 / 5ﺗﺸﻄﻒ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﲟﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﳌﺪﺓ ) ( 10ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﲟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ
ﻭﺗﻌﺼﺮ .
ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻃﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻬﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺗﲔ .ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ) 60ﺱ ( ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ .
– 4 / 5ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ .
-6ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳــﺮ
ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ .
-7ﻣﻼﺣﻈـــﺎﺕ
- 1 / 7ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ( % 5ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ .
- 2 / 7ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﲡﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ AFNOR - T
60 - 208 \ 1968
-8ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴــﺔ
Staining ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ
Change In Colour ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ
Yarn , Thread ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ،ﻏﺰﻭﻝ
Fibre ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ
Grey scale ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ
-9ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
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– ISO R \ 105 \ IV – 1968 -ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ
P8- 12
DIN 54010 -ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ
DIN 54011
DIN 54012 1971
DIN 54013
DIN 54014
-ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ 1972 / 175
-ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ 1963 / 396
-ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ) ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ( 1978 / 87
- 10ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ
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ﻡ .ﻕ .ﺱ 1979 / 112 ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
UDC : 677.84 : 535 . 68 ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ : ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ
ICS : 59. 080 . 01 ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ
S . N . S : 112 \ 1979
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
Testing of color fastness of textiles to rubbing
-1ﺍـــــﺎﻝ
- 1 / 1ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ
ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ .
-2ﺍﳌﺒــﺪﺃ
ﲡﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ،ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ
ﻗﻄﲏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ .
ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ .
-3ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ
– 2 / 3ﻗﻄﻊ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ) 5ﺳﻢ × 5ﺳﻢ ( ﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ
ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ . ( 1 / 7
– 3 / 3ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻡ .ﻕ .ﺱ . ( 1979 / 89
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ﻡ .ﻕ .ﺱ 1979 / 112
-4ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨــﺎﺕ
ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) ﺟﺎﻑ ﻭﺭﻃﺐ ( ﻋﻴﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ) 14ﺳﻢ × 5ﺳﻢ ( ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ
ﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﻤﺔ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ، 1 / 4ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ 14ﺳﻢ × 5ﺳﻢ .
ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) 14ﺳﻢ × 5ﺳﻢ ( ،ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻛﺮﺗﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ
ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ) . ( 1 / 4
- 5ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ
ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﺻﺒﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﲢﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ) 900ﻍ (
ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ) 10ﺳﻢ ( ﺧﻼﻝ ) 10ﺛﻮﺍﻥ ( ) 10ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ( ﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎﹰ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﺑﺎﹰ .ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ
ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ .
ﻳﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ
) ( % 100ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻒ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ .
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- 3 / 5ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ .
-6ﺍﻟﺘـﻘﺮﻳـﺮ
ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻭﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ .
-7ﺍﳌـﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ
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Warp ﺳﺪﺍﺀ
Fibre ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ
Numbers of turns ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﺎﺕ
Weft ﳊﻤﺔ
Crockmeter ﻛﺮﻭﻛﻤﻴﺘﺮ
Grey scale ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ
-9ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺟــﻊ
ISO R 105 \ 1 – 1959 -ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ
– P 18
DIN 54021 – 1971 -ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ
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ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
: ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ-ً 1
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أﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ :
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ49.....................................................................................
ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ 50................................................
ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ 57...........................................................
ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ 58..........................................................
ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ 59.............................................................................
ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ 62......................................................................
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