‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ 1‐1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺮﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺪﻧﻬﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻌﻤﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﻭ ﻧﻘﺸﻲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑـﺸﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻫﻴـﺖ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻃﻐﻴﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛـﺰ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﮔـﺎﻩ ﺟـﺎﻩ ﻃﻠﺒـﻲ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ‬

‫ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭﮊﻳﻢ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﻮﺳـﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ‪،‬‬

‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺳﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﻦ‬

‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﺕ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﺮﺯ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳـﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻧﻮﭘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨـﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ" ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫـﺎ‬

‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﻧـﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﺎﺕ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺯﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑـﻮﻁ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2 -1‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﺍﺧﻴﺮﹰﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﻣـﻲﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ ﻭ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵ‬

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‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﺰﻝ ﺍﻭﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﻴﺪﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ‪ . . .‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺑـﺸﻜﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺍﺯ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﺧﺎﻛﺮﻳﺰﻫـﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺑﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺴﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮕﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﻛﻨـﻮﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﻊ ﻛﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻼﻙ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬

‫ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﺑـﺸﻜﻦ ﺑـﺴﺘﻪ‬

‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﻭ‬

‫ﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 3 -1‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺻـﺤﻴﺢ ﭘﺪﻳـﺪﻩ ﺁﺑﺸـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺗﺨﺮﻳـﺐ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃـﻼﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺣـﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺁﺑﺸـﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺳـﺎﺯﻩﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺳـﺮﺭﻳﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺿـﭽﻪ ﻫـﺎﻱ ﺁﺭﺍﻣـﺶ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠـﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺑﻨـﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺎﺯﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ ﺳـﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ" ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻧـﺸﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﺰﺍﻳـﺎﻱ ﺍﺣـﺪﺍﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﻓﻘـﺪﺍﻥ ﺿـﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣـﻲ ﻭ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺁﺑﺸﻜﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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