|




  


 




At the end of this presentation, you will be able to:

‡Define completion
‡Describe the process of completion
‡List and define the different types of completion
‡Describe surface control equipments
‡Define subsea completion
 |

 
  


 


  

‡ After exploratory drilling confirms the presence of an oil

or natural gas reservoir, the hydrocarbons are brought to
the surface.
  

‡ Once the design well depth is reached, the formation is
tested and evaluated to determine whether the well is to
PLATFORM
be completed for production, or plugged and abandoned.

‡ This decision is taken based on the information available

on reservoir characteristics. SEA BED
30¶¶ CASING
20¶¶ CASING
‡ To complete the well production, casing is installed and 13 3/8¶¶ CASING
cemented, and the drilling rig is dismantled and moved to
the next site. Production casing (9 5/8) 7¶¶ LINER

‡ A service rig is brought in to perforate the production 


 

casing and run production tubing along with downhole
equipments.
RESERVOIR

‡ The installation of surface safety equipments takes place

and production begins.


 

 |

 
  


 

  
 


'ell completion creates a dependable pathway

to the surface for the hydrocarbons.

Once the well is drilled, it has to be made ready

for the safe and efficient production of oil.

The term µ
 

¶ describes the assembly of
Down hole tubulars and other safety equipments
that is required to enable the safe and efficient
production of oil or gas from the well after it has
been drilled.


 

 |

 
  


 




 
 

'ell completion activities include:

‡ Conducting drill stem test

‡ Setting production casing
‡ Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments
‡ Installing surface safety equipments
‡ Starting production flow

If it is decided that the well will not be completed,

then it will be plugged and abandoned.


 

 |

 
  


 




 
 
'ell completion activities include:

‡ 

 

  
‡ Setting production casing
‡ Running production tubing along with
downhole equipments
‡ Installing surface safety equipments
‡ Starting production flow





 ! "!#
To determine the potential of a producing formation, the operator may order a drill stem test
(DST). The DST crew makes up the test tool on the bottom of the drill stem, then lowers it to the
bottom of the hole. 'eight is applied to the tool to expand a hard rubber sealer called a packer.
Opening the tool ports allows the formation pressure to be tested. This process enables workers
to determine whether the well can be produced.


 

 |

 
  


 




 
 
'ell completion activities include:

‡ Conducting drill stem test

‡ 
  

 

‡ Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments
‡ Installing surface safety equipments
‡ Starting production flow


  



Production casing is the final casing in a well. It can be set from the bottom to the top. Sometimes
a production liner is installed. This casing is set the same as other casings, then cemented in
place.


 

 |

 
  

BOP
PLATFORM

SEA BED
PRODUCTION TUBING 30¶¶ CASING

20¶¶ CASING
13 3/8¶¶ CASING

9 5/8¶¶ CASING

RESEVOIR
 |

 
  

PLATFORM 'ELL HEAD EQUIPMENT

Only this casing
is visible
from outside
SEA BED
PRODUCTION TUBING 30¶¶ CASING

20¶¶ CASING
13 3/8¶¶ CASING

Production casing (9 5/8)

9 5/8¶¶ CASING

7¶¶ LINER

RESEVOIR
BACK
 |

 
  

PLATFORM 'ELL HEAD EQUIPMENT

Only this casing
is visible
from outside
SEA BED
PRODUCTION TUBING 30¶¶ CASING

20¶¶ CASING
13 3/8¶¶ CASING

Production casing (9 5/8)

9 5/8¶¶ CASING

7¶¶ LINER

RESEVOIR
BACK
 |

 
  


 




 
 
'ell completion activities include:

‡ Conducting drill stem test

‡ Setting production casing & perforation
‡ $

  
 %


  


 

‡ Installing surface safety equipments
‡ Starting production flow

$

  
!%



 

A well is usually produced through tubing inserted down the production casing. Oil and gas is
produced more effectively through this smaller-diameter tubing than through the large-diameter
production casing. Joints of tubing are joined together with couplings to make up a tubing string.
Tubing is run into the well similar to casing, but it is smaller in diameter and is removable.


 

 |

 
  


 




 
 
'ell completion activities include:

‡ Conducting drill stem test

‡ Setting production casing & perforation
‡ Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments
‡ 
 


  

‡ Starting production flow


 


  


Though the tubings and downhole equipments are present in the well, production cannot
start without installing surface control equipments. They are required to prevent
uncontrolled oil flow out of the well.


 

 |

 
  


 




 
 
'ell completion activities include:

‡ Conducting drill stem test

‡ Setting production casing & perforation
‡ Running production tubing along with downhole
equipments
‡ Installing surface safety equipments
‡  
  



 
  
&


Production flow is started by µwashing in¶ the well and setting the packer. The pumping in of water
or brine to flush out the drilling fluid is called washing in. Usually this is enough to start the well
flowing. If this does not work then the flow might be started by pumping high-pressure gas into the
well after setting the packer.


 

 |

 
  


 



 

The parts of a downhole equipment are:

* 


(


 )


'(  )


+

| 



 

 |

 
  


 



*

The surface termination of a wellbore that



 
incorporates facilities for installing casing hangers  

during the well construction phase is the 

 .

It is a means by which the production tubing is hung,

the Christmas tree and the surface flow-control &


facilities are installed, in preparation for the
production phase of the well. The BOP also sits on
top of well head.

The well head is installed on top of the casing before

starting to drill. It has two or three sections. Each
section has two flanges to facilitate the connections
at both the ends.



 

 |

 
  


 





*
Each well head section has three
components:

‡Casing Bowl
‡Casing Hanger
‡Tubing Head



 

 |

 
  


 





*
Each well head section has three
components:
‡
,

‡Casing Hanger
‡Tubing Head 




,

The casing bowl consists of heavy fittings that provide a
seal between the casing and the surface. It also supports
the entire length of casing that is run all the way down the
well. This piece of equipment typically contains a gripping
mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and
the casing itself.



 

 |

 
  


 





*
Each well head section has three components:

‡Casing Bowl
‡
*

‡Tubing Head


*


This is the sub-assembly of a well head that supports the

casing string when it is run into the wellbore. The casing
hanger provides a means of ensuring that the string is
correctly located and generally incorporates a sealing
device or system to isolate the casing annulus from upper
well head components.



 

 |

 
  


 





*
Each well head section has three components:

‡Casing Bowl
‡Casing Hanger
‡!%
*

!%
*

The tubing head is a well head component that supports

the tubing hanger and provides a means of attaching the
Christmas tree to the well head.



 

 |

 
  


 

!%
*

The %

 is a device attached to
the topmost tubing joint in the well head to Anchor bolts to
hold tubing
support the tubing string. hanger in place

The tubing hanger is located in the tubing

head, with both components incorporating
a sealing system to ensure that the tubing
conduit and annulus are hydraulically
isolated.

The tubing hanger assembly supports the

weight of the tubing string and seals the
annulus from the upper well head and
Christmas tree components. It also
provides connections at the surface, which
controls the flow of fluids out of the well.



 

 |

 
  

!%


 
,



* 

 

4./
$

  


|  
"0123/#

 

1.5 m , 

 

-./
!
 *
 |

 
  


 

  !
The assembly of valves, spools, pressure gauges,
and chokes that are fitted to the well head of the
completed well is called a   !. It is used
to control the flow of oil through the tubing hanger.

The function of a christmas tree is to:

‡Prevent the release of oil or gas from an oil
well into
the environment
‡Direct and control the flow of formati
on fluids from the well

'hen the well is ready to produce oil or gas, valves

are opened and the release of the formation fluids is
allowed through a pipeline leading to a refinery.



 

 |

 
  


2%)



)


|
 

 
  
      76 )

 
 
 
  (6 )

 


!%


!  5 
   







 

 |

 
  

|


 
 
Tubing
hanger

'ell Head
X-mas Tree

Hydraulic
Control Line

Safety
Valve Production
Tubing

Reservoir
Gas Lift
Valve

Packer Perforation

Pump Out
Plug Sump



 

 |

 
  


 

!
 

The types of completion include:

8 

 

Natural completions are those in which little or no stimulation is required for production.
Sandstone and carbonate systems with good permeability and mechanical stability are
ideal for natural completions.

 
  
 

These completions are generally applied to improve the natural drainage patterns of
hard, low-permeability formations. It is used to remove barriers that prevent easy
passage of fluids into the wellbore.


5


 

Sand-control completions support the formation while allowing the flow of fluids. They
are performed in young, unconsolidated or less mechanically competent sandstones.


 

 |

 
  


 

%
 


Subsea production systems are wells located on the

sea floor, as opposed to at the surface. The safety
equipments are installed underwater on the seabed.

They enable early production from deepwater, remote,

and marginal fields.

The evolution of subsea well completions has attracted

a lot of attention because they offer a means of
producing field extremities not reachable by directional
drilling from existing platforms.

They also offer production options where field

economics do not justify the installation of one or more
additional platforms.

%
 

 |

 
  


 



 

The tubings along with the downhole equipment are lowered into the 95/8¶¶ casing of the well.
The parts of a downhole equipment are:
+ 9
* 


(

Packer is a device consisting
of a sealing device, a holding
 )

or setting device and an inside
passage for fluids. It expands
'(  )

externally to seal the well bore.
It helps in blocking the fluids
+ through the annular space
between the pipe and the well
bore wall. Packers use flexible,
| 

electrometric elements that
expand. It is set hydraulically
from the surface.


 

 |

 
  


 



 

The parts of a downhole equipment are:

'(  )
 9
* 


(

The gas lift valve is a device installed
on a gas lift cylinder or mandrel. This
 )

device is used to control the flow of
gas between the exterior and interior
'(  )

of well tubing. It consists of an inlet,
outlet, a main valve, a main chamber
+ and so on. The design of the side
pocket is such that the components
that are installed do not obstruct
| 

the flow of production. This enables
access to the well bore and the
other components of completion.


 

 |

 
  


 



 

The parts of a downhole equipment are:

9
* 


(

 )

 )

A safety valve is a device that is
installed in the upper well bore to
'(  )

provide emergency closure of the
channels that produce oil. The
+ valve has a housing and a
movable valve element that
controls the flow of fluid in the
| 

well.


 

 |

 
  


 



 

The parts of a downhole equipment are:

9
* 


(
 * 


(


Hydraulic control line is a device filled with hydraulic fluid

 )

and connected to a hydraulic fluid source.
'(  )

Hydraulic control line is used to operate the
safety valve. 'hen the control line is pressurized up to
+ a certain pressure limit, the safety valve opens.
Its one end connects at the top of the safety valve
and the other end to a pressurizing panel at the surface.
| 

It is lowered along with the safety valve while lowering
the tubing string during completion.


 

 |

 
  


 



 

The parts of a downhole equipment are:

| 
 9
Since the tubing is open at the bottom, the packer cannot be set as the
* 


(
 whole tubing string needs to be pressurized to set it. So a pump out plug
(POP) is used for this purpose.
 )

A steel ball is dropped inside the tubing string from the surface. This goes
'(  )

all the way down and sits on the POP seat at the bottom.

'hen water is pumped from the top, the ball is pressed against the POP
+ 


seat and forms a seal. 'hen pressure in the tubing string reaches a certain
limit, the packer is set. This is indicated in the pumping unit in the form of a
| 

sharp A well sumpofisthe
fluctuation thepressure
extra bore space below the perforated
reading.
zone that allows the collection of junk for example steel ball.
Then the pressure is increased, further, to shear the POP seat pins. This is
done to remove the steel ball. 'hen the pins are sheared, the POP seat drops
along with the ball into the 

:


 

 |

 
  

‡In a traditional well, components such as valves control the flow of

fluids.
‡Screens or gravel packs stop sand from entering the well.
‡Pipe joints and packers needed to ensure the well retains its
integrity over its producing life.

‡However traditional wells do not respond to changing conditions and

all the fluids (oil,gas and water) have to be produced together and
separated at the surface.
 |

 
  

IQ for Intelligent 'ells

‡






‡  
 
2


‡6

2  &


2 
 
‡


 

‡ 






‡6


 
2(  
‡


 

‡




‡(   
 

 |

 
  

Smart 'ells

‡Smart wells offer the possibility to respond to changing conditions.

‡Smart wells combine existing state-of-the-art technologies such as
wireless technologies,remote sensing capabilities, remote control
mechanism and robotic tools.
‡Remote sensors can immediately show what is going on in the down
hole.
‡Valves down the hole can be adjusted, controlling flow or shutting off
production at one level and increasing it from another.
‡Fluid processing can take place down the hole with gas and liquids
being separated by devices such as hydro-cyclones
 |

 
  

Drivers
‡ Improved Reliability
‡ Optimum Production leading to longer well and reservoir life.
± Optimization of reservoir drainage
‡ No mechanical intervention is required freeing up resources.
‡ Lower Operating Cost
± Less number of work overs
± Decrease 'ater Production
± Better sand control
‡ Increase Reservoir Knowledge
± Monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone movements
± Improved reservoir characterization (saturation, structure,
pressure, temperature)
 |

 
  

Smart 'ell
‡Packers
‡Hydraulic or Electrical Control Lines
‡Sensors
‡Inflow Control Valves ICV
‡Surface Control Unit (Monitoring and Remote Operation)
|

 
  

|

 
  

 |

 
  

Examples of Controls in Intelligent 'ells

Controlling Commingled production
Controlling Down Hole 'ater Separation
Controlling Down Hole Gas Separation and Re-injection
 |

 
  

Application for Intelligent 'ells

‡ Marginal Reserves
‡ Highly Deviated. Horizontal and ML'
‡ Deepwater 'ells
‡ High Volume 'ells

Shell has about 20 intelligent wells worldwide and is working to increase

that number.
One of its showcase pieces is a well in the North Sea¶s Brent field. The well
produces oil but also has a perforated gas zone up hole that¶s opened for a
short period each year to meet a gas contract.
 |

 
  

Data Extract Interpret

Partners,Agencies
Data Clean Data Store Analyze
Oilfields
Data Transform Data 'arehouse Communicate Operation
Management
Data Load Decide
 |

 
  

Devise Process
Control Methodologies
Modeling
Processes
Requiring
Real time
Management

Reservoir Management Team

6

 
  
 




Life Cycle
 

Cost and
 

Benefits