Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
IN
AS
OF
B.Tech (BIOTECHNOLOGY)
DEGREE
OF
FROM
SUGANDHA VARSHNEY
A0504108443
TO
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DECLARATION
The information has been collected from genuine and authentic sources. The work
has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
Date: SUGANDHA
-2-
Acknowledgement
There are people who simply by being what they are try to influence you to do
things which you could never thought of. Their spontaneous and genuine help as
and when needed have helped me a lot, to gain profound knowledge and
experience in the analytical field.
In a nutshell it is not a work of one but many others who by their sincere efforts
have contributed towards the completion of this project.
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ABBERIVATION
°C : Degree Centigrade
2Na2CO3 : Sodium bi Carbonate
AHR : Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor
AT : Aeration Tank
ATCC : American Type Culture Collection
BGA : Brilliant Green Agar
BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BPA : Baired Parker Agar
BSA : Bismuth Sulphide Agar
CA : Cetrimide Agar
CaCl2 : Calcium Chloride
CaCO3 : Calcium Carbonate
CB : Cetrimide Broth
CIP : Clean In Place
CO2 : Carbon dioxide
COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand
DDS : Dodecyl Sulphate
DM : De-Mineralized
DMF : Dual Media Filter
DO : Dissolved Oxygen
DOP : Dioctylphthalate
EMB : Eosin Methylene Blue
FC : Final Clarifier
FeCl3 : Ferric Chloride
FRP : Fibre Reinforced Plastic
GC : Gas Chromatography
GMP : Good Manufacturing Process
H2CO3 : Carbonic Acid
H2O : Water
H2S : Hydrogen Sulphide
H2SO4 : Sulphuric Acid
HCl : Hydrochloric Acid
-4-
K2HPO4 : Potassium Hydrogen Phosphate
KH2PO4 : Potassium dihydrogen Phosphate
KI : Potassium Iodide
KOH : Potassium Hydroxide
LAF : Laminar Air Flow
MgCl2 : Magnesium Chloride
MgCO3 : Magnesium Carbonate
MgSO4 : Magnesium Sulphate
MLSS : Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid
MnSO4 : Manganous Sulphate
MR-VP : Methyl Red – Voges Proskauer
MSA : Mannitol Salt Agar
-5-
WCOT : Wall Coated Open Tubular
INTRODUCTION
Soft drinks constitute one of the largest food industries in the world today. Tremendous
advances have taken place in the process technology in the soft drink industries in the past one
or two decades.
In India, in the organized sector alone, annual production of soft beverage is about 45 million
cases. The flavored component of most of the well-known brands of soft drinks is a well-
guarded secret.
The carbonated beverages are divided into two groups those with artificial flavor and those with
• Coloring agents
• Water
• Carbon dioxide
-6-
Coca Cola : An Insight
ROOTS
While much of the world has changed since 1886, the pure and simple magic of one thing stays the
same - COKE. The name and the product represent simple moments of pleasure for consumers in
nearly 200 COUNTRIES around the globe, who reach for products of The Coca Cola Company
hundreds of millions of times every single day.
John Styth Pemberton first introduced The Refreshing Taste of Coke in Atlanta, Georgia. It was May
of 1886 when the pharmacist concocted a caramel-colored syrup in a three-legged brass kettle in his
backyard. He first ‘distributed’ the new product by carrying Coin a jug down the street to Jacobs
pharmacy. For five cents, consumers could enjoy a glass of Coat the soda fountain. Whether by
design or accident, carbonated water was teamed with the new syrup, producing a drink that was
proclaimed.
HISTORY
Coca Cola, the name and the product represent simple moments of pleasure for consumers in nearly 200
John Smith Pemberton first introduced the refreshing taste of Coca Cola in Atlanta, Georgia. It was
May of 1886 when the pharmacist concocted caramel coloured syrup in a three-legged brass kettle in his
backyard. He first distributed the new product by carrying Coca-Cola in a jug down the street to
Jacobs’s pharmacy. For five cents, consumers could enjoy a glass of Cola-Cola at the soda fountain.
Whether by design or accident, carbonated water was teamed with the new syrup, producing a drink that
was proclaimed delicious and refreshing. Thus Coca Cola began as a fountain product.
In 1899 large scale bottling became possible when Asa Candler granted exclusive bottling rights to
Joseph B. Whitehead and Benjamin F. Thomas of Chattanooga, Tennessee. Today coca-cola products
-7-
reach consumers and customers around the world through a vast distribution network made up of local
bottling companies. These bottlers are located around the world, and most are independent businesses.
Using syrups, concentrates and beverage bases produced by the Coca-Cola Company. The global
bottling system packages and markets products, then distributes them to more than 14 million retail
outlets worldwide.
The trademark “Coca-cola” was registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark office in 1893, followed
by “Coke” in 1945.
In 1982, the Coca-Cola Company introduced diet coke to U.S consumers, marking the first extension of
the Company’s most precious trademark to another product. Later years saw the introduction of
additional products bearing the Coca-Cola name, which now encompasses a powerful line of cola
products. Today, the world’s favourite soft drink, Coca-Cola is one of the world’s best-known and most
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FIRST BOTTLED
COKE began as a fountain product, but candy merchant Joseph A. Bedenharn of Mississippi was
looking for a way to serve this refreshing beverage at picnics. He began offering bottled Coke, using
syrup shipped from Atlanta, during an especially busy summer in 1894.
In 1899, large-scale bottling became possible when Asa Candler granted exclusive bottling rights to
Joseph B. Whitehead and Benjamin F. Thomas of Chattnooga. The contract marked the beginning of
The Company’s unique independent bottling system that remains the foundation of Company Soft
drink operations.
As the Company had many imitators, which consumers would be unable to identify until they took a
sip. The answer was to create a distinct bottle for Coke. As a result, the genuine Coke bottle with the
contour shape now known around the world was developed in 1915 by the Root Glass Company
-9-
VISION OF COKE
AWARDS
Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Private Limited, Dasna unit, bags the “Golden
Peacock Environment Management Award 2004”
The Dasna unit near Delhi in Ghaziabad has been awarded the prestigious “Golden
Peacock Environment Management Award – 2004 (GPEMA- 2004)” for excellent
environment practices and effective control of environmental impact
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1. TESTS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE
Procedure:
2 To a flask add about 200 ml treated water then add about 250cc of snow and cover
immediately
3 Swirl the liquid in flask and sniff odor in headspace. No odor should be there.
- Fruity
- Acetaldehyde
- Hydrogen sulfide
a) TASTE
b) ODOR
1 Half fill a wide mouth screw capped bottle with dry sugar
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2 Heat to 500C
1 Smell the 50 brix solution at room temperature and note any off-odor
2 Add 0.2ml 75% w/v phosphoric acid to 50 ml of sugar solution in a 100 ml glass beaker and
mix
3 Cover the beaker with a watch glass and heat to 50 C in a water bath or incubator.
4 Smell the solution every 10 min for 30 min and note the nature of any off odor.
d) TURBIDITY
1 Prepare 492g of 50 brix solution by dissolving 246 g of sugar in 246 it distilled water.
4 If turbidity is present, fitter the sample through whatman 54 and examine filtrate for
e) MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING
1 Weigh 10g sugar in a sterile 250ml flask and add sterile 100ml water upto the mark. Cover
- 12 -
5 Transfer the membrane to a sterile Petri dish (M-TGE medium for total count and M-green
yeast and mold medium or Schaufus- Pottinger medium for yeast and mold count) and
6 For total count, count the colonies at 24 hrs and at 72 hours. For yeast and mold count, count
colonies at 48 hrs and at 24 hrs interval thereafter until 5 days have lapsed.
f) COLOR (ICUMSA)
1 Weigh 50 gm of sugar sample in a 250 ml conical flask; add 50 gm of Tri Ethanol Amine
solution (weigh 7.460 gm TEA in a beaker and make up to 500 ml.). Dissolve it by
swirling.
4 Rinse the cell with sugar solution and then fill with sugar solution.
1) Sanitary condition: Storage in clean, dry, closed area free from insect infection.
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2) Temperature: Storage temperature is between 4 to 10*C /ambient for dry base. No refrigeration
3) First in First out: The oldest stock in hand should be used first.
4) Stacking and Sorting:They should be kept on wooden platforms, above the floor right side up and
5) Inspection: The containers must be scrutinized for seal damage leaks, date of production and other
damages.
6) Sealing of containers: Partly used containers contents must be transferred to glass or stainless steel
The finished products are packaged in cartons and are dispatched for the market. The
tests ensure the suitability of the packet for the market, as a packet of insufficient strength would
• Draw samples from min. 5 different crates / bulk packs with bottles of different mould nos. for
• Maintain linkage between samples drawn and the consignment. This shall enable resampling,
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• Inspect the Glass bottles as per the quality plan.
# CROWNS
• By Go No Go.
GO
Go NOGO
NoGo
• Select 50 wrap around labels, randomly from each incoming lot of 35000 – 150000 labels
• Maintain linkage between samples drawn and the consignment. This shall enable resampling,
• Inspect the Wrap around label as per the quality plan taking samples one from each bundle of
200 labels.
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# PET SECTION
FLOW DIAGRAM
Oven
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Penetration oven Distribution oven
Level panel
Material distribution
By Air By heating
Middle arm
Stretching (7bar)
Chiller (19.3˚C)
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Types of PREFORMS used
Bottle washing
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CSD Bev
B o ttlin g
U n c a s in g o f b o ttle s re c e ive d fro m
m a rk e t
B o ttle W a s h in g
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INTRODUCTION TO QUALITY ASSURANCE
• It is the total arrangement made with the object of ensuring that beverage products are of the
quality required for their intended use.
• The system of quality assurance appropriate to the manufacture of food products should ensure
that:
a) Beverages are designed and developed in a way that accounts of the requirements of
GMP and associates codes such as those of good laboratory practice GLP and good clinical
practice (GCP).
b) Production and control operations are clearly specified in a written form and GMP
requirements are adopted.
c) Arrangements are made for the manufacture, supply, and use of the correct starting and
packaging material.
d) All necessary control on starting materials, intermediated products, and bulk products and
other in process controls, calibrations and validations are carried out.
e) The finish product is correctly processed and checked, according to the defined
procedures.
f) Beverages are not sold or supplied before the authorized person have certified that each
production batch has been produced and controlled in according with the requirements of the
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label claim and any other regulations relevant to the production, control and release of
pharmaceutical products.
g) Satisfactory arrangements exist to ensure, as for as possible, that the pharmaceutical products are
stored by the manufacturer, distributed and subsequently handled so that quality is maintained
through out their shelf life.
h) There is a procedure for self – inspection and/or quality audit that regularly appraises the
effectiveness and applicability of the QA system.
• To achieve the quality objective reliably there must be a comprehensively designed and
correctly implemented system of QA incorporating GMP and QC.
MICROBIOLOGY LAB
To distinguish the food of acceptable quality from food of unacceptable
quality required the application of what are known as microbiological criteria.
Three different types of microbiological criteria have been identified.
1) A microbiological standard is a criteria specified in a law or regulation.
It is a legal requirement that foods must meet and is enforceable by the
appropriate regulatory agency.
2) A microbiological specification is a criteria applied in commerce. It is a
contractual condition of acceptance that is applied by a purchaser
attempting to define the microbiological quality of a product or ingredient,
failure of the supplier to meet the specification will result in the rejection of
the batch or a lower price.
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3) A microbiological guideline is used to monitor the microbiological
acceptability of a product or process. It differs from the standard or
specification in that it is more often advisory than mandatory.
The microbiological laboratory of QA is well equipped and maintained.
All the microbiological work is carried out in it.
• AUTOCLAVE
An Autoclave
An autoclave is a pressurized device designed to heat aqueous solutions above their boiling point to
achieve sterilization. It was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879.[1] It is used for moist heat
sterilization, which is carried out at 121°C for 30 minutes at 15 psi. Media is sterilized by autoclave
Under ordinary circumstances (at standard pressure), liquid water cannot be heated above 100 °C in
an open vessel. Further heating results in boiling, but does not raise the temperature of the liquid water.
However, when water is heated in a sealed vessel such as an autoclave, it is possible to heat liquid water
to a much higher temperature. As the container is heated the pressure rises due to the constant volume
of the container (see the ideal gas law). The boiling point of the water is raised because the amount of
energy needed to form steam against the higher pressure is increased. This works well on solid objects;
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when autoclaving hollow objects, however, (hypodermic needles, tools, etc.), it is important to ensure
that all of the trapped air inside the hollow compartments is vacuumed out.
Autoclaves are widely used in microbiology, medicine, veterinary science, dentistry and metallurgy.
The large carbon-fiber composite parts for the Boeing 787, such as wing and fuselage parts, are cured
in large autoclaves
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• INCUBATOR
An Incubator
An incubator comprises a transparent chamber and the equipment that regulates its temperature,
humidity, and ventilation. For years, the principle uses for the controlled environment provided by
incubators included hatching poultry eggs and caring for premature or sick infants, but a new and
important application has recently emerged, namely, the cultivation and manipulation of
microorganisms for medical treatment and research. It is used for providing favorable temperature
conditions for the growth of culture organisms. Generally the temperature of incubator is operated at
37°C for the growth of microorganisms
Laboratory incubators were first utilized during the twentieth century, when doctors realized that they
could be could be used to identify pathogens in patients' bodily fluids and thus diagnose their disorders
more accurately. After a sample has been obtained, it is transferred to a Petri dish, flask, or some other
sterile container and placed in a rack inside the incubator. To promote pathogenic growth, the air inside
the chamber is humidified and heated to body temperature (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees
Celsius). In addition, these incubators provide the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide or nitrogen
necessary for the cell's growth. As this carefully conditioned air circulates around it, the microorganism
multiplies, enabling easier and more certain identification.
- 24 -
• CENTRIFUGE
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor, that puts an object in rotation around
a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation
principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density.
There are many different kinds of centrifuges, including those for very specialised purposes
It is used to separate the suspended matters as pallets/button/residue from the liquid as supernatant.
• MICROSCOPE
A Microscope
A microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided
eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. The term
microscopic means minute or very small, not visible with the eye unless aided by a microscope. The
microscopes used in schools and homes trace their history back almost 400 years
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• pH METER
A pH meter is an electronic instrument used to measure the pH (acidity or basicity) of a liquid A typical
pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that
measures and displays the pH reading.It is used to obtain pH value of different sample calibration is
done carried out with standard buffer solution of pH 4.0, 7.0, 10.0
A simple pH meter with its probe immersed in a mildly alkaline solution. The two knobs are
used to calibrate the instrument
- 26 -
LAF unit is used for providing sterilized airflow by means of High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA)
filters
• HOT AIR OVEN
It is used for dry heat sterilization. Glassware’s, Petri plates and pipettes are packed in stainless
steel containers and kept at 180°C for 2 hrs.
• BOD INCUBATOR
A BOD Incubator
It is used for fungal growth at 22°C.
- 27 -
• CYCLOMIXER
It is used for dissolving sample without the destruction of the organism for which the cost is to be
carried out. Sample + dilution is placed in the recommended bags provided the total volume should
be with in recommended capacity of the machine (80 – 400 ml).
• WEIGHING BALANCE
It is a precious weighing instrument for small load. It is used primarily in professional and
technical application. It is calibrated against standard weights.
- 28 -
• MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING:
Different types of media used in microbiology lab to test microbiological count in various samples.
Standard formula:
Yeast extract: 5.00 gms/ltr
Dextrose: 20.00 gms/ltr
Chloramphenicol: 0.10 gms/ltr
Agar: 14.90 gm/ltr
- 29 -
2. Violet Red Bile Agar:
Standard Formula:
Peptic digest of animal tissues: 7.00 gms/ltr
Yeast extract: 3.00 gms/ltr
Lactose: 10.00 gms/ltr
Bile salts mixture: 1.50 gms/ltr
Nacl: 5.00 gms/ltr
Neutral Red: 0.03 gms/ltr
Agar: 15:00 gms/ltr
PH (at 25 c) 7.4 + 0.2
Directions: Suspend 41.53 gms of salt in 1000 ml distilled water. Heat to boiling to dissolve the
medium completely. Cool to 45 c and immediately our into sterile petri plates containing the innoculum.
If desired, medium can be sterilized by autoclaving at 15lbs pressure at 121 c temperature for 15 mins.
Use: For selective Isolation, detection and enumeration of Coli – aerogens bacteria in water, milk and
other dairy food products.
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3. EMB Agar:
Standard formula:
Peptic digest of animal tissues: 10.00 gms/ltr
Dipotassium phosphate: 2.00 gms/ltr
Lactose: 5.00 gms/ltr
Sucrose: 5.00 gms/ltr
Eosin –Y: 0.40 gm/ltr
Methylene Blue: 0.005 gms/ltr
Agar: 13.50 gms/ltr
Directions: Suspend 36 gms in 1000 ml distilled water. Heat to boiling to dissolve the medium
completely. Dispense and Sterilse by autoclaving at 15lbs pressure at 121 c temperature for 15 mins.
Use: Used for differential isolation of Gram-ve enteric bacilli from clinical and non- clinical specimen.
- 31 -
4. CC2:
Standard Formula:
Yeast extract: 9 gms/ltr
Creoles: 50 gms/ltr
Bio Peptone: 10 gms/ltr
Magnesium Sulphate: 2.10 gms/ltr
Potassium sulphate: 2.00 gms/ltr
Diastase: 0.05 gms/ltr
Thiamine: 0.026 gms/ltr
Bromo Cresol Green Agar: 15.00 gms/ltr
PH (at 25 c) 4.6+0.2
Directions: Suspend 8.82 gms in 1000 ml distilled water. Mix thoroughly. Heat to boiling to dissolve
the medium completely. Dispense and Sterilse by autoclaving at 12-15lbs pressure at (118- 121 c)
temperature for 15 mins.
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Use: For counting yeast and moulds in samples by membrane filter method.
Standard Formula:
Casein enzymatic Hydrolysate: 10 gms/ltr
Yeast Extract: 3 gms/ltr
Dextrose: 4 gms/ltr
Dipotassium Phosphate: 2.50 gms/ltr
Orange Serum Agar (solid from 200 ml): 17 gms/ltr
PH (at 25 c) 5.5+0.2
Directions: Suspend 45-5 gms in 1000ml Distilled water. Heat to boiling to dissolve the medium
completely. Dispense and Sterilse by autoclaving at 12-15lbs pressure at( 118- 121 c) temperature for 15
mins. Avoid overheating . Mix well and pour into Sterile Petri plates.
- 33 -
Use: For Cultivation and enumeration of micro- organisms associated with spoilage of citrus products.
Cultivation of Lacto bacilli and other aciduric organism and pathogenic fungi.
INVERSION:
INVERTED BRIX: This is the brix which is found after breaking of sucrose in two parts and molecular
weight increases due to water molecule addition in the presence of acid.
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
(SUCROSE) (GLUCOSE) (FRUCTOSE)
(342) (180) (180)
(A) (B) {360}
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1) Expel the CO2 from the sample properly.
2) Take 50 ml of decarbonated Sample in a cleaned and dry bottle after rinsing the bottle twice with the
decarbonated beverage.
3) Add 0.3ml of the HCl stock solution (made for inverted brix checking) in the 50ml of the sample.
4) Cap the bottle properly and keep in water bath to reflux it at 900C for 90 mins.
5) Now cool down the sample to room temperature.
6) Check the brix and note down it.
- 35 -
WATER TREATMENT
INTRODUCTION
The bottling plant receives its water supply from 3 bore wells .This water is first treated and then used
Micro organisms.
Suspended solids: Includes all matter suspended in water that is large enough to be retained on
water.
- 36 -
COAGULATION STREAM
Coagulation Tank
(PSF)
Dechlorination
- 37 -
(ACF)
Lead ACF
Lag ACF
5 micron filter
UV chamber
3 micron filter
1 micron filter
Treated water
- 38 -
USES OF TREATED WATER
Water coolers.
SOFTENING STREAM
Raw water
P.S.F.
A.C.F.
Soft water
- 39 -
USES OF CHLORINATED SOFT WATER
Bottle washer.
Crate washer.
PET rinser.
Boiler.
Chiller.
PET blower.
Cooling system.
- 40 -
VARIOUS WATER TREATMENTS
1) Chlorination
Scope
Scope
Reduction of alkalinity.
Chemicals Used
Bleaching Powder: Removes color, turbidity, kills microbes and acts as a coagulant aid.
Soda Ash : Reduces permanent hardness and is used when total hardness in water is
- 41 -
3) Pressure Sand Filter
Scope
Media Used – 6 layers of sand ranging from coarse gravel to fine sand.
Pressure should no exceed 4.8 m2/hr/sq meter of surface area in case of PSF.
Pressure should not exceed 8.5 m3/hr/sq meter of surface area for Gravity Sand Filter
Back Wash Frequency – Done when turbidity 0.4 NTU (Normally once in 24 hrs.)
Scope
Optimum Flow Rate – Should not exceed 9.6 m3/hr/sq meter of carbon bed
- 42 -
5) Softener
Working Principle – Na+ will be exchanged with the hardness causing elements.
Regeneration
6) Polishing Filtration
Scope
Scope – Destroys or inactivates the DNA thus preventing micro organisms from reproducing.
8) Reverse osmosis
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Media – Semi Permeable membrane.
Principle – Forcing the solution of higher concentration through a semi permeable membrane
Reverse osmosis (RO) is most versatile technology available to bottling and canning plants
today
Reduces large organic molecules and organisms at efficiency more than 99%
Advantages:
Easy to operate.
Disadvantages:
- 44 -
Efficiency of unit affected by the temperature of raw water.
Higher the organic content of incoming water, less effective the unit.
Coagulation
PSF
Storage tank
Dechlorination ACF
- 45 -
UV chamber
Reverse osmosis
Storage tank
Micron filter
Proportioner Concentrate
Blending
Ozonation
- 46 -
Warmer and blower
Labeling
Date coding
Packaging
Palletizing
1. Chloride test:-
- 47 -
(Removes turbidity)
Where,
R – Reading
2. Sulphate test:-
100ml sample
2 drops of P. indicator
- 48 -
Add 1ml NH3 buffer
3. Total hardness:-
Procedure:-
- 49 -
Mix thoroughly
4. Alkalinity:-
Procedure:-
- 50 -
Add 4 – 5 drops of Methyl orange or Methyl purple
5. Chlorine test:-
Procedure:-
- 51 -
Kept it in colorimeter
Observe color
- 52 -
DPD gives pink color
6. Calcium hardness:-
Procedure:-
- 53 -
Pink color slightly darkens with purple touch
7. Magnesium hardness:-
Procedure:-
MgH = TH – CaH
Where,
TH - Total hardness
8. Turbidity:-
• Collect the sample in a clean dry glass beaker, transfer the sample to the sample
cell quickly
• Cap the cell and dry the outside surface of the cell with a tissue paper.
- 54 -
• Examine the water sample in the cell before placing it in the instrument. If bubbles
have formed on the inside wall of the cell; gently tapping on the cell wall or mildly
• Gently invert sample once to agitate any particulate that may have settled
• Place the cell in the turbidity meter with the direction mark on the cell forward
9. P – test (alkalinity):-
First raw syrup is made. This raw syrup is mixed with concentrate of the required beverage
flavor. The formulated ready syrup Brix is prepared for beverage manufacture.
SYRUP PREPARATION
- 55 -
Batch System
Continuous System
BATCH SYSTEM
Treated Water
Addition of sugar
Filter
Precoating
- 56 -
Pressure difference-In-2.5kg/cm2 Out-2.0kg/cm2 cooling
Plate heat exchanger Refrigerant-Glycol &cold Water (by water-up to 35 Deg cent
Ready syrup
Treated Water
Carbon Sugar
- 57 -
Contisolv
Filtration
Buffer tank
Bag Filter
Syrup Tank
- 58 -
Concentrate addition
Ready syrup
Manufacturing beverage and filling in RG or PET bottles is the major part of the plant.
The ready syrup is blended with treated in required proportion by two types of proportioners
namely MOJONNIER and PARAMIX. The HCCBPL holds 4 MOJOs and 1 PARAMIX
machine.
Basic functions
• Deaeration.
• Proportioning.
• Carbonation.
• Cooling.
Major equipments
• Deaerator.
• Carbotrol.
• PHE
• CC / buffer tank.
- 59 -
• 3 pumps
De aerator tank
• PM valve.
• NRV
SCFM meter
• Level floats
After De aeration
Proportioning principle
• Mojonnier:
Works on the principle of flow through an orifice syrup and water are made to pass through
orifice of different diameters, under same pressure. The orifice diameters is set as per the
mixing ratio.
• Paramix:
- 60 -
Works on flow control valves. As per the mixing ratio settings the flow control valves open
• Manual operations:
• Automatic functions:
devices.
• Time: higher the contact time b/w carbon-dioxide and product, higher is the carbonation.
• Surface area: more the contacts / surface area of water, more is the carbonation.
• Nature of bvg. : Higher the solubility of the beverage for CO2, higher the carbonation.
• Dissolved oxygen: lower the initial DO in the beverage, the higher is the carbonation.
- 61 -
Process flow diagram
Micron filter
De aerator
Feed Pump
Feed Pump
Water Syrup
Reservoir Reservoir
BLENDING
- 62 -
TO FILLER
- 63 -
Proportioner
Date Coding
Final Inspection
Casing
Palletizing
It is carried out manually, and cases are supplied to conveyer, for uncasing.
2) UNCASING: Removing of bottles from case. It is carried out by using uncaser machine.
- 64 -
3) PRE INSPECTION: Bottles are manually inspected for foreign material inside, mixed
4) BOTTLE WASHING:
1) Pre-rinse:- Here empty bottles are rinsed by water used in first rinse.
2) First soak: - Bottles are soaked in surface active reagent solution like caustic and BW 61.Here
3) Second soak: - First soak is followed by second soak, here temperature is maintained at 74
This section wise soaking is carried to avoid thermal shocks to bottles .the temperature
difference between two soaks should not be more than 15 deg cent.
5) Rinse: - Here rinsing is carried out in four stages as first, second, third and final. For rinsing,
treated soft water is used. The flow of water is from final soak to first soak. Water from first
5) PROPORTIONER:
Machine used for mixing of syrup, carbon dioxide and water in proper proportion is called as
Proportioner
1) Deairation
2) Proportioning
3) Carbonating unit
- 65 -
4) Cooling unit
1) De aeration: Its primary purpose is to remove dissolved oxygen from the incoming water
Vacuum system
CO2 stripping
De aeration is essential for high speed bottling lines and ambient filling. Other benefits of De
aeration are:
Less foaming
2) Proportionating: Proportioning equipment accurately blends finished syrup with water at the
Batch blending
- 66 -
Mass metered blending
surface area and contact time to facilitate the absorption of carbonation into beverage.
The primary function of the carbonating unit is to add CO2 to the product so that the standards
CO2 injection
CO2 education
Product type
Product temperature
CO2pressure
Air content
4) Cooling: The relationship between temperature and CO2 pressure in the carbonating process
is critical. Cooling should be consistent during production so that CO2 pressure established will
Plate coolers
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Shell and tube chillers
During mixing it is critical that the system be capable of producing a consistent product within
standards, be readily cleaned for product changeover and tend itself to the sanitation programme
6) FILLING:
1) Positioning
2) Pressurizing
3) Filing
4) End of filling
1) Positioning: The bottles are transferred to the bottle lift plates from where a vertical thrust
provided by compressed air raises the bottles towards the filing valves.
2) Pressurizing: A pneumatic valve opener causes gas from the filler bowl to flow into bottle
3) Filling: When the pressure in bottles reaches the same pressure as filler bowl the liquid valve
opens and liquid flows down into bottles and the gas in the bottle is pushed back to the filer
bowl.
4) End of filling: The filling stops when the liquid in the bottle reaches the month of the vent
tube, blocking the gas exit and the return of the gas to the filler bowl.
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5) Closing and decompression: Thereafter, the liquid and pressure valve are closed by
mechanical control. The gas left in the neck of the bottle is shifted out and the bottle is
decompressed. The bottles are descended back to their lower positions from where they move
for crowning.
Each filler manufacturer rates their filter at specific operating speeds of the size and type of
7) CROWNING:
The function of the crowner is to mechanically apply and seal crowns to bottles. This uses a
crimping technique that applies pressure to the top and sides of the crown. This pressure causes
The capper applies a pre-threaded plastic closure on the bottle, centers and pre tightens the
closure onto the bottle. The final stage seals to a pre-set dynamic torque. When the pre set
8) PACKAGE LABELLING:
Labellers are used to apply labels to returnable stock bottles and PET containers. Labels can be
used for special sales or promotions. Sleeve labels have the advantage of more consistent
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Labels can be made of:
Plastic laminate
Paper
Combination of material
9) DATE CODING:
Date of production.
Time of production.
Batch number
Line identification.
The coder is installed on the production line and identifies the filled beverage package as to
establish
Production date
Regulatory requirements
Mandatory information
This information’s would allow plant to check back if there were any problems with that
Ink jets
Video jets
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Lasers
In ink-jet coding, the container is dried by air or steam. Pressurized steam of ink passes through
nozzle and is broken into droplets by negative electric charge. Droplets are deflected and
Rub test: - Slight rubbing on date code print in one direction for
ten times. If it affects the print on sample it is failed and if not
1) Ageing: - In this test samples is allowed in open atmosphere for 24 hr and then test is carried.
2) Refrigeration:-In this test sample is allowed to refrigeration condition for 24 hr and then test
is carried.
3) Ice Immersion:-In this test sample is kept in ice water for 24hr and then test is carried.
The beverage filled bottles are again passed through a manual inspection station where the
beverage is scrutinised for appearance, clarity, presence of any particulate matter, and half
filled bottles. Rejected bottles are removed before packaging into cases
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11) CASING:
12) WAREHOUSING:
The filled bottles are arranged in cases and through a belt conveyor system are taken to the
shipping or warehouse area where they are stored till they are marketed.
SANITATION
The most important sanitation programme in the beverage plant deals with cleaning and
sanitizing of the surfaces that come in contact with syrup beverage, or ingredients in their
preparation.
Proper sanitation performed at the recommended frequency will minimize and most
likely completely eliminate the potential for bacteria, yeast and mold reproduction and growth.
The CIP (Clean in place) programme is done every 48 hrs of a run or after a flavor change. In
case of Kinley water it is done every 24 hrs of run. The CIP is done with the help of computer
fed programme of SIEMENS Company. There are two types of CIPs done.
4 step CIP
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Final rinse with treated water 10 min
6 step CIP
Hot caustic rinse (1.5% - 2.5% of caustic with a temp. of 73 ˚C) 15 min
The disposal of waste water from the bottling plants pose specific problems with respect to
Effluent from bottling plants consists of organic matter, decomposition or draining of which in
open atmosphere may cause serious problems with regard to production of obnoxious odour,
This kind of water may not be fit for recreational and other purposes; therefore it is essential that
water may be stabilized biologically before discharging into stream or any other body of water.
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EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
• Plant Capacity--2000m3/day
Physical Treatment
Chemical Treatment
Biological Treatment
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Bar screen first
Breaker chamber
Simple water
(1990 m3 capacity)
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Homogenous mixing
Neutralization tank
Aeration tank-I
Clarifier –I
(370 m3 capacity)
Aeration tank – II
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Clarifier - II
Treated water
Summary
Metering (synchrometer)
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This device then meters the syrup and water in fixed proportion to the carbonator.
The carbonated beverage then goes to the bottling or canning line, when it is admitted to sanitize
containers under a carbon dioxide pressurized atmosphere to prevent loss of carbon dioxide and
beverage boiling.
Storage
Soft drinks are generally sweetened, flavored, acidified, artificially carbonated and some
times chemically preserved. The history of establishment of soft drink industry in India lies for
more than the last four decades. The multinational soft drink company coca cola entered the
Indian market few years after independence while Pepsi entered the Indian in 1989. Coca cola
has captured a good market in different flavors namely Coca cola, ThumsUp, Fanta, Fanta
splash, Limca, Sprite, Sprite ice, Sprite zero, Diet coke, Kinley water, Kinley soda.
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In the manufacturing of these soft drinks first of all treatment of water is done in WTP i.e. hard
water changes to soft water then syrup is prepared by mixing the sugar in desired ratio. After
this CO2 is added to beverage in carbo- cooler. After this filling and capping is done at filler
point after this labeling is done and then bottles are kept on crates with the help of case packer
machine. Then storage is done at room temperature. A systematic quality control is essential in
every plant. In plant, quality control testing must start with the raw materials. Sampling and
testing of raw materials will provide on basis for accepting or rejecting the raw materials and
give useful information to obtain a finished product of the desired quality and self life.
Conclusion
The legal view point demands that the quality of products confirming to National and
International standard Industries, therefore, have a special responsibility to ensure that their
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• Raw material control.
• Sensory evaluation.
• Packaging.
REFERENCES
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