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‫ﺍﳉﻤـﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳـﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴـﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﻧﺎﲥﺎ‬

‫أﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض‬
‫‪VAT DYES‬‬
‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس‬ ‫&‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‬
‫وﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺮﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﯿﺐ ﺿﻮﻣﻂ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺘﺎﻥ‬

‫وﺋﺎم اﻟﺨﻄﯿﺐ‬ ‫&‬ ‫ﻏﺎدة ﺷﻌﺒﺎن‬


‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ‬
‫‪2009 – 2008‬ﻡ‬

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‫إﻟﮭﻲ‬
‫إن ﻟﻢ ﯾﻜﻦﻣﻨﻚ ﻋﻠﻲ ّ ﻏﻀﺐ ٌ ﻓﻼ أﺑﺎﻟﻲ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ رزﻗﺘﻨﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﺐ ‪..‬اﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻋﻮﻧﺎ ً وﺳﻨﺪا ً ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺐ وﺗﺮﺿﻰ ‪...‬‬
‫وﻣﺎ أزﻟﺖ ﻋﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺤﺐ ‪...‬اﺟﻌﻠﮫ ﻓﺮاﻏﺎ ً ﺧﺎﻟﺼﺎ ً ﻟﻚ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺐ وﺗﺮﺿﻰ‬
‫‪...‬‬
‫ﯾﺎ أرﺣﻢ اﻟﺮاﺣﻤﯿـــــــﻦ‬

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‫ﺷﻜﺮ وﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ‪ ...‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ وﻗﻔﺔ ﻧﺸﻜﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬة اﻟﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻗﺪﻣﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ إﺧﻼص‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﻢ وﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﮭﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻠﺔ ‪.....‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎﻧﻮا ﻟﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﺪوة اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﻢ ‪...‬‬
‫وإﻟﯿﮭﻢ ﻧﺮﻓﻊ أﺳﻤﻰ آﯾﺎت اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮواﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎن‬
‫وﻧﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس‬ ‫&‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪس‬
‫وﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﻌﺮﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺒﯿﺐ ﺿﻮﻣﻂ‬
‫وﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﺟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺨﻤﺎﺳﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬وأﺳﺎﺗﺬة اﻟﻤﻌﮭﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺠﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﻣﺪوا ﻟﻨﺎ ﯾﺪ اﻟﻌﻮن واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﺎدة & وﺋﺎم‬

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‫ﺣﻮار ﺑﯿﻦ ﻏﺰﻻوي وﻧﺴﯿﺠﯿﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻻﻭﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫)) ﺑ‪‬ﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺻ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻐﺖ‪ ‬ﻗﻄﻨﺎﺗﻚ ﺑﹺﺼ‪‬ﺒ‪‬ﻎ ﻗﻠﱯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﻳﺘﻮﻥ ‪‬ﻤﺴﺎﺕ ﺣﱯ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﺟﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺷﻮﺍﻗﻲ ﺣﱴ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻔﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺬﺍﰊ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﰊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻘﻠﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ؛ ﺣﱴ ﺍﺻﻨﻌﻠﻚ ﻣﻨﻬﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﺴـﺮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﻌﻢ ﺑﻠﻤﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﻳﺪﻳﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﺳ‪‬ﺤﺒﺘﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠﻨﺪﺍﺭﺕ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﺳـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﹶـﺪﻣﻠ‪‬ﻚ ﺷـﺮﻳﻂ ﺳـﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﱪﻡ ﲟﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺑﺮﻡ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﻟﻴﺄﻛﺪﻟ‪‬ﻚ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺻﺪﻗﻲ ﻭﻭﻓﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗ‪‬ﺪ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺳـﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻟﲑﺍﻗﺐ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﺧﻼﺻﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻹﺳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﲞﻴﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻟﺘﻌﱪ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﻼﻣﻲ ‪....‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫)) ﻳﺎ ﺭﺍﻳﺘﺮ ﻗﻠﱯ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﱯ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﻈﺮﺍﺗﻚ ﺩﻭﺭ‪‬ـﺎ ﻟﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺩﺭﺁﺕ ﻧﺒﻀـﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴـﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻂ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻀﻢ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻛﻮﻧﺘﻚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻫﻴـﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺸـﻜﻞ ﻗﻤـﺎﺵ ﳎﻬـﺰ ﺑﻨﻘـﻮﺵ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﲝﺮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺍﺛﺒﺘﻠﻚ ﺑﻐﺮﺍﻣﺎﺝ ﻗﻤﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﳌﺼـﺒﻮﻍ ﺑﺼـﺒﻎ ﻗﻠﺒـﻚ ﻋـﻦ ﺻـﺪﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺣﱯ ﻭﺇﺧﻼﺻﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺠﺒﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻛﺎﺭﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺰﻳﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﰐ ‪..‬‬

‫وﺧﺘﺎﻣﺎ ً ‪....‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﯿﺠﯿﺔ ‪ :‬ﺑﺪي وﺻﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺗﻮب ﻋﺮﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺰﻟﻚ ‪...‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺰﻻوي ‪ :‬وأﻧﺎ ﺑﺪي وﺻﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﻔﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﯿﺠﺎﺗﻚ ‪....‬‬

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‫ﻟﻠﮭﻤﻚ‬

‫أﯾﺘﮭﺎ اﻟﮭﻤﻚ ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﺣﺒﺒﺘﻚ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻛﻮان ‪...‬‬


‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﺖ اﻷرض ﻋﻦ اﻟﺪوران ‪.....‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺴﺮت ﻋﻘﺎرب اﻷزﻣﺎن ‪...‬‬
‫أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻨﮭﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﺤﺎ ً ‪ ...‬وﻏﺪا اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﻋﺬﺑﺎ ً ‪....‬‬
‫ﺻﺎر اﻟﻘﻤﺮ ﺷﻤﺴﺎ ً ‪ ..‬واﻟﺸﻤﺲ أﻗﻤﺎرا ً ‪....‬‬
‫ﻏﯿﺮت ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ِ ‪ ....‬ﺻﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ أن ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﯿﺴﺎر !!!‬
‫رأﯾﺖ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ ﻛﺎﻷﻧﻮار ‪..‬ذﺑﺖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻷﻧﮭﺎر ‪ ...‬واطﻠﻘﺖ ﺳﺮاح ﻛﻞ اﻷﺳﺮار‪..‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ أن أﺣﺒﺒﺘﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫أرﺟﻮ أن ﯾﺤﻤﯿﻨﻲ ذﻛﺮ أﯾﺎﻣﻚ ﻣﻦ إﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎت أﺷﻮاﻗﻲ ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻹھﺪاء‬
‫أھﻠﻲ اﻟﻐﻮاﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺠﺰ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ﻋﻤﺎ ﯾﺠﻮل ﻓﻲ داﺧﻠﻲ ‪.....‬‬


‫ﻓﻠﻤﺠﺮد ذﻛﺮﻛﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﺖ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت ‪.....‬‬
‫واﻟﺼﻤﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮم اﻟﺠﻤﺎل ‪...‬ﺟﻤﺎل ‪.‬‬

‫إﻟﻰ أﺧﺘﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﯿﺔ وﺋﺎم‬


‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻠﮭﻢ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺮﻗﺔ واﻟﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ آن واﺣﺪ ‪..........‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ أرى ﻓﻲ ﻋﯿﻨﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻄﻤﻮح واﻹرادة واﻹﯾﻤﺎن ‪.......‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻧﮭﻞ ﻣﻦ طﯿﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﮭﺎ ﻷﻧﻌﺶ ﺣﺪﯾﻘﺘﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ‪......‬‬
‫ﻏﺎدة‬

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‫أﺑﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫أدﻋﻮ ﷲ أن ﯾﺤﻤﯿﻚ ﻟﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﻨﺪا ً ﻟﻨﺎ ‪ ..‬ﺑﺄﺣﻜﺎﻣﻚ ‪ ..‬ﺑﺤﻜﻤﺘﻚ ‪.‬‬


‫ﯾﺎ رﺿﺎ ﷲ ورﺿﺎ اﻟﻮاﻟﺪﯾﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻮﻣﺔ أﻣﻲ‬

‫ھﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﺒﺮت ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ِ ﺗﺤﻠﻤﯿﻦ وﺣﻤﻠﺖ ُ اﻟﺸﮭﺎدة اﻟﺘﻲ طﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺣﻠﻤﺘﻲ ﺑﮭﺎ ‪..‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺿﻤﺘﻚ اﻟﺤﻨﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺰرع ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ أﻣﻞ ‪..‬أﺛﻤﺮ اﻵن ‪..‬‬
‫ﻷواﺟﮫ ﻗﺴﻮة اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ‪........‬رﺣﻤﻚ ﷲ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻨﻮﻧﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮھﺮة اﻟﻨﺎدرة‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ أﻟﺠﺄ إﻟﯿﮭﺎ ﻷﺷﻜﻮ آﻻﻣﻲ ‪ ..‬وأﺟﺪھﺎ ﺗﻤﺪ ﯾﺪﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻨﺪﻧﻲ ‪..‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﯿﺪﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻗﻮﺗﻲ وﺗﺸﻌﺮﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺣﻤﺔ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ‪..‬‬
‫وأﻗﻒ ﻷﺷﻜﺮ ﷲ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﯾﺎ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺮﻗﯿﻖ ‪ ..‬وزارﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

‫وﺋﺎم‬

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‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺴﺞ اﻟﻤﺮء ﺛﯿﺎب ﻣﺬﻛﺮاﺗﮫ اﻟﺴﻮداء ‪ ...‬وﯾﻮﺷﺤﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺆﻟﺆ اﻷﺑﯿﺾ‬
‫ﯾﺒﻘﻰ ھﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺧﯿﻂ ﻣﺸﻊ ﯾﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺜﻨﺎﯾﺎ اﻟﺮوح‬
‫ﻟﻌﻠﮫ اﻟﺨﯿﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺬﻛﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺎت اﻟﯿﺄس ‪.‬‬
‫وردات اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺞ‬
‫ﺧﺘﺎم & راﻣﺎ & ﻋﺒﯿﺮ & ﻧﻮر‬
‫وﺋﺎم & ﻏﺎدة‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول‬
‫اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻘﻄﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻭﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول‬
‫اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻘﻄﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﻒ ﻗﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻌﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻕﹴ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﻴﻂ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺯﻭﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﺘﻸ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﶈﺎﻁ ﲜﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﻋﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﻒ ﰲ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﲣﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﲤﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﻭﻗﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺬﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻠﺞ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻱ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺧﺸﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ " ‪. " microfibils‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻭﺑﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪. Lumen‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ‪ Fats‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ ‪ Waxes‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲔ‬
‫‪. pectin‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺗﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺼﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺑـ ‪. primary wall‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪ : S1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﱐ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﱯ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻼﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪20‬‬
‫– ‪. 035‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ : S2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ S1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻱ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﱐ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﻼﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ S1‬ﺑﲔ ‪. 030 – 20‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ : S3‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﳎﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﻭﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻛﺎﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﳓﻼﻝ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﺗﻴﺰﺭ " ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫" ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﳓﻼﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳐﺘﻨﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﻳﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳓﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 300 – 200‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺶ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻧﻀﻮﺝ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ ‪ :‬ﲟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﺗﻴﺰﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -ً 2‬ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ ‪ -ً 3‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻮﺯ ‪ -ً 4‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲔ ‪ -ً 5‬ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ -ً 1‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺯﻭﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ‪ :‬ﲪﻮﺽ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺃﻭﺳﺎﺥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪%85,5 :‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺖ ﻭﴰﻊ ‪%0,5 :‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪%8‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪%1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺑﻜﺘﻮﺯ ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪%5‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﲤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳜﺴﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫‪ %6,5‬ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻏﻠﻴﺴﲑﻳﺪﺍﺕ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﱭ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ – ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ (2‬ﴰﻮﻉ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺼﱭ ﺑﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ‪ :‬ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﱭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﲪﻮﺽ ﺩﲰﺔ ﺣﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﲢﺎﺩ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺑﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬
‫) ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ( ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞﹼ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻜﻮﺯ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ )‪ (n‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺬﺏ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻫﻮ ﲣﻠﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳋﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻞ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺤﻮ ‪ %5‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪%14‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ %16‬ﻟﻠﺼﻮﻑ ﻭ‪ %18,7‬ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻓﻬﻲ ‪ %1,2‬ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬
‫ﻭ‪ %1,7‬ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ) ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻳﱵ ‪ Lubrication‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻗﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Stringth -3‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﱪﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳝﺘﺺ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ : Elongation -4‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : Electricity -5‬ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ )‪65‬‬
‫‪. %(2 ∓‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ :‬ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺟﺰﺀﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪0105‬ﻡ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﱴ ‪0120‬ﻡ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﲏ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪0240‬ﻡ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻣﺎﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪H2O/CO2‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪Elastic‬‬
‫‪ property‬ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﻳﺼﻔﺮ ﻟﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻠﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺪﺍﺑﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﱐ ﺃﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ‪ 1 : 2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺍﱃ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻭﺇﻥ ﲢﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪CH2‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬

‫اﻟﻐﻠوﻛوز )‪(C6H10O5‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻠﻲ ﳋﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺟﺰﺃﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺫﺭﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (4‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲢﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺳﻜﺎﻛﺮ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲬﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ....‬ﺍﱁ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺫﺭﰐ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪. (4‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪CH2OH‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪CH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬


‫اﻟﺳﯾﻠوﺑﯾوز‬
‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪CH2OH‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

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‫ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻣﺮﰐ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺘﲔ ﻭﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺳﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪( C6H10O5)n :‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ‪ 4,1‬ﲜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪CH2OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪CH2 OH‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪3C‬‬ ‫‪2C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪5C‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O--‬‬

‫‪4C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪4C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪1C‬‬ ‫‪4C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪1C‬‬ ‫‪4C‬‬ ‫‪1C‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪5CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪3C‬‬ ‫‪2C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪5CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪3C‬‬ ‫‪2C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪6 CH2OH‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪6CH2‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺐ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﯿﻠﻠﻮز‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ؟ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺬﺏ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻮﻻ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻗﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﻭﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﺎﻃﺄ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻜﺎﻛﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ‪ CH2- OHCO-‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺔ – ‪. – O‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻫﻮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺫﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺃﺩﱏ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻮ ‪ 260‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﻣﻌﺪﱐ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ‪ +‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ +‬ﻗﻄﻦ ← ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﺩﱏ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭﻱ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺷﻮﻳﺘﺰﺭ‬
‫‪ [Cu(NH3)4 ](OH)2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻓﻬﻠﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺟﺮﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪ Cu+2‬ﺇﱃ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ ‪ Cu+1‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ ‪ Cu2O‬ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻵﺟﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻠﺢ ﻃﺮﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻓﻬﻠﻨﻊ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪ CuSO4 5H2O‬ﰲ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻍ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ‪ :‬ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ‪: A‬ﻳﺬﺍﺏ ‪3.46‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ‪17,3 : B‬ﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻃﺮﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭ‪7‬ﻍ ﻣﻦ ‪ NaOH‬ﰲ‬
‫‪ 50‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ‪ .‬ﳝﺰﺝ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻻﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪ 2‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻱ ﻭ‪ 2‬ﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻬﻠﻨﻊ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﲢﻮﻟﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺐ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻵﺟﺮﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺳﻲ ‪ Cu2O‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ‪ .‬ﺃﲪﺮ ‪ Cu+2 ← Cu+1‬ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻠﲔ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺇﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﲤﺘﺺ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﳌﻴﺘﻠﲔ ﰒ ﻳﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪ ) :‬ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺒﺐ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪CH2OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪CH2OH‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H O‬‬ ‫‪CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪C OH‬‬ ‫‪H C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH C‬‬

‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪CH2OH‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪H2O‬‬

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CH2OH H OH CH2OH

H CH O O C C H H O C O

C OH H C C OH H C + C H OH C

O C C H H CH O OH OH C C H

H OH n CH2OH OH H n

‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮﺓ‬

H OH + HOH

O C C H O C C H

C OH H C C OH H C O
‫ﺗﺣول ﺗوﺗوﻣﯾري‬
H CH O OH H CH OH H

CH2OH CH2 OH

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‫ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﳐﺘﺰﻝ ) ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻲ ) ﻛﺮﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻲ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﱵ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ( Na2CO3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﲟﻌﺰﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﺎﹰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫)‪ (%2‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﲣﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﺣﺎﻻﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Na2CO3 + H2O‬‬ ‫‪2 NaOH + H2CO3‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H C‬‬ ‫‪+ NaOH‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪OH‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪+‬‬

‫‪H CH‬‬ ‫‪O O‬‬ ‫‪H CH‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪CH2OH‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪CH2ONa‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺴﻜﻮز أﺣﺪ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﯿﻠﻠﻮز ﺍﶈﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺢ ﺳﯾﻠﻠوزات اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺅﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺛﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﺎﻍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺅﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺜﲑ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ( ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻓﺘﺪﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻴﻔﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺷﺪﺍﺕ ﺿﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺫﻱ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ( ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺪﺩ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻴﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ؟؟؟‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺳﻜﻮﺗﻮﺑﺴﲔ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺩﻭﺑﻴﺴﻦ‬

‫) ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ (‬ ‫) ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﺗﻴﲏ (‬

‫ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻏﻠﻖ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺘﻪ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ )‪ (Na+‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺿﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ‬

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‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺮﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺜﲑ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﻟﻴﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻓﺮﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ‪13500‬ﻓﻮﻟﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺀ‬

‫‪Ne+‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Ne+‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺔﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ‬

‫) ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺔ (‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ؟‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺩﻭﺑﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﺑﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﺑﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﺗﻮﺑﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺘﻨﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺫﺭﻯ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ )‪(445‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ) ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ( ﻭ)‪ (535‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ) ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ( ﻭ)‪ (570‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ( ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﻪ ‪ 580‬ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮﺍﹰ ﻳﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺍﳊﻤﺮ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ %99‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺍﳋﻀﺮ ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ‪ %42‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻕ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ) ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ ( ﺍﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﰲ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻲ )‪(0) (42) (99‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﺦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﻛﺈﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻷﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﺑﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ‪.‬‬

‫اﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟﺿوء‬ ‫ذروة اﻣﺗﺻﺎص‬ ‫ذروة اﻣﺗﺻﺎص‬ ‫ذروة اﻣﺗﺻﺎص‬


‫)ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻌظﻣﻰ(‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧروط اﻷزرق‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧروط اﻷﺧﺿر‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺧروط اﻷﺣﻣر‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬

‫‪٧٥‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬

‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٤٥٠‬‬ ‫‪٥٥٠‬‬ ‫طول اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ ‪٦٥٠‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎﻧوﻣﺗر‬
‫ﺑﻧﻔﺳﺟﻲ‬ ‫أزرق‬ ‫أﺧﺿر‬ ‫أﺻﻔر‬ ‫ﺑرﺗﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫أﺣﻣر‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪: COLOR‬‬


‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺷﻮﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺷﻮﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪ 7‬ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫> ) ‪ 760‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ(‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫) ‪ 400‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ( <‬

‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻧﻴﻠﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ‪ -‬ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ‪ -‬ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ – ﺃﲪﺮ‪ -‬ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ‬

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‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪= ℎ.‬‬ ‫‪= ℎ.‬‬

‫‪ : h‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ‪6,623 × 10 -27‬‬ ‫‪ : E‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ‬

‫‪ : c‬ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ‪3 × 108 m /sec‬‬ ‫‪ : V‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

‫‪ :‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟـ ﺳﻢ‬

‫ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻱ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﲰﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ‪ -‬ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ‪ -‬ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ‪ .......‬ﺍﱁ‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﲟﺰﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺰﺟﻨﺎ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﲪﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻛﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﲪﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺰﺟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻨﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﲢﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ‪ : Intensity‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﲤﻴﺰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺩﲰﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﳑﺰﻭﺝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺪﺓ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﻥ ﲟﺰﺟﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﺮﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺀ ‪ : purity‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺍﻧﻴﺔ ‪ : Luminance‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻜﺲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺺ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻜﺲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻐﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ‪ -2 .‬ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻨﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ) ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ‪. ( Affinity‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻃﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳑﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫‪Eh - EL = Δ E=h.v‬‬
‫‪ : h‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻼﻧﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : v‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ )‪(nm‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﳐﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ‬ ‫‪435-400‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫‪560-500‬‬
‫ﺃﺯﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﲪﺮ‬ ‫‪700 - 650‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﱯ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ chromogen‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺟﲔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺰﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﲔ‬

‫‪Chromogen‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻋﻤﻘﻪ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﲡﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ‬

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‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ chromophore‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭ ‪ ، NO2‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺯﻭ ‪ ، NO‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ‪ ، C=O‬ﻛﺒﲑﻳﺘﻮ ‪ -‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ‬
‫‪ ، C=S‬ﺍﻵﺯﻭ ‪ ، N = N‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻳﻞ ‪C= N‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺘﻪ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ (‬
‫ﻟﻼﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﺘﺄﻧﻴﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﺮﺏ ‪ ، –OH‬ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻬﺮﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ‪ ، –NH2‬ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻳﻦ ‪ R-NA‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻼﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻮﻛﺮﻭﻡ ‪. Auxochrome‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﺮﻱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻏﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺜﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺿﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪: (4-1‬‬

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‫‪ : Bn , Bm , Bx‬ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ‪ x,m.n‬ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : Br‬ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : Ba‬ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ : Bv‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (4-1‬ﳐﻄﻂ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺛﺎﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺑﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ pH‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ pH‬ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﺮﻭﻱ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳚﺮﻱ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﳓﻮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻳﺒﻄﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﰲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻋﱪﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﲔ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﺍﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻜﺴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﻟﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻞ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ( ﺗﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 095 – 90‬ﺱ ﻭﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 60‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﺒﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ 0100‬ﺱ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﳌﺴﺮﻋﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ) ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ( ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲞﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺯﻣﺮ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬


‫ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻣﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﻭﺯﻣﺮ ﺍﻵﺯﻭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻓﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﳏﺪﺩ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﲢﺪﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ‪ IZO TERM‬ﺃﻱ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪. (5-1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(5-1‬‬

‫‪ 3-1‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺛﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﺤﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ) ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ( ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﻑ ‪،‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﻟﺴﺘﺮ ‪ .....‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬
‫ﲞﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ( ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﱯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺟﲔ ‪ ( Chromogen‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬


‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﺳﲔ ‪ ، .......‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻻ ﻟﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ) ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﺮ ( ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭ ‪ ( Chromophor‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺯﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻵﺯﻭ ‪ ......‬ﺍﱁ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ) ﺃﻭ ﺯﻣﺮ ( ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ) ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ( ﺍﻷﻛﺴﻮﻛﺮﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ ، Auxochrome‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ) ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ( ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺎﹰ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﰎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﲔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ( ﺃﻭ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ‬
‫ﳋﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 1-3-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺎﹰ ) ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ( ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ( ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﻓﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﱯ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺯﻭ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﻧﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺭﻳﻞ ﻣﻴﺘﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﻮﻝ ) ﺍﻵﺯﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ( ‪ .....‬ﺍﱁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (6-1‬ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

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(6-1) ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﺕ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻷﻱ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻳﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﻳﺪﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪:‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ) ‪ ( Isma Fast Blue 4GL 200%‬ﻓﺘﺪﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ‪Isma Fast‬‬
‫‪ ( Blue‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ) ‪ ) ( Isma‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ( ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ‪ ( Blue 4GL‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻛﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪ %200‬ﻓﻴﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫) ‪ ( Standard Of Strength‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ %100‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ) ‪ ( Blue 4GL‬ﻓﺎﳊﺮﻑ ‪ G‬ﻋﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ) ‪ ( Gelb‬ﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ (‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻑ ‪ L‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (7-1‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺻﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪CF‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( Echt‬ﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( Fur Druck‬ﺃﻱ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪FD‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪FF‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( Gelb‬ﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪G‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪GB‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( Grun‬ﺑﺎﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪GR‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( Heat ) , ( Water ) , ( Light‬ﺃﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪HWL‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ ( Jaune‬ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ) ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫‪J‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪LL‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺗﻘﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬
‫ﺃﲪﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻺﲪﺮﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪RB‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﱄ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪(7-1‬‬

‫‪ -3-3-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ) ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ( ‪:‬‬


‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻳﻨﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﺼﺒﻎ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪: ( Cationic Dyes‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ) ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

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‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ) ‪: ( Acid dyes‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ) ‪: ( Direct dyes‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻌﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳍﺎ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ) ‪: ( Reactive dyes‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺒﻐﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻫﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻌﺪﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎﹰ ) ‪: ( permetalized dyes‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺪ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ) ‪: ( Chrome dyes‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺃﻣﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﲪﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬

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‫• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ) ‪: ( vat dyes‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﳌﺎ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ) ‪: ( Indigosol dyes‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﻛﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻵﺯﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ) ‪: ( Insoluble Azo dyes‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻟﻨﺎﻓﺘﻮﻝ ﻭﺃﻣﲔ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ ﻣﺪﻳﺄﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ) ‪: ( Sulphur dyes‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﳍﺎ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ‪: ( Disperse dyes ) -‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺯﻭ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺒﺠﻤﻨﺖ ) ‪: ( pigments‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺠﻤﻨﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻧﺘﺠﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺘﺼﻖ ﺑﺎﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻃﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (8-1‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ)‪ (8-1‬ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 4-3-1‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ( ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻟﺒﺲ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﺎ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5-1‬ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 8-1‬ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ) ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ( ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪5‬‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪4‬‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪3‬‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪1‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪5‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪4‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪3‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺒﻎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﺎﻣﻖ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪1‬‬

‫• ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪8‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﳑﺘﺎﺯﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪7‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪6‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪5‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪4‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪3‬‬

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‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪2‬‬

‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪1‬‬

‫‪ 4-1‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﻨﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﻢ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺽ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ‪: H2SO4‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻔﻜﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪ 080‬ﻡ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻳﻐﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ 0338‬ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﺮﺍﻫﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﻭ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺣﺮﻭﻗﺎﹰ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺰﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﹰ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺍﹰ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﲝﻤﺎﻡ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪: HCL‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻭﳋﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ )‪. (1‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ‪: CH3COOH‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻟﻀﻌﻒ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ‪: HCOOH‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻭﻳﺔ ) ﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ( ‪: NaOH‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳌﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﲝﻤﺾ ﳐﻔﻒ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳌﺴﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﺰﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ‪. NH4OH‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ : Na2SO4‬ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ‪10‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻠﺢ ﻛﻬﺮﻟﻴﱵ ﻹﺑﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ )‪(Zeta‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﲑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻛﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺮﻳﻠﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺗﻜﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ) NaCL‬ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ( ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ : Na2CO3‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻫﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ Na2S2O4‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺃﺑﻴﺾ ﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﳏﻠﻮﻻﹰ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻠﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﹰ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺪﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ : NaNO2‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺯﻭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺴﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ : NaHSO3‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻀﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ‪ : H2O2‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻡ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻴﺒﻮﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻣﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲢﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ‪:‬‬


‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻲﺀ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻀﻄﺮ ﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺻﻮﻻﹰ ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺎﹰ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻞ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻼﺏ ‪ .....‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲪﻞ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻴﺼﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﻣﺰﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻞﹼ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﺼﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﺫﻳﺬ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﲝﺜﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲤﻨﻊ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺛﻨﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ) ‪ ( Anti foaming & deaerating agents‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﺴﻮﻕ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻣﺒﻠﻼﹰ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻔﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻮﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ )ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻳﺮ( ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪. 0c 95‬‬

‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ‪:‬‬


‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻼﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺛﻨﲔ ﻣﻌﺎﹰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺎﺵ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺯﻣﻦ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺴﲑ ‪:‬‬


‫• ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺴﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻟﻴﻖ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻀﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬


‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1920‬ﻭﻋﺎﻡ ‪1940‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺪﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﺬﺍﺏ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻞ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻞ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻴﻜﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬
‫) ‪ ( Nekal A,B‬ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ) ‪ ( ASF‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺮ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻮ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﺠﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬


‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﻞﹼ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻏﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﳌﻨﻊ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ) ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ( ﺍﳌﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﲢﻴﻂ ﲜﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﺭﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻳﺘﻮﻛﺴﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﲰﺔ ﻭﺳﻠﻔﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﲪﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﻔﺘﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺭﻡ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﺍﺳﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﺍﶈﻀﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﱄ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻼﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪. RO (CH2CH2O)nH :‬‬

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‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻮ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻤﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫أﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض‬

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‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ) ﺍﳊﻠﺔ (‬

‫‪Vat Dyes‬‬

‫‪:m‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻗﺪﳝﺎﹰ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﻑ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ‪ indigo‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﺎﹰ ‪ Indigo-Forua‬ﺑﺎﳍﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺼﻮﺭ ﻗﺪﳝﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1912‬ﻡ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪ ) Leuco compods‬ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻏﻮﻝ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ( ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ) ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ( ﻣﻠﺢ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﻭﺑﺄﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺣﺒﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﳓﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺟﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪Vat‬‬
‫‪. dyes‬‬

‫ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ) ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ( ﺑﺎﳒﺬﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ) ﺃﻱ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻟﻔﺔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻮﻧﺎﹰ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﺝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

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‫• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ‪: Indigo‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ‪ ) Indigo‬ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ( ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑـ‬
‫‪ ، Durindone Blue 4 B‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﺠﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ‪: Thio-Indigo‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﺘﻖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ‪ -NH-‬ﺑﺬﺭﺓ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﱪ ﺻﻴﻎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﳏﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ Vat red 1, C. I. 73360‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﻮﺍﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﳑﺘﺎﺯ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫• ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ‪: Antraquionone‬‬

‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻐﻤﻨﺖ ) ‪ ، ( Pigment‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ‪: ( Indanthron‬‬

‫ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1903‬ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺄﻟﻖ ﻭﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺆﻛﺴﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﱵ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﲣﺮ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺟﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺛﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺎﺯﻭﻝ ) ‪: ( Carbazols‬‬
‫ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺎﺯﻭﻝ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( Anthraquinone Acridones‬ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺃﻭﺭﺗﻮ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﺋﻴﻚ ﻣﻊ ‪ -1‬ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮ‬


‫ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -4‬ﺃﺳﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ) ‪ ( Acylamino Anthraquinone‬ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻷﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻞ ) ‪ ( Benzoyl Derivatives‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) ‪ ( 6 – 5‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ) ‪ ، ( 8 – 7‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ) ‪ ( -OH‬ﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﱄ ) ‪ ( -ONa‬ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﺫﺍﺑﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻨﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺍﻣﲔ ) ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺪ ( ) ‪: ( Anthramides‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﰐ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﱪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ‪ -NH-‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ –AQ – NH – AQ‬ﺃﻭ ‪. AQ – NH – AQ – NH – AQ‬‬

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‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺑﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮﺍﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻘﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﺰﻫﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺒﲑﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ‪: ( Pyranthrone and Flvanthrone‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎﹰ ﲟﺪﻯ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﲑﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺛﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ) ‪ ( 7 – 5‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳍﻠﺠﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ -7‬ﺑﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ‪: ( Benzanthrone‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﺈﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ‪ ( Anthrone‬ﰒ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺴﲑﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﻧﺼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪: Indanthrene dark Blue BO‬‬

‫ﻳﺼﺒﻎ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻧﺘﺮﻭ ﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ( ‪Indanthrene Blak 2B‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻣﻖ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﻴﺒﻮﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﻎ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻮﻻﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ) ‪( Caledon Jade Green‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻨـﺰﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻣﺰﻱ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -8‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪: ( sulphur-Containing Annthraquinone Compounds‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺓ ﻛﱪﻳﺖ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺯﻭﻝ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺃﻟﻮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﲪﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ Anthra Yellow GGS‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻌﺮﺍﹰ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺳﻨﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻷﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﲤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﲢﻀﲑ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺕ ‪ ، Vat‬ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺕ ‪ Vat‬ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﰒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻐﻤﺮ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ) ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﱭ ( ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ ü‬ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ) ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ( ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺛﻼﺙ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻐﻤﻨﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﲢﻀﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺒﻌﺜﺮﺓ ﻭﺣﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﲢﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻭﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﳝﺘﺪ ﻷﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﻤﺮ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﺻﻮﻻﹰ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻐﻤﻨﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲝﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻟﻨﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺤﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ ﻏﺮﻭﻳﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ COLLOISOL‬ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ BASF‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺣﱴ ) ‪ ( 10-2‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻧﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻄﻒ ﻭﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﰲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﺎﺳﺒﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ) ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺩ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﻼ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ) ﺑﺮﺍﺳﻠﻪ ( ﻭﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺳﻄﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺣﺒﻞ ) ﻣﻀﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ( ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﹴ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ) ‪ ( Over – heating‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺛﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺂﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻳﻜﻮ ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﳛﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺴﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ) ‪ ( wetting Agent‬ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ْ 50‬ﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ) ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ( ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻸ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫) ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ +‬ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ( ﰒ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺰﻭﺝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 1 : 4‬ﺇﱃ ‪. 1 : 5‬‬

‫ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ) ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﺮ ( ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺊ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Levelling Agent‬ﻭﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪1,5 – 0,5‬‬
‫ﻣﻞ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻋﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ) ﻟﻔﺔ ( ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰒ ﻳﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺗﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﲝﻤﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻭﹴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪ 1 – 0,5‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ) ﻏﻮﺍﺳﻞ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ( ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻊ ‪ 2 – 1‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺻﻮﺩﺍ ﺍﺵ‬
‫) ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ( ﻭﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 30- 20‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺮ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻬﺮﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﻣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﻭﻳﻌﺼﺮ ﻭﳚﻔﻒ ﰒ ﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ) ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ( ‪ .‬ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻮﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﻣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲤﻀﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ) ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ( ﻣﻦ ‪ 30 – 15‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ْ 108 – 103‬ﺱ ﻭﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲤﺮﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻃﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ ﰲ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻮﺝ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ( ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺖ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ – ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ – ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ – ﺍﻟﺘﺼﱭ – ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺮ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﺍﺋﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ‪ .....‬ﺍﱁ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺼﺒﻎ‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻷﺳﺘﺮ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﲟﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﻀﺮ ﺑﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ‬
‫ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﲑﻳﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﲪﺾ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻟﻴﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮﺳﻮﻝ ‪ ، Indigosols‬ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻟﻴﺪﻭﻥ‬


‫‪ Soledons‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻀﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﲪﻀﻲ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻨـﺰﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 20‬ﺇﱃ ‪ْ 40‬ﺱ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 60‬ﺇﱃ ‪ْ 80‬ﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﲢﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ NaNO2‬ﺃﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ Na2Cr2O7‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ‪ Fe2 ( SO4 ) 3‬ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎﹰ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﲪﺾ ﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﺴﯿﻠﻠﻮزﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض واﻧﺘﺸﺎرھﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوي‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻋﻨﺎ ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ؟‬


‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ؟‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ) ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ( ؟‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ؟‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ؟‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ؟‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﺎﻓﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1 ü‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺮ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ﳛﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻲﺀ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻤﺎﺵ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ‪ .....‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ‪ sequestering‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ) ﻋﺴﺮﺓ ( ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲢﻀﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﺮﺳﺐ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻄﻮﻋﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻭﺑﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﻲ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ %1‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻨـﺰﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺴﺘﻨـﺰﻑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﺰﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺰﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﰲ ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ BASF‬ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻠﺐ ‪ 1997‬ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺧﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﻨﻴﺰﻳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﳓﻼﻝ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻜﻮﺱ ‪ ،‬ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﲔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ) ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ( ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ( ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ) ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺎًﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ( ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬

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‫ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭ ﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﻱ ( ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﲟﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﲡﺬ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺟﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟــﻚ ﻋــﱪ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨــﻮﱄ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸــﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺤــﻲ ‪C−ONa‬‬ ‫‪C=O‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼـﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪C−OH‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـﻮﻝ ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻳﻜﻮ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻋﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ‪ Indanthten Brill Green FFB‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺯﺭﻕ ﻭﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ﺃﲪﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2 ü‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ( ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﻱ ( ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ ‪ NaHSO3‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ‪ Na2S2O4‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﲪﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ ﻫﻮ ‪: Na2SO3‬‬

‫‪Na2S2O4+ 2H2O‬‬ ‫‪2NaHSO3 + H2‬‬


‫‪+2NaOH‬‬ ‫‪2Na2SO3+ 2H2O‬‬

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‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺯﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﻭﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫) ﻗﻄﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ – ﻗﻄﻦ ﳑﺮﺳﺰ ‪ ( ..‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ) ‪ ( 2-6‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬


‫ﺱْ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪%‬‬ ‫ﻍ ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪26.9‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻦ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪14.4‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪14.1‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻦ ﳑﺮﺳﺰ‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪14.2‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﱯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻏﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ) ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ( ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -3 ü‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ‬
‫) ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻛﻤﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 670‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 980‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ ‪ ، ( Mv‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺗﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﻬﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻧﻔﺎﻟﻴﺖ ) ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ‪ +‬ﻓﻮﺭﻡ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ؟ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ْ 60‬ﺱ ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 960‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻧﻔﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ْ 80 – 70‬ﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻭﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫‪ْ 95 – 90‬ﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ‪ْ 60‬ﺱ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ) ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ( ﻓﻴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺣﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫) ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ( ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( 3-6‬ﲢﻠﻞ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫) ‪ ( 4-6‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲤﺎﺱ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ) ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻮﹴ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺕ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲣﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﲣﺮﺏ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﺃﺻﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﻟﺖ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺗﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻟﻴﻜﻮ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ﺗﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﱐ ( ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺰﻭﻛﻴﻨﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﻵﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻋﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ) ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﺩﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4 ü‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺗﺸﺮﺩﻩ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻜﱪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳒﺬﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬

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‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺫﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ) ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ( ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ( ﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ -1‬ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﻔﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺘﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﺸﻂ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻓﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ‪ ، ( IW‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺌﺔ ‪ ، Warm dyeing group‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‬


‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ‪ ، ( IN‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ، Normal dyeing group‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ) ‪ ، ( IK‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ‪ ، Cold dyeing group‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ‪NaOH‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫) ‪( %32.5‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ‬ ‫‪ ْ 60 – 50‬ﺱ‬
‫‪ 50 – 20 NaOH‬ﻣﻞ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫) ‪( IW‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ‪ 25 – 3‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ْ 50 – 45‬ﺱ‬
‫‪ 25 – 10 NaOH‬ﻣﻞ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫) ‪( IN‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫‪ ْ 30 – 20‬ﺱ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ‪ 50 – 8‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ 18 – 4 NaOH‬ﻣﻞ ‪ /‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫) ‪( IK‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺫﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺫﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺻﻌﺐ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪%‬‬

‫ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Indanthren‬‬
‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪IK‬‬
‫‪Yellow 5GK‬‬
‫‪Ind. .Brilliant‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪IW‬‬
‫‪Green FFB‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪57 35‬‬ ‫‪IN‬‬ ‫‪Ind . Olive‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ‪%‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ) ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ (‬


‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫‪90 85 75‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪60 50 30‬‬
‫‪IND. YELLOW‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪94 82‬‬ ‫‪IK‬‬
‫‪5GK‬‬
‫‪IND .Brilliant‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪IW‬‬
‫‪green FFB‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪IN‬‬ ‫‪IND. Olive T‬‬
‫‪ -5 ü‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻭﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﺴﻼﺧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫) ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ، Aْ 40 – 20‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ) ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ( ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ) ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺭﻭﻧﺘﺠﻦ ( ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ IK‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪Aْ 10 – 8‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ IN‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪Aْ 20 – 10‬‬

‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ IW‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪Aْ 40 – 20‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ IK‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ، IN‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪. IW‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻻ‬
‫ﲣﻠﻮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺴﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﰒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻭﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ ، C- O-‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻏﻤﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳜﻔﺾ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﳜﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﹴ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻫﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫) ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ( ﻭﻗﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﻨﻔﺼﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﺗﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺮ ﻋﱪ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻭﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ) ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺑﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻩ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ :‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﱄ ﺇﻳﺘﻠﻦ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﱄ ﺇﻳﺘﻠﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﺗﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﺘﻠﻦ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﳜﻀﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻳﺘﻠﻦ ﻏﻠﻴﻜﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﳜﻀﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﹰ ) ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ( ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﺣﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ) ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ (‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨـﺰﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪%30‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺮﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﲢﺴﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﺮﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺧﺮﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬


‫) ﲡﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ) 5‬ﲬﺴﺔ ( ﺃﻧﻐﺴﺘﺮﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ( ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬
‫ﲟﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 100‬ﺃﻧﻐﺴﺘﺮﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻞ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﰲ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ْ 80‬ﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺪﻋﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳓﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻳﺒﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ Solidegal GL‬ﻭ ‪Peregal P‬‬

‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﲜﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ) ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﳓﻼﻝ ( ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺫﻭﺑﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺗﻮﻣﺴﻮﻥ ‪ Thomson‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1936‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬


‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﻴﺘﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﻣﻨﲑ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪Peters and Sumner 1955‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ) ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ‪ 1‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﺣﺮﺓ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﻝ ( ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 9000‬ﺟﺬﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺷﻮﺍﺫ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﻷﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻓﺎﻧﺪﺭﻓﺎﻟﺲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺭﻳﺜﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 45 – 30‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻹﲤﺎﻣﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺻﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻝ ‪ ( Roll‬ﺃﻭ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ) ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ ‪، ( Con‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﲏ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲪﺾ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ) ﺇﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺇﻛﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻧﺎﹰ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫‪NaOH + CH3COOH‬‬ ‫‪CH3COONa + H2O‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺹ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ü‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﲪﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎﹰ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺣﺎﻭﹴ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ) ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ( ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺳﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﺥ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﰲ‬
‫ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫‪ Bean and Rowe‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1929‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻬﺠﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺠﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻭ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﺸﺮﺍ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎ‪‬ﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺎ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺭﻧﻴﺶ ‪ Kornreich‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1942‬ﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﻋﺰﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻴﻞ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻫﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻜﺮﺷﺘﻒ‬
‫‪ Vickerstaff‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1953‬ﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﻘﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍ‪‬ﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﻫﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺮﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺎﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻛﺒﲑﺍﹰ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎﹰ‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳓﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺓ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻠﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻑ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ‪.‬‬

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‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺫﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﻲ ﲢﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺫﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﳑﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺏ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﻒ ﲟﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﻓﺊ ﰒ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﲟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﱐ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﱂ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺣﻮﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻫﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪: Na2S2O4‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻹﻳﻨﻮﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺘﻌﺮﺿﻪ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻳﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﻣﺘﺨﺮﺑﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﹰ ﻛﱪﻳﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Na2S2O4 + 2 H2O‬‬ ‫] ‪2Na HSO3 + 2 [ H‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴﻚ ) ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ( ‪: NaOH‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫) ﺇﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﳉﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﻨﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻜﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻛﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ) ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﺮ ( ‪: Na2SO4‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﺑﲔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻤﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺘﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬

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‫ﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻟﻴﺖ ﲣﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻓﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺣﱴ ﲤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺸﺘﺘﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺒﻘﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -8‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﰎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﰲ ﳐﱪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺰﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ‬


‫ﺍﳋﻤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ﲤﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻗﻄﲏ ﻣﺒﻴﺾ ‪. %100‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ) ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ BASF‬ﰲ‬
‫ﻧﺪﻭﺓ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ، 1997‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬


‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪6-8‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﻛﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪0-30 ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪< 1 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪< 20 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫‪< 50 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪< 0.1 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪< 0.05 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪< 0.01 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪< 50 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫‪< 5 Ppm‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺮ‬ ‫‪0‬‬

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‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﳓﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﻔﺾ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻼﹰ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﺒ‪‬ﺎﻍ ‪. Indathren blue RS collosol :‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻧﻌﺔ ‪. Dystar :‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ‪ ) ( NaOH‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ‪ ) ( Na2S2O4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ‪. ( 0.5-1 ) g/l‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻻﻳﻐﺎﻟﲔ ‪. ( 1-2 ) g/l ( f‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﻣﻠﺢ ﻏﻠﻮﺑﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ‪. ( 0.5-1 ) g/l‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪. 2 g/l‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪. 0.5 g/l‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻳﻐﺎﻟﲔ ‪. ( 1.2 ) g/l ( f‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ‪. ( 1-2 ) g/l‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ( ‪. ( 0.5 ) g/l‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ‪. 1/50‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮ ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﻭﻧﻐﻠﻴﻪ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﰒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺷﻄﻒ ﰒ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %1‬ﰒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻄﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﺯ‪‬ﺎ ‪ F = 1g‬ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - (1‬ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ ) ﲡﺎﻧﺲ (‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻏﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ) ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ( ﳌﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 5‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫ﰒ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﺼﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ - (2‬ﲢﻀﲑ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ) ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ( ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ) ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ( = ‪. 1%‬‬

‫ﻛﻞ ‪ 100g‬ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ← ‪ 1g‬ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻞ ‪ 1g‬ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ← × ‪.‬‬

‫← ‪ × = 0.01g‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ‪ 3ml‬ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ) ‪ ) ( % 4.3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺰﻥ ) ‪ ( % 4.3‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ( ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺇﱃ) ‪ ( ml 100‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ = ‪ g 0.1‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ‪ f‬ﺇﱃ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪: w‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬


‫ﲢﺴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ‬
‫‪50‬‬

‫‪f‬‬
‫‪w‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫)‪W = f × 50 = 1 × 50 = 50 g = 50 ml (water‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺸﺮ ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﰒ ﻧﻀﻊ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ( 40-50 ) ْ c‬ﻣﺪﺓ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ - (3‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﻀﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﲏ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﶈﻀﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 30‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪. 50 ْ c‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻧﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ min 10‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪. 80 ْ c‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪: 1‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﳑﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﻮ ﺻﺒﺎﻍ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ؟‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻱ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻒ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻟﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﲝﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

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‫ﳑﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑـ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪. ( 25-30 )ْ c‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﱴ ‪. 50 ْ c‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﲢﻀﲑ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﲏ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ‪. 50 ْ c‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪. ( 25-30 ) ْ c‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﲟﺪﺓ ) ‪ ( 10 min‬ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ) ‪ ( g 1.6‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺤﻞ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺶ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﻒ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﳌﺨﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - (1‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ - (2‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - (3‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪: ( 2‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻧﺮﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ‪. c ْ 80‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟‬

‫ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (4‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ؟‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪ c ْ 80‬ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻀﻲ ‪. C-OH‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪: ( 3‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ‪ Na2 S2 O4‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) ‪. ( 0.2 g‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟‬

‫ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ 3‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﻏﻤﻖ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ؟‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺑﺄﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻜﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻧﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪: ( 4‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 0.1g‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ‪ g0.05‬ﻣﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟‬

‫ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ 4‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ‪ 1‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ؟‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻛﻔﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻹﲤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﺬﺍﺏ ﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪: (5‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ) ‪ ( 3ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ) ‪. ( 5ml‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟‬

‫ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 1‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﲤﺖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭﺑﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺎﻍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ؟‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ‪ NaOH‬ﻳﻘﻮﺩﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻤﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻭﱃ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ‪NaOH‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻜﻮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻧﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﰎ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺃﺿﻒ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻠﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺄﻭﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪: (6‬‬

‫ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ) ‪. ( 1 mL‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ؟‬

‫ﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺄﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺰﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻔﺴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ؟‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺯﻣﺮ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺔ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺻﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﺒﺎﻍ ‪: Indanthren blue rs sollosol‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﰎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻩ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬


‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻍ = ‪ 0.01 g‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ ‪. 0.1 g :‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ = ‪. 3 ml‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ = ‪. 1.6 g‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ = ‪. 25 – 30 ) = C‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪.‬‬


‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﻲ = ‪. 80 C‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ‬


‫‪3‬‬
‫) ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ = ‪. ( 0.2 g‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﺔ‬


‫‪4‬‬
‫) ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺖ = ‪. ( 0.05 g‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ‪( 5 ML‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ) ‪( 1 ML‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

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‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﻮرﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪/ 111 /‬‬

‫اﺧﺘـﺒﺎر ﺛﺒـﺎت أﻟـﻮان اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎت ﻟﻠـﻌﺮق‬

‫وزارة اﻟﺼﻨـﺎﻋـﺔ‬
‫ھﯿﺌــﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔــﺎت واﻟﻤﻘـﺎﯾﯿـﺲ اﻟﻌـﺮﺑﯿـﺔ اﻟﺴـﻮرﯾـﺔ‬
‫دﻣﺸــﻖ‬

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‫ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺱ ‪1979 /‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪UDC : 677.84 : 535 . 68‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ICS : 59. 080 . 01‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌـﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬
‫‪S.N.S :‬‬ ‫‪\ 1979‬‬ ‫)) ﻣﺸــﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔــﺔ ((‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍ‪‬ــــﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺒـــﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﲢﻮﻱ ﺍﳍﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ) ﲪﺾ ﺃﻣﻴﲏ ( ‪ .‬ﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ) ﺑﲑﺳﺒﲑﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮ ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺎﺛﻠﻪ ‪ .‬ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ‬
‫‪ -1 / 3‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺎﺛﻠﻪ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪. ( 1 / 7‬‬
‫‪ – 2 / 3‬ﻓﺮﻥ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻴﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 3 / 3‬ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻗﻠﻮﻱ ﳏﻀﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎﹰ ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ( 5. 0 ) -‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ( 5 ) -‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ( 5 ) -‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﺗﻮﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ) ‪ ( 8‬ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬


‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬

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‫‪ – 4 / 3‬ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲪﻀﻲ ﳏﻀﺮ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺎﹰ ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ( 0.05 ) -‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ( 5 ) -‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﻣﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ( 2 . 2 ) -‬ﻍ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﺃﻭﺭﺗﻮ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ) ‪ ( 5.5‬ﺑﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 5/ 3‬ﻋﻴﻨﺘﺎ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ) ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ( ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍﹰ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﺋﻂ ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳔﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬


‫ﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻦ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻜﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻜﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ – 6 / 3‬ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ) ﻡ‪.‬ﻕ‪.‬ﺱ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
‫‪ 88‬ﻭ ‪. ( 89‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ – 2 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫) ‪ ( 1 / 4‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 3 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﲔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﲔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ - 1 / 5‬ﺗﻨﻘﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳏﻠﻮﱄ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻐﻤﺮ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ) ‪ ( 50‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪ .‬ﺗﺪﻭﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ) ‪ ( 30‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺾ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﺗﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻀﻴﺒﲔ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﲔ ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺻﻔﺤﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺘﲔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ) ‪ 6 × 11.5‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ) ‪ ( 4.5‬ﻛﻎ ‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ) ‪ ْ( 2 ± 37‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 5‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻥ ﻣﺴﺨﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ْ( 2 ± 37‬‬
‫ﻭﳌﺪﺓ ) ‪ 4‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 3 / 5‬ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ) ‪ ْ( 60‬ﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺧﻴﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 4 / 5‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘـــﺮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺍﳌــﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 7‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﲜﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﳑﺎﺛﻞ ﻭﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ) ‪ 6 × 11.5‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ‪ .‬ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ) ‪ 6 × 11.5‬ﺳﻢ ( ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ‪ .‬ﻭﲰﺎﻛﺘﻬﺎ ) ‪ 1.5‬ﻣﻢ (‬
‫) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 7‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ) ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 6‬ﺳﻢ ( ﺗﻌﺪﻝ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫) ‪ 0,125‬ﺑﺎﺭ ( ﺃﻱ ) ‪ 125‬ﻍ ﺛﻘﻠﻲ ‪ /‬ﺳﻢ‪. ( 2‬‬

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‫‪ -8‬ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴـﺔ‬

‫‪Perspiration‬‬ ‫‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻕ‬


‫‪Perspirometer‬‬ ‫‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ‬
‫‪Colour fastness‬‬ ‫‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Staining‬‬ ‫‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ‬
‫‪PH‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ‪.......................................‬‬
‫‪Grey scale‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ‪.......................................‬‬
‫‪Fibre‬‬ ‫‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Yarn , Thread‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺰﻭﻝ ‪.......................................‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺟــﻊ‬

‫– ‪ISO R \ 105 \ IV – 1968‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ‬


‫‪P4‬‬
‫‪DIN 54020 \ 1969‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ‪1972 / 174‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪1963 / 362‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ) ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ( ‪1978 / 87‬‬
‫‪ - 10‬ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻟﻸﻟﺒﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ – ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺱ ‪1995 / 1624‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫‪UDC : 677. 204 . 621‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﻗﻤﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫‪S . N . S : 1624 \ 1995‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Determination Of Water Repellency Of Fabrios By Bunesman‬‬
‫‪Tester‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍ‪‬ــﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻸﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺵ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ) ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺯﻣﺎﻥ ( ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪. ( 1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻌـﺎﺭﻳـﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻊ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﳌـﺒــﺪﺃ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺩﻭﺵ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻼﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﳉـﻬــﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ – 1 / 4‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﻧﺪﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻗﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫) ‪ 0,1 ± 0,75‬ﻏﻢ ( ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 62‬ﺇﱃ ‪68‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻠﻴﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬
‫‪1995 / 12 / 31‬‬

‫‪Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology‬‬

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‫‪ – 2 / 4‬ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺧﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 5 2 ± 20‬ﺱ ﻭ ‪ PH‬ﻣﻦ ‪16‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ ) 8‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ‪( 3‬‬

‫‪ – 3 / 4‬ﻫﺰﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 4 / 4‬ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ) ‪ 141‬ﻣﻠﻢ ( ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 5 / 4‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 6 / 4‬ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﲝﺠﻢ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﲡﻌﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 7 / 4‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻀﺒﺎﻃﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﻫﺎ ‪ 0.1‬ﻏﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 5‬ﲡﻬﺰ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2 / 5‬ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ) ‪ 141‬ﻣﻢ ( ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 3/ 5‬ﺗﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪. ( 5‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 6‬ﻳﻌﲔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ) ‪ 0.1‬ﻏﻢ ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 6‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﻴﺪﺍﹰ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﺔ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﰒ ﺗﻘﻔﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ – 3 / 6‬ﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﻔﺮﺩ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﻭﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﲝﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ) ‪ 100‬ﻡ ( ) ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ ( 4‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﳊﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺛﻨﻴﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﰒ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻚ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 4 / 6‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺫﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﺣﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺸﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﻨـﺰﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳌﺪﺓ ) ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ( ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ .‬ﰒ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﶈﺮﻙ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﳍﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 5 / 6‬ﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻛﻞ ‪ 60‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻵﰐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻏﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻊ ﻏﻠﻖ ﺻﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻭﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺗﺰﺍﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻨـﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﰲ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 60‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟـﺪﺵ ﻭﺗﺮﻓـﻊ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﳍﺎ ﻭﲡﻔﻒ ﺻﻨﺎﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺴﻜﺐ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛـﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ‪ 100‬ﻣـﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻳﻨﺴـﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﳌﻌـﺪﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠـﻮﺏ‬
‫– ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪ ‪. 1 / 4‬‬

‫‪ – 6 / 6‬ﻳﻔﻚ ﻣﺸﺒﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺛـﲏ ﺃﻭ ﲡﻌﻴـﺪ ﻭ‪‬ـﺰ‬
‫) ‪ 10‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ( ﰒ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﶈﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 7 / 6‬ﻳﻌﲔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ‪ 0.01‬ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 8 / 6‬ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺑﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻠﻴﻠﻴﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ -7‬ﻧﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 7‬ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ – 1 / 1 / 7‬ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪ :‬ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻠﻴﻠﻴﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 1 / 7‬ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ × 100‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺺ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﰒ ﳛﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ‪. % 1‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ -1 :‬ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﻕ ﺍﻧﺴﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﺍﻟـﺪﺵ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﲏ ﺃﻭ ) ﴰﻮﻉ ﻛﻴﺰ ﳉﻮﺭ ( ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ -2 :‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺳﺨﺎﻥ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‬
‫) ‪ ( ْ 22 – 18‬ﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ -3 :‬ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﲏ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﻻﻳﻮﱐ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ -4 :‬ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﺑﺄﺣﺠﺎﻡ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﲰﻚ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ‪Absortion ...............................................................‬‬


‫ﲤﺴﻚ ‪rubboo......................................................................‬‬
‫ﺛﲏ ‪folded ........................................................................‬‬
‫ﺩﺵ ‪shower........................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻚ ‪clamp.......................................................................‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ‪penetration ...............................................................‬‬

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‫‪ -9‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻳﺰﻭ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ISO / 9865 /‬‬


‫‪ – 10‬ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺱ ‪1979 / 110‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫‪UDC : 677.84 : 535 . 68‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ICS : 59. 080 . 01‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪( 5 - 1‬‬
‫‪S . N . S : 110 \ 1979‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Testing of colour fastness of textiles to mechanical washing‬‬


‫) ‪( washing test 1 - 5‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣــﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﱄ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍ‪‬ـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﲟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪. ( 2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺒـﺪﺃ‬
‫ﲣﺾ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﱐ ﰒ ﺗﺸﻄﻒ ﻭﲡﻔﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷـﻒ‬
‫‪ – 1 / 3‬ﺁﻟﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ ﲝﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﻳﺪﻭﺭ ) ‪ ( 2 ± 40‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﺃ ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ) ‪ 500‬ﻣﻞ ( ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻴﲑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 2 / 3‬ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺘﻪ ) ‪ ( % 5‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ ( % 0.3‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫) ‪ ( % 0.1‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫) ‪ ( % 85‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﱏ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﻤﻠﺢ ﺻﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫) ‪ 0 30‬ﺱ ( ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﲡﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫) ‪ ( 50‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬
‫‪1979 / 12 / 12‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫‪ 1979 / 10 / 21‬ﻏﲑ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology‬‬

‫‪ – 3 / 3‬ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ﳛﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) ‪ ( 2‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪ 2 / 3‬ﻭ ‪. ( 1 / 7‬‬

‫‪ – 4 / 3‬ﻗﻄﻌﺘﺎ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﻤﺎ ) ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 4‬ﺳﻢ ( ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﺋﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) ‪ ( 1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ) ‪( 1‬‬

‫ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬


‫ﺻـﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻄــﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻄـﻦ‬ ‫ﺻـﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻗﻄـﻦ‬ ‫ﺣـﺮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻛﺘـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺴـﻜﻮﺯ‬
‫ﻓﺴـﻜﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻴﺘـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻓـﺴﻜﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﱄ ﺃﻣﻴـﺪ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻗـﻄﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﱄ ﺃﺳـﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑـﻮﱄ ﺃﻛﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﺘـﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫‪ – 5 / 3‬ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ) ﻡ‪.‬ﻕ‪.‬ﺱ ‪ ( 1978 / 88‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ‬
‫) ﻡ‪.‬ﻕ‪.‬ﺱ ‪. ( 1978 / 89‬‬

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‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ - 1 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 4‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 4‬ﺳﻢ ( ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪1 / 4‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﺎﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺟﻨﺐ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻄﻌﱵ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻭﲣﺎﻁ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 3 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 4‬ﺳﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ) ‪( 1 / 4‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 5‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﱐ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ )‬
‫‪ ( 1 : 50‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 5‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﺪﺗﻪ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ) ‪( 2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﻗﻢ‬


‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ / ±‬ﺱ‬
‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ‪ /‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫)‪(5‬ﻍ‬ ‫)‪(5‬ﻍ‬ ‫)‪(5‬ﻍ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫)‪(5‬ﻍ‬ ‫)‪(5‬ﻍ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫) ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻈﻔﺔ ‪ /‬ﻝ ﻣﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫)‪(2‬ﻍ‬ ‫)‪(2‬ﻍ‬ ‫)‪(2‬ﻍ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻄﺮ (‬

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‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻻ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ – 3 / 5‬ﺗﺸﻄﻒ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﲟﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﳌﺪﺓ ) ‪ ( 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﲟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺼﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻃﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﳉﻬﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺗﲔ ‪ .‬ﲡﻔﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ ) ‪ 60‬ﺱ ( ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ – 4 / 5‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺳﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﲔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳــﺮ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈـــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ - 1 / 7‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ) ‪ ( % 5‬ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2 / 7‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﲡﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ‪AFNOR - T‬‬
‫‪60 - 208 \ 1968‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴــﺔ‬

‫‪Staining‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ‬
‫‪Change In Colour‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Yarn , Thread‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺰﻭﻝ‬
‫‪Fibre‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Grey scale‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪-9‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

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‫– ‪ISO R \ 105 \ IV – 1968‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ‬
‫‪P8- 12‬‬
‫‪DIN 54010‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪DIN 54011‬‬
‫‪DIN 54012‬‬ ‫‪1971‬‬
‫‪DIN 54013‬‬
‫‪DIN 54014‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ‪1972 / 175‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪1963 / 396‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ) ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ( ‪1978 / 87‬‬
‫‪ - 10‬ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻟﻸﻟﺒﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ – ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺱ ‪1979 / 112‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪UDC : 677.84 : 535 . 68‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ICS : 59. 080 . 01‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫‪S . N . S : 112 \ 1979‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Testing of color fastness of textiles to rubbing‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍ‪‬ـــــﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ - 1 / 1‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻭﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2 / 1‬ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺒــﺪﺃ‬

‫ﲡﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ‬
‫ﻗﻄﲏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪.‬‬

‫ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺘﲔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 3‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ) ﻛﺮﻭﻛﻴﺘﺮ ( ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﳝﺎﺛﻠﻪ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪. ( 2 / 7‬‬

‫‪ – 2 / 3‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻍ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ) ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ ( ﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﲡﻬﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ‪. ( 1 / 7‬‬

‫‪ – 3 / 3‬ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ) ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺱ ‪. ( 1979 / 89‬‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬


‫‪1979 / 6 / 20‬‬ ‫ﺩﻣﺸﻖ‬ ‫‪ 1979 / 5 / 9‬ﻏﲑ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Syrian Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology‬‬

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‫ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻕ ‪ .‬ﺱ ‪1979 / 112‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ – 1 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺴﻮﺟﺎﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ) ﺟﺎﻑ ﻭﺭﻃﺐ ( ﻋﻴﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ) ‪ 14‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ ( ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺎﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤـﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ، 1 / 4‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﳋﻴﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺗﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ‪ 14‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 3 / 4‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ ) ‪ 14‬ﺳﻢ × ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻛﺮﺗﻮﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ) ‪. ( 1 / 4‬‬

‫‪ - 5‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬

‫‪ - 1 / 5‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓـﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﰲ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﺻﺒﻊ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﲢﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ) ‪ 900‬ﻍ (‬
‫ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ) ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ ( ﺧﻼﻝ ) ‪ 10‬ﺛﻮﺍﻥ ( ) ‪ 10‬ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ( ﺫﻫﺎﺑﺎﹰ ﻭﺇﻳﺎﺑﺎﹰ ‪ .‬ﳚﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 2 / 5‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒـﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﻜﺮﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﻗﻤﺎﺵ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻭﻣﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫) ‪ ( % 100‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻠﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻒ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ - 3 / 5‬ﲢﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻏﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻘﺮﻳـﺮ‬

‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻄﻴﺦ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﻭﻻﲡﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺍﳌـﻼﺣﻈــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ - 1 / 7‬ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺼﺒﻮﻍ ‪:‬‬


‫‪ - 1 / 1 / 7‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻲ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺩﺓ ) ‪. ( 1 / 1‬‬
‫‪ - 2 / 1 / 7‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻊ ‪ 110 ) :‬ﻍ ( ) ‪. ( % 10 + % 3 -‬‬
‫‪ – 3 / 1 / 7‬ﳕﺮﺓ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ‪ ( 14 ) :‬ﺗﻜﺲ ) ‪. ( % 6 -‬‬
‫‪ – 4 / 1 / 7‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ‪ / ( 1300 ) :‬ﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ‪ / ( 1000 ) :‬ﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 5 / 1 / 7‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺪﺍﺀ ‪ / ( 40 ) :‬ﺳﻢ ‪. ( % 3 ) ±‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﺔ ‪ / ( 38 ) :‬ﺳﻢ ‪. ( % 5 ) ±‬‬
‫‪ – 2 / 7‬ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻛﻤﻴﺘﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﲔ ‪ AATCC‬ﺑﻌﺎﻡ ) ‪ ( 1969‬ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫) ‪ )) ( 116‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ (( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠـﺤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨـﻴـﺔ‬
‫‪Rubbing‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫‪Staining‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻄﻴﺦ‬
‫‪Tex‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺲ‬
‫‪Colour‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Yarn , Thread‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻮﻁ ‪ ،‬ﻏﺰﻭﻝ‬

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‫‪Warp‬‬ ‫ﺳﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫‪Fibre‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫‪Numbers of turns‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪Weft‬‬ ‫ﳊﻤﺔ‬
‫‪Crockmeter‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻛﻤﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫‪Grey scale‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ -9‬ﺍﳌـﺮﺍﺟــﻊ‬
‫‪ISO R 105 \ 1 – 1959‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﺲ‬
‫‪– P 18‬‬
‫‪DIN 54021 – 1971‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪1966 / 237‬‬


‫‪ - 10‬ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬


‫‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﻟﻸﻟﺒﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺍﺭﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ – ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬

: ‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬-ً 1

1- Indanthrene Dyes : www. Dyestar . Com .


2- Content U . C . I . C Training Document .
3- F. Sadovhemical technology of Fibrous M aterials
Moscow .
4- R.M. chritie , R .R . MATHE . chemistry of colour
APPLICAT ION .
: ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬

. ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﺪ‬. ‫ ﺩ‬. ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬-1


. ‫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺳﻬﲑ ﻫﺎﺷﻢ‬.‫ ﺩ‬. ‫ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ‬-2
. ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﰐ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻴﻞ‬. ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ‬-3

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‫اﻟﻔﮭﺮس‬
‫‪:‬اﻷﻟﯿﺎف اﻟﻘﻄﻨﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻨﻴﺔ ‪11..................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ‪13............................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ‪14....................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪15....................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ‪15................................................................. .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻔﻦ ‪15......................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﻦ ‪16.......................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﻲ ‪17....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺾ ﻭﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪18........................................................ .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻠﻮﺯ ‪21................................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﻦ ‪21.......................................................... .‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬


‫واﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔاﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺅﻳﺎ ‪23......................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ ‪23...................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺭﻳﻂ ‪24............................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺀ ‪25.................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ‪27.................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪29........................................................‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﻭﺛﺒﺎ‪‬ﺎ ‪32......................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺻﺒﺎﻍ ‪35.................................................... .‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ ‪41.....................................‬‬

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‫أﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪49.....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪50................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪57...........................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﺑﺄﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ‪58..........................................................‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏﺔ ‪59.............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺍﺑﺔ ‪62......................................................................‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ ‪:‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎت‬


‫اﻟﺴﯿﻠﻠﻮزﯾﺔ ﻷﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻷﺣﻮاض واﻧﺘﺸﺎرھﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوي‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪65....................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺇﺭﺟﺎﻉ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺟﺎﻉ ‪67..................................‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﶈﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻭﺃﺻﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ ‪73.............................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻏـــﺔ ‪78............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ‪85..................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ‪86.......................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪105-88..............................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮرﯾﺔ ‪125-106.......................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ‪126 ...........................................................................‬‬

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