Autodyn New Features

® ®
ANSYS AUTODYN
Explicit Software for Nonlinear Dynamics
ANSYS® AUTODYN® version 11.0

What’s New?
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AUTODYN® version 11.0, What’s New?
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. ANSYS AUTODYN and ANSYS Workbench
2.1. ANSYS AUTODYN
2.2. Meshing and ANSYS AUTODYN
2.3. Advanced Meshing and ANSYS AUTODYN
2.4. FEModeler and ANSYS AUTODYN
3. Solver Enhancements
3.1. Trajectory Contact (BETA Option)
3.2. Group Contact
3.3. Automatic Mass Scaling
3.4. New Multi-material Pressure Equilibrium Option
3.5. Enhancements to the ANP Tetrahedral Element
3.6. HP-MPI for Parallel Processing on Linux
4. Material Modelling Enhancements
4.1. Hyperelasticity
4.1.1. Introduction to Hyperelastic Material Models
4.1.2. Neo-Hookean
4.1.3. Mooney-Rivlin
4.1.3.1. 2-Parameter Mooney-Rivlin Model
4.1.4. Yeoh
4.1.4.1. Yeoh 1st order
4.1.4.2. Yeoh 2nd order
4.1.4.3. Yeoh 3rd order
4.1.5. Ogden
4.1.5.1. Ogden 1st Order
4.1.5.2. Ogden 2nd Order
4.1.5.3. Ogden 3rd Order
4.1.6. Arruda-Boyce
4.1.7. Material Data and Examples
4.2. Compaction model enhancements
4.3. New Powder Burn Model
4.3.1. Theory
4.3.2. Material Data Input
4.3.3. Example
4.4. JWL, Miller extension
4.5. Time Dependant Energy Deposition Extension to JWL Equation of
State
4.6. Lee-Tarver Enhancement
4.6.1. Improved Stability for Multi-material Euler Applications
4.6.2. Improved Post-burn behavior for all Solvers
5. Pre- and Post- Processing
5.1. Improved Memory Management During Pre-processing
5.2. Results Files
5.3. Improved Compression for Save Files
5.4. Unstructured Parts to initialize 3D Multi-material Euler
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5.5. Unstructured Parts to initialize SPH

5.6. Interactive Selection of Parts
5.7. Highlight Parts
5.8. Interactive Selection of Gauges
5.9. Group Operations
5.9.1. Delete Elements
5.9.2. Split Nodes
5.10. Automatic parallel decomposition of Euler-FCT parts
6. Extended Unit Systems
6.1. US Customary Units
6.2. Micron Unit System
7. Supported Operating Systems and Compilers
8. Installation
8.1. Windows 32-bit
8.2. Windows 64-bit (Limitations)
8.3. Linux Installation
9. Licensing
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1. INTRODUCTION
ANSYS AUTODYN release 11.0 is the first release of the ANSYS AUTODYN
software within the ANSYS Workbench framework. ANSYS Workbench brings
many new possibilities to the ANSYS AUTODYN user in terms of CAD
geometry import, complex geometry generation, meshing and ease of use. To
complement the significantly enhanced model generation capabilities, a range
of new solver, material modeling and post-processing features enable larger
simulations to be solved in a faster time.
The main new features of the ANSYS AUTODYN 11.0 release are
• ANSYS AUTODYN and ANSYS Workbench

o Meshing (for each ANSYS AUTODYN-3D licensee)
Robust and Easy to use meshing tool
3D Tetrahedral, Hexahedral, Quad and Tri meshing
Geometry import capabilities from DesignModeler for
an extensive list of third party CAD systems
o FEModeler (for each ANSYS AUTODYN-3D licensee)
Links to Finite Element Meshes
• ANSYS CDWRITE, ABAQUS, NASTRAN
o Design Modeler (Optional)
Geometry editor for existing CAD models
Parametric feature-based solid modeler
o Advanced Meshing (Optional)
Hexahedral meshing for complex geometries
Advanced mesh controls
• Solvers
o New trajectory based 3D contact algorithm
Increased flexibility (no external gap)
Significant efficiency improvements
o Contact selection by group
o Extended material modeling capabilities for ANP-Tet
o Automatic mass scaling
o New pressure equilibrium option for Euler
• Materials
o Hyperelasticity
o New Powder Burn model
o Extended Granular strength model
o JWL-Miller
o Simple thermobaric representation
• Pre- and Post-processing

o Improved memory management for pre- and post-processing
o Results files for more efficient post-processing
o Better compression of binary data files
o Extended unit systems
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o Interactive selection of Parts

o Interactive selection of Gauges
o Multi-material Euler Fill using Unstructured Parts
o Initialize SPH regions using Unstructured Parts
These and other new features are now described in detail.
2. ANSYS AUTODYN AND ANSYS WORKBENCH
The ANSYS AUTODYN 11.0 software is supplied as an integral part of the

ANSYS Workbench environment.
The ANSYS Workbench, together with the Workbench projects and tabs,
provides a unified working environment for developing and managing a variety
of CAE information and makes it easier for you to set up and work with data at
a high level.
Typical tasks you can perform in Workbench are:
• Creating models using DesignModeler or importing models from a

variety of CAD systems.
• Generating a numerical mesh suitable for a variety of FE and CFD
methods using Meshing or Advanced Meshing
• Performing implicit finite element analyses using Simulation for
structural, thermal, and electromagnetic simulations.
• Performing explicit transient nonlinear dynamics simulations of solids,
fluids, gases, and their interaction using ANSYS AUTODYN
• Optimizing designs using DesignXplorer or DesignXplorer VT, and
implementing a chosen design back into the original model.
Additionally, Workbench includes the following modules:
• Engineering Data: A repository of material data for use by a selection

of other Workbench applications.
• FE Modeler: Uses input from NASTRAN, ABAQUS, or Simulation, and
allows navigating and visualizing of the finite element model for
downstream analysis in ANSYS or ANSYS AUTODYN.
• Other modules for use in specialized applications such as
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations.
With the ANSYS AUTODYN 11.0 release, four typical work flows are available
to the user. These are described below.
2.1. ANSYS AUTODYN
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ANSYS AUTODYN can be launched from the start of the Workbench (Start,
Programs, ANSYS 11.0, ANSYS Workbench).
ANSYS AUTODYN Icon on start page of ANSYS Workbench
The ANSYS AUTODYN application will appear inside the Workbench. The
integrated capabilities of ANSYS AUTODYN can be used to setup models,
run simulations, post-process results.
2.2. MESHING AND ANSYS AUTODYN
The new Meshing application in the ANSYS Workbench is available to

ANSYS AUTODYN-3D licensees. This application provides robust, powerful
and easy to use mesh generation capabilities. This includes automated
meshing methods for
• Hexahedral elements (sweepable geometries)
• Tetrahedral meshing (patch based and patch independent)
• Quad and tri shell elements
• Beam elements
Additionally controls are available to refine the mesh in regions of interest or

ignore small geometric features that do not need to be represented in the
simulation.
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Patch Independent
Tet Mesh
Swept Hex Mesh
Example mesh produced using Meshing
The meshing application also allows import of geometry from a wide range of
sources
• ANSYS DesignModeler
DesignModeler is a parametric feature-based solid modeler designed
so that you can intuitively and quickly begin drawing 2D sketches,
modeling 3D parts, or uploading 3D CAD models for engineering
analysis pre-processing.
If you have never used a parametric solid modeler, you will find
DesignModeler easy to learn and use. If you are an experienced user
in parametric modeling, DesignModeler offers you the functionality and
power you need to convert 2D sketches of lines, arcs, and splines into
3D models.
This is the recommended application for geometry generation and

preparation for ANSYS AUTODYN simulations.
• 3D CAD models
3D CAD models can be loaded directly into the Meshing application.
Providing the geometry is suitable and clean, the numerical mesh can
be generated.
• FEModeler
FEModeler works with the standard finite element representation used
inside ANSYS Workbench. FE Modeler supports robust data transfer
from NASTRAN, ABAQUS, or ANSYS. FEModeler can be used to:
o Import an FE model from NASTRAN bulk data files, ABAQUS
input files or ANSYS CDB Files. Alternatively FE information can
be imported from Simulation.
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o Navigate and visualize the data contained in the model.

o Create named components based on element selections
o Convert FE meshes into geometric bodies
FEModeler is available to all ANSYS AUTODYN-3D licensees
Typical workflows for using ANSYS AUTODYN and the Meshing application
inside Workbench are shown in the figure below.
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DesignModeler
CAD
FEModeler
Typical workflows using ANSYS AUTODYN and Meshing inside ANSYS Workbench
The project page of ANSYS workbench is used to manage the above

workflow and allows transparent communication of information from one
application to another.
Once you have created or opened an existing Workbench project from the
Start Page, a Project Page replaces the Start Page as your project
management tool, providing useful options as you move through the various
Workbench modules.
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Example project page navigation for ANSYS AUTODYN and Meshing
In the above example, a geometry has been generated in the DesignModeler

application. This geometry has then been transferred to the Meshing
application. Selecting the Meshing application on the project page exposes
the ANSYS AUTODYN tasks:
• Start ANSYS AUTODYN
Selecting this task will start ANSYS AUTODYN. No links to other
applications will be made.
• Proceed to ANSYS AUTODYN1
ANSYS AUTODYN will start and automatically load the FE model from
the selected meshing task on the project page. A persistent link
between the ANSYS AUTODYN model and the model in the Meshing
application is created. This allows changes to geometry and mesh to
feed directly into the ANSYS AUTODYN model with minimal user
intervention.
Using “Proceed to ANSYS AUTODYN” automatically transfers the following

data to the ANSYS AUTODYN application
• Mesh
o Nodes, elements, connectivity
o Bodies defined in the Meshing application will be imported as
ANSYS AUTODYN Parts. Body Names will be transferred to the
Part Names. Duplicate names will be appended with an
identifying number
o An ANSYS AUTODYN component will also be generated for
each Part defined in the Meshing application. If a multi-body
Part, the component will include all associated bodies.
• Material assignments
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Note this option is not currently available on Windows 64 bit installation. To transfer the
mesh to ANSYS AUTODYN use New FE Model, Target System Nastran, Generate Data.
From the AUTODYN applet use Import, MSC.Nastran.
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o A material will be created in ANSYS AUTODYN for each body

defined in the Meshing application.
• Groups
o Named selections defined in the Meshing application will be
translated into Groups in ANSYS AUTODYN. Point and line
selections will be translated into node groups. Face selections
will be translated into face groups and element selections into
node groups.
• Shell thickness
o Shell thickness defined in the Meshing application will be
translated into an initial condition in ANSYS AUTODYN and
applied to the appropriate Parts.
• Beam cross-sections
o Beam cross-sections will be translated into ANSYS AUTODYN
sections and applied to the appropriate Parts/Elements.
Typical model after proceed to ANSYS AUTODYN
After import, each ANSYS AUTODYN Part retains a persistent link2 back to
the originating Body in the meshing application. Updates made to geometry
(using DesignModeler), or Mesh (using Meshing) can be automatically
transferred into the ANSYS AUTODYN model by using the Import, Update
Model from Workbench option on the main ANSYS AUTODYN toolbar. The
update process will
• Re-define the nodes and elements for each Part
• Re-define groups (not available yet). Note that any previous operations
performed on groups (for example application of a boundary condition)
2
Note this option is not currently available for the Windows 64 bit installation.
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may become invalid. It is highly recommended that the application of

boundary conditions etc is verified after the update process
• Retain material and initial condition assignments provided that only a
single material and velocity is applied to a Part
• Update shell thickness
• Update Beam cross section definitions
• Retain existing settings defined on a Part by Part basis (eg interaction
and coupling)
• Import any new Parts/Bodies which previously did not exist in the
ANSYS AUTODYN model
DesignModeler Meshing ANSYS AUTODYN
Update Geometry
Re-mesh retaining all Update Model retaining

previous mesh settings majority of previous
settings
Example demonstrating usage of persistent link between ANSYS AUTODYN and Meshing
2.3. ADVANCED MESHING AND ANSYS AUTODYN
The Advanced Meshing application inside Workbench (ANSYS ICEM

CFD/AI*Environment) provides additional meshing capabilities to the ANSYS
AUTODYN user. The main distinguishing feature over the meshing application
is the advanced blocking technology for hexahedral meshing on complex
geometries. Other mesh manipulation and smoothing functions make this a
very powerful tool for explicit transient dynamic mesh generation and the
creation of high quality meshes for explicit solutions.
The advanced meshing application is an option licensed separately to ANSYS

AUTODYN.
Typical workflows for using ANSYS AUTODYN and the Advanced Meshing
application inside Workbench are shown in the figure below.
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DesignModeler
Typical workflow using ANSYS AUTODYN and Advanced Meshing inside ANSYS Workbench
The transfer of data between Advanced Meshing and ANSYS AUTODYN is

one way, in that there is no persistent link between the applications. To
transfer the mesh from Advanced Meshing to ANSYS AUTODYN, in the
Advanced meshing application use the File, Export mesh, To ANSYS
AUTODYN option. This places a link on the project page to an explicit import
file (.exp). Selecting this file on the project page, then selecting Proceed to
ANSYS AUTODYN will start the ANSYS AUTODYN application and
automatically import the generated mesh.
Typical project page navigation for ANSYS AUTODYN and Advanced Meshing
2.4. FEMODELER AND ANSYS AUTODYN
ANSYS AUTODYN may also import meshes from FEModeler by selecting

“Proceed to ANSYS AUTODYN” when an FEModeler file is selected in the
Project Page. FEModeler works with the standard finite element
representation used inside ANSYS Workbench and supports robust data
transfer from NASTRAN, ABAQUS, or ANSYS.
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3. SOLVER ENHANCEMENTS
3.1. TRAJECTORY CONTACT (BETA Option)
A new 3D contact algorithm is now available for all 3D Unstructured volume

solvers (hex and tets), rigid bodies and SPH. This is a completely new
algorithm/implementation of 3D contact and has three main benefits over the
previous Gap based contact algorithm.
• There is no requirement to specify a contact detection zone or leave a
physical gap between Parts at the start of a simulation. This makes
model generation for complex 3D geometries, and the use of imported
CAD geometries significantly easier.
• There is no constraint on the timestep due to contact. The algorithm
detects node to face contact by tracking the trajectory of the nodes and
faces over time. The removal of the timestep constraint on contact can
give very significant performance improvements.
• The algorithm is energy conserving, in addition to momentum
conserving for unconstrained nodes/faces.
This option is currently assigned Beta status and may not currently be as
robust as other contact options available in ANSYS AUTODYN.
Trajectory based contact is activated from the Lagrange/Lagrange interactions

panel.
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The sub-options available for trajectory contact are:
Activate Yes - activates contact

No - deactivates contact
Shell node thickness (inactive) Selecting this option ensures that the
interaction distance of node belonging
to a shell takes into account the
corresponding shell thickness of the
node. This option is currently under
development.
Full SPH radius (inactive) Selecting this option ensures that the
interaction distance of an SPH node
takes into account the smoothing
length of the node. This option is
currently under development.
Check for initial penetrations On clicking this button, ANSYS
AUTODYN will search the model for
initial penetrations of nodes into
surfaces. If any penetrating
nodes/surfaces are found, a new
Group will be created so that they can
be identified/displayed using the
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Groups panel. Nodes that initially

penetrate surfaces will be “missed” by
the algorithm.
Plot Contact Positions The contact algorithm handles two
major tasks, the first is contact
detection and subsequent sliding and
the second is contact response. The
latter is calculated after all contact
events have been treated and
summed. The position of the nodes
after sliding (Contact Positions) and
the positions after contact response
are usually slightly different, but in
situations where the node velocities
are small and internal element
stresses are high, the difference can
be significant. Using this option
allows you to display the nodes at
their Contact Positions.
Check now Press this option to immediately
check for initial penetrations
Retain inertia of eroded nodes Select this toggle to retain inertia of
nodes freed from elements during
erosion
Interaction by Part Select interaction on Part by Part
basis (as done with Gap contact)
Self-interaction of parts Set this toggle to activate self contact
for volume elements
Self-interaction tolerance Percentage of the element
characteristic dimension used as the
trigger for element erosion. Values
can range from very small (most
accurate) to 0.5 (maximum allowed).
Default value is 0.2. This is equivalent
to defining a gap size, but is only
used for self-interaction erosion
purposes.
The performance improvement will depend on the application and speed-up’s

in serial run time of between 2 and 4 have been observed during internal
testing at Century Dynamics.
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Simulation runs 2.7 times faster using Trajectory contact
Example efficiency improvements using Trajectory contact
Note that the trajectory contact is an alternative to the Gap contact logic, not a
replacement. The Gap contact algorithm may still be the best option for
certain applications and remains the default option. Further, the trajectory
contact option has been assigned Beta status pending further testing in the
wider ANSYS AUTODYN user community.
Current Limitations:
• Friction is not currently available with trajectory contact
• The trajectory contact option cannot currently be used in parallel
simulations
• Interaction of shell/SPH nodes and shell surfaces, accounting for their
full natural thickness/size is currently not available
Please contact Century Dynamics for the latest status on the development of
these items.
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3.2. GROUP CONTACT
In many calculations, the contact region may be relatively small in comparison

to the entire model, and as the interactions calculation is numerically
intensive, it would be beneficial if the scope of its work were limited to this
smaller area. The Group Contact enhancement allows the user to select a set
of face groups to describe the extent of the interactions in unstructured
models.
In order to use contact by group, a set of face groups needs to be created for
the regions that are to be included in the contact.
In the Interactions, Lagrange/Lagrange panel, Group Contact can then be

activated by selecting the “Specify Group Contacts by Group” toggle. Press
select, to open the “Select Groups to include in Contact” dialog, and use the
Add/Remove button to specify which face groups are to be included in the
contact calculations.
During execution, any faces eroded will be removed from the group, and any
new faces uncovered will be added to a group named “Uncovered faces”.
Unstructured Beams and SPH can also be included as a node group to
participate in contact.
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Note that Group Contact is additive to Part contact. Selecting a Part for
contact results in all external faces in that Part being checked for contact.
Group contact should be used to add additional external faces from Parts that
have been excluded from contact in the Part interaction matrix.
Group contact is only applicable to faces of unstructured Parts.
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3.3. AUTOMATIC MASS SCALING
Mass scaling is an artificial (numerical) mechanism for increasing the CFL

(Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy) timestep of individual elements that govern the
maximum allowed timestep of explicit transient dynamic solutions in ANSYS
AUTODYN. Increasing the timestep has the obvious benefit of reducing the
number of cycles required to run a simulation to a given point in time.
Educated use of this option can therefore result in significant improvements in
efficiency.
The primary use of mass scaling is to increase the timestep of a small number
of very small (or stiff) elements in the model, which otherwise would have
controlled the timestep for all elements. Using this option, ANSYS AUTODYN
will automatically add artificial mass to individual elements to ensure that their
CFL timestep is at least equal to a value define by you. Mass scaling should
only be used if the increased inertia of the scaled elements does not
significantly affect the results of the simulation.
Mass scaling can also be used to increase the timestep of elements that
become highly distorted during the simulation. Extreme care should be taken
to ensure that results obtained remain physical.
Mass scaling is activated under Controls, Timestep and the input parameters
are defined as follows:
Automatic Mass Scaling - Activate automatic mass scaling

Frequency (cycles) - Cycle frequency that ANSYS
AUTODYN will adjust the element
mass scaling. Recommended default
is only at start-up (cycle 0). Post
cycle 0 adjustment will only take
place for solid elements.
Min. timestep - Mass scaling is applied to all
elements with a CFL timestep
(multiplied by appropriate timestep
safety factors) less than the
specified value
Max. element scaling - Maximum mass scaling factor that
can be applied to an element.
Default is 100 (equating to 100 times
original mass). If this limit is
exceeded, no more mass is added to
this element.
Max. part scaling - Maximum added mass that is
allowed for an ANSYS AUTODYN
Part, as a fraction of the original Part
mass. Default is 0.05 (equating to
5% of the original mass. If this value
is exceeded, the simulation will
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terminate with an error message.
Two new element variables have been introduced with the development.
These variables are automatically activated when mass scaling is selected:
TIMESTEP: The CFL timestep for the element multiplied by the

timestep safety factor. Note for Beam elements there is
a gobal and local Part safety factor
MASS.SCALE: The mass scale factor applied to the element.
(1.0 indicates zero added mass, 2.0 indicates 100%
added mass etc..)
A typical procedure to invoke mass scaling would be as follows

• Activate mass scaling retaining all the default parameters
• Run the simulation for 1 cycle
• Plot a contour of Timestep and review the element timesteps. Identify a
suitable timestep for mass scaling. The value chosen should exclude
the majority of elements from mass scaling, and especially those in
regions critical to the simulation results
• Re-load cycle zero
• Enter the selected Min Timestep under Controls, Timestep
• Run the simulation
Minimum CFL timestep = 2.0e-5 Mass Scale CFL timestep = 1.0e-4 Small number of elements are mass
=> scaled to maximum factor of 5.0
Minimum CFL timestep = 1.0e-4
Timestep increased by factor of 5, for the addition of 0.02% of the Part mass
Example application of mass scaling
Important notes and limitations:

• Mass scaling will only be applied to Unstructured Elements/Parts
• Mass scaling is only applied to elements filled with materials which use
a Linear or Hyperelastic equation of state
• The actual timestep used in a simulation will generally be lower than
the Min timestep you define
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o The timestep used at cycle 1 of the simulation can be

additionally reduced by a factor of 2. The timestep is then
allowed to increase by a maximum of 10% per cycle.
o Large velocities can affect the timestep at cycle 0
o Other features of the code will influence the timestep, such as
artificial viscosity, blending, Gap contact.
• For Tet ANP elements, the minimum timestep will be increased by
using mass scaling. However, due to nodal averaging of some
quantities that influence the timestep, the actual user defined timestep
may not be achieved.
• A summary of the contribution of mass scaling applied to the model can
be obtained through
o Plotting a contour of variable Mass Scale. This is the ratio of
current mass to original mass (without scaling).
o Review the .prt file output activated using Output, Print, Energy
Summary
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3.4. NEW MULTI-MATERIAL PRESSURE EQUILIBRIUM OPTION
A new multi-material “pressure equilibrium” option is now available to obtain a

more accurate pressure computation for multi-material Euler elements that
contain a mixture of two gases or explosives. The new pressure equilibrium
calculation method is based on the assumption that the individual materials in
the element have the same pressure, which needs to be found through an
iteration on the different equations of state involved.
The new option has been introduced to resolve mesh dependency problems
that might occur when the “pressure averaging” method is used in multi-
material analysis involving strong shocks, like explosions in air.
Note that if the equilibrium option is selected, and a cell contains non gaseous
materials, pressure averaging will be used locally in that cell.
This problem is shown in the simple shock tube example below. The example
simulates the expansion of a high pressurized region of hot gas into the
ambient atmosphere and has been modeled as a multi-material Euler problem
as well as a single material Euler problem.
In the picture below the multi-material solution is compared to the single

material solution and it is clear that for the multi-material case the shockwave
is moving slower into the air at rest and that the shock front exhibits an
oscillatory behavior. This behavior is more prominent when using coarse
meshes. For very fine meshes the multi-material “average” pressure solution
will converge to the single material solution.
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2.00E+05
Pressure - Single Material
1.50E+05 Pressure - Multi-material
Pressure 1.00E+05
5.00E+04
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.50E+00
Distance along shock tube
When the “Equilibrium” option is used in the shock tube analysis above, the
mesh dependency will not occur and the multi-material solution will compare
very well with the single material solution, independent of the mesh size used.
2.00E+05
Pressure - Single Material
1.50E+05 Pressure - Equilibrium

Pressure
1.00E+05
5.00E+04
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.50E+00
Distance along shock tube
The “pressure equilibrium option can be selected using the Solver options
under Setup, Controls.
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The “Averaged” option is selected by default for all models created in versions
prior to Version 11. All models setup from scratch in Version 11 will use the
“Equilibrium” option by default.
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3.5. ENHANCEMENTS TO THE ANP TETRAHEDRAL ELEMENT
The ANP tetrahedral element first included in version 6.0 of the ANSYS
AUTODYN software. The element is an extension of the advanced tetrahedral
element (Burton 19963,4) and can be used as a majority element in the mesh.
The ANP tetrahedral overcomes problems of volumetric locking, which occur
with the SCP tetrahedral element. Note the ANP tetrahedral element is still
susceptible to shear locking in bending dominated problems. The user should
therefore be careful to verify their results in such cases.
The tetrahedral element type can be selected under the Solver option for each
Part. For meshes containing a majority of tetrahedral elements, the ANP
option is recommended, and will be selected by default for Parts containing
tetrahedral elements only.
In version 11 of the ANSYS AUTODYN software the capability of the element

has been extended to include:
• Porous, Compaction, P-Alpha and Hyperelastic equations of state

• RHT-Concrete, Johnson Holmquist and Hyperelastic strength models
• RHT-Concrete, Johnson Holmquist, Grady Spall and Johnson Cook
failure models
• Crack softening with the Principal Stress/Strain failure models.
The full list of material models applicable to the ANP tetrahedral element in
version 11 of ANSYS AUTODYN are shown in the table below.
Equations of State Strength Models Failure Models

Linear Elastic Hydro (Pmin)
Polynomial Viscoelastic Plastic Strain
Shock Von Mises Principal Stress
Porous Johnson Cook Principal Strain
Compaction Piecewise JC Principal Stress/
P alpha Zerilli Armstrong Johnson-Holmquist
Rigid Steinberg Guinan RHT Concrete
Hyperelastic Drucker-Prager Grady Spall Model
Johnson-Holmquist Johnson Cook
RHT Concrete Crack Softening
MO Granular
Hyperelastic
Valid Material Modeling Options for the ANP Tet Element
3
Burton A.J., “Explicit, Large Strain, Dynamic Finite Element Analysis with Applications to
Human Body Impact Problems”, PhD Thesis, University of Wales, December 1996.
4
Bonet J, Burton A.J. “A simple averaged nodal pressure tetrahedral element for
incompressible and nearly incompressible dynamic explicit applications”. Communications in
Numerical Methods in Engineering 1998; 14, 437-449.
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Note that a hexahedral mesh will generally provide more efficient results than
a tetrahedral mesh hence we only recommend the use of predominantly
tetrahedral mesh models for convenience of mesh generation.
Example Simulation of an impact of a steel ball onto a ceramic tile taking

advantage of ANSYS Workbench unstructured meshing capabilities and the
enhancements to the ANP tetrahedral element formulation in ANSYS
AUTODYN
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3.6. HP-MPI FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING ON LINUX
ANSYS AUTODYN version 11 will utilise the HP-MPI message passing library
on Linux. HP-MPI is a message passing interface which allows ANSYS
AUTODYN to decompose a model and run the calculation over multiple
processors whether as a distributed or as a share memory configuration or as
a combination of the two. HP-MPI comes free to all ANSYS users, is easy to
install and supports a wide range of interconnects. The motivation for the
migration from PVM to HP-MPI message passing on Linux are:
• HP-MPI is fully tested and supported

• Very widely used and trusted message passing library
• Proven low latencies and high bandwidths, allowing very efficient
parallel calculations.
• Ease of installation; HP-MPI will be installed along with the ANSYS
AUTODYN distribution.
• HP-MPI supports all commonly used interconnects including TCP/IP,
Myrinet, InfiniBand and Quadrics.
• The libraries for the various interconnects are provided by HP and the
user simply has to run an rpm to install the applicable libraries.
• HP-MPI takes advantage of the most applicable protocol, utilising the
Shared Memory Protocol (SMP) for intra-node communication.
• HP-MPI has advanced security features including ssh as the default
remote shell.
28
4. MATERIAL MODELLING ENHANCEMENTS
4.1. HYPERELASTICITY
A number of hyperelastic material models are now available for use in 2D and
3D Lagrangian volume elements. These models are typically used to model
elastomers such as rubber type materials that can undergo large elastic
strains.
4.1.1. Introduction to Hyperelastic Material Models
A material is said to be hyperelastic if there exists an elastic potential function

Ψ (or strain energy function) that is a scalar function of one of the strain or
deformation tensors, whose derivative with respect to a strain component
determines the corresponding stress component. This can be expressed by:
∂ψ
S=2
∂C
where:
S = Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor
Ψ = strain energy function
C = components of the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor
The deformation tensor C is comprised of the products of the deformation

gradient F:
C = FT F
The Cauchy stress is obtained by:
σ = J −1FSFT
where,
J = det F
and is also the ratio of the current deformed volume over the initial
(undeformed) volume. The eigen values of C are the principal stretch ratios,
λ12 , λ22 and, λ23 .
Particular forms of strain energy potential can be written as either a direct

function of the principal stretch ratios or as a function of the invariants of the
strain tensor C, I1, I2, and I3. In terms of the principal stretch ratios the
invariants are commonly written as:
I 1 = λ12 + λ22 + λ32
I 2 = λ12 λ22 + λ22 λ32 + λ12 λ32
I 3 = λ12 λ22 λ32
Hyperelastic materials generally have very small compressibility. For truly
incompressible materials the volume of an element will always remain
constant, and consequently J will be equal to 1. The hyperelastic material
models implemented in ANSYS AUTODYN assume the material response to
be ‘nearly incompressible’, and as such a small amount of volumetric
deformation is allowed. The strain energy function is therefore split into a
deviatoric component ψˆ and a volumetric component U (J ) . Thus:
29
ψ = ψˆ + U (J )
The volume preserving part of the deformation gradient F is defined as:
F = J −1/ 3F ; J = det F = 1
and consequently the deviatoric component of C, the right Cauchy-Green
deformation tensor is:
Cˆ = FT F
The modified distortional stretches and invariants are then:
λp = J −1/ 3 λp , where p = 1,2,3
and:
I1 = J −2 / 3I1
I 2 = J − 4 / 3I 2
The strain energy potential can then be defined as either a function of the
modified invariants or distortional stretches, and J.
Hyperelastic Material Models

Following are several forms of strain energy potential (ψ ) provided for the
simulation of nearly incompressible hyperelastic materials.
4.1.2. Neo-Hookean
The strain energy function for the Neo-Hookean hyperelastic model is,
µ
ψ = (I1 − 3 ) + (J − 1)
1 2
2 d
where the required input parameters are defined as:
µ = initial shear modulus of the material
d = incompressibility parameter.
and the initial bulk modulus is defined as:

K = 2/d
4.1.3. Mooney-Rivlin
The strain energy function of a hyperelastic material can be expanded as an
infinite series in terms of I1 and I2, as follows,
ψ = ∑ Cmn (I1 − 3 ) (I2 − 3 ) + (J − 1)
∞
m n 1 2
m,n = 0 d
The 2,3,5 and 9 parameter Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material models have
been implemented and are described in turn below.

The strain energy function for the 2-parameter model is,
ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + C01(I2 − 3 ) + (J − 1)
1 2
d
where:
J = determinant of the elastic deformation gradient F.
C10, C01 = material constants characterizing the deviatoric deformation
of the material.
d = material incompressibility parameter.
30
The initial shear modulus is defined as:

µ = 2(c10 + c01)
K = 2/d

ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + C01 (I 2 − 3 ) + C11 (I1 − 3 )(I 2 − 3 ) + (J − 1)2
1
d
C10, C01, C11 = material constants characterizing the deviatoric
deformation of the material.
d = material incompressibility parameter
Other parameters are as defined for the two-parameter model above.

ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + C01(I2 − 3 ) + C11(I1 − 3 )(I2 − 3 )
C20 (I1 − 3 ) + C02 (I2 − 3 ) +

(J − 1)2
1
2 2
d
C10, C01, C20, C11, C02 = material constants characterizing the deviatoric
deformation of the material.
See 2-Parameter Mooney-Rivlin model for definitions of remaining terms.

The strain energy function for the 9-parameter hyperelastic model is,
ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + C01 (I2 − 3 ) + C11 (I1 − 3 )(I 2 − 3 )
+C20 (I1 − 3 ) + C02 (I2 − 3 ) + C21 (I1 − 3 ) (I2 − 3 )
2 2 2
+C12 (I1 − 3 )(I 2 − 3 ) + C30 (I1 − 3 ) + C03 (I2 − 3 ) + (J − 1)2

2 3 3 1
d
C10, C01, C20, C11, C02, C30, C21, C12, C03 = material constants
characterizing the deviatoric deformation of the material.
See 2-Parameter Mooney-Rivlin model for definitions of remaining terms.
4.1.4. Yeoh
The Yeoh hyperelastic strain energy function is similar the Mooney-Rivlin models
described above except that it is only based on the first deviatoric strain invariant. It
has the general form,
ψ = ∑ Ci 0 (I1 − 3 ) + ∑
N N
i 1
(J − 1)2i
i =1 i =1 d i
31
4.1.4.1. Yeoh 1st order

The strain energy function for the first order Yeoh model is,
ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + (J − 1)
1 2
d1
where:
N = 1.
J = determinant of the elastic deformation gradient F
C10 = material constant
d1 =incompressibility parameter
The initial shear modulus is defined as:

µ = 2c10
K = 2/d1
4.1.4.2. Yeoh 2nd order

The strain energy function for the second order Yeoh hyperelastic model is,
ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + C20 (I1 − 3 ) + (J − 1) + (J − 1)
2 1 2 1 4
d1 d2
N = 2.
C10, C20 = material constants
d1, d2 = incompressibility parameters
See 1st order Yeoh model for definitions of remaining terms.
4.1.4.3. Yeoh 3rd order

The strain energy function for the second order Yeoh hyperelastic model is,
ψ = C10 (I1 − 3 ) + C20 (I1 − 3 ) + C30 (I1 − 3 )
2 3
1
+ (J − 1)2 + 1 (J − 1)4 + 1 (J − 1)6
d1 d2 d3
N = 3.
C10, C20, C30, = material constants
d1, d2, d3 = incompressibility parameters
See 1st order Yeoh model for definitions of remaining terms.
4.1.5. Ogden
The Ogden form of strain energy function is based on the deviatoric principal
stretches of left-Cauchy strain tensor, which has the form,
µ
( )
N N
ψ = ∑ i λ1αi + λ2α i + λ2αi − 3 + ∑ (J − 1)
1 2i
i =1 α i i =1 d i
4.1.5.1. Ogden 1st Order

The strain energy function for the first order Ogden hyperelastic model is,
32
ψ =
α1
(
µ1 α
λ1 + λ2α + λ2α − 3 ) + (J − 1)
1 1
1
1
d1
2
where:
λp = deviatoric principal stretches of the left Cauchy-Green tensor
J = determinant of the elastic deformation gradient
µp, αp and dp = material constants
The initial shear modulus, µ, is given as:

µ1α1
µ0 =
2
and the initial bulk modulus is:
2
K0 =
d1
4.1.5.2. Ogden 2nd Order

µ1 α µ
ψ =
α1
(λ1 + λ2α + λ2α − 3 ) + 2 (λ1α + λ2α + λ2α − 3 )
1 1 1
α2
2 2 2
+
1
(J − 1)2 + 1 (J − 1)4
d1 d2
where:

µ0 = (µ1α1 + µ2α 2 )
1
2
2
K0 =
d1
4.1.5.3. Ogden 3rd Order

ψ =
α1
(
µ1 α
λ1 + λ2α + λ2α − 3 ) + 2 (λ1α + λ2α + λ2α − 3 )
1 1
µ1
α2
2 2 2
+ 3 (λ1α + λ2α + λ2α − 3 ) + (J − 1) + (J − 1)

µ 3 3
1 3
2 1 4
α3 d1 d2
+
1
(J − 1)6
d3
where:
33

µ0 = (µ1α1 + µ 2α 2 + µ3α 3 )
1
2
2
K0 =
d1
4.1.6. Arruda-Boyce
This is a statistical mechanics-based model, also commonly referred to as the
8-chain model. The Arruda-Boyce strain energy potential is similar in form to
a Yeoh model of order N=5 and is as follows,
1 ⎛ J2 −1 ⎞
C
( )
5
ψ = µ ∑ 2i −i 2 I1 − 3i + ⎜⎜
i
− ln J ⎟⎟
i =1 λL d⎝ 2 ⎠
where the constants Ci have the following values,
1 1 11 19 519
C1 = , C2 = , C3 = , C4 = , C5 =
2 20 1050 7050 673750
and the following parameters are material variables,

λL = limiting network stretch
d = incompressibility parameter
4.1.7. Material Data and Examples

To use a hyperelastic material model in ANSYS AUTODYN the user must first
select Hyperelastic for both the equation of state and strength model. The
user can then choose the required strain energy function from the Model
option as shown in the picture below:
With the release of v11, three sets of material data for rubber have been
added to the standard ANSYS AUTODYN material library. The various
coefficients for these materials have been fitted to give agreement with
experimental5 data as shown in the figure below. The results shown here are
from uniaxial tension experiments and simulations of a vulcanised rubber.
34
2 parameter Mooney Rivlin

4 Arruda-Boyce
3rd Order Ogden
Engineering Stress (MPa)`

Experimental Data
3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Engineering Strain
The different models are generally applicable over different ranges of strain as
illustrated in the table below, however these numbers are not definitive and
users should verify the applicability of the model chosen prior to use.
Model
Applied strain range
Neo-Hookean 30%
Mooney-Rivlin 30%-200% depending on order
Arruda Boyce Up to 300 %
Ogden Up to 700%
The figure below shows the result of a 2mm diameter rubber ball bouncing off
a rigid surface.
5
Treloar L.R.G., ‘Stress-Strain Data for Vulcanised Rubber Under Various Types of
defomation’, Trans. Faraday Soc., Vol 40, pp. 59-70, 1940.
35
36
4.2. COMPACTION MODEL ENHANCEMENTS
The compaction model has been updated to provide a more accurate

representation of non-linearity when unloading a material. Therefore, the
unloading method can now either be linear or non-linear. By default for
previous versions of the compaction EOS linear unloading would be chosen
and the user would be asked for soundspeed versus density information. If
nonlinear is chosen then the variation of bulk modulus with density should be
entered.
The pressure will then be evaluated according to the bulk modulus at the
present density. The algorithm logic to evaluate the pressure is shown below:
dP
K (ρ ) = ρ
dρ
ρ (i ) − ρ (i − 1)
Pk (i ) = P (i − 1) + K ( p (i )) ⋅
ρ (i )
if ( Pk (i ) <= Pc (i ) )
P(i ) = Pk (i )
else
P(i ) = Pc (i )
This produces a nonlinear unloading pattern, an example of which is shown

below:
1.2
Pc
0.8
Pressure
0.6
0.4
0.2
Pk
0
1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.3 2.5
Density
37
4.3. NEW POWDER BURN MODEL
The previous “Slow Burn” equation of state has been more appropriately
renamed to “Powder Burn”. In addition, a completely new formulation for the
powder burn model has been included6. Finally, the powder burn model is
now available in all solver types, including multi-material Euler. Details of this
significant enhancement are given below.
There is a need to numerically simulate the combustion of materials where the

dominant physical characteristic of the burning is deflagration rather than
detonation of the combustible material. The complicated chemical reactions
that dictate the burning of the energetic material are extremely difficult to
model from first principles. Therefore a mathematical model based on the
averaged quantities of the governing properties has been proposed6. The
model was developed using detailed studies of a variety of experiments
involving energetic materials where the convective burning front moves
behind the pressure front of a shockwave. This type of burning occurs in many
incendiary devices and munitions.
4.3.1. Theory
The powder burn model is a multi-phase model where gas and solid can be
present in one cell at the same time step. The total mass within each cell is
found by added together the mass of the gas and of the solid. The volume
taken by the gas and solid are both known and therefore the density,
compression etc of the material within the cell can be calculated. The burning
of the material is dependent on the burn fraction F(t) where,
M s (t 0 ) − M s (t )
F (t ) =
M s (t 0 )
and
M s' (t )
F ' (t ) = −
M s (t 0 )
The burning velocity, c(t), is given by a user supplied function, H, dependent

on the pressure of the gas,
c(t ) = H ( Pg ) .
It has been shown (4) that the burn fraction can be represented as a function
of H and a function, G(F(t)), which expresses the size and shape of the
burning surface, such that:
6
A Atwood, EK Friis and JF Moxnes, A Mathematical Model for Combustion of Energetic
Powder Materials, 34th International Annual Conference of ICT, June 24-27, 2003, Karlsruhe
Federal Republic of Germany.
38
F ' (t ) = G ( F (t )) H ( Pg ) .
The functions G and H are user supplied and are entered in the material data
menu and a typical burn fraction variation in time is shown below:
1 .2
0 .8
F(t)
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
0 .0 E + 0 0 3 .0 E - 0 5 6 .0 E - 0 5 9 .0 E - 0 5 1 .2 E - 0 4
T im e [s ]
The burn fraction should only be calculated on the amount of solid material
within each cell which has been ignited. Therefore the total burn fraction within
each cell, Ft (t ) , is found by multiplying the burn fraction, F (t ) , multiplied by
the ignition fraction, I(t), such that
Ft (t ) = F (t ) ⋅ I (t ) .
The ignition fraction is dependent on the velocity of the burn front, V, where,
V (t ) = C1 + C 2 ( H ( Pg ))(1 + γ ( ρ s ))
and C1 , C 2 and γ are user defined functions and ρ s is the solid density
averaged over the cell volume.
The total burn fraction then dictates the amount of solid which is burnt and has
changed into a gaseous state at each time step. The pressure of the solid can
then be evaluated using a separate equation of state (EOS) which is user
defined and can be either a linear or a compaction EOS. As the solid material
burns it changes state such that when the cell is fully burned only gas is
present within the cell. A typical density variation in time is shown below,
39
1 .8 0 E + 0 0
1 .6 0 E + 0 0
1 .4 0 E + 0 0
1 .2 0 E + 0 0
Density
1 .0 0 E + 0 0
A ve ra g e S o lid D e ns ity
A ve ra g e G a s D e ns ity
8 .0 0 E -0 1
6 .0 0 E -0 1
4 .0 0 E -0 1
2 .0 0 E -0 1
0 .0 0 E + 0 0
0.00E+00
1.97E-02
4.80E-02
8.31E-02
1.23E-01
1.67E-01
2.14E-01
2.63E-01
3.12E-01
3.63E-01
4.14E-01
4.65E-01
5.17E-01
5.69E-01
6.21E-01
6.73E-01
7.25E-01
7.77E-01
8.30E-01
T im e (m s )
4.3.2. Material Data Input
The new powder model is currently present as an option within the old slow
burn model. This name will be changed to Powder Burn model to better
represent the physical processes occurring and also to be consistent with the
presentation of such models in the available literature.
ANSYS AUTODYN requires the user to input the values of the burn fraction
growth parameters, G and c . These growth parameters are used to evaluate
the change in the burn fraction where,
∆F = G (1 − F ) c H ( Pg ) .
In order to evaluate the burn front velocity the relationship between H and
Pg must also be entered in addition to the variation between density and γ in
the relationship below:
V (t ) = C1 + C 2 ( H ( Pg ))(1 + γ ( ρ s ))
The unreacted solid can be represented using a compaction or linear EOS.
4.3.3. Example
40
Example application of Powder Burn model used in the Multi-material solver to propel a sabot
and projectile inside an experimental gun chamber
4.4. JWL, MILLER EXTENSION

Non-ideal explosives, such as explosives containing significant amount of Aluminum
(Al) and ammonium perchlorate (AP), can release a substantial amount of energy
from burning of Al and AP particles after the explosives are detonated. This energy
release introduces a time-dependency into the traditional JWL equation of state. To
take this additional energy and time-dependency into account, the traditional JWL
EOS has been extended using the approach proposed by Miller 7 .
The new option, Miller extension, is included in the standard ANSYS AUTODYN
JWL-EOS. This is activated by setting the additional parameter option to Miller
extension.
The JWL EOS with Miller extension is

ω ω ω ( E + λQ )
P = A(1 − )e − R1V + B(1 − ) e − R 2V + ,
R1V R2V V
dλ
where = a(1 − λ ) m P n ,
dt
Q additional specific energy,
a energy release constant,
m energy release exponent,
n pressure exponent.
7
P.J. Miller, A Reactive Flow Model with Coupled reaction Kinetics for Detontation and
Combustion of non-ideal explosives. MRS Symp.Proc., Volume 418, p. 413, 1996, MRS
Society Pub.
41
A new variable LAMDA, which is the burn fraction of the additional energy term in the
Miller extension of the JWL EOS, has been introduced. This variable can be
contoured or recorded as a time history variable at specified gauge points.
42
4.5. TIME DEPENDANT ENERGY DEPOSITION EXTENSION TO JWL

EQUATION OF STATE
Thermobaric explosives produce more explosive energy for a given size than
conventional explosives and are generally designed to provide enhanced
pressure and heat effects. This is typically achieved by the inclusion of
specific additives, such as aluminum, that undergo combustion with
atmospheric oxygen after the detonation reaction. This process is sometimes
called ‘after-burning’.
The standard JWL model takes no account of this ‘after-burning’ energy due
to additional combustion processes. In order to model such additional energy
a new feature is available in ANSYS AUTODYN that allows the user to
deposit additional energy into the explosive over a specified time. The
required inputs are shown in the figure below; energy per unit mass is
specified along with a start and end time.
The example below demonstrates the effect of adding 2.15MJ/Kg of energy between
0.12 and 0.55ms to a 10Kg spherical charge of TNT modeled using standard JWL
data. The pressure time history of a gauge shows that the additional energy results
in a longer pulse duration and an increased impulse.
14000 700
12000 600
10000 TNT + additional Energy 500

Pressure (KPa)
Impulse (Pa S)
TNT
8000 400
6000 300
4000 200 TNT + additional energy

TNT
2000 100
0 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Time (ms) Time (ms)
43
44
4.6. LEE-TARVER ENHANCEMENT
The Lee-Tarver ignition, growth and burn model has been enhanced in two
areas:
• Improved stability for multi-material Euler
• Enhanced post-burn behavior for all solvers
4.6.1. Improved Stability for Multi-material Euler Applications
The use of the Lee-Tarver model in multi-material Euler applications often

lead to the occurrence of spurious large velocities that could lead to “time step
too small” problems or Lee-Tarver Equation of State errors. The Lee-Tarver
material model has been enhanced in such a way that multi-material Euler
applications using the Lee-Tarver material model now run more robustly.
A typical full multi-material Euler example is shown below where an aluminum

pipe is filled with two explosives with a disk of polycarbonate in between. The
donor explosive is detonated and the shockwave that propagates through the
polycarbonate disk will cause the acceptor explosive to detonate
sympathetically.
45
4.6.2. Improved Post-burn behavior for all Solvers
The Lee-Tarver material model has been enhanced to obtain a more physical
post-burn behavior for medium and large expansions. The strength of the
material has been made dependent on the burn fraction, F, according:
σ = (1 − F ) ∗ σ 0
, where σ is the current yield strength and σ 0 is the original yield strength of
the unburned material.
The example below shows the effect of this enhancement. The model shown
in the previous section is now fully modeled in Lagrange. The analysis has
been run further after full detonation of the Lee-Tarver acceptor explosive and
the pipe and explosives will expand.
It can clearly be seen that the Lee-Tarver explosive doesn’t expand correctly
with the containment. With the Version 11 post-burn enhancement the Lee-
Tarver explosive material expands correctly with the containment for medium
and large expansions.
46
Version 6.1 Version 6.1
Version 11 Version 11
47
5. PRE- AND POST- PROCESSING
5.1. IMPROVED MEMORY MANAGEMENT DURING PRE-PROCESSING
Increasing the complexity of simulations performed in ANSYS AUTODYN can

mean that more elements are required to provide sufficient accuracy in the
solution. In previous versions, pre-processing of models with large numbers
of elements required significant amounts of memory to be made available to
ANSYS AUTODYN, even though this memory was only required at the
solution stage of the simulation. This new functionality allows for the
generation of models that, due to their size, could not previously be setup on
32bit systems. The solution of these models can be achieved by running
ANSYS AUTODYN remotely on 64bit Linux platforms.
To remove the requirement for large amounts of memory during pre-

processing, storage for solution variables is now only allocated at execution,
rather than at the part definition stage as implemented previously. This
memory saving allows for larger models (in terms of number of elements) to
be created on (in particular) 32bit systems.
Limitations
Any pre-processing functions that manipulate the solution variables are limited
by the memory management improvements. For example, if remapping is to
be performed, then the variable arrays are allocated at the moment of
remapping. It is important in this case to ensure that the system performing
the pre-processing has enough memory available to hold the variable arrays.
User subroutine considerations
If your user subroutine accesses solution (grid) variables at cycle zero, then
you should ensure that the following Fortran code is added and called once
before any operations:
CALL ALLOCATE_STR_VARS3(IERROR)
This subroutine ensures that the solution variable storage is allocated in the
correct manner. The data modified by your user subroutine will then be stored
in the restart file as in previous versions of ANSYS AUTODYN.
Examples
As an indication of the memory savings achievable, the following tables show

typical model sizes and corresponding memory usage comparisons between
the new and the previous versions of ANSYS AUTODYN.
48
Structured Lagrange Sizing Comparison
No. elements ANSYS AUTODYN Memory Used

version
v6.1 1.25GB
2x106 Cells
v11.0 733MB
v6.1 1.54GB
2.5x106 Cells
v11.0 888MB
v6.1 Not Possible
3x106 Cells
v11.0 1.05GB
v6.1 Not Possible
4x106 Cells
v11.0 1.36GB
Maximum Euler-FCT Sizing Comparison
No. elements ANSYS AUTODYN Memory Used

Version
2.5x106 Previous Version 1.5GB
4.72x106 Latest Version 1.32GB
49
5.2. RESULTS FILES
The capability to output results files, which contain a reduced amount of

information, has been implemented (currently only in ANSYS AUTODYN-3D).
This allows the post-processing of large simulations on computers with limited
resources. Result Files cannot be used for restarting a problem. The
frequency of the result files is independent of the SAVE files. The control for
results file output is located in the Output panel, under Results Files:
From here, the frequency of results file output and the variables to save into
the file are selected. Note that only a limited set of results variables are
selected by default.
50
When a simulation is performed with the results file option switched on, a new
directory will be created in the directory where the simulation file is located.
This directory will have the name <ident>_adres. For example, the results files
from a simulation with model name ben3d1_0.ad will be stored in a sub-
directory with name ben3d1_adres.
Results files have extension adres, and the model name is appended with two
numbers:
• the first number is the cycle from which the simulation began,
• the second number being the current cycle number.
For example, a results file ben3d1_10_25.adres indicates that the results file
contains data at cycle 25 from the simulation ben3d1 that began at cycle 10.
Note that the start cycle for each sequence of results files is stored in a file
<ident>_<cycle>.ad_base. For example ben3d1_10.ad_base. This base file is
essential for post processing using results files and must not be deleted. The
base file contains data required for producing graphic output that for efficiency
is not repeated in each of the Results Files.
To use the results files for post-processing of a simulation, the option under
the File menu option should be used.
51
Once a results file has been selected, various options within ANSYS
AUTODYN will be inactive, since no model alteration is possible. The cycle
drop-down menu from the Plots panel is automatically updated to represent
the cycles of results files that can be loaded. In order to switch back to full
restart files, simply load in a restart (cycle) file.
The adres directory is designed to be independent of any other files, in order

to share the results with colleagues simply transfer the directory.
Post- processing using results files is significantly more memory efficient than
from a restart file. Using results files, ANSYS AUTODYN only loads the data
required to generate the requested Plots. The efficiency improvement will be
problem dependant however a 2 to 3 times increase in the size of model that
can be post-processed on a 32-bit Windows system can be expected.
To use the results files to create an animation of the simulation, select the
option “Scan for results files from this ident” from the Generate Multiple Slides
panel.
52
53
5.3. IMPROVED COMPRESSION FOR SAVE FILES
A new compression algorithm is now applied when saving cycle files to disk.
The example below highlights the significant savings on disk space that can
be achieved with the new algorithm. The saving will depend on the model
size.
Cycle zero file size
Version 6.1 => 12.2 Mbytes
Version 11.0 => 2.5 Mbytes
Example demonstrating reduced size of Save files in v11.0
Note also that the new compression algorithm should also improve robustness
when re-loading models containing erroneous results data.
Also note that because of the change in file format, files saved in version 11.0
will not load back into previous versions. The Save As Version option can
however be used to transfer models into previous versions if required.
54
5.4. UNSTRUCTURED PARTS TO INITIALIZE 3D MULTI-MATERIAL

EULER
Unstructured Parts containing any type of volume element can now be used to
initialize a 3D Multi-material Euler simulation. Using the Parts, Fill, Additional
Fill Option, Part Fill option. Select the Unstructured Parts and the material to
replace.
Mesh of Projectile and Target Multi-material mesh filled with Unstructured Part
5.5. UNSTRUCTURED PARTS TO INITIALIZE SPH
Unstructured Parts containing any type of volume element can now be used to
generate SPH Objects, which in-turn can be used to create SPH regions.
Using the Parts, Geometry, Import Objects, Part option. Select the
Unstructured Parts to convert from the displayed list.
In addition to this extension, the efficiency of Packing all imported objects has
been significantly increased.
Mesh of Projectile and Target SPH object created from Target Mesh and
Packed with SPH
55
5.6. INTERACTIVE SELECTION OF PARTS
Using <alt> + Left Mouse button you may select a part in the model view
window and make it the current part. The part selected with the mouse will be
selected in either the part list in the plots panel or parts panel. This is useful
to identify parts and to make a particular part the current part active for
zoning, filling or other part operations.
<Alt>+LMB
5.7. HIGHLIGHT PARTS
A new Additional component has been added to the Plots panel “Part
Highlight”. When this option is selected, Parts selected in the plots panel will
be highlighted on the displayed model. The default highlight color is golden
yellow, you may alter the color and opacity of the highlight color that is applied
to selected parts using the associated options panel.
Selecting multiple parts in the parts list will highlight all the selected Parts.
56
57
5.8. INTERACTIVE SELECTION OF GAUGES
Use the mouse to interactively select Elements or Nodes where you wish to
place your gauge points by switching on Interactive Gauge points in the
Gauges Panel.
<Alt>+LMB
The IJK indices or XYZ position of the selected element/node will be

displayed, as they are selected.
Gauges added via this method will also be cached until cleared by selecting
the Undo button, or the Gauges Panel is closed.
When adding Gauges via this method the part containing the Element or Node
selected becomes the selected Part in the Parts panel.
5.9. GROUP OPERATIONS
Two new operations are available for element groups.
5.9.1. Delete Elements
Use this option to delete all elements with a selected Group. Select the Group
containing the elements to delete and select OK. The elements will be deleted
from the model.
58
Define Element Group Delete Elements in Group

Example use of Delete Elements Group Operation
5.9.2. Split Nodes
Use this option to split nodes across material boundaries within a selected
group. ANSYS AUTODYN will search through all elements in the selected
group and identify nodes that are connected to elements (through the
connectivity table) with different materials. Each node connected to more than
one material will be replicated by the number of connected materials, while
retaining the same physical location. The connectivity of each associated
element will be updated.
The option is useful for generating a sliding interface between two materials
and enforcing a conforming mesh (coincident nodes) between the material
interface at the start of the simulation.
Form Multi-body Part in DesignModeler Generate Conformal Mesh in Meshing

(with single node at material interface)
Create Element Group in ANSYS AUTODYN. Nodes are duplicated at material interface to allow
Split nodes across material interface. sliding contact
Example use of Split nodes to create conformal sliding interface
59
5.10. AUTOMATIC PARALLEL DECOMPOSITION OF EULER-FCT PARTS
The automatic parallel decomposition algorithm has been extended to

incorporate Euler-FCT parts, in addition to its present ability to handle
unstructured Parts. This facilitates the decomposing of complicated Euler-
FCT/Lagrange coupled models; the user need only stipulate the number of
tasks over which the model should be assigned and ANSYS AUTODYN will
automatically produce a decomposition configuration with good load balancing
qualities and minimal inter-processor communication.
To further enhance the efficiency of coupled calculations the sub-domains of

the FE structure will be placed on the same processor as the FCT sub-
domains located in the same geometric space. This decreases the necessary
inter-processor communication for the coupling calculations.
To automatically decompose an Euler-FCT model, press the Set

Decomposition button from the Parallel menu. All Euler-FCT and/or
unstructured Parts will be shown in the Automatic Decomposition dialog
window:
The example below contains a brick structure in which an explosion is

occurring. The brick structure is modelled using unstructured Lagrangian
Parts, whilst the explosion in air is modelled using an Euler-FCT part. Here,
only part of the Euler-FCT part is shown for illustration purposes, the Euler-
FCT part extends above the brick structure.
60
Example decomposition of coupled Euler-FCT and Unstructured Parts
If the user wishes to override this decomposition then the Euler-FCT part can
still be manually assigned as before.
61
6. EXTENDED UNIT SYSTEMS
6.1. US CUSTOMARY UNITS
US customary units have been added to units options when creating a new
model. These are
• Length unit (inch or foot)
• Mass unit (pound).
These units can be written in short as “in”, “ft”, and “lb”.
One of the three time units can be used in conjunction with the US customary
units: microsecond, millisecond, or second.
Note they cannot be used together with Metric Units. For example, you cannot
use inch for the length unit and kilogram for the mass unit.
The following table shows the unit for each type of physical variables in the
US customary system:
in, lb, s in, lb, ms in, lb, µs ft, lb, s ft, lb, ms ft, lb, µs
Length in in in ft ft ft
Mass lb lb lb lb lb lb
Time s ms µs s ms µs
Temperature K K K K K K
2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4
Density lb.s /in lb.ms /in lb.µs /in lb.s /ft lb.ms /ft lb.µs2/ft4
62
in, lb, s in, lb, ms in, lb, µs ft, lb, s ft, lb, ms ft, lb, µs
2 2 2
Inertia lb.s .in lb.ms .in lb.µs .in2
lb.s .ft lb.ms2.ft lb.µs2.ft
Volume in3 in3 in3 ft3 ft3 ft3
Force lb lb lb lb lb lb
Pressure psi psi psi psf psf psf
Impulse lb.s lb.ms lb.µs lb.s lb.ms lb.µs
Velocity in/s in/ms in/µs ft/s ft/ms ft/µs
Work lb.in lb.in lb.in lb.ft lb.ft lb.ft
Strain Rate 1/s 1/ms 1/µs 1/s 1/ms 1/µs
Energy lb.in lb.in lb.in lb.ft lb.ft lb.ft
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Energy/Unit Mass in /s in /ms in /µs ft /s ft /ms ft2/µs2
Energy/Unit Volume lb/in2 lb/in2 lb/in2 lb/ft2 lb/ft2 lb/ft2
Fracture Energy lb/in lb/in lb/in lb/ft lb/ft lb/ft
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fracture Toughness lb /in lb /in lb /in lb /ft lb /ft lb2/ft2
Squared
2 2
Specific Heat in /s .K in2/ms2.K in2/µs2.K ft2/s2.K ft2/ms2.K ft2/µs2.K
Capacity
Thermal Conductivity lb.s/K lb.ms/K lb.µs/K lb.s/K lb.ms/K lb.µs/K
6.2. MICRON UNIT SYSTEM
A new micron (µm) length system has been introduced. This can be used in
conjunction with a mass unit of picogram (pg) and time unit of microsecond or
millisecond.
7. SUPPORTED OPERATING SYSTEMS AND COMPILERS
63
The following operating systems are supported at release 11.0 of ANSYS

ANSYS AUTODYN.
System C++ Fortran

Windows XP Pro, 32 bit Microsoft Visual Intel Fortran 9.0
Studio .NET
2003 including
C++
RedHat WS 3 Intel Fortran 8.0
SUSE 9.1 Intel Fortran 8.0
RedHat AW 3 Intel Fortran 8.1
32 Bit Linux
RedHat WS Release 3 (Kernel 2.4.21-4)
Glibc version 2.3.2
64 Bit Linux (x86-64)

SUSE Professional 9.1 (Kernel 2.6.4-52)
64 Bit Linux (Itanium II)

RedHat Advanced Workstation 3 (Kernel 2.4.21-15-e.3smp)
Glibc version 2.3.2
8. INSTALLATION
8.1. WINDOWS 32-BIT
ANSYS AUTODYN version 11.0 for Windows 32-bit is now installed as part of
the ANSYS product installation process.
Note that the Windows 64-bit installation of ANSYS AUTODYN version 11.0 is
still under development. Contact Century Dynamics if this is required.
64
Select ANSYS AUTODYN from the product selection page and the ANSYS
AUTODYN related files will be installed to the directory:
{drive}:\Program Files\Ansys Inc\v110\AISOL\AUTODYN
This directory contains the following sub-directories
The main ANSYS AUTODYN installation, including executables, .dll’s etc is

contained in the intel folder.
The recommended method of running ANSYS AUTODYN is via Start, All

Programs, ANSYS 11.0, ANSYS Workbench. Then select ANSYS AUTODYN
icon from the start page of ANSYS Workbench.
Note that by default, the single precision version of ANSYS AUTODYN will be
used. To run in double precision, from the start page of ANSYS Workbench,
Select Tools, Options.
65
8.2. WINDOWS 64-BIT (LIMITATIONS)
The procedure for installation of ANSYS AUTODYN onto a Windows 64 bit

operating system is the same as for Windows 32-bit. The installed software
currently will however have the following limitations
• The ANSYS AUTODYN application is 32-bit. Problem size limits will be

identical to those of a 32-bit Windows installation
• The interaction between the ANSYS AUTODYN applet and the

Meshing applet is not available. To transfer a mesh from the meshing
application to ANSYS AUTODYN;
a. Proceed to FEModeller
b. Export a Nastran File
c. In the ANSYS AUTODYN applet, use the Import, MSC.Nastran
option to load the file generated from FEModeler
d. The link between ANSYS AUTODYN and Meshing is not
persistant in this case hence the Update Model from Workbench
option is not available on Windows 64 bit operating system
8.3. LINUX INSTALLATION
The ANSYS AUTODYN version 11.0 Linux server will be installed alongside
the other products installed from the ANSYS product family.
By default, the base installation is:

\usr\ansys_inc\
A symbolic link is created to the installation directory and is located at:
66
\ansys_inc
Licensing programs files will be installed in:

\ansys_inc\shared_files\licensing
ANSYS AUTODYN specific files will be installed in:

\ansys_inc\v110\autodyn
With further sub-directories:

\bin\<platform> - executables for each supported platform
\lib\<platform> - runtime libraries for each supported platform
\usrsub\<platform> - user subroutine files for each supported platform
9. LICENSING
ANSYS AUTODYN version 11.0 will be licensed using the ANSYS FLEXlm
license manager. Dongles and adin files will no longer be required.
At the general release of ANSYS AUTODYN version 11.0, new FLEXlm

license keys will be issued in exchange for the return of your existing dongles.
The exact capabilities that the FLEXlm license keys will provide will be
communicated to users prior to the release.
67

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ANSYS® AUTODYN® version 11.0

5.5. Unstructured Parts to initialize SPH

• ANSYS AUTODYN and ANSYS Workbench

• Pre- and Post-processing

o Interactive selection of Parts

These and other new features are now described in detail.

2. ANSYS AUTODYN AND ANSYS WORKBENCH

The ANSYS AUTODYN 11.0 software is supplied as an integral part of the

Typical tasks you can perform in Workbench are:

• Creating models using DesignModeler or importing models from a

Additionally, Workbench includes the following modules:

• Engineering Data: A repository of material data for use by a selection

2.1. ANSYS AUTODYN

ANSYS AUTODYN Icon on start page of ANSYS Workbench

2.2. MESHING AND ANSYS AUTODYN

The new Meshing application in the ANSYS Workbench is available to

Additionally controls are available to refine the mesh in regions of interest or

Swept Hex Mesh

Example mesh produced using Meshing

This is the recommended application for geometry generation and

o Navigate and visualize the data contained in the model.

FEModeler is available to all ANSYS AUTODYN-3D licensees

The project page of ANSYS workbench is used to manage the above

Example project page navigation for ANSYS AUTODYN and Meshing

In the above example, a geometry has been generated in the DesignModeler

Using “Proceed to ANSYS AUTODYN” automatically transfers the following

o A material will be created in ANSYS AUTODYN for each body

Typical model after proceed to ANSYS AUTODYN

may become invalid. It is highly recommended that the application of

DesignModeler Meshing ANSYS AUTODYN

Re-mesh retaining all Update Model retaining

2.3. ADVANCED MESHING AND ANSYS AUTODYN

The Advanced Meshing application inside Workbench (ANSYS ICEM

The advanced meshing application is an option licensed separately to ANSYS

The transfer of data between Advanced Meshing and ANSYS AUTODYN is

2.4. FEMODELER AND ANSYS AUTODYN

ANSYS AUTODYN may also import meshes from FEModeler by selecting

3.1. TRAJECTORY CONTACT (BETA Option)

A new 3D contact algorithm is now available for all 3D Unstructured volume

Trajectory based contact is activated from the Lagrange/Lagrange interactions

The sub-options available for trajectory contact are:

Activate Yes - activates contact

Groups panel. Nodes that initially

The performance improvement will depend on the application and speed-up’s

Simulation runs 2.7 times faster using Trajectory contact

Example efficiency improvements using Trajectory contact

3.2. GROUP CONTACT

In many calculations, the contact region may be relatively small in comparison

In the Interactions, Lagrange/Lagrange panel, Group Contact can then be

Group contact is only applicable to faces of unstructured Parts.

3.3. AUTOMATIC MASS SCALING

Mass scaling is an artificial (numerical) mechanism for increasing the CFL

Automatic Mass Scaling - Activate automatic mass scaling

terminate with an error message.

TIMESTEP: The CFL timestep for the element multiplied by the

A typical procedure to invoke mass scaling would be as follows

Example application of mass scaling

Important notes and limitations:

o The timestep used at cycle 1 of the simulation can be

3.4. NEW MULTI-MATERIAL PRESSURE EQUILIBRIUM OPTION

A new multi-material “pressure equilibrium” option is now available to obtain a

In the picture below the multi-material solution is compared to the single

1.50E+05 Pressure - Multi-material