Section 2.

Jump Start
 Section 2.1

Jump Start
Write down three ideas for how to
best study for the Biology Test
 Section 2.1

Jump Start
Write down three ideas for how to
best study for the Biology Test
What do you find most difficult when
studying for Science tests?
 Ch 1: Principles of Ecology

2.1 - Organisms and

their Environment
 Section 2.1

Inside This Section...

 Section 2.1

Inside This Section...

What is Ecology?
 Section 2.1

Inside This Section...

What is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
 Section 2.1

Inside This Section...

What is Ecology?
Levels of Organization
Living Relationships
 Section 2.1

What is Ecology?
 Section 2.1

What is Ecology?
The systematic study of
Organisms and their
Interactions with the
Environment
 Section 2.1

What is Ecology?
The systematic study of
Organisms and their
Interactions with the
Environment
Reveals the
relationships between
Living and Nonliving
parts of the
environment
 Section 2.1

What is Ecology?
 Section 2.1

What is Ecology?
Ecology is
Multidisciplinary. It
combines:
 Section 2.1

What is Ecology?
Ecology is
Multidisciplinary. It
combines:
Geology
Physics
Chemistry
Mathematics
Others
Section 2.1
 Section 2.1

Organisms CANNOT
exist in isolation
 Section 2.1

Organisms CANNOT
exist in isolation
They depend on
each other for
survival
 Section 2.1

Organisms CANNOT
exist in isolation
They depend on
each other for
survival
They also depend
on Nonliving
things
 Section 2.1

The Nonliving Environment

 Section 2.1

The Nonliving Environment

Abiotic Factors: All
of the nonliving parts
of the environment
 Section 2.1

The Nonliving Environment

Abiotic Factors: All
of the nonliving parts
of the environment
Examples: Rocks,
Sand, Water,
Rainfall, Sunlight,
etc.
 Section 2.1

The Living Environment

 Section 2.1

The Living Environment

Biotic Factors: All of
the Living things that
inhabit an environment
 Section 2.1

The Living Environment

Biotic Factors: All of
the Living things that
inhabit an environment
Examples: Animals,
plants, insects, etc
 Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization
 Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization

Organism
 Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization

Populations
Organism
 Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization

Communities
Populations
Organism
 Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization

Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organism
 Section 2.1

5 Levels of Organization
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organism
 Section 2.1

What is an Organism??
 Section 2.1

What is an Organism??
 Section 2.1

Populations
 Section 2.1

Populations
A group of organisms
that live together and
interbreed, living in the
same place at the same
time.
 Section 2.1

Populations
A group of organisms
that live together and
interbreed, living in the
same place at the same
time.
How organisms share
their resources
determines how far apart
they live and how big the
population gets.
 Section 2.1

Communities

Coyote and Antelope in

Yellostone Park
 Section 2.1

Communities
A community is made up of
several populations that
interact.

Coyote and Antelope in

Yellostone Park
 Section 2.1

Communities
A community is made up of
several populations that
interact.
A change in one
population of a
community will cause
changes in another
population.
Coyote and Antelope in
Yellostone Park
 Section 2.1

Ecosystem
 Section 2.1

Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of a
collection of interactions
among the populations in a
community and their abiotic
factors.
 Section 2.1

Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of a
collection of interactions
among the populations in a
community and their abiotic
factors.
Three types of ecosystems
 Section 2.1

Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of a
collection of interactions
among the populations in a
community and their abiotic
factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Terrestrial
 Section 2.1

Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of a
collection of interactions
among the populations in a
community and their abiotic
factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Terrestrial
Freshwater
 Section 2.1

Ecosystem
An ecosystem is made up of a
collection of interactions
among the populations in a
community and their abiotic
factors.
Three types of ecosystems
Terrestrial
Freshwater
Saltwater
 Section 2.1

Biosphere
 Section 2.1

Biosphere
The portion of Earth that
supports life.
 Section 2.1

Biosphere
The portion of Earth that
supports life.
This portion extends from
the bottom of the ocean
to high in the
atmosphere.
 Section 2.1

Biosphere
The portion of Earth that
supports life.
This portion extends from
the bottom of the ocean
to high in the
atmosphere.
If you could shrink the
Earth to the size of an
apple the biosphere
would be the size of an
apple peel.
 Section 2.1

What is a Habitat?
 Section 2.1

What is a Habitat?
A habitat is the place
where an organism lives
out its life.
 Section 2.1

What is a Habitat?
A habitat is the place
where an organism lives
out its life.
Grasslands, Deserts, the
ocean floor are examples
of habitats.
 Section 2.1

What is a Niche?
 Section 2.1

What is a Niche?
A niche is the role and
position a species has in
its environment-how it
meets its needs for food
and shelter, how it
survives, and how it
reproduces.
 Section 2.1

What is a Niche?
A niche is the role and
position a species has in
its environment-how it
meets its needs for food
and shelter, how it
survives, and how it
reproduces.
It is an advantage for a
species to occupy a
different niche than
another.
 Section 2.1

Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

Tapeworm
 Section 2.1

Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

Some species enhance
their chances of survival
by forming relationships
with other species

Tapeworm
 Section 2.1

Symbiosis (Living Relationships)

Some species enhance
their chances of survival
by forming relationships
with other species
There are three types of
Living relationships
(symbiotic relationships)
Tapeworm
 Section 2.1

Symbiotic Relationships
 Section 2.1

Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism: A relationship in which one
organism benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor benefited
 Section 2.1

Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism: A relationship in which one
organism benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor benefited
Mutualism: When both species benefit from the
relationship.
 Section 2.1

Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism: A relationship in which one
organism benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor benefited
Mutualism: When both species benefit from the
relationship.
Parasitism: When one organism benefits from
harming the other organism.
Ch 1: Principles of Ecology

2.2 - Nutrition and

Energy Flow
 Section 2.2

Inside This Section...

 Section 2.2

Inside This Section...

The Source of Energy
 Section 2.2

Inside This Section...

The Source of Energy
Consumers and Producers
 Section 2.2

Inside This Section...

The Source of Energy
Consumers and Producers
Cycles in Nature
 Section 2.2

Where does Energy come From?

 Section 2.2

Where does Energy come From?

The power to run, to
wake up in the morning,
to think, and anything
else a living organism
does requires energy.
 Section 2.2

Where does Energy come From?

The power to run, to
wake up in the morning,
to think, and anything
else a living organism
does requires energy.
Ultimately we will see
that all energy comes
from the sun.
X-Ray of the Sun
 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Pyrachantha Berries
 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Producers are able to
use energy from the
sun to make food

Pyrachantha Berries
 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Producers are able to
use energy from the
sun to make food
A.K.A. Autotrophs

Pyrachantha Berries
 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Producers are able to
use energy from the
sun to make food
A.K.A. Autotrophs
Examples are plants
and some weird
bacteria that we call
chemosynthetic
Pyrachantha Berries autotrophs.
 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Moose feeding on Fireweed

 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Consumers need to
Eat in order to get
energy

Moose feeding on Fireweed

 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Consumers need to
Eat in order to get
energy
A.K.A. Heterotrophs

Moose feeding on Fireweed

 Section 2.2

Producers vs. Consumers

Consumers need to
Eat in order to get
energy
A.K.A. Heterotrophs
Examples are
Animals

Moose feeding on Fireweed

 Section 2.2

Types of Heterotrophs
 Section 2.2

Types of Heterotrophs
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to
find their foods. E.g. Vultures
 Section 2.2

Types of Heterotrophs
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to
find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
 Section 2.2

Types of Heterotrophs
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to
find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g.
Cats
 Section 2.2

Types of Heterotrophs
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to
find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g.
Cats
Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and
other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.
 Section 2.2

Types of Heterotrophs
Scavengers: Rely on the efforts of others to
find their foods. E.g. Vultures
Herbivores: Eat only plants. E.g. cows
Carnivores: Animals that eat other animals. E.g.
Cats
Omnivores: Animals that eat both plants and
other animals. E.g. Bears, humans.
Decomposers: Break down and use nutrients
from dead organisms. E.g. Fungi
 Section 2.2

Food Chains
 Section 2.2

Food Chains
Food chains are the pathways of energy and
matter through all organisms in an
ecosystem.
 Section 2.2

Food Chains
Food chains are the pathways of energy and
matter through all organisms in an
ecosystem.
Matter is in the form of nutrients that
organisms require.
 Section 2.2

Food Chains
Food chains are the pathways of energy and
matter through all organisms in an
ecosystem.
Matter is in the form of nutrients that
organisms require.
When one organism eats another it receives
the nutrients and energy from the organism it
ate.
 Section 2.2

How Food Chains Look

 Section 2.2

How Food Chains Look

Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and
proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to
decomposers.
 Section 2.2

How Food Chains Look

Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and
proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to
decomposers.
Every link in the chain only has about 10% of its
total energy available for the next link in the
chain. (3-5 links)
 Section 2.2

How Food Chains Look

Nutrition and energy start with autotrophs and
proceed to heterotrophs and eventually to
decomposers.
Every link in the chain only has about 10% of its
total energy available for the next link in the
chain. (3-5 links)
 Section 2.2

Trophic Levels
Top
Carnivores

Secondary Consumers

Primary Consumers

Producers
 Section 2.2

Trophic Levels
Trophic levels are
feeding steps in Top
Carnivores
the food chain.

Secondary Consumers

Primary Consumers

Producers
 Section 2.2

Trophic Levels
Trophic levels are
feeding steps in Top
Carnivores
the food chain.
A food chain
Secondary Consumers
represents only
one possible route
for the transfer Primary Consumers
of energy in an
ecosystem. Producers
 Section 2.2

Food Webs
 Section 2.2

Food Webs
Food webs are models that are used to describe
all the possible feeding relationships among
animals.
 Section 2.2

Food Webs
Food webs are models that are used to describe
all the possible feeding relationships among
animals.
These are more realistic than food chains
because they show how animals rely on more than
one type of food.
Section 2.2
 Section 2.2

Ecological Pyramids
 Section 2.2

Ecological Pyramids
An ecological pyramid
is a model that is used
to show the
distribution of matter
and energy in an
ecological system.
 Section 2.2

Ecological Pyramids
An ecological pyramid
is a model that is used
to show the
distribution of matter
and energy in an
ecological system.
Autotrophs are on the
bottom followed by
heterotrophs as you
move up.
 Section 2.2

Cycles in Nature
 Section 2.2

Cycles in Nature
There is a law in
science that says that
matter can never be
created nor
destroyed.
 Section 2.2

Cycles in Nature
There is a law in
science that says that
matter can never be
created nor
destroyed.
Thus the atoms that
make up the nutrients
we need to live must be
recycled.
 Section 2.2

The Water Cycle

 Section 2.2

The Water Cycle

Condensation: When water in the air
condenses on an object cooler than the air.
 Section 2.2

The Water Cycle

Condensation: When water in the air
condenses on an object cooler than the air.
Evaporation: When water is turned into a
vapor.
 Section 2.2

The Water Cycle

Condensation: When water in the air
condenses on an object cooler than the air.
Evaporation: When water is turned into a
vapor.
Precipitation: Rain,snow, and hail are good
examples.
 Section 2.2

The Water Cycle

Condensation: When water in the air
condenses on an object cooler than the air.
Evaporation: When water is turned into a
vapor.
Precipitation: Rain,snow, and hail are good
examples.
Transpiration: When water passes through
plants into the air as water vapor.
Section 2.2
 Section 2.2

The Nitrogen Cycle

 Section 2.2

The Nitrogen Cycle

Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen,
plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
 Section 2.2

The Nitrogen Cycle

Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen,
plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
Lightning and certain bacteria convert
Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form
for plants.
 Section 2.2

The Nitrogen Cycle

Even though the air contains 78% Nitrogen,
plants can not use Nitrogen in that form.
Lightning and certain bacteria convert
Nitrogen in the air into a more useable form
for plants.
Fertilizer is a useable form of Nitrogen for
plants.
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
SECTION 2.2
 Jump Start

Where does all energy ultimately

come from?
What do you call it when water
turns to vapor?
What do you call organisms that
need to eat in order to get
energy?