Problems

Section 15.2: The Fourier Series

P15.2-1
2π
T = 2 s ⇒ ω0 = = π rad/s and f (t ) = t 2 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 . The coefficients of the Fourier
2
series are given by:
1 2 2
2 ∫0
a0 = t dt = 4
3
2 2 4
an = ∫0 t 2 cos nπ t dt =
( nπ )
2
2
2 2 2 −4
bn =
2 ∫0
t sin nπ t dt =
nπ

4 4 ∞ 1 4 ∞ 1
∴ f (t ) = + 2 ∑ 2 cos nπ t − ∑ sin nπ t
3 π n =1 n π n =1 n

P15.2-2
2 ⎡ T4 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
T T
⎤
T
1 ⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 4
⎛ 2π ⎞ 2 ⎥
an = ⎢ ∫0 cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt + ∫T 2 cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt ⎥ = ⎢sin ⎜ n T t ⎟ + 2sin ⎜ n t ⎟
2
T⎣ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎦ nπ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠T ⎥
4⎦
4 0

1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢(sin ⎜ ⎟ − 0) + 2⎜ (sin nπ ) −sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥
nπ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠⎦
⎧ (−1)( n +1) 2
1 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎪ odd n
= − sin ⎜ ⎟ = ⎨ nπ
nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎪⎩ 0 even n

( )
2⎡ T ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
T
⎤T
⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 4 ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2 ⎥
T
bn = ⎢ ∫04 sin n 2π t dt +
1
T⎣ T ∫T
4
2
2 sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt ⎥ = −
⎝ T ⎠ ⎦ nπ ⎢cos
⎣
⎜ n
⎝ T ⎠0
t ⎟ + 2 cos ⎜ n t ⎟
⎝ T ⎠T ⎥
4⎦

1 ⎡ nπ ⎤
=− ⎢ (2 cos (nπ ) −1) − cos ⎥
nπ ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎧ 3
⎪ nπ n is odd
⎪
⎪ 2
= ⎨− n = 2,6,10,…
⎪ nπ
⎪0 n = 4,8,12,…
⎪⎩

1
P15.2-3

A
a 0 = average value of f ( t ) =
2
⎛ t⎞
f ( t ) = A ⎜1 − ⎟ for 0 ≤ t ≤ T
⎝ T⎠

2 T ⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2A⎡ T ⎛ 2π ⎞ 1 T ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
an =
T ∫ 0
A ⎜1 −
⎝ T
⎟ cos ⎜ n
⎠ ⎝ T
t ⎟ dt =
⎠
⎢ ∫
T ⎣ 0
cos ⎜ n
⎝ T
t ⎟ dt − ∫ t cos ⎜ n
⎠ T 0 ⎝ T
t ⎟ dt ⎥
⎠ ⎦
⎡ π π π
T
⎤
⎢ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
cos ⎜ n t⎟+⎜n t ⎟ sin ⎜ n t⎟ ⎥
2A⎢ 1 ⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎥
= ⎢ 0− ⎥
⎛ 2π ⎞
2
T T
⎢ ⎜ n ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ T ⎠ 0⎥⎦
−A
= 2 2 ⎡⎣ cos ( 2nπ ) − cos ( 0 ) + 2nπ sin ( 2nπ ) − 0 ⎤⎦ = 0
2n π
2 T ⎛ t ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2 A ⎡ T ⎛ 2π ⎞ 1 T ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤
bn =
T ∫ 0
A ⎜1 −
⎝ T
⎟ sin ⎜ n
⎠ ⎝ T
t ⎟ dt =
⎠ T ⎢⎣ ∫ 0
sin ⎜ n
⎝ T
t ⎟ dt − ∫ t sin ⎜ n
⎠ T 0 ⎝ T
t ⎟ dt ⎥
⎠ ⎦
⎡ π π π
T
⎤
⎢ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
sin ⎜ n t⎟−⎜n t ⎟ cos ⎜ n t⎟ ⎥
2A⎢ 1 ⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎥
= ⎢ 0− ⎥
⎛ 2π ⎞
2
T T
⎢ ⎜ n ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ T ⎠ 0⎥⎦
−A
= 2 2 ⎡⎣( sin ( 2nπ ) − sin ( 0 ) ) − ( 2nπ cos ( 2nπ ) − 0 ) ⎤⎦ =
A
2n π nπ

A ∞ A ⎛ 2π ⎞
f (t ) = +∑ sin ⎜ n t⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ T ⎠

2
P15.2-4
2π
T = 2 s, ω 0 = = π rad/s , a 0 = average value of f ( t ) = 1 ,
2

f (t ) = t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2

2
2 cos ( n π t ) + ( n π t ) sin ( n π t )
t cos ( n π t ) dt =
2
an =
2 ∫ 0
( nπ )
2
0

1
= ⎡cos ( 2nπ ) − cos ( 0 ) + 2nπ sin ( 2nπ ) − 0 ⎤⎦
n π2 ⎣
2

=0
2
2 sin ( n π t ) − ( n π t ) cos ( n π t )
t sin ( n π t ) dt =
2
bn =
2 ∫ 0
(nπ )
2
0

⎡( sin ( 2nπ ) − sin ( 0 ) ) − ( 2nπ cos ( 2nπ ) − 0 ) ⎤⎦

1
=
n π2 ⎣
2

−2
=
nπ
∞
2 ⎛ 2π ⎞
f (t ) = 1 − ∑ sin ⎜ n t⎟
n =1 nπ ⎝ T ⎠

Use Matlab to check this answer:

% P15.2-4
pi=3.14159;
A=2; % input waveform parameters
T=2; % period

w0=2*pi/T; % fundamental frequency, rad/s

tf=2*T; % final time
dt=tf/200; % time increment
t=0:dt:tf; % time, s

a0=A/2; % avarage value of input

v1=0*t+a0; % initialize input as vector

for n=1:1:51 % for each term in the Fourier series ...

an=0; % specify coefficients of the input
series
bn=-A/pi/n;
cn=sqrt(an*an + bn*bn); % convert to magnitude and angle form
thetan=-atan2(bn,an);
v1=v1+cn*cos(n*w0*t+thetan); % add the next term of the input
Fourier series
end

3
plot(t, v1,'black') % plot the Fourier series

grid
xlabel('t, s')
ylabel('f(t)')
title('P15.3-4')

4
Section 15-3: Symmetry of the Function f(t)

P15.3-1
2π π
T = 4 s ⇒ ωo = = rad/s .
4 2
The coefficients of the Fourier series are:

a0 = average value of vd ( t ) = 0

an = 0 because vd(t) is an odd function of t.

1 4 ⎛ π ⎞
bn = ∫ ( 6 − 3 t ) sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt
2 0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
4 ⎛ π ⎞ 3 4 ⎛ π ⎞
= 3∫ sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt − ∫ t sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt
0
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 0 ⎝ 2 ⎠
4
⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤
4
⎡ ⎤
⎢ − cos ⎜ n 2 t ⎟ ⎥ 3 ⎢ 1 ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎞⎥
= 3⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎥ −
⎢ 2 2 ⎜ sin ⎜ n t ⎟ − ⎜ n t ⎟ cos ⎜ n t ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ π ⎥ 2⎢n π ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠⎥
n
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥
⎦0 ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥ 0

=
6
nπ
( nπ
6
( )
1 − cos ( 2nπ ) ) − 2 2 ( sin ( 2nπ ) − 0 ) − ( 2 n π cos ( 2nπ ) ) =
12
nπ

The Fourier series is:

∞
12 ⎛ π ⎞
vd ( t ) = ∑ sin ⎜ n t ⎟
n =1 nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠

P15.3-2
∞
12 ⎛ π ⎞ ∞
12 ⎛ π π⎞
vc ( t ) = vd ( t − 1) − 6 = −6 + ∑ sin ⎜ n ( t − 1) ⎟ = −6 + ∑ sin ⎜ n t − n ⎟
n =1 nπ ⎝ 2 ⎠ n =1 n π ⎝ 2 2⎠

1
P15.3-3
2π 1000 π π
T = 6 ms = 0.006 s ⇒ ω o = = rad/s = krad/s
.006 3 3
The coefficients of the Fourier series are:
3× 2
1
a0 = average value of va ( t ) = 2 = V
6 2
bn = 0 because va(t) is an even function of t.

⎛ 2 ⎞ 0.001 ⎛ 1000π ⎞
an = 2 ⎜ ⎟ ∫0 ( 3 − 3000 t ) cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt
⎝ 0.006 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 1000π ⎞ ⎛ 1000π ⎞
= 2000 ∫ t ⎟ dt − ( 2 ×106 ) ∫ t cos ⎜ n
0.001 0.001
cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt
0
⎝ 3 ⎠ 0
⎝ 3 ⎠
0.001
⎡ ⎛ 1000π ⎞ ⎤
⎢ sin ⎜ n 3 t⎟
⎛ ⎛ 1000π ⎞ ⎛ 1000π ⎞ ⎛ 1000π ⎞ ⎞ ⎥
= 2000 ⎢ ⎝ ⎠ − 1000
⎜ cos ⎜n t⎟+⎜n t ⎟ sin ⎜ n t ⎟ ⎟⎥
⎢ n 1000π n 2106 π 2 ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠⎥
⎢⎣ 3 9 ⎥⎦
0

⎡ 3 ⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎞ 9 ⎛⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎞ ⎞⎤
= 2000 ⎢ ⎜ sin ⎜ n 3 ⎟ − 0 ⎟ − n 2103 π 2 ⎜ ⎜ cos ⎜ n 3 ⎟ − 1⎟ + ⎜ ⎜ n 3 ⎟ sin ⎜ n 3 ⎟ − 0 ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ n 1000 π ⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎠ ⎠⎦
6 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎞ 6 ⎛ π⎞
= sin ⎜ n ⎟ − ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎜ cos ⎜ n ⎟ − 1⎟ − sin ⎜ n ⎟
nπ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ n π ⎠⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎠ nπ ⎝ 3⎠
⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎞
= − ⎜ 2 2 ⎟ ⎜ cos ⎜ n ⎟ − 1⎟
⎝ n π ⎠⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎠

The Fourier series is

1 ∞ 18 ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 π ⎞
va ( t ) = + ∑ 2 2 ⎜1 − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ cos ⎜ n t⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠

P15.3-4
1 ∞ 18 ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 1000π
vb ( t ) = va ( t − 0.002 ) − 1 = −1 + + ∑ 2 2 ⎜1 − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ cos ⎜ n ( t − 0.002 ) ⎞⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 ∞
18 ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 π 2π ⎞
= − + ∑ 2 2 ⎜1 − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ cos ⎜ n t−n ⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠

2
P15.3-5
2π
T = 2π , ω0 = =1
2π
average value: a0 = 0
2 T
f ( t ) sin nω0 t dt
T ∫0
bn =

f (t ) = t −π < t < π an = 0 since have odd function

−2 ( −1)
π n
2 π 1 ⎡ sin nt t cos nt ⎤
bn =
2π ∫−π t sin nt dt = π ⎢⎣ n2 − n ⎥⎦ −π = n
b1 = 2, b2 = −1, and b3 = 2 3

P15.3-6

T = 8 s, ω 0 = π 4 rad/s 4 T2
f ( t ) cos( nω0t ) dt
T ∫0
an =
bn = 0 because f ( t ) is an even function

a0 = average =
( 2×2 ) − 2×1 = 1 4 4 ⎡ 1 ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ ∫0 2 cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt − ∫1 cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt ⎥
2

8 8 ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎦
2 ⎡ nπ nπ ⎤
= ⎢ 3 sin −sin
nπ ⎣ 4 2 ⎥⎦
a1 = .714, a2 = .955, a3 = .662

3
P15.3-7
π
ω0 = 2ω , T =
ω
π
ω 2ω 2A
a0 = ∫−π A cos ωt dt =
π 2ω π

π π
2ω 2ω A 2ω
A cos(ωt ) cos( 2nωt ) dt = −π cos( ( 2n −1)ωt ) cos( ( 2n +1) nωt ) dt
2ω
an =
π ∫ −π
2ω 2π ∫2ω
π
2ω A ⎡ sin ( 2n −1)ωt sin ( 2n +1)ωt ⎤ 2ω
= ⎢ + ⎥
π ⎣ 2( 2n −1)ω 2( 2n +1)ω ⎦ − π
2ω

⎡ π π⎤
⎢ sin ( 2n −1) sin ( 2n +1) ⎥
2A 2+ 2
= ⎢ ⎥
π ⎢ 2n −1 2n +1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2A ⎡ π π
= ( 2n +1) sin ( 2n −1) −( 2n −1) sin ( 2n −1) ⎥⎤
π ( 4n −1) ⎣
2 ⎢ 2 2⎦
4A
=− cos( nπ )
π ( 4n 2 −1)
4 A( −1)
n

=−
π ( 4n 2 −1)
bn = 0 since f ( t ) is an even function.

P15.3-8
2π
T = 0.4 s, ⇒ ω 0 = = 5 π rad s
T
⎧ A cos ω 0t 0 ≤ t ≤ .1
⎪
f (t ) = ⎨0 .1 ≤ t < .3
⎪ A cos ω t .3 ≤ t ≤ .4
⎩ 0

Choose period − .1 ≤ t ≤ .3 for integral

1 .1
T ∫−.1
a0 = A cos ω 0t = A π

2 .1
an = ∫−.1 A cos ω 0t cos nω 0t dt
T

4
 A
a1 = 5 A∫−.1 cos 2 ω 0t dt =
.1

2
an = 5 A∫−.1 cos ω 0t cos nω 0t dt
.1

= 5 A∫−.1 1 [ cos 5π (1+ n)t + cos 5π (1− n)t ] dt

.1

2
2 A cos (nπ / 2)
= n ≠1
π 1− n 2
bn =0 because the function is even.

P15.3-9
a0 = 0 because the average value is zero

an = 0 because the function is odd

1
bn = 0 for even due to wave symmetry
4
Next:

⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎧ 8
8 sin ⎜ ⎟ − 4nπ cos ⎜ ⎟ for n = 1,5,9, ...
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ = ⎪⎪ n π
2 2
bn = ∫−T 4 t sin ( nω 0 t ) dt =
T 4
⎨
n 2π 2 ⎪− 8 for n = 3, 7,11, ...
⎪⎩ n 2 π 2

5
Section 15.5: Exponential Form of the Fourier Series

P15.5-1
2π
T = 1 ⇒ ωo = = 2π , the coefficients of the complex Fourier series are given by:
1
1 1 1 ⎛ e jπ t − e − jπ t ⎞ − j 2π nt
Cn = ∫ A sin (π t ) e − j 2π nt dt = ∫ A ⎜ ⎟⎟ e dt
1 0 0 ⎜ 2j
⎝ ⎠
= e (
A 1 − jπ ( 2 n −1) t − jπ ( 2 n+1) t
2 j ∫0
−e dt )
A⎡e (
− jπ 2 n −1) t
e (
− jπ 2 n +1) t ⎤
1
−2 A
= ⎢ − ⎥ =
2 j ⎢⎣ − jπ ( 2n − 1) − jπ ( 2n + 1) ⎥⎦ π (4n 2 − 1)
0
where we have used e ± j 2π n = 1 and e j π = e− j π .

P15.5-2
2π 2π
1 T⎛ A ⎞ −j T nt A T −j nt
Cn =
T ∫0 ⎜ t ⎟e
⎝T ⎠
dt =
T2
∫0 t e T dt
t2 t2
∫t u dv = u v t2 − ∫ v du . Take u = t and
t
Recall the formula for integrating by parts:
1 1 t1
2π
−j nt
dv = e T dt . When n ≠ 0 , we get

⎛ T ⎞
⎛ 2π
T ⎞ ⎜ 2 π ⎟
⎜ − j nt 2π ⎟ A ⎜ T e− j 2π n e− j T nt ⎟
A te T 1 T − j nt
Cn = 2 ⎜ e T dt ⎟ = ⎜
2 π ∫0
+ + 2 ⎟
T ⎜ − j 2π n j n ⎟ T ⎜ − j 2 π n ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎜ n⎟
⎝ T 0 T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ 0⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
⎜ − j 2π n ⎟
A⎜T e e− j 2π n − 1 ⎟ A
= + = j
T ⎜ − j 2π n ⎛ 2 π ⎞ ⎟⎟
2 2π n
⎜⎜ ⎜ n ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎠
Now for n = 0 we have
1 TA A
C0 = ∫
T 0 T
t dt =
2
Finally,

465
 n=∞ 2π
A A 1 jn t
f (t ) = + j
2 2π
∑ e T
n=−∞ n
n≠0

P15.5-3
d /2
2π ⎡ − j n 2π t ⎤ ⎛ j nπ d π
− jn d ⎞
A d /2 − jn t A ⎢e T ⎥ A⎜ e T e T ⎟
Cn = ∫ e T dt = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟
T −d / 2 T ⎢ − j n 2π ⎥ T ⎜ j n 2π jn
2π
⎟
⎣ T ⎦ −d / 2 ⎝ T T ⎠
⎛ j nπ d π
− jn d ⎞
A ⎜e T −e T ⎟
= ⎜ ⎟
nπ ⎜ 2j ⎟
⎝ ⎠
A ⎛ nπ d ⎞
= sin ⎜ ⎟
nπ ⎝ T ⎠
⎛ nπ d ⎞
sin ⎜ ⎟
⎛ Ad ⎞ ⎝ T ⎠
=⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠ nπ d
T

P15.5-4
m = 1 t0 +T ( a f ( t − t ) + b ) e− j nωot dt
T ∫t0
C n d

Let τ = t − td , then t = τ + td .

m = 1 t0 +T −td ( a f (τ ) + b ) e − j n ωo (τ +td ) dτ
T ∫t0 −td
C n

1 t0 +T −td
= ∫
T t0 − t d
( a f (τ ) + b ) e− j nωoτ e− j nωotd dτ
e − j n ω o td t0 +T −td
=
T ∫t −t
0 d
( a f (τ ) + b ) e− j nω τ dτ
o

(
= a e − j n ω ot d ) T1 ∫ t0 +T −td
t0 −td
(
f (τ ) e − j n ωoτ dτ + e − j nωotd ) T1 ∫ t0 +T −td
t0 − t d
b e− j nωoτ dτ

t +T −td
t0 +T −td − j n ω oτ ⎡ e− j nωoτ ⎤ 0 ⎧0 n ≠ 0
But ∫t −t
0 d
be dτ = b ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − j n ωo ⎥⎦ t −t
=⎨
⎩b = 0
so
0 d

466
 m = aC +b
C0 0
and
m = a e − j n ω o td C
C n≠0
n n
P15.5-5
2π π 2 × 2 − 2 (1× 1) 1
T = 8 s, ω 0 = = rad/s, C 0 = average value = =
T 4 8 4

The coefficients of the exponential Fourier series are calculated as

nπ nπ nπ
1 ⎡ −1 −j −j −j ⎤
C n = ⎢ ∫ − e 4 dt + ∫ 2e 4 dt + ∫ − e 4 dt ⎥
t 1 t 2 t

8 ⎣ −2 −1 1
⎦
⎡ nπ
−1
nπ
1
nπ
2
⎤
1 ⎢ e
−j
4
t
e
−j
4
t
e
−j
4
t
⎥
= ⎢− +2 +− ⎥
8 ⎢ − j nπ −j
nπ
−j
nπ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 −2 4 −1 4 1 ⎥⎦
− j ⎡⎛ j n4π j
nπ
⎞ ⎛ − j n4π j
nπ
⎞ ⎛ − j n2π −j
nπ
⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ e − e 2
⎟ − 2 ⎜ e − e 4
⎟ ⎜+ e − e 4
⎟⎥
2 n π ⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
− j ⎡ ⎛ j n4π −j
nπ
⎞ ⎛ j n2π −j
nπ
⎞⎤
= ⎢3 ⎜ e − e 4
⎟ −⎜e − e
2
⎟⎥
2 n π ⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
−j ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞⎤
= ⎢3 ⎜ 2 j sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ − ⎜ 2 j sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎥ = ⎢ 3sin ⎜ ⎟ − sin ⎜ ⎟⎥
2 nπ ⎣ ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠⎦ n π ⎣ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

and
− nπ − nπ − nπ
1 ⎡ −1 −j −j −j ⎤
C − n = ⎢ ∫ − 1× e 4 dt + ∫ 2 × e 4 dt + ∫ − 1× e 4 dt ⎥
t 1 t 2 t

8 ⎣ −2 −1 1
⎦
⎡ nπ
−1
nπ
1
nπ
2
⎤
1 ⎢ e
j
4
t
e
j
4
t
e
j
4
t
⎥
= ⎢ −1 × + 2× + ( −1) × ⎥
8⎢ nπ nπ nπ ⎥
j j j
⎢⎣ 4 −2 4 −1 4 1 ⎥⎦
j ⎡⎛ − j n4π −j
nπ
⎞ ⎛ j n4π −j
nπ
⎞ ⎛ j n2π j
nπ
⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ e − e 2
⎟ − 2 ⎜ e − e 4
+
⎟ ⎜ e − e 4
⎟⎥
2 nπ⎢⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢ sin ⎜ ⎟ − 3sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = −C n
nπ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦

The function is represented as

467
 ∞ π −∞ π
−jn
f ( t ) = C0 + ∑ Cn e + ∑ C− n e
jn t t
4 4

n =1 n =−1
π π
1 ∞
1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ j n 4 t −∞ 1 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎤ − j n 4 t
= +∑ ⎢3sin ⎜ 4 ⎟ − sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ e +∑ ⎢sin ⎜ 2 ⎟ − 3sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ e
4 n =1 n π ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ n =−1 n π ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦
π
1 ∞ 2 ⎡ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞⎤ j n 4 t
= +∑ ⎢3sin ⎜ 4 ⎟ − sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ e
4 n =1 n π ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦

This result can be checked using MATLAB:

pi = 3.14159;
N=100;

T = 8; % period
t = linspace(0,2*T,200); % time
c0 = 1/4; % average value
w0 = 2*pi/T; % fundamental frequency

for n = 1: N
C(n) = -j*((exp(+j*n*pi/4)-exp(+j*n*pi/2))-2*(exp(-j*n*pi/4)-
exp(+j*n*pi/4))+(exp(-j*n*pi/2)-exp(-j*n*pi/4)))/(2*pi*n);
end

for i=1:length(t)
f(i)=c0;
for n=1:length(C)
f(i)=f(i)+C(n)*exp(j*n*w0*t(i))+C(n)*exp(-j*n*w0*t(i));
end
end

plot(t,f,'black');
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('f(t)');

468
469
Alternately, this result can be checked using Mathcad:

N := 15 n := 1 , 2 .. N m := 1 , 2 .. N
π
T := 8 ω := 2
T
T
d := i := 1 , 2 .. 400 t := d ⋅ i
200 i

−1 1 2
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
⎮ −1⋅ exp( −j ⋅ n ⋅ ω⋅ t ) dt + ⎮ 2⋅ exp( −j ⋅ n ⋅ ω⋅ t ) dt + ⎮ −1 exp( −j ⋅ n ⋅ ω⋅ t ) dt
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
−2 −1 1
C :=
n T

−1 1 2
⌠ ⌠ ⌠
⎮ −1⋅ exp( j ⋅ m⋅ ω⋅ t ) dt + ⎮ 2⋅ exp( j ⋅ m⋅ ω⋅ t ) dt + ⎮ −1 exp( j ⋅ m⋅ ω⋅ t) dt
⌡ ⌡ ⌡
−2 −1 1
C :=
m T

N N
f ( i) := ∑ (
C ⋅ exp j ⋅ n ⋅ ω⋅ t +
n ) ∑
i (
C ⋅ exp −1⋅ j ⋅ m⋅ ω⋅ t
m )
i
n =1 m=1
f ( i) =
C = C =
n m 1.643
2 0.357 0.357 1.685
0.477 0.477 1.745
0.331 0.331 1.807
0 0 1.856
f ( i) 0 0.199 0.199 1.88
0.159 0.159 1.872
0.051 0.051 1.831
0 0 1.767
2
100 200 300 400 0.04 0.04 1.693
i 0.095 0.095 1.628
0.09 0.09 1.589
0 0 1.589
0.076 0.076 1.633
0.068 0.068 1.717
0.024 0.024 1.825

470
P15.5-6
The function shown at right is related to the
given function by
v ( t ) = − v 1 ( t + 1) − 6
(Multiply by –1 to flip v1 upside-down; subtract
6 to fix the average value; replace t by t+1 to
shift to the left by 1 s.)

From Table 15.5-1

j A ( −1) j n ω 0 t j 6 ( −1) j n π2 t
n n
∞ ∞
v1 ( t ) = ∑
n =−∞ nπ
e = ∑
n =−∞ nπ
e

Therefore
j 6 ( −1) j n π2 (t +1) ∞ ⎛
j 6 ( −1) j n π2 ⎞ j n π2 t
n n
∞
v ( t ) = −6 − ∑ nπ
e = −6 − ∑ ⎜
⎜ nπ
e ⎟e
⎟
n =−∞ n =−∞
⎝ ⎠

The coefficients of this series are:

j 6 ( −1) j n π2
n

C0 = −6 and Cn = − e
nπ
This result can be checked using Matlab:

pi = 3.14159;
N=100;
A = 6; % amplitude
T = 4; % period
t = linspace(0,2*T,200); % time
c0 = -6; % average value
w0 = 2*pi/T; % fundamental frequency

for n = 1: N
C(n) = (-j*A*(-1)^n/n/pi)*exp(+j*n*pi/2);
D(n) = (+j*A*(-1)^n/n/pi)*exp(-j*n*pi/2);
end

for i=1:length(t)
f(i)=c0;
for n=1:length(C)
f(i)=f(i)+C(n)*exp(j*n*w0*t(i))+D(n)*exp(-j*n*w0*t(i));
end
end

plot(t,f,'black');
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('p15.5-6')

471
472
P15.5-7
Represent the function as
⎧⎪ 1 − e −5 t 0 ≤ t ≤1
f ( t ) = ⎨ −5 (t −1) −5
⎪⎩e −e 1≤ t ≤ 2

(Check: f ( 0 ) = 0, f (1) = 1 − e −5  1, f ( 2 ) = e −5 − e −5 = 0 )
2π 1
T = 2 s, ω0 = = π , also C0 = average value =
2 2

The coefficients of the exponential Fourier series are calculated as

1⎡ 1
( (
1 − e −5 t ) e− j nπ t dt + ∫ e ( ) − e−5 e− j nπ t dt ⎤)
2
∫
−5 t −1
Cn =
2⎣⎢ 0 1 ⎥⎦
1
⎢
2⎣ 0 ( 1 1

0 1 )(
= ⎡ ∫ e − j nπ t dt − ∫ e−5 t e − j nπ t dt + e5 ∫ e ( )
2 − 5+ j n π t
dt − e −5 ∫ e − j nπ t dt ⎤
1
2

⎥⎦ )
⎡ − j nπ t 2 ⎞ ⎤
1 ⎢⎛⎜ e − j nπ t e( ⎞ ⎛
− 5+ j n π ) t −( 5 + j n π ) t
1 1 2

⎟ +⎜e e −5 e
⎟⎥
= − 5
−e
2 ⎢⎜ − j n π 0 − ( 5 + j n π ) 0 ⎟ ⎜ − ( 5 + j n π ) 1 − j n π 1 ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦
1 ⎡⎛ e − j nπ − 1 e−5 e− j nπ − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 e ( ⎞⎤
− 5+ j nπ ) 2
−e (
− 5+ j n π ) − j nπ 2
−5 e − e − j nπ
= ⎢⎜⎜ − ⎟ +⎜e −e ⎟⎟ ⎥
2 ⎣⎢⎝ − j n π − ( 5 + j n π ) ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − (5 + j nπ ) − j nπ ⎠ ⎦⎥
1 ⎡⎛ e − j nπ − 1 e−5 e− j nπ − 1 ⎞ ⎛ e −5 e − j 2 nπ − e− j nπ −5 e
− j nπ 2
− e− j nπ ⎞⎤
= ⎢⎜ − +
⎟ ⎜ − e ⎟⎟ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣⎜⎝ − j n π − ( 5 + j n π ) ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − ( 5 + j n π ) − j nπ ⎠ ⎥⎦
1 ⎡⎛ ( −1) − 1 e ( −1) − 1 ⎞ ⎛ e − ( −1) −5 1 − ( −1)
⎞⎤
n −5 n −5 n n

= ⎢⎜ − ⎟+⎜ −e ⎟⎥
2 ⎢⎜⎝ − j n π − ( 5 + j n π ) ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − ( 5 + j n π ) − j n π ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

The terms that include the factor e−5 = 0.00674 are small and can be ignored.

1 ⎡⎛ ( −1) − 1 ⎞ ⎛ − ( −1)n ⎞ ⎤
n
−1
C n = ⎢⎜ − ⎟+⎜ ⎟⎥
2 ⎢⎜⎝ − j n π − ( 5 + j n π ) ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ − ( 5 + j n π ) ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎧ 1 1
⎪ − odd n
= ⎨ j nπ 5 + j nπ
⎪
⎩ 0 even n
⎧ 5
⎪ j nπ 5 + j nπ odd n
= ⎨( )( )
⎪
⎩ 0 even n

473
This result can be checked using Matlab:

pi = 3.14159;
N=101;
T = 2; % period
t = linspace(0,2*T,200); % time
c0 = 0.5; % average value
w0 = 2*pi/T; % fundamental frequency

for n = 1:2:N
if n == 2*(n/2)
C(n) = 5/((+j*pi*n)*(5+j*pi*n));
D(n) = 5/((-j*pi*n)*(5-j*pi*n));
else
C(n)=0;
D(n)=0
end
end

for i=1:length(t)
f(i)=c0;
for n=1:length(C)
f(i)=f(i)+C(n)*exp(j*n*w0*t(i))+D(n)*exp(-j*n*w0*t(i));
end
end

plot(t,f,'black');
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('f(t)');
title('p15.5-7')

474
Section 15-6: The Fourier Spectrum

P15.6-1
⎧ 4A T
⎪⎪ − T t 0≤t <
2π
f (t ) = ⎨ 2 ω0 =
, , Average value = 0 ⇒ a0 = 0
⎪−2 A + 4 A t T
≤t <T
T
⎪⎩ T 2

The function exhibits half-wave symmetry so the coefficients of the Fourier series are calculated
as
a n = bn = 0 when n is even
and
T 2
⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞⎤
⎢ cos ⎜ n t ⎟ t sin ⎜ n t⎟⎥
4 T 2 ⎛ 4A ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 16 A ⎝ T ⎠+ ⎝ T ⎠⎥
an = ∫ ⎜ − t ⎟ cos ⎜ n t ⎟ dt = − 2 ⎢
T 0  ⎝ T
⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ T ⎢ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2 2π ⎥
⎢ n ⎥
⎜ n ⎟ T
f (t )
⎣ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎦0
T2
=−
16 A
×
T 2 ( 2 π n )2
( cos ( nπ ) − 1)
8A
= when n is odd
n 2π 2

T
⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞⎤
⎢ sin ⎜ n t ⎟ t cos ⎜ n t ⎟⎥
4 T 2 ⎛ 4 A ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
t ⎟ dt = − 2 ⎢ ⎝
16 A T ⎠ ⎝ T ⎠⎥
bn = ∫ ⎜ − t ⎟ sin ⎜ n 2 −
T 0
⎝ T
⎠ ⎝ T ⎠ T ⎢ ⎛ 2π ⎞ 2π ⎥
 ⎢ n ⎥
⎜ n ⎟ T
f (t )
⎣ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎦T 2

16 A T ⎛ T ⎞
= × ⎜ T cos ( 2nπ ) − cos ( nπ ) ⎟
T 2
2π n ⎝ 2 ⎠
4A
= when n is odd
πn
so
∞ ⎛ 8A ⎛ 2π ⎞ 4A ⎛ 2π ⎞⎞
f (t ) = ∑ ⎜
⎜
n =1,3,5... ( π n )
2
cos ⎜ n
⎝ T
t⎟+ sin ⎜ n
⎠ πn ⎝ T
t ⎟⎟
⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝

Here are the first 4 nonzero terms of the Fourier spectrum

1
 ⎛ bn ⎞
n Cn = a n + bn
2 2
θ n = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ an ⎠
1 1.509 ⋅ A −57.5°
2 0 0
3 0.434 ⋅ A −78.0°
4 0 0
5 0.257 ⋅ A −82.7°
6 0 0
7 0.183 ⋅ A −84.8°

Check the Fourier Series using MATLAB:

% P15_6_1.m Fourier series for problem P15.6-1

pi=3.14159;
A=5; % input waveform parameters
T=0.001; % period

w0=2*pi/T; % fundamental frequency, rad/s

tf=2*T; % final time
dt=tf/200; % time increment
t=0:dt:tf; % time, s

a0=0; % avarage value of input

v1=0*t+a0; % initialize input as vector
H0=-R2/R1; % dc gain of the circuit

for n=1:2:51 % for each term in the Fourier series ...

an=8*A/pi/n/pi/n; % specify coefficients of the input series
bn=4*A/pi/n;
cn=sqrt(an*an + bn*bn); % convert to magnitude and angle form
thetan=atan2(bn,an);
v1=v1+cn*cos(n*w0*t+thetan); % add the next term of the input Fourier
series
end

plot(t, v1) % plot the Fourier series

axis([0 tf -15 10])

grid
xlabel('time, s')
ylabel('v1(t), (V)')

2
3
P15.6-2
Mathcad spreadsheet (p15_6_2.mcd):
π
N := 100 n := 1 , 2 .. N T := 32 ω0 := 2
T

Calculate the coefficients of the exponential Fourier series:

T T
⌠4 ⌠2
4 ⎮ ⎛ 16⋅ t − 3⎞ exp( −j⋅ n ⋅ ω0⋅ t) dt 4 ⎮ ⎛ 2⋅ π ⋅ t ⎞ exp( −j⋅ n⋅ ω0⋅ t) dt
⋅ ⎮ sin ⎜
C1 := ⋅⎮ ⎜ T ⎟ C2 := ⎟
n T
⎮ ⎝ ⎠ n T
⎮ ⎝ T ⎠
⌡3⋅ T ⌡T
16 4

3⋅ T
T
⌠ 4 4 ⌠⎮ ⎛ 2⋅ π ⋅ t ⎞ exp( −j⋅ n ⋅ ω0⋅ t) dt
4 ⎮ ⎛ 11 − 16⋅ t ⎞ exp( −j⋅ n ⋅ ω0⋅ t) dt C4 := ⋅ sin ⎜ ⎟
C3 := ⋅ ⎮ ⎜ ⎟ n T ⎮ ⎝ T ⎠
n T
⎮ ⎝ T ⎠ ⎮ T
⌡3⋅
⌡11⋅ T
4
16

C := C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
n n n n n
Check: Plot the function using it's exponential Fourier series:

N N
⎯
∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
T
d := i := 1 , 2 .. 400 t := d ⋅ i f ( i) := C ⋅ exp j⋅ n ⋅ ω0⋅ t + C ⋅ exp −j⋅ n ⋅ ω0⋅ t
200 i n i n i
n =1 n =1

f ( i) 0

5
10 20 30 40 50 60
ti

4
Plot the magnitude spectrum:

1.5

1
Cn

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
n

That’s not a very nice plot. Here are the values of the coefficients:

( n)
180
C = arg C ⋅ =
n π
1.385 -115.853
0 -90
0.589 22.197
0 -24.775
0.195 -113.34
0 106.837
0.139 66.392
0 -78.232
0.082 -69.062
0 -48.814
0.039 109.584
0 90.415
0.027 -25.598
0 78.14
1.226·10 -3 63.432
0 163.724

5
P15.6-3
Use Euler’s formula to convert the trigonometric series of the input to an exponential series:

vi ( t ) = 10 cos t + 10 cos 10 t + 10 cos 100 t V

et + e − t e10 t + e−10 t e100 t + e−100 t
= 10 + 10 + 10 = 5 e −100 t + 5 e−10 t + 5 e− t + 5 e t + 5 e10 t + 5 e100 t
2 2 2

The corresponding Fourier spectrum is:

The network function of the lowpass filter is

2
H (ω ) =
ω⎞
2
⎛
⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 5⎠

Evaluating the network function at the frequencies of the input:

ω, rad/s |H(ω)| ∠ H(ω), °

1 1.923 -23
10 0.400 -127
100 0.005 -174

Using superposition:

vo ( t ) = 19.23 cos ( t − 23° ) + 4.0 cos (10 t − 127° ) + 0.05 cos (100 t − 174° ) V

Use Euler’s formula to convert the trigonometric series of the output to an exponential series:

j ( t − 23° ) − j ( t − 23° ) j (10 t −127° )

+e (
− j 10 t −127° ) j (100 t −174° ) − j (100 t −174° )
e +e e e +e
vo ( t ) = 19.23 + 4.0 + 0.05 V
2 2 2
= 0.025e j 174°e− j100 t + 2.0 e j 127°e− j 10 t + 9.62e j 23° e− j t
+ 9.62e− j 23°e j t + 2.0 e − j 127°e j 10 t + 0.025e − j 174° e j100 t

6
P15.6-4
2π 1
T = 1 s, ω 0 = = 2 π rad/s, C 0 =
T 2
f (t ) = 1− t when 0 ≤ t < 1 s

The coefficients of the exponential Fourier series are given by

1 1 − j 2 π nt 1 − j 2 π nt 1 − j 2π nt
( )
1 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 t e
Cn = 1 − t e dt = e dt − dt

Evaluate the first integral as

1
1 e − j 2π nt e − j 2π n − 1
∫
− j 2 π nt
e dt = = =0
0 − j 2π n t 0
− j 2π n
To evaluate the second integral, recall the formula for integrating by parts:

− ∫ v du . Take u = t and dv = e − j 2π nt dt . Then

t2 t2
∫t
t2
u dv = u v t1
1 t1
1
1 − j 2 π nt t e− j 2 π nt 1 1 − j 2 π nt
∫0 t e dt =
− j 2π n
− ∫
j 2π n 0
e dt
0
1
e− j 2π n e− j 2 π nt e− j 2π n e− j 2π n − 1 1
= + = + = j
− j 2 π n ( j 2 π n )2 − j 2π n ( j 2π n) 2 2π n
0
Therefore
⎧ 1
⎪⎪ 2 n=0
Cn = ⎨
⎪ −j n≠0
⎪⎩ 2 π n

To check these coefficients, represent the function by it’s Fourier series:

7
 1 n=∞ ⎛ − j j 2π nt j − j 2π nt ⎞
f (t ) = + ∑⎜ e + e ⎟
2 n=1 ⎝ 2 π n 2π n ⎠

Next, use Matlab to plot the function from its Fourier seris (p15_6_4check.m):

pi = 3.14159;
N=20;

T = 1; % period
t = linspace(0,2*T,200); % time
c0 = 1/2; % average value
w0 = 2*pi/T; % fundamental frequency

for n = 1: N
C(n) = -j/(2*pi*n);
end

for i=1:length(t)
f(i)=c0;
for n=1:length(C)
f(i)=f(i)+C(n)*exp(j*n*w0*t(i))-C(n)*exp(-j*n*w0*t(i));
end
end

plot(t,f,'black');
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('f(t)');

This plot agrees with the given function, so we are confident that the coefficients are correct. The
magnitudes of the coefficients of the exponential Fourier series are:

8
 ⎧ 1
⎪⎪ 2 n=0
Cn = ⎨
⎪ 1 n≠0
⎪⎩ 2 π n

Finally, use the “stemplot” in Matlab to plot the Fourier spectrum (p15_6_4spectrum.m):

pi = 3.14159;
N=20;
n = linspace(-N,N,2*N+1);

Cn = abs(1/(2*pi)./n); % Division by 0 when n=0 causes Cn(N+1)= NaN.

Cn(N+1)=1/2; % Fix Cn(N+1); C0=1/2

% Plot the spectrum using a stem plot

stem(n,Cn,'-*k');
xlabel('n');
ylabel('|Cn|');

9
Section 15.8: Circuits and Fourier Series

P15.8-1
The network function of the circuit is:
100
Vo (ω ) jω 1
H (ω ) = = =
Vi (ω ) 10 + 100
1+ j
ω
jω 10
Evaluating the network function at the harmonic frequencies:

⎛ π⎞ 1 20 20 ⎛ nπ ⎞
H⎜n ⎟ = = = ∠ − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 + j n π 20 + j n π 400 + n 2 π 2 ⎝ 20 ⎠
20
From problem 15.4-2, the Fourier series of the input voltage is

∞
12 ⎛ π π⎞
vc ( t ) = −6 + ∑ sin ⎜ n t − n ⎟
n =1 nπ ⎝ 2 2⎠

Using superposition, the Fourier series of the output voltage is

∞
240 ⎛ π ⎛ π ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎞
vo ( t ) = −6 + ∑ sin ⎜ n t − ⎜ n + tan −1 ⎜ ⎟⎟⎟
n =1 n π 400 + n 2 π 2 ⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎠ ⎠

P15.8-2
The network function of the circuit is:
R2
Vo (ω ) 1 + j ω C2 R 2 j ω C1 R 2
H (ω ) = =− =−
Vi (ω ) R1 +
1 (1 + j ω C1R1 )(1 + j ω C2 R 2 )
j ω C1
j ω (10−6 ) ( 2000 )
=−
(1 + j ω (10 ) (1000) ) (1 + j ω (10 ) ( 2000) )
−6 −6

ω
j
=− 500
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜1 + j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 500 ⎠

Evaluating the network function at the harmonic frequencies:

15-1
 2π
jn
⎛ 1000 π ⎞ 3
H⎜n ⎟=− π ⎞⎛ 2π ⎞
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎛
⎜1 + j n ⎟ ⎜1 + j n ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
From problem 15.4-4, the Fourier series of the input voltage is

1 ∞ 18 ⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 π 2π ⎞
vb ( t ) = − + ∑ 2 2 ⎜1 − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ cos ⎜ n t−n ⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠

Using superposition, the Fourier series of the output voltage is

⎛ 1000 π ⎞
18 × H ⎜ n ⎟
∞
⎝ 3 ⎠⎛ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎞ ⎛ 1000 π 2π ⎛ 1000 π ⎞ ⎞
vb ( t ) = ∑ 1 − cos ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ cos ⎜ n t−n + ∠H ⎜ n ⎟
n =1 n π2 2 ⎜
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎟⎠

P15.8-3
Vo (ω ) Ho
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) 1 + j ω
p
When ω = 0 (dc)
R
−5 = − ( 2) ⇒ R = 25 kΩ
104
When ω = 100 rad/s

135° = ∠H (ω ) = 180° − tan −1 (ω C R ) ⇒ tan ( 45° ) = (100 ) C ( 25000 )

⇒ C = 0.4 μF

25000
c4 = ( 5 ) H ( 400 ) = ( 5 ) 104 = 3.032
1 + j ( 400 ) ( 0.4 ×10−6 ) ( 25000 )

θ 4 = 45° + ∠H ( 400 ) = 45° + 180 − tan −1 ( 400 × 0.4 × 10−6 × 25000 ) = 149°

15-2
P15.8-4
When ω = 0 (dc)
5 = H o ( 2 ) ⇒ H o = 2.5 V/V
When ω = 25 rad/s
⎛ω ⎞ 25
−45° = ∠H (ω ) = − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ tan ( 45° ) = ⇒ p = 25 rad/s
⎝ p⎠ p

2.5
c4 = ( 5 ) H (100 ) = ( 5 ) = 3.03
100
1+ j
25
⎛ 100 ⎞
θ 4 = 45° + ∠H (100 ) = 45° − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = −31°
⎝ 25 ⎠

P15.8-5
Vo (ω ) R2
H (ω ) = =
Vi (ω ) R1 + R 2 + jω C R1 R 2
When ω = 0 (dc)
R2 3.75 ⎛ 2.25 ⎞ ⎛ 2.25 ⎞
= ⇒ R1 = ⎜ ⎟ R2 = ⎜ ⎟ (500) = 300 Ω
R1 + R 2 6 ⎝ 3.75 ⎠ ⎝ 3.75 ⎠
When ω = 1000 rad/s

⎛ R1 R 2 ⎞ ⎛ ( 300 )( 500 ) ⎞
−20.5° = ∠H (ω ) = − tan −1 ⎜ ω C ⎟ ⇒ tan ( 20.5° ) = (1000 ) C ⎜ ⎟
⎜ R1 + R 2 ⎠⎟
⎝ ⎝ 800 ⎠
⇒ C = 2 μF

⎛ 500 ⎞
c3∠θ 3 = ⎜ ⎟ ( 5∠45° ) = 2.076∠ − 3.4
⎜ 800 + j ( 3000 ) ( 2 × 10−6 ) ( 500 )( 300 ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠

15-3
P15.8-6

Rather than find the Fourier Series of v (t ) directly, consider the signal vˆ(t ) shown above.
These two signals are related by
v (t ) = vˆ (t − 1) − 6

since v (t ) is delayed by 1 ms and shifted down by 6 V.

The Fourier series of vˆ (t ) is obtained as follows:

2π radians π
T = 4 ms ⇒ ω 0 = = rad/ms
4 ms 2
aˆ n = 0 because the average value of vˆ (t ) = 0
1 4 ⎛ π ⎞
bˆn = ∫0 ( 6−3t ) sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt because vˆ (t ) is an odd function.
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞ 3 4 ⎛ π ⎞
= 3∫0 sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt − ∫0 t sin ⎜ n t ⎟ dt
4

⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ π ⎞
4
⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤
− cos ⎜ n t ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
4
3 ⎢⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎥
=3 − ⎢⎜ 2 2 ⎟ sin ⎜ n t ⎟ − ⎜ t ⎟ cos⎜ n t ⎟ ⎥
π 2 ⎢⎜ n π ⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 4 ⎟⎠
⎜
n 0
2 ⎦⎥ 0

=
6
nπ
( nπ
6
( )
−1+ cos( 2nπ ) ) − 2 2 ( sin ( 2nπ ) − 0 ) − ( 2nπ − cos( 2π ) − 0 ) =
12
nπ

∞ 12 π
Finally, vˆ (t ) = ∑ sin n t
n =1 nπ 2

The Fourier series of v (t ) is obtained from the Fourier series of vˆ (t ) as follows:

12 ∞ π ∞ 12 ⎛ π π⎞
sin n ( t −1) = − 6 + ∑
v (t ) = − 6 + ∑ sin ⎜ n t − n ⎟
n =1 nπ 2 n =1 nπ ⎝ 2 2⎠
where t is in ms. Equivalently,

15-4
 12 ∞ 1 ⎛ π π⎞
v (t ) = − 6 + ∑ sin ⎜ n 103 t − n ⎟
π n =1 n ⎝ 2 2⎠
where t is in s.

R
s
R L
Next, the transfer function of the circuit is H ( s) = = .
1 2 R 1
+ Ls + R s + s+
Cs L LC
R
jω
104 jω
The network function of the circuit is H (ω ) = L = .
⎛ 1
⎜
2⎞
− ω ⎟ + jω
R (10 8
− ω 2
) + 10 4
jω
⎝ LC ⎠ L
We see that H(0) = 0 and

⎛ 20 nπ ⎞
⎛ π ⎞ j 20nπ 1 j ⎜ 90 − tan −1 ⎟
H ( n ω 0 ) = H ⎜ n 103 ⎟ = = e ⎝ 400 − n2π 2 ⎠

⎝ 2 ⎠ ( 400 − n 2π 2 ) + j 20nπ ( 400−n π )2 2 2

+ 400n 2π 2

⎛ π π ⎛ 20nπ ⎞ ⎞
sin ⎜ n 103 t − n + 90° − tan −1 ⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎟
12 ∞
⎝ 2 2 ⎝ 400− n π ⎠ ⎠
Finally, v0 ( t ) = ∑
π n =1
n ( 400−n π )
2 2 2
+ 400n 2π 2

15-5
P15.8-7
Rather than find the Fourier Series of v(t ) directly, consider the signal vˆ(t ) shown below.
These two signals are related by v(t ) = vˆ ( t − 2 ) − 1

Let's calculate the Fourier Series of vˆ(t ), taking advantage of its symmetry.

2π rad π
T = 6 ms ⇒ ω 0 = = rad ms
6 ms 3
3.2
1
ao = average value of vˆ(t ) = 2 = V
6 2
bn = 0 because vˆ(t ) is an even function
⎛2 1 π ⎞
an = 2 ⎜ ∫0 ( 3−3t ) cos n t dt ⎟
⎝6 3 ⎠

π π
an = 2∫0 cos n t dt − 2∫0 t cos n t dt
1 1

3 3
1
⎛ π ⎞
⎜ sin n t ⎛ π π ⎞⎟
= 2⎜ 3 − 1 π
⎜ cos n t + n t sin n t ⎟ ⎟
⎜⎜ n π n 2π 2 ⎝ 3 3 3 ⎠⎟
⎟
⎝ 3 9 ⎠0
6 π ⎛ 18 ⎛ π ⎞ 6 π⎞ 18 ⎛ π ⎞
= sin n − ⎜ 2 2 ⎜ cos n −1⎟ + sin n ⎟ = − 2 2 ⎜ cos n −1⎟
nπ 3 ⎝n π ⎝ 3 ⎠ nπ 3⎠ nπ ⎝ 3 ⎠
so

1 ∞ 18 ⎛ π⎞ π
vˆ(t ) = + ∑ 2 2 ⎜
1− cos n ⎟ cos n t
2 n =1 n π ⎝ 3⎠ 3

1 ∞ 18 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ π 2π ⎞
v ( t ) = vˆ ( t − 2 ) − 1 = − + ∑ 2 2 ⎜
1− cos ⎟ cos ⎜ n t − n ⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠

15-6
where t is in ms. Equivalently,

1 ∞ 18 ⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ π 3 2π ⎞
v (t ) = − + ∑ 2 2 ⎜ 1− cos ⎟ cos ⎜ n 10 t − n ⎟
2 n =1 n π ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 ⎠
where t is in s.

The network function of the circuit is:

R2
−
1+ jω C2 R2 jω C1 R2
H (ω ) = =−
R1 +
1 (1+ jω R1C1 )(1+ jω R2C2 )
jωC1
Evaluate the network function at the harmonic frequencies of the input to get.
2π
− jn
⎛ π ⎞
H ( nω0 ) = H ⎜ n 103 ⎟ = 3
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎛1+ jn π ⎞⎛1+ jn 2π ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
The gain and phase shift are

2π
n
6nπ
H ( n ω0 ) = 3 =
⎛ n π ⎞⎛ 4n 2π 2 ⎞
⎜ 1+
2 2

⎟⎜1+ ⎟
( 9+ n π )( 9+ 4n π )
2 2 2 2

⎝ 9 ⎠⎝ 9 ⎠
⎛ π 2π ⎞
∠H ( n ω0 ) = −90° − ⎜ tan −1 n + tan −1 n ⎟
⎝ 3 3 ⎠

The output voltage is

⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ π 3 2π π 2π ⎞
108⎜1−cos ⎟ cos ⎜ n 10 t − n − 90° − tan −1 n − tan −1 n ⎟
v0 ( t ) = ∑
∞
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3 3 ⎠
n =1
nπ ( 9 + n π )( 9+ 4n π )
2 2 2 2

At t = 4 ms =0.004 s

⎛ nπ ⎞ ⎛ 4π 2π ° −1 π −1 2π ⎞
108⎜1−cos ⎟ cos ⎜ n − n − 90 − tan n − tan n ⎟
v0 (.004 ) =∑
∞
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 3 3 3 ⎠
n =1
nπ ( 9 + n π )( 9 + 4n π )
2 2 2 2

15-7
Section 15.9 The Fourier Transform

P15.9-1
f ( t ) = −u ( −t ) + u ( t )
0 ∞
∞ ∞ e− j ω t e− j ω t 2
F (ω ) = ∫ f (t ) e ( −1) e (1) e
0
− jω t
dt = ∫ − jω t
dt + ∫ − jω t
dt = − + =
−∞ −∞ 0 − jω −∞
− jω 0
jω

P15.9-2
∞
∞ ∞ Ae − ( a + jω ) t A A
F (ω ) = ∫ Ae u ( t ) e
− at − jω t
dt = ∫ Ae e − at − jω t
dt = = 0− =
−∞ 0 − ( a + jω ) 0 − ( a + jω ) a + jω

P15.9-3
First notice that

⎛ AT ⎞ ⎛ T ⎞ 2 ⎛ ωT ⎞ ⎛⎜ − AT ⎞⎟ 2 ⎛ ωT ⎞
2
Then, from line 6 of Table 15.10-2: F { f1( t )} = ⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ Sa ⎜ ⎟ = Sa ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎜⎝ 4 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

⎧d ⎫ AT 2 2 ⎛ ωT ⎞
From line 7 of Table 15.10-2: F { f ( t )} = F ⎨ f1( t ) ⎬ = jω F { f1( t )} = − jω Sa ⎜ ⎟
⎩ dt ⎭ 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛ ωT ⎞
2 sin 2 ⎜ ⎟
This can be written as: F { f ( t )} = − jω
AT ⎝ 4 ⎠ = 4 A sin 2 ⎛ ωT ⎞
⎜ ⎟
4 ⎛ ωT ⎞
2 jω ⎝ 4 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠

1
P15.9-4
− jωt 1 − jω0t
First notice that: F −1 {δ (ω − ω0 )} =
1 ∞
( )
2π ∫−∞
δ ω − ω e d ω = e
2π
0

{
Therefore F e − jω0t } = 2πδ (ω − ω 0 ) . Next, 10 cos 50t = 5 e j 50t + 5 e − j 50t .
Therefore F {10 cos 50t} = F {5 e j 50t } + F {5 e − j 50t } = 10πδ (ω − 50) + 10πδ (ω + 50) .

P15.9-5

2
−2e − jω t
F (ω ) = −2 ∫ e (
2 − j 2ω
− e− jω ) =
2
( ( cos 2ω − j sin 2ω ) − ( cos ω − j sin ω ) )
2
− jω t
dt = = e
1 − jω 1
jω jω
2j 2
= ( cos ω − cos 2ω ) + ( sin ω − sin 2ω )
ω ω

P15.9-6
B
A − jωt A ⎡ e − jωt ⎤ A ⎡ e − jω B 1 ⎤
F (ω ) = ∫ 2 (
− jωt − 1) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 (
− jω B − 1) − 2 ⎥
B
t e dt = ⎢
0 B B ⎣⎢ ( − jω ) ⎦⎥ 0 B ⎣ −ω ω ⎦
A ⎡ − Be − jω B e − jω B 1 ⎤
= + 2 − 2⎥
B ⎢⎣ jω ω ω ⎦

P15.9-7
2 1
e − jω t e− jω t
F (ω ) = ∫ e
1
( e j 2ω − e− j 2ω ) −
1
( e jω − e− jω )
2 1
− jω t
dt − ∫ e − jω t
dt = − =
−2 −1 − jω −2
− jω −1
jω jω
2
= ( sin 2ω − sin ω )
ω

2
Section 15.12 Convolution and Circuit Response

P15.12-1
is ( t ) = 40 signum ( t )
⎛ 2 ⎞ 80
I s (ω ) = 40 ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ jω ⎠ jω
I (ω ) 1
H (ω ) = =
I s (ω ) 4 + jω
1 80 20 20
I (ω ) = H (ω ) I s (ω ) = × = −
4 + jω jω jω 4 + jω
∴ i ( t ) = 10 signum ( t ) − 20 e −4t u ( t )

P15.12-2
is ( t ) = 100 cos 3t A
I s (ω ) = 100π ⎡⎣δ (ω − 3) + δ (ω + 3) ⎤⎦
I (ω ) 1
H (ω ) = =
I s (ω ) 4 + jω
⎡ δ ( ω − 3 ) + δ ( ω + 3) ⎤
I (ω ) = 100π ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 + jω ⎦
100π ∞ ⎡ δ (ω − 3) + δ (ω + 3) ⎤ jωt
i (t ) =
2π ∫−∞ ⎣
⎢ ⎥ e dω
4 + jω ⎦
⎡ e − j 3t e j 3t ⎤
= 50 ⎢ + ⎥ = 10 ⎡⎣e
− j ( 3t −36.9° )
+e (
j 3t −36.9° )
⎤ = 20 cos ( 3t − 36.9° )
− + ⎦
⎣ 4 j 3 4 j 3 ⎦

P15.12-3
v ( t ) = 10 cos 2t
V (ω ) = 10π ⎡⎣δ (ω + 2 ) + δ (ω − 2 ) ⎤⎦
1
Y (ω ) =
2 + jω
10π ⎡⎣δ (ω + 2 ) + δ (ω − 2 ) ⎤⎦
I (ω ) = Y (ω ) V (ω ) =
2 + jω

10π ∞ ⎡ δ (ω + 2 ) + δ (ω − 2 ) ⎤ jωt ⎡ e − j 2t e j 2t ⎤
i (t ) = ∫−∞ ⎢⎣ ⎥ e d ω = 5 +
⎢ 2 − j2 2 + j2 ⎥
2π 2 + jω ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
5 ⎡ − j ( 2t − 45) 5
= ⎣ e + e j ( 2t − 45) ⎤⎦ = cos ( 2t − 45 ) A
2 2 2

1
P15.12-4
v ( t ) = e t u ( −t ) + u ( t )
0
e(1− jω )t
F {e u ( −t )} = ∫ e u ( −t ) e
∞ 0 1
t t − jωt
dt = ∫ e e t − jω t
dt = =
−∞ −∞ 1 − jω −∞
1 − jω

F {u ( t )} = πδ (ω ) +
1
jω
1 1
∴ V (ω ) = + πδ (ω ) +
1 − jω jω
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝
2 jω ⎠ = 1 , H ω = 2 + jω = 1
( )
1 1
+ 2 + jω 1+
1 3 + jω
2 jω 2 + jω
1 1 1
− πδ (ω )
1 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
Vo (ω ) = ⎢ + πδ (ω ) + ⎥ = 12 + 4 + 3 +
3 + jω ⎣1 − jω jω ⎦ 3 + jω 1 − jω jω 3 + jω
⎧ πδ (ω ) ⎫ 1 ∞ πδ (ω ) − jωt 1
F −1 ⎨ ⎬=
⎩ 3 + jω ⎭ 2π
∫−∞ 3 + jω
e dω =
6
1 1 1 1
∴ vo ( t ) = − e −3t u ( t ) + et u ( −t ) + signum ( t ) +
12 4 6 6

P15.12-5
15
vs ( t ) = 15e−5t u ( t ) V ⇒ V (ω ) =
5 + jω

(15e u ( t ) ) dt = ∫ (15e ) dt = 22.5

∞ ∞
Ws = ∫ −5t 2 −5 t 2
J
−∞ 0

1 1
jωC
H (ω ) = = RC
1 1
R+ + jω
jωC RC
10 15
C =10 μ F. Try R =10 kΩ. Then Vo (ω ) = ×
10 + jω 5 + jω
2
1 ∞ ⎛ 10 15 ⎞ 1 ∞ ⎛ 300 300 ⎞
Wo =
π ∫
0 ⎜
⎝ 10 + jω
×
5 + jω ⎟ dω = ∫0 ⎜
⎠ π ⎝ 25 + ω 2
−
100 + ω 2 ⎟
⎠
dω

∞
1 ⎡ 300 −1 ⎛ ω ⎞ 300 −1 ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎤ 1⎡ π π⎤
= ⎢ tan ⎜ ⎟ − tan ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ⎢60 − 30 ⎥ = 15 J
π⎣ 5 ⎝ 5 ⎠ 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎦ 0 π ⎣ 2 2⎦

2
P15.12-6
4
H (ω ) =
4 + jω
⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞ − jω
Vs (ω ) = F {8u ( t ) − 8u ( t − 1)} = ⎜ 8πδ (ω ) + ⎟ − ⎜ 8πδ (ω ) + ⎟e
⎝ jω ⎠ ⎝ jω ⎠

Vs (ω ) =
8
jω
(1 − e− jω ) since δ (ω ) e− jω = δ (ω )
⎛ 8 8 ⎞ ⎛ 8 8 ⎞ − jω
Vo (ω ) =
4
×
8
4 + jω jω
(1 − e− jω ) = ⎜ − ⎟−⎜ − ⎟e
⎝ jω 4 + jω ⎠ ⎝ jω 4 + jω ⎠

1 1
Next use = + πδ (ω ) − πδ (ω ) to write
jω jω
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8 ⎞ − jω
Vo (ω ) = ⎜ 8 ⎜ + πδ (ω ) ⎟ − 8πδ (ω ) − ⎟ − ⎜8⎜ + 8πδ (ω ) ⎟ − πδ (ω ) − ⎟e
⎝ ⎝ jω ⎠ 4 + jω ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ jω ⎠ 4 + jω ⎠
⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 8 ⎞ − jω
= ⎜8⎜ + πδ (ω ) ⎟ − ⎟ − ⎜8⎜ + πδ (ω ) ⎟ − ⎟e
⎝ ⎝ jω ⎠ 4 + jω ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ jω ⎠ 4 + jω ⎠
(
vo ( t ) = 8u ( t ) − 8e −4t u ( t ) − 8u ( t − 1) − 8e
−4( t −1)
u ( t − 1) )
= 8(1 − e −4t )u ( t ) − 8(1 − e )u ( t − 1) V
−4( t −1)

3
Section 15.15 How Can We Check…?

VP 15-1
1
The average value of the given series is a0 = V . But
2
3× 2
1 1
average value of 1 + vin ( t ) = 2 = ⇒ average value of vin ( t ) = − V
6 2 2

Therefore the given Fourier series is not correct.

VP 15-2
π
The fundamental frequency of the given series is rad/s . The period of v(t) is T = 5 s.
5
2π π
Therefore ω 0 = rad/s not rad/s . Therefore the given Fourier series is not correct.
5 5

VP 15-3
The given series contains only cosine terms, indicating an even function. Instead, v(t) = -v(-t), so
the v(t) is an odd function. Therefore the given Fourier series is not correct.