MEAGRE OF RESISTANCE RATIOR IN THE RINE TO 100 MEOH Pe bon Measurements international Lintted Box 2358, Prescott, Canada KOE 170 deatact dn attomted system is dgacribed for _menguring Fesistarce ration from” 10)" to 10°" hue by a potcelomtcie mets eth an SecetninGy ot 8 fet parts in a million. ee Intotuction ‘The measurement of resistance ration depends on either of be tecinigues: passing a current Urcagh two of more ‘Eealetars in series and mumaring the ratio of voltages Geveloped across the resistors,” oe peasing known Fatioe ‘of current through each of a pair of reaiators weil the Voltage developed acrons each resistor is the suse: The Classical Whentatone Bridge and the Kelvin Dowie Brioge ie examples of the first technique, whereas the Direct Garvent Comparator’ Ratio rigge isan example of the Second tecnniqoe, An aiaptation of the first tacinigoe {sto measure voltage ratios by mane of a convent onal otentlomeer or with a WM)” "Ehis approach has fad Fintted "usefulness doe to” the. restricted range of Voltage seaauremnt ‘(without range” change), and the ‘Steetealty of detecting small voltage enbaiances in the Presence of source Inpedances of a mayohm or higher itn the introfuction of an equivalent 25-bit automate Dotentvoneter, based on” the Binary-Violtage-Diviser Shggested by R.'D. Outkooky (1) and Geveloped. by 27H, Tomo (2,31, Be pletare startad to change,” EH abte epi gttane of 10 cio dor inratin of foe pects in 108, and a OW with an input lepedance of {och asa detectot, it te pomsible to manure the ratio of in Eeiatangs 0 ‘inin te pare in 108 tn te ange between 109 and 108 ohms. he the potentionwter Covers ita fll range With an effegtive Linearity at Teast as good. as a part in 107, there are” few Zeaertctlons on the relative sizan ‘of the. resistors ‘ting eoupared end ration £0 100%1 can be meawured. The ‘act thatthe opecation can be totally automele further ‘hances the procedure and ita reliability” & a =. a os Re Mrsare The classic circult of the potentiometric method 1s show in the Figure, from seich Ie ls clear that as loo ‘S the camon voltaye source His stable during the tint Eaten to mane Che four mesmurenents calted Vy, Vy, Vy Var the ratio of the to resistors Ls given 87 (Ct12822-5/90/0000-0298 $01.00 © 1990 IEEE from saten Wa ye sere the x's represent the ratio settings at balance {ar the four neararenents. Bo ‘to eatablian the contributions of the various elements Tn ‘She fimetion wach defines the masurernent of Fesistancs Tatlo, the differential of Ris derived fom cara 2404) E244 )2+ 12 ay) 2o 120g)? Se Sep con Se fon sich a aay)? + (ae)? taey)? + cary? ae ee eee = (ey - ey)? (3 e? ‘Amore meaningful equation ts the one vere the complete Giteerentlaia are Feplaces by the equivalent standard evistiona, ox 2 6 tag)? Saja, fen)? + teen! ® ee taea)? + (arg? -e@) @ (ny single balance with the automtle potent onrter W122 Be eepeeentred by the equation Lena rey oere cy representa the corrections to be applied to the {ivides'zatio from the periodic (automaeio} calibeation pean thin "agateton, cag? = RE + ceyteagy? + ep? AE? = = Por the actonatic emater, the tera (ay;) $9 Getermined fron the ‘sensitivity ard resclucion ot the Soto pone caer, ao eve timated ber anao’ 2s setecprce sole source (2) 1S considered stable to aso" Dy experience leh te Lost has suger tt he caltration ‘ems derived from the periodic autceatic calibrations ‘Se corsiatene to wichin sSnl0°8 (3 aj)- Prom these, conaiderations, ear? (ea + ceptecsart? + a = cao0pe? + cey)? (25 + 2500782 rerort® = 4 + sot paos foc +10 Pox a typical 1:1 ratio comparison of four-terninal Setar syn ol tgs pois iq 2 00 oe te undertainty Be Esto, is : pent teen? ea? + tee? 0-057 * (0.50.0)(agin) = 20010°# or a typical 10:1 ratio comparison of four-terninal Cesiators, fy = 1.0) ¢y = Ey * 0:08, fy = 0-0 and the Seine’ cbereainty 26 Ghetto metsremnt th sazmaois 170 + r0s01a016 = (mg/m) = 3500-8 ‘me contribution of (2,4)? to the uewrtainty can be Secreased by increasing the supply voltage (E), but this reveases the uncertainty doe to the instability of the Tesiators mised by increased power dissipation. The ore being conaisered here concerna itselé with higher= ‘alund tealstoca that my not be wite-sound and the ay Ives latge temperature coefficient, inplying « 10590 foes covtvicient, A Limit of 10 ml goer diselpation Ris‘becn arbitrarily chosen ae a wonting iiait fer all Teslatore, four supply voltages (E) have also. beet Considered, thet tay 1, 3-2 Wy 10 V, and 32 V. Por a 1:1 comparison of resistors, a power Lialt of 0a in cach Fesiator Leads to pawn < 20m ck n> wly40 mw = 258? eceas for other sation, a Linlt of 10 att power Misipation in the higher fealotor leads to n> B10 mt 1008? ‘rm voch Table T haa been constructed. PeBmciom ot ccoernaiers uf To PoneR DISSIPATION LIMITS a a 2 TT 3B 3100 & 229 2250 @ or’ & is 22 500 310 000 & RY 925 000 & 3100 000 other considerations lest one to restrict the ratlo earurenents £0 1000 a ara highec, implying the use of Woleage sources of 9.2 Vand 10 V, from a practical point of "view it 1a. promble that ‘a stable tener Feterence source at 10 V, with an internal npedance of Tess than 20 may will be the more Useful, Te wil Be appreciated Unit for these relative. easurenents 3 CBiittated veltoge reference. ie tot "sequired) one ‘oqulzes only that the source be stable. ‘able 1 has been constructed from equations (1) and (2) Br the vaperopclate assessed equivalent standard Seviatione as Listed, ad tiiutzates the weertainties 2 be exgacent when mang resistance rato measurenenes by this Cechniqae., Te wil be noted that Table ft Lists he uncertainties with a 950 confidence level, that 15, {he equivalent standard deviations have been doubled, me 1 UwearraTie (998 CONFIDE). FOR RATIO MEASURDIENTS Br Bit ma 7 ee oa azv a 2 = 20 jy we 7 2 = By ba 8300 2 2 nai maagurenents considered here have been true “Eour~ Qezninalss, requiring four ratio. alances "on, the Potertlemsters Rae Righervalue resistors, "bo PeSTnaie aeasucenents "are quite satistaccocy, and educing the Steeienlty of ermuring that all pertinent insulation Seifdeances ansoclated with comecting 2nd noune|gs the Seyret mere renin panes a 1 ‘te any implication about aking manurenents st 10? ato within & few parts in a million can not be ‘sogorted.| ‘Becerioental Verification varices conbinations of resistors have been measured ‘ing ee ‘and the renules conten the Gielvigated screitivity and convenience of measurement; ‘heaieicipated uneartainty of measurements s0re Gtteicult. to establian,. but early results fend. to Gonfiem the predictions forthe fall range of feslstarce. sma ‘me reqults of using the technique of potentiontr ically Chnpering. the voltage, droge creas. two resistors. in Series, utilizing an astomtic.poventlomter, may Be ‘eeerioad on! 2) A source voltage of 10 ¥ is sdezante tg make Lis"catio resiatarce segaureaents fren 20! & to tol gbeitnin 2 Sa. 2) me same acurce voltage of 10 V can be wogt to snip satis. meamargeents ecm 10D oir” to attain thaoe. 2) me aurce voltage of 10 V can also myeripost ratio measgeets tom 10 ohh ‘to witnin send" 4) Ration of 1:20 can also be meamured, but in (eoecal the anticipated wcertainty 1s som 2-5 ‘ies greater than shen a Lor] ratio 1s measured. etecences, (2). cuthonky, "A new atching technique for Binaty“testative “aividers", EaE Tears. Trmetin, Haass, vol THe2y pp A2I-4z2, 1978 (218. Mano, 7A ceference 25-b1E renistive Soteage diviaer", Tee trane. Instron. Meas. Wel bea6, pp 205-290, 1987 (3) 8. a. tao and H. Peter Klein, in sccurats ‘Sitomatie 100" meagring Syotent, TREE Trans Trmeram. vena.y 90 1H38, pp 325-323, 1908