ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYES

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
Eyelids- Palpebrae/ Eye lashes
This protects the eye from foreign objects or particles.
Conjunctiva
Palpebral- pink and lines the inner surface of the eyelid./ Test for anemia.
Bulbar- are white with small blood vessel & they cover the anterior sclera

INTERNAL STRUCTURES
OUTER
Sclera- opaque, tough, white connective tissue covering all the eye except the cornea.
WHITE EYE
Located posteriorly
Cornea- transparent tissue, thru which light enters the eye.
Window of the eye.
Located anteriorly
Lacrimal apparatus- responsible for the production of tears to protect the eye & moisten the cornea.
Lacrimal Gland
Lacrimal Duct
Lacrimal Passages
 MIDDLE
Choroid- highly vascular layer
lined with numerous capillaries
It nourishes the retina.
BLACK inner surface of the eye that prevents scattering of light rays.
Located posteriorly
Extra Ocular Muscle- enervated by CN 3, 4 & 6
Responsible for movement of the eyeball.
Occulomotor, Trochlear, & Facial.
Ciliary Body - Anterior to the choroid.
Secretes the aqueous humor ( watery fluid found in the anterior & posterior chambers of the
anterior part of the eye).
Maintains the IOP
Normal IOP 10-21 mmHg
TONOMETRY- measurement of IOP
Any obstruction of aqueous humor will increase IOP turning into GLAUCOMA.
CILIARY MUSCLE- changes the shape of the lens.
Iris- pigmented membrane behind the cornea.
Gives color to the eye.
located anteriorly.
Pupils- a circular opening in the middle of the iris that constrict or dilate to regulate the amount of light
entering the eye.
INNER
Retina- a light sensitive layer that comprises:
RODS
Night vision
For fine discrimination
CONES
Day light vision
Aid in peripheral vision
Color vision
Optic disk- entrance of optic nerve that supplies the eyeball.
Papilledema- inflammation of the optic nerve due to increased IOP or ICP.
Lens- transparent body that focuses image on the retina.

Fluid of the eyes

Aqueous Humor
Maintains IOP
Serves as refracting media.
Provides nutrient to the lens and cornea.
Vitreous Humor-
a clear gelatinous material found at the posterior part of the eye.
It maintains the transparency & form of the eye.