Afnai Atit Dohoriye Jasto - Madhuban Paudel - pdf2

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vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

Afnai atit dohoriye jasto – A Collection of Short Stories by
Madhuban Paudel, 2010
Published by Abhi-Jaman Smriti Trust, Kuwait/Duliajan/ Dehradun
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mbpaudel@hotmail.com

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;f]Rg', hLjgsf] pHofnf] kIfsf] cfsf+Iff ug'{ d[ut[i0ff xf]Og, lg/Gt/ nflu/x" Û kfl/jfl/s ;'v
;d[l4sf] k'g?Tyfg x'g]5 .Æ
zfGtg'/fh o;/L cfˆgf] hLjgsf] ;ªqmd0fsfndf ;ª\3if{/t 5g\— cgj/t .
t/ ;ª\qmd0fsfn eg] emg\emg\ nlDabf] lyof], s'g} kl/jt{g / gofFkg b]lvGgYof] .
k'/fgf] 3/sf] Pp6f s'gfdf a;]/ zfGtg'/fh Psf]xf]/f] e6ØfO/xGYof]— æxfd|f] klg lat]sf lbg
kms]{/ cfpnf ls ÛÆ
t/ ;ª\qmd0fsfn t gfd dfq lyof], of] t cgGt h:tf] kf] lyof] Û■

Zofdnfn gfpm
a"9f] gfpm Zofdnfn 3fd tfk]/ cfˆgf uf]8fsf] gª sfl6/x]sf] lyof], p;sf] 5f]/fn]
RofFl7\7b} a/G8fleq k:b} eGof]— æaf Û af Û k'/]taf cfpg'eof], skfn cfh} gvf}l/sg ePg
/]ÛÆ
æaf x'g'x'Gg eGb] hf .Æ a"9fn] l/;n] cfFvf /ftf/ftf kfl/;s]sf] lyof] . 5f]/f]rflxFn]
6\jfNn kb}{ eGof]— æk'/]taf t ToxfF b}nf]df a;]/ s'/f ;'lg/xg'esf] 5 .Æ
a"9fsf] cg'xf/df k'/]tn] s'/f ;'g]sf6]df klg s'g} la:dftsf] /]vf emNs]sf] lyPg .
Ps k6s cfˆgf] e'mq] 5f]/fsf] d'vdf x]/]/ a"9fn] eGof]— æhf Û hf ÛÛ, tftf] kfgL / d]/f] emf]nf
lnP/ cf Û clg t]/f k'/]t afnfO{ klg leq} af]nf ÛÆ
e'm:; k/]sf] bfx|L / cfwf OGr hlt nfdf] skfn a'Rr} b]vfpFb} /fdk|;fb k'/]t leq
k:5g\ . a"9f] gfpm cfˆg} sfddf Jo:t lyof] . p;n] 6fpsf] p7fP/ klg x]/]g .
tF t l/;fO;\ Sof/, d]/f] dsf{ g} a'‰b}g;\ Û lhNnfsf xflsdn] tNnf 3/sf] s'Dxfn]sf]
sfG5f] 5f]/fsf] l;kmfl/; u/]/ k7fPsf lyP . d s] g} u?F < t}F eg\ Û km]l/ o; k6s t Ps
hgf l;jfo gk7fpg] eGg] ePsf] /x]5 .Æ
/fdk|;fb k'/]t To; 7fpFsf 7"nf7fn', k|fOd/L :s"nsf k|wfgfWofks / k|efjzfnL
dflg; lyP . k|To]s jif{ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfddf ;/sf/L :t/df vf]lnPsf] afn cfjf;Lo
ljBfnodf ;/sf/L vr{df a:g k9\g kfpg] u/L PsPs hgf u/Lasf] s]6fs]6L n}hfg]
Joj:yf lyof] . a"9f] gfpmsf] 5f]/f] kfFr jif{sf] x'Fbfb]lv p;n] /fdk|;fb k'/]tsf] rfs8L u/]sf],
t/ tLg jif{;Dd klg 6]/k'R5/ gnfPsfn] k'/]t;Fu a"9f] gfpm Zofdnfn cfuf] ePsf] lyof] .
k'/]tsf s'/f ;'g]/ pm eG5—
æafh]n] kf]xf]/ klg To;} eGg'ePsf] lyof] lg Û skfn sf6\g k¥of] eg] Zofd], 3fp
vl6/f lrg{ k¥of] eg] Zofd], d]/f] sfddf rflxF Û cfk"mn] ug{ ;Sg] 7fpFdf klg b;f]6f laËf
nufpg'x'G5 gfOF Û Tof] df]/f] s'Dxfn]n] vf]nfkf/Lsf] ahf/df cfˆg} k;n klg yflk;Sof], yfxf
5 tkfO{+nfO{ < clg Tof] u/La ls d u/La < of] e'G6]nfO{ st} afFRg ;Sg] 7fpFdf nufOlbg'eof]
eg] 7"nf] u'g dfGg] lyPF . t/ s] ug'{ < cfk"mn] eGg] dfq xf], tkfO{+n] sfgdf wfuf]
aflglbg'x'G5.Æ
/fdk|;fb k'/]t s]xL af]Nb}gg\ . s'Dxfn]n] cfwf /ftdf cfP/ vgvgL ug]/ lbPsf k};f
emnemn pgsf cfFvf cufl8 cfpF5g\ .
ænf}, l56f] skfn lehfpgf];\ .Æ a"9f] gfpm a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 h'?Ss p7]/ ;fdfg 7Ls
kfg{ yfN5 . e'G6] eg] afF;sf vj6fsf] lkmlkm{/] agfP/ cfFugsf] Ps s'gfaf6 csf]{ s'gfdf
bu'b}{ lyof] .

ænf} x]gf]{;\, b]lvxfNg'eof] lg Û cfdfrflxFn] cfk"m h;jL/] 36/f];Fu lxF8]kl5 Ps k6s
klg o;nfO{ af]nfpg ;d]t k7fPsL xf]Og . dnfO{ rflxF ;w}F tkfO{+x¿sf] rfs8L ub}{ 7Ls 5.
clg of] e'G6]sf] rfnf c? s] x'g] <
Zofdnfn 5'/Ldf wf/ nufO/x]sf] lyof] .
ætF klg a"9]; sfndf aL; jif{sL t?gL :jf:gL NofpF5;\ Û d}n] t Tolta]n} eg]sf]
lyPF. Tof] cfzdfof h:tL gSsnL tF;Fu a:nL eGg] dnfO{ t k6s} ljZjf; lyPg .Æ
æd]/f] cfnf] 3fpdf lsg g"gr"s nufpg'x'G5 afh] < 3/hd / :jf:gL tkfO{+nfO{ dfq}
rflxG5 ls Sof xf] < d]/f ;Gtfg gePkl5 ef]ln xfd|f ufpFdf s'grflxF gfpm Nofpg'x'G5 <
tkfO{+ 5ftLdf xft /fv]/ eGgf];\ t ÛÆ
ædf]/f, clg lsg 5f]/fnfO{ k9\g k7fpg' k¥of] t < cfˆg} sfd l;sf gÆ /fdk|;fb k'/]t
skfnaf6 tk\tk\ kfgL r'xfpFb} ;'s'ndf a:b} hjfkm lbG5g\ .
Zofdnfn gfpmn] k'/]t afh]nfO{ cfFvf tl//x]sf] lyof] . TolQs}df e'G6] bu'b}{ leq k:b}
ub\ub\ eP/ eG5—
æk'/]t afh], k'/]t afh] Û dnfO{ klg afpn] lhNnfsf] :s"ndf k7fpg] /] Û ToxfF t a:g]
vfg] 7fpF klg 5 /] Û :s"ndf dg nfu] hlt v]Ng klg kfOG5 /] ÛÆ
/fdk|;fbsf] d'vaf6 Ps as k'm6\b}g .
Zofdnfn RofFl7\7P/ 5f]/fnfO{ vfpFnfh:t} ub}{ s'n{G5—
æhfnf;\ Û hfnf;\ ÛÛ df]/f cefuL Û afh]sf e/ k/];\ ca Û afh]n] tFnfO{ vf]nfkfl/
ahf/sf] kf6Ldf xf6 ug{ cfpg] 9fqm]x¿sf] skfn sf6\g k7fpF5g\ ls lhNnfsf] :s"ndf
k7fpF5g\, tFnfO{ s] yfxf <Æ
æd t ltdLn] h:tf] skfn sf6\g] 7fpFdf hfGgF ÛÆ e'G6] ljb|f]xL cfjfh lgsfNb}
kmGkmlgP/ lg:sG5 . Zofdnfn Psl5g 5f]/f] lg:s]sf] x]l//xG5 .
/fdk|;fb afa'–5f]/fsf] s'/f ;'lg/xG5g\ . ToltGh]n;Dd Zofdnfnn] 5'/Ldf wf/
nufO;s]sf] lyof] . /fdk|;fb klg km]l/ dgtftf] kfgLn] skfn / bfx|L lehfpg p7\5g\ .
skfn lehfpFbf lehfpFb} pgL kNofsk'n's Zofdnfn gfpmnfO{ klg x]b}{5g\ . Zofdnfn To:t}
lyof]— s;}nfO{ s]xL eGg afFsL g/fVg] .
Zofdnfn xftdf 5'/L lnP/ /fdk|;fbsf] bfx|L sfl6/x]sf] 5 . hlt l/; p7] klg
cfˆgf] sfddf pm Odfgbf/ 5 .
æ;fFRrL t]/f] h:tf] xn'Ëf] xft t s;}sf] 5}g af Û cln a9\tf l/; dfq p7\5 tFnfO{ .Æ
pgL 5'/f ;kmf ub}{/x]sf] ZofdnfnnfO{ x]b}{ eG5g\ .
ædnfO{ l/; gp7] s;nfO{ p7\nf t < of] ufpFdf ;a}sf] rfs8L u/]sf] krf; jif{
eO;Sof] . t/ dnfO{ k¥of] eg] s;}n] kms]{/ klg x]b}{gg\ ÛÆ
æef] ef] gs/f Û ;lsof] t <Æ
æg;lsof eP d 5'/f tx nfpF5' t <Æ pm /GsG5 .

/fdk|;fb k'/]t h'?Ss p7]/ 6fpsf] / ufnf ;'d;'Dofpg yfN5g\ .
æcfh tNnf ufpFsf] lhDdfjfnsxfF ;/f2] u/fpg hfg' 5 . e'G6]nfO{ e/] dfq k'GsL
lng k7fpnf;\ .Æ
æef]ln g} eg t afh] lsg e/] dfq < ltdLn] slxn] s] lbof5f} / d'vsf] lrKnf] 3:5f}<Æ
Zofdnfn kmgkmlgP/ 3/leq k:5 . /fdk|;fb k'/]t klg cfˆgf] af6f] nfU5g\ .
Zofdnfnn] ;fFRrL g} ;f/f ufpFn]x¿sf] rfs8L u/]sf] 5 . skfn sf6\g], bfx|L vf}/g],
3fp–vl6/f lrg]{, h] sfd eP klg ;a} p;}sf 3/ cfpF5g\ . a"9f] Zofdnfn jif{ lbgdf hgxL
Ps kfyL ds} kfpF5, afnL eg] klg Hofnf eg] klg . hf] cfP klg p;sf s'/f To:t} x'g\—
/fdk|;fb k'/]t;Fu u/]sf uGyg h:t} . pm ;a}nfO{ ufpF 5f]8]/ hfg] wDsL lbO{ g} /xG5 .
/fdk|;fb k'/]th:t} ;a} ufpFn]x¿ p;sf s'/f Ps sfgn] ;'g]/ csf]{ sfgn] p8fOlbG5g\ .
t/ Zofdnfn gfpm g} Tof] ufpFsf ;a}nfO{ rflxG5, dlxgf kGw| lbgdf ;a} p;sf] 9f]sf
3R3Rofpg cfO{ g} /xG5g\, skfn vf}l/g xf];\ jf 3fp lrg{ Û t/ pm eg] cfˆg} Joyfn] ;Fw}
lk/f]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . ■

z"Go ;do
kmnfdsf] 808L ;8sdf 3;fb}{ a]tf]8 d]/f] ‰ofn;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;8sdf bu'l//x]sf]
6«ssf] l/; p7\bf] cfjfhn] d em;Ë lapFlemPF . b'O{ rf/ 7fpFdf l5b| k/]sf] kbf{af6 sf]7fleq
s]xL pHofnf] l5l//x]sf] lyof] . dnfO{ p7]/ 38L x]g]{ hfFu/ klg lyPg . leQfdf 6fFlªPsf]
…vG8]dfsf{Ú 38Ldf %%% sf] cÍ / kf}g] cf7 ah] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . t/ aflx/af6 l5/]sf]
k|sfzaf6 vf; ;do kfFr ;f9] kfFr eP h:tf] nfUYof] . dnfO{ 3fF6Ldf s]xL rLh c8\s]
h:tf] c;lhnf] cg'ej eO/x]sf] lyof] . o;kN6 cS6f]a/d} snsQf ;x/ k|b"if0fsf]
k/fsfi6fdf k'lu;s] h:tf] lyof] . To;df klg cl3Nnf] lbg /ftL ca]nf;Dd /S;L rn]sf]n]
emg\ skfn} k'm6\nf h:tf] ePsf] lyof] . ?3fn] gfs aGb eP/ klg c;lhnf]kg emg\ a9]
h:tf] nfUYof]— s]xL cfˆg} sfdsf] kmn / s]xL df};dsf] k|lts"n c;/— b'j}sf] lzsf/ ePsf]
lyPF d .
lxhf] /ftL=== lxGbL l;g]dfsf] ;'?jft /fd|} / 3tnfUbf] lyof] . ;a} To;d} d:t /x]sfn]
cª\u|]hL l;l/on x]g{ klg kfOPg . slt ss{/ ug'{ >LdtL / 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu Û To;}n] l9n} eP
klg yk b'O{ k]u 3KnSs kf/]/ ;'ltlbPsf] lyPF . To;}sf] c;/ cfh k/]sf] lyof] .
3f6Ldf 6Gg k/]sf] skm t lgNg ePg— h'?Ss p7]/ a]l;glt/ nfu]F . s:tf] cËf/ h:tf]
sfnf] / afSnf] klg TolQs} Û To:t} c¿ slt kmf]S;f] e/L y'lk|O;s]sf] xf]nf eGg] qf;n]
;tfpF5 . t/ 8/fP/ s] ug]{, s'g} pkfo klg t lyPg . To;nfO{ x]b}{ wf/f vf]n]/ aufOlbPF .
a}7sdf pHofnf] a9\b} lyof] ;fy} cSjfl/odsf] 6Ø"a nfO6, c:ktfnsf] a/G8fsf]
7"nf] aQL / ;8ssf] ;f]l8od nfO6 ;a}n] a}7snfO{ cem} pHofnf] agfO/x]sf lyP . a}7sdf
d lxF8\bf ;'lgg] ;¥ofs\;'?s\sf] cfjfh ;'g]/ d]/f] hd{g l:k6\h\ s's'/ hLgn] SjfFSs u¥of] .
p;nfO{ laxfg ;a]/} dfly sf};Ldf n}hfg'kYof]{, clg pm csf]{ @÷# 306f ;f]kmfdf ;'t]/
latfOlbGYof] . dnfO{ b]v]/ pm vf]/lt/ tgSs cfª tGsfpFb} lyof] .
æcfh slxNo} gePsf] s'/f ef] Û kfgL kg]{ kf] xf] ls <Æ d}n] hLgsf] vf]/ vf]n]/ sf};Llt/ hfg
nfu]sf] b]v]/ a]8?daf6} >LdtLn] d'v r]k|ØfpFb} tLvf] k|ltlqmof JoQm ul/g\ . ;fdfGotof Tof]
sfd pgn] uly{g\ .
sf};Ldf klg s] hfg' < s'lx/f] nfu] h:tf] 6Gg w"nf] / w'jfFsf] :du\n] rf/} lbzf
9fs]sf] lyof] . To;df klg sDkfpG8 aflx/sf] lrof k;n] /fdrGb|]sf] sf]Onfsf] r"Nxf]
;Nsfpg] a]nf ePsf]n] w'jfFsf] 8/n] dfly pSng dg} lyPg t/ guP/ klg s] ug]{ < %÷^
dlxgf;Dd ;a]/} Ps 306f leS6f]l/ofsf] rSs/ nufPkl5 d yfls;s]sf] lyPF . To;kl5
g]zgn nfOa|]/L / xls{sNr/ uf8]{gleq b'O{ rf/ dlxgf wSsf klg vfO;s]sf] lyPF . cGtdf
o"l/s Pl;8\sf] b'ik|efjn] ubf{ ljxfg lg:sg] qmd 6'6]sf] lyof] .

clnk'/ lrl8ofvfgfleq r/fr'?ËLsf] lrla{/ / tn ;8sdf uf8Lsf] cfjfudg klg
a9\b} lyof] . cfsfz v'Nb} uPsf]n] k/ x'UnL gbLdf hxfhx¿sf] tfFtL :ki6 x'Fb} lyof] — dfgf}F
8Ø"6Ldf a;]sf l;kfxLx¿sf] nfd lyof] Tof] . x'UnLsf] gofF k'n— ljBf;fu/ ;]t'— To;sf]
lemlnldln aQL klg lgle;s]sf] lyof] . cfFvf kL/f] x'Fb} uPsf]n] d w]/}a]/ sf}l;df pleg
rflxGgy]F . otfptL x]/]F— hLg s'g ;8\sf] tn k'lu;s]sf] /x]5 . tn d"n9f]sf cfwf kmSn]F6f]
vf]n]/ rf}sLbf/ r'/f]6 ;NsfpFb} lyof] . cufl8 k'm6\kfydf d}nf !÷! j6f emf]nf / sk8fsf]
kf]sf] af]s]/ Ps hf]8L cw{a}F;] g]kfnL pleO/x]sf lyP . æsfutL kfgL ÛÆ >LdtLn] ev{/
g'xfP/ ?dfnn] skfn a]/]sL lyOg\ .
æo;n] slxNo} g5f]8\g] ef]Æ eGb} lunf; ;dfPF d}n] . d]/f] ôfQ k/]sf] e'F8Lsf] af];f]
kufNg] cys k|of; ub}{ lyOg\ >LdtLÛ
sna]n tLvf] cfjfhn] hLg ;f]kmfaf6 pk|m]/ 9f]sfdf plk|m plk|m e'Sg yfNof] . aflx/
rf}lsbf/ lyof] .
æ;fx]a Û b'O{ hgf a]vrL{ cfPsf 5g\ .Æ
sf};Laf6 embf{ d}n] nv sf6]sf] ;To /x]5 . lxhf] lbpF;f] dfq Ps hgfnfO{ hf]ujgL
hfg] a;sf] l6s6 sf6]/ k7fPsf] cfh c¿ cfO;s] . dgdg} nfUof]— jf Û Sof kf]li6ª\df
cfOP5 af Û c¿ ;fyLefOx¿ /ftf lrNnf ufnf kf/]/ cfgGbdf a;]sf xf]nfg\ Û pgnfO{ g
k|b"if0f, g a]nf s'a]nf o:tf dfG5] ;'dg'{kg]{ . cfk"mnfO{ eg] ;Fw} bnfnx¿sf] wDsL, hfnL
kmf6fxfx¿sf] vKsL, gfkmfvf]/ a]kf/Lsf] 3'sL{ cflb ;a} ;xg'kg]{ . d cfˆgf] sd{ /
xflsdx¿sf] cfk"mk|ltsf] ;'b[li6nfO{ lwSsfb}{ tn cf]ln{PF . d"n9f]sfdf sf]xL lyPg— ;fob tL
hf]8L lxFl8;s]sf lyP .
æxh'/, pgLx¿nfO{ pgs} ufpFsf] dfG5]n] lnP/ uof] . e]6\g cfPsf /x]5g\, Sof t
pgLx¿ ToxfF cfkm}FnfO{=== Æ rf}lsbf/n] skfn sGofpFb} eGof] . d}n] p;sf] cg'xf/df x]/]F—
Pp6f s'l6n xfF;f] lyof] p;sf] cg'xf/df . d}n] s'/f a'em]sf] lyPF eGg] p;nfO{ osLg lyof] .
;fFlRr g} oyfy{ s'/f ;DemFbf d cfkm}FnfO{ cfTdUnfgL x'g] uYof]{— ;/sf/L clkm;,
k'ln; yfgfdf dfG5]x¿nfO{ e]6\g hfFbf klg lz/ lgx'/fpg' kg]{ x'GYof] . cfˆg} 5f]/La]6LnfO{
/G8Lsf]7Ldf nufOlbP/ rf8 kj{df e]6\g cfpg], vr{jr{ p7fpg]— d]/f] b]zsf lg/Lx k|f0fLx¿
lyP pgLx¿ Û kmfOnleq ylGsP/ a;]sf pgLx¿sf] aofg— snsQ] dfOnf]n] jL/]nfO{ e}F;L
lsGg lbPsf] k};fsf] lx;fa, ;fgf] sfG5fn] cfdfsf] lsl/of ug{ lnPsf] k};f, cfzfaxfb'/n]
klx/f]n] n8fPsf] 3/ dd{t ug{ larf/L afh];Fu lnPsf] C0f / 7"n]nfO{ u'7L ptfg{ k|wfgn]
lbPsf] k};f— o:t} /sd r'Qmf ug{ pgLx¿ cfˆgf 5f]/La]6LnfO{ d'Unfg s6fOlbg] uy]{—
s6fpg' kg]{ afWotf klg lyof] . gq s] ug]{ pl7af; eOxfNYof] .
snsQ] dfOnf]sf] gfd w]/}j6f aofgdf pNn]v lyof], t/ clxn];Dd p;nfO{ xfdL
s;}n] b]v]sf lyPgf}F . p;sf] x'lnof yfxf eP/ klg sf]xL s]xL eGb}gy] — slxn] t dnfO{
nfUYof] pm s'g} dfG5] xf]Og Pp6f lu/f]xsf] cl:tTj af]s]sf] gfd dfq xf] . yfxf kfpg]x¿

;a}n] ;DejtM p;sf] e]b gvf]Ng] w]/} sf/0f lyP— afWotf, ldn]dtf] / cem dgleqsf] qf; Û
cem 8/ klg Û
kl08tn] dlGb/df k"hf ;ls;s]sf lyP— 306L Psgf;n] alh/x]sf] lyof] . dg
gnfuL gnfuL dfly cfˆgf] ˆnf6\lt/ pSn]F . bfx|L sf6\g], cvaf/sf] x]8\ nfOg k9]/ sl6ªsf]
lgldQ lrgf] nufpg], clg g'xfOj/L Ps ufF; l6k]/ tn clkm;df l;Ëf] lbg latfpg afFsL g}
lyof] .
cfh lgs} ud vfOFb}5 lg Û lxhf] a]n'sL sDtf eP kf] <Æ >LdtLsf] tLvf] JoË ;'g]F .
Psflaxfg} o:tf] 5]8 k]r ;'Gg'kbf{ d]/f] k}tfnfb]lv tfT5 eGg] yfxf kfP/ klg pgL
eGg 5f]8\lbgg\ . dnfO{ jf:tjdf lxhf]sf] /S;Lsf] gzfn] /fd|} 5f]l8;s]sf] lyof], afFsL lyof] t
s]jn g}/fZotf Û ljut b'O{ jif{b]lv dfgf}F oxL g} d]/f] lbgrof{ ePsf] lyof] .
;dorqm klg cgf}7f] x'g] /x]5 . Ps} l5gdf dnfO{ b'O{ jif{ cfFvf lemldSs kbf{ lat]
h:tf] nfUYof]— 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ xnSs eO;s]sf lyP . clg plQgv]/} dgdf cfFwL p7]/
cfpFYof]— of] …cfgGbgu/LÚ df slt jif{ ;8]/ a:g' kg]{ xf]nf eGg] lrGtfn] ;tfpFYof] . olt
nfdf] ;do d}n] hlt sfd d]xgt u/] klg d]/f cfˆgfn] b]Vb}gy], h/f gePsf], ?vdf kfgL
lbFb} lyPF d . dgleq cfzf sd / lg/fzfsf] x'F8/L a9L /fv]/ d Pp6f cgf}7f] bf];fFwdf
afFlr/x]sf] lyPF . PSsf;L cfpg] laxfg, lbge/L cg]s lsl;dsf ‰ofpF ‰ofpF, ;fFem k/]kl5
6]a'n NofDksf] dw'/f] pHofnf]df lstfa kqklqsf k9\g], 6L=eL= cufl8 a;]/ /S;Lsf] r':sL
lng] ?l6ga4 lbgrof{ Û dnfO{ cfk"m :s"n k9\bf ef]u]sf lbgx¿sf] ;Demgf x'GYof]— clxn]
Pp6f lkl/o8 ;s]kl5 306L eg] nfUb}gYof] / cª\u|]hLsf] lkl/o8\df Oltxf; / lx;fasf]
lkl/o8'df g]kfnL klg k9\g s'g} afwf lyPg dnfO{ . km/s olQ g} lyof]— dnfO{ ;Demfpg]
sf]xL lyPg . d]/f] nflu lbgsf] @$ 306fnfO{ ljefhg ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf lyPg . dgk/L Û d h]
klg af]Ng ;Sy]F ;+;b\sf] z"Go ;dodf h:t} . s'g} nufd lyPg . ;fFlRrs} j]nufd 3f]8f
h:t}. ■

b'3{6gfkl5 lg/Lx eP/ afFRbf
cz]ifsf cfFvf leQfdf e'mlG8Psf] cfˆg} t:jL/df c8]sf] lyof] . b'O{ jif{ cufl8
lvr]sf] Tof] 7"nf] t:jL/ slQ cfsif{s 5. af6'nf] cg'xf/df b'O{ j6f 7"nf 7"nf cfFvf, s]xL
nfdf] gfs / ufnfdf Pp6f ;fgf] 3fpsf] vt . Tof] 3fpsf] vt slxn]b]lv a;]sf] xf] p;nfO{
;Demgf 5}g . t/ Tof] 3fpsf] vtn] uf]/f] cg'xf/df emg\ ;'Gb/tf ylklbPsf] lyof] . lax] ug'{
cl3 /]0f'nfO{ x]g{ hfFbf p;nfO{ klg ufnfsf] vt ;fFRrL g} p;sf] cg'xf/sf] ljz]iftf nfu]sf]
lyof] /] Û
cz]ifnfO{ cfˆgf] t:jL/ x]l//xg dg nfU5 . pm P]gfdf cfˆgf] cg'xf/ x]g{ rfxFb}g .
clxn] tL ;'Gb/ cfFvfdWo] Pp6fdf clxn] sfnf] k§L nufOPsf] 5 . p;sf] gfs b]a|]lt/
aflËPsf] 5 / cg'xf/el/ 3fpsf vt} vt 5g\ . 6f9faf6 x]bf{ p;sf] cg'xf/el/ lakm/sf
bfu em}F b]lvg] tL s}og\ vtn] ;'Gb/ cz]ifnfO{ s'?k agfOlbPsf 5g\ . cz]ifnfO{ ;ft dlxgf
cufl8 ePsf] df]6/ b'3{6gfsf] ;Demgf x'G5 . pm dfq lsg afFRg'k'Uof] < sf/leq r9]sf c?
;a} dflg;h:t} u/L pm lsg d/]g < cz]ifnfO{ cfˆgf] Pp6f xft / b'j} v'§f u'dfP/ afFRg'eGbf
dg}{ kfPsf] eP x'GYof] eGg] OR5f p;sf] dgdf pl7/xG5 . /]0f'nfO{ klg p;sf] of] cj:yfn]
;fob cfwf d/]sf] h:t} agfOlbPsf] lyof] . lar/L /]0f' Û pm b'O{ jif{ cl3 Pp6f ;'Gb/, ;Eo,
xF;d'v / cfw'lgs o'js cz]if;Fu ;'vL j}jflxs hLjg latfpg] ;kgf lnP/ cfPsL lyO{ .
cz]ifn] yf]/} ;dodf Pp6f bIf / ;kmn cfls{6]S6sf] x}l;otn] k|lti7f sdfO;s]sf] lyof] .
pm sf7df8f}Fdf ljBfyL{ hLjg latfpFbf uNnLleqsf] ;fF3'/f] sf]7fdf cfˆgf lbg sf6\g' k/]sf]df
jfSs dfg]/ ;w}F ;x/aflx/ Pp6f ;'Gb/ gu/ a;fNg] ljrf/ ug]{ uYof]{ . ;ft jif{kl5 cfP/
p;sf] ;kgf s]xL ;fsf/ ePsf] lyof], lsgeg] pm gu/ ljsf; of]hgfdf g} ;]jf/t x'g k'u]sf]
lyof] .
clxn] cz]ifsf] bflxg] xft g} 5}g . Tof] xft, h;n] o'lgel;{6Ldf 8«Oª / ldlgPr/
agfpg] sfddf w]/} hz kfPsf] lyof] clxn] ;fob ;'gsf]zLsf] s'grflxF 9'Ëleq n]p ag]/
df5fsf] k]6leq kl/;Sof] xf]nf . cz]if cfˆgf] lgwf/df xft /fv]/ ;f]R5— rLkm OlGhgLo/
dfq lsg d¥of] < Tof] ljb]zL ljz]if1sf] 6fpsf] dfq lsg w"nf]kL7f] eof] < p;sf b'O{ ;xof]uL
dfq lsg ;'gsf]zLsf] e]ndf ldNg k'u] < pm PSn} o:tf] bogLo / lg/Lx eP/ afFRgsf] lglDt
lsg 9'Ëfsf] ssf/f]leq cl8of] <
cz]if afFRg'sf] cy{ p;k|lt lgoltsf] 7"nf] lj8Dagf xf] eGg] p;n] 7fg]sf] lyof] .
p;nfO{ lxF8\g dg nfU5, 8'Ng dg nfU5 . t/ clxn] pm XjLn r]o/df hah{:tL afFlwP/
aflx/ a/G8f;Dd dfq hfg ;S5 . a/G8fdf p;nfO{ 5f]8]/ ahf/ uPsf] gf]s/ gkms'{Gh]n pm
km]l/ cfˆgf] sf]7fdf uP/ kN6g OR5f eP klg hfg ;dy{ 5}g . ;fob /]0f's f] gf]s/L
gePsf] eP p;sf] PSnf]kg s]xL xb;Dd x6\Yof] ls < t/ cz]if lxhf]cfh /]0f;Fu v'n]/

af]Ng klg ;+sf]r dfGg yfn]sf] 5 . slxn]sfxLF cz]ifnfO{ nfU5— /]0f'nfO{ lsg lax] u¥of]
p;n] eg]/ . p;sf] lgo'lQm kf]v/fsf] ;§f wgs'6f eOlbPsf] eP ;fob /]0f';Fu e]6 klg x'g]
lyPg, pm cem} cljjflxt g} /xg] klg ;Defjgf lyof] . t/ dflg;sf] hLjgdf s] s] 36gfqmd
36\g cfpF5g\ s] s], h;af6 d'lQm kfpg sl7g x'G5 .
cz]if OlGhgLo/ lyof] . /]0f' g[Tosnf k9]/ cfPsL o'jlt h;nfO{ hfuL/ vfg'kg]{
cfjZostf g} lyPg . /]0f' cfˆgf afa'nfO{ ;3fpg kf]v/f k'u]sL lyO{ hxfF p;sf] afa'n]
;/sf/L lgdf{0fsf] 7]Ssf lnPsf lyP . cz]if ToxL lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f uYof]{ . Ps
xftdf r'/f]6, Ps xftdf hLksf] :6]ol/ª\u ;dft]/ cfFvfdf sfnf] rZdf nufP/ ahf/sf]
;fFw'/f] af6f]df tLg rf/ k6s x/]s lbg bu'bf{ p;nfO{ glrGg] sf] lyof] / < /]0f'n] ;fob
To;}a]nf cz]ifnfO{ klxnf]kN6 b]v]sL lyO{ .
lax]sf] s'/f rn]kl5 cz]ifn] cfˆgf] k'/fgf] ;fyL g/]Gb|nfO{ /]0f'nfO{ x]g{ k7fPsf] lyof].
;fgf] 7fpF ePsf]n] p;n] cfkm} klxn] x]g{ hfg rfx]g lsgeg] ;'lzlIft / cfw'lgs ljrf/s}
eP klg /]0f'nfO{ Ps k6s x]/] kl5 ljx] gubf{ kf]v/f h:tf] ;fgf] 7fpFdf xNnf xf]nf eGg] 8/
p;nfO{ lyof] . g/]Gb|n] x]/]/ cfPsf] lbg eg]sf] lyof]— æof/ Û cz]if, To;sf] t cfFvf g} tF
xfdLnfO{ 6'gf nufpnf h:tf] 5 . x'g t t}Fn] x]/]sf] 5}g;\, t/ x]l/;\ eg] tF t s] ljZjfldqsf]
afh]sf] klg s]xL hf]8 rNb}g .Æ ljx]sf] klxnf] /ftd} cz]ifn] /]0f'nfO{ g/]Gb|sf oL zAbx?
;'gfOlbPsf] lyof] . jf:tjdf /]0f'fn] g} cz]ifnfO{ dg k/fP/ afa'nfO{ ljx] ug{ ;ª\s]t u/]sL
/lx5 .
oL ;a} cz]ifsf] b'3{6gfeGbf k'/fgf s'/f x'g\ . b'3{6gf x'g] lbg laxfg}b]lv /]0f' Hj/
cfof] eg]/ ;'t]sL lyO{ . 3/sf] gf]s/ klg ufpF uPsf]n] cz]if st} aflx/ hfg] ljrf/df
lyPg. t/ b'3{6gf x'g] s'/f s;n] 6fg{ ;Sbf] /x]5 / Û laxfg ;ft} ah] rLkm OlGhgLo/sf]
8«fOe/ af]nfpg cfOk'Uof]— h?/L sfddf afx|la;] hfg'k¥of] eg]/ . cz]ifn] p;nfO{ ;Grf]
gePsf] axfgf u/]/ kmsf{OlbPsf] lyof] . t/ klg rLkm OlGhgLo/ cfkm}F cfP/ ;fy} guO{ w/}
lbPg / nlu5f]8\of]— /]0f';Fu cg'dlt lnP/ . rLkm OlGhgLo/nfO{ sfnn] s'Ts'TofPsf] /x]5,
cfk"m t uof] uof] cz]ifnfO{ klg cwd/f] u/fP/ labf lnof] . /]0f'nfO{ cf]5Øfgdf 5f]8]/ uPsf]
cz]ifn] b'O{ dlxgfkl5 dfq c:ktfnsf] sf]7fdf /]0f'sf] c:ki6 cg'xf/ b]Vg kfPsf] lyof] .
Tof] lbg xf]z cfpFbf pm lrRofPsf] lyof] . cfˆgf] bflxg] xft / b'j} v'§fx? gePsf] yfxf
kfPkl5 p;nfO{ afFlr/xg] OR5f lyPg . Pp6f cfFvfn] p;n] /]0f'sf] z'is cg'xf/ x]/]sf]
lyof]— afO{; j;Gtdfq b]v]sL /]0f'sf] cg'xf/df c;ª\Vo kL8fsf /]vfx? emlNsGy] . p;sf]
kª\u' nf]Ug] ca s'g} sfdsf] /x]sf] lyPg . cz]if xf]z cfP/ cfFvf vf]Nbf /]0f'sf] cg'xf/df
Pp6f ha{h:tL xfF;f] lyof]— ;fob 8fS6/sf] lgb]{zgn] lgsflnPsf] xfF;f] Û gq cz]ifdf s]
afFsL lyof] / /]0f'n] xif{ dgfpg'kg]{ < Pp6f lhpFbf] nfzsf] ?kdf afFr]sf] p;sf] nf]Ug]n]
p;nfO{ ef]lnsf lbgx?df s;/L ;'v, ;Gtf]if / ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg;SYof] / pm v'zL x'g'kg]{ <
xf]; v'Ngf;fy p;sf] dgdf o:t} s'/f v'n]sf lyP .

c:ktfnaf6 3/ kms]{kl5 ;w}F cz]ifsf] dgdl:tisdf Pp6f 7"nf] eon] nv]l6/x]
h:tf] nfUYof]— s] /]0f' jfWotfjz pm;Fu a:b} 5] < pm slxn];Dd cz]ifh:tf] kª\u'sL :jf:gL
eP/ hLjg ofkg ug{ dflg/xG5] < s] pm cz]if;Fu d'lQm kfpg] OR5f ul//x]sL 5] < cflb
cflb . /]0f'n] hfuL/ vfPsL 5 . cz]ifsf] k'/fgf] ;fyL g/]Gb|;Fu /]0f'sf] x]nd]n a9\b}5 .
g/]Gb| lax] gu/]sf] cfw'lgs gjo'js xf] . cz]ifsf] dl:tisdf oL ;a s'/f v]ln/xG5g\ rfx]/
jf grfx]/ klg .
p;nfO{ gf]s/n] lrof agfP/ NofpF5 . klxn] em}F /]0f' cfkm}F gf]s/sf] ;fydf cfP/
lrof lkpFbf pm;Fu ukm ug{ 5f]l8;sL . tLg rf/ lbg cufl8 pm cz]ifnfO{ eg]/ uf]bfj/L 3'Dg
uPsL lyO{— g/]Gb|sf] ;fydf . cz]if dgdg} lrl9G5— /]0f' lsg p;nfO{ ;'gfP/ hfG5] <
cz]ifnfO{ yfxf 5— g/]Gb| / /]0f' 3lgi7 x'Fb}5g\ . g/]Gb| cfP/ 306f}F cz]if;Fu ukm u/]/ hfG5
/ k'/fgf s'/fx? ;DemfP/ cz]ifsf] dg axnfpg] k|of; u5{ / afFRg] k|]/0ff lbP/ hfG5 . t/
cz]ifnfO{ g/]Gb|n] af]n]sf k|To]s zAbn] p;nfO{ Joª\Uo u/] em}F nfU5 . s'g} ;do lyof]— ha
g/]Gb| :ki6 ?kn] cz]ifk|lt cfˆgf] O{iof{ k|s6 uYof]{ . t/ cfh kl/l:yltn] kN6f vfPsf]
5. cz]if g} stf stf g/]Gb|sf] O{iof{ ug{ k'u]sf] 5 .
laxfg ;"of]{bo ePb]lv a]n'sL;Dd cz]ifsf] dgdf o:t} o:t} s}of}F s'/f v]ln/xG5g\ .
p;nfO{ s]xL n]Vg dg nfU5 . b]a|] xftn] n]Vg] afgL 5}g— l;Sg yfn]sf] dlxgf lbg laTbf
klg pm n]Vg ;Sb}g . To;}n] cz]ifnfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] xLgtfsf] cg'ej x'G5— ;fob pm ca
s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g efjL lbgx?df .
;w}F em}F cfh klg /]0f' aflx/ uPsL 5 . hfFbf p;n] eg]sL lyO{ — æcz', w]/} lbg eof]
lkSr/ uPsL 5}g . cfh g/]Gb|n] l6s6 lnO/fV5' eg]sf] 5 . cln 9Lnf] xf]nf . ltdL t
;'lt;S5f} xf]nf .Æ
/]0f'sf] s'/f ;'g]/ cz]ifn] ;Ddlt;"rs zAb xfF;]sf] lyof] . pm ;f]R5— /]0f' lsg o:tf
s'/f eg] p;nfO{ kfvfdf k/]sf] df5f h:tf agfO/xG5] < p;sf dgdf ca x/]s s'/f
eO;s]. cz]ifsf /ft klg emG8} lbgh:t} u/L laT5g\ . p;nfO{ lgb|f klg nfUb}g . cfh t
/]0f' klg 5}g, gq klqsf ;dfP/ eP klg cz]ifsf] cufl8 cfP/ a:yL pm, s]xL rfvnfUbf
;dfrf/ eP k9]/ ;'gfpFyL . sfd ug]{ dflg; eP klg pm s]xL s'/f ug{ hfGb}g . p;sf klg
cfˆg} b'Mvsf syf 5g\, ufpFsf] d'lvofn] aif]{gL td;'s km]/]/ p;sf] n§Lk§L lnPsf] Oltxf;
5 . ljr/f, pm klg b}jsf] lj8Dagfsf] Pp6f HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] cz]if h:t} .
/ftL ;Fw} em}F /]0f' cfP/ p;sf] 5]pdf kN6G5], dfgf}F ls pm 6Dd kf/L u'6\d'6ØfP/ dfgj
z/L/sf] 9fFrfdf agfOPsf] Pp6f l;/s h:t} xf], h;sf] ghLs cfk"m ;/]/ hfg ;lsG5 t/
Tof] cfkm}F ;/]/ cfpg ;Sb}g . cz]ifsf] dgdf nfU5— ;fob /]0f' clgR5fk"j{s Pp6}
la5Øf}gfdf ;'Tg cfpg] u5]{ . ;fob pm o;} u/L afFsL hLjg latfpg] c7f]6df 5] .
cz]if slxn] cfˆgf] lg/Lxtf b]v]/ lbSs dfGg] u5{ t slxn] /]0f'sf] efjL hLjgaf/]
;f]Rb} lg/fz x'g] u5{ . ■

Hofgdf/f
cfh klg dflnsn] gnLn] lxsf{Psf] gLn8fd lnP/ b]jbf; 3/ kmls{/x]sf] 5 . 3/
k'Ugf;fy pm uf]dtLnfO{ tftf] kfgLn] ;w}F em}F ;]sfpg nufpg]5 . hldgbf/sf] 3/df p;sf
afa'–afh]n] k':tf}Fb]lv rfs/L ul/cfPsf x'g\ . To;}n] p;sf] dgleq hlt lj/f]wsf] Hjfnf
blGsP klg hldgbf/sf] b}nf]cufl8 k'Ugf;fy b]jbf;sf] lz/ a]tsf] xfFuf] em}F lgx'l/xfN5 .
p;sf ;ft k':tfn] hldgbf/sf vnssf nflu slt k;Lgf aufP, slt sfd ubf{ub}{ ylnP/
cf}ifwL gkfP/} csfn d[To'sf lzsf/ eP, cem slt ;Gtfg–b/;Gtfgn] pmh:t} u/L lk6fOdf
k/]/ ylnO{ Ps lbg labf lng]5g\ .p;sL :jf:gLn] slt k6s cfˆgf] dgsf] jx kf]lv;s]sL
5] . kNnf] ufpFdf Pp6f lqm:tfgL cfP/ :s"n vf]n]sf] 5 . p;n] nf]Ug] –:jf:gL b'j}nfO{ hfuL/
klg lbG5 /] . clg k'G6] / e'G6LnfO{ k9fOlbG5 /] Û t/ p;sf] s'/f dfGg'kg]{ /] . p;n] cfˆgf]
wd{ 5f]8\g'k5{ /] . pgLx¿sf] 3/af6 u0f]zsf] kmf]6f] lems]/ qm;sf] lrXg nufpg'k5{ /] Û
cfOtaf/}lkR5] :s"nk5fl8 ePsf] 7"nf] 3/df ;a} hgf uP/ k|fy{gf ug'{k5{ /] Û pgLx¿n]
slxNo} sfnLsf] yfgdf uP/ k"hf klg ug'{x'Gg /] Û
b]jbf;sf] hLpdf 8/n] sfF9f pd|G5g\ . cfˆgf afpafh]n] h'uf}Fb]lv k"hf u/]/ cfPsf]
u0f]z, xKt}lkR5] k"hf n}hfg] u/]sf] sfnLdlGb/ oL ;a} s;/L la;{g] < a? pm hldgbf/sf]
gnL ;xg tof/ 5, cfˆgf xft v'§f efFRg] u/L lk6] klg, /ut} 5bfP klg lqm:tfgL aGg hfg]
5}g . p;sL :jf:gL uf]dtLrflxF cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lrGtf 5 eG5] . t/ b]jbf;sf] afa'nfO{
klg To:t} kL/ lyof] xf]nf lg, pgn] cfˆgf] wd{ lsg 5f]8]gg\ < pm cfˆgf] afa'nfO{ b]ptfh:t}
dfG5 . pgn] h]7f hldgbf/nfO{ arfpFbf arfpFb} eL/af6 v;]/ v'§f efFr]sf lyP /] . clg
h]7f hldgbf/n] lzsf/df n}hfg gx'g] ePsfn] pgnfO{ lgsfn]sf lyP /] Û cfdfn] cfk"m
s]6fs]6L 5Fb} afa'sf] axfb'/Lsf] aofg ub}{ oL ;a s'/f b]jbf;nfO{ eg]sL lyOg\ .
b]jbf; ca 3/ k'lu;s]sf] 5 . uf]dtL afv|fsf] b"w b'x]/ ev{/ leq k;]sL /lx5 .
æuf]dtL clnslt tftf] kfgL / sk8f lnP/ cfOh .Æ
ælsg cfh klg=== < s] u¥of} ltdLn] km]l/ <Æ
æ3f]8f k'ms]/ au}Frf klg laufl/lbP5, dflnssf] cufl8kl§sf] bfFt klg k'msflnlbP5 .
clg t s] rflxof] / Û d k'Ug kfPsf] lyOg, rf]s}b]lv nuf/]/ ta]nfleq y'g]/ lk6] .Æ
uf]dtL a//{ cfF;' v;fNb} aflx/ lg:sG5] . nf]Ug]sf d'vdf /utsf] yf]k} gePh:tf]
p;nfO{ nfU5 .
æo:tf kfkL cf;QLsf] slxNo} enf] gxf];\ .Æ eGb} pm leq kfgLsf] t;nf a;fNg hfG5].
b]jbf; aflx/ b/Ldf kN6G5 . ;"of{:t x'g] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 . k'G6] / e'G6L bu'b}{ lxnfDo}
eP/ cfpF5g\ / cfdf ef]s nfUof], cfh 9ndf Pp6} klg df5f 5}g, ;'s]s} eP klg ksfpm
eGb} leq k:5g\ .

uf]dtL b'j} hgfnfO{ x]l//xG5] . s] ug]{ nf]Ug] dfGb}g Û gq p;sf 5f]/f5f]/L klg lstfa
Rofk]/ k9\g hfg kfpFy] clg sd;]sd hldgbf/sf] a'xft{g klg pgLx¿s} k':tfdf uP/
6'lËGYof] . slxn] pm lbSs dfGyL clg s:tf] wd{eL? nf]Ug] xf]nf eg]/ l/;fpFyL klg . 3/df
ePsf] k'/fgf] ehgsf] lstfa laxfg Ps}l5g kN6fP/ b'O{ x/km k9\bf klg pm To;leq
h'Fufd'7] hldgbf/s} cg'xf/ b]VyL .
kf]xf]/ b'uf{k"hfsf] lbg uf]dtL klg 5f]/f5f]/L Rofk]/ dflnssf] 3/df uPsL lyO{ .
p;nfO{ dflnssf] 5f]/fn] vfpFnf em}F u/]/ x]/]sf] lyof] . b'O{6f aRrfsL cfdf, e'mqf] n'uf nfPsL
cfˆgf] ta]nf ;f]xf]g]{ gf]s/sL :jf:gL b]v]/ klg p;n] cfˆgf] sfd'stf b]vfPsf] lyof] .
æP bf;] Û cIf/ klg lrG5] elGy;\ lg t]/L :jf:gL, oxL g} xf] <Æ
æxf] dflns .Æ
clg 3/ kms{+bf uf]dtLn] nf]Ug]nfO{ eg]sL lyO{—
æTof] dflnssf] 5f]/fsf] dnfO{ d'v} x]g{ dg nfu]g . df]/f] Û k'G6] / e'G6LnfO{ b]vfpFb} t}Fn]
kfPsL xf];\ / oL e'F8'Nsfx¿ eGbf]/x]5 .Æ
æx'Gb], dfof nfu]/ ;f]w]sf xf]nfg\ lg t ÛÆ
b]jbf; slt ;f]emf] t/ dflns / p;sf ;Gtfg rflxF slt sk6L 5g\ eGg] uf]dtLnfO{
nfu]sf] lyof] .
æ;'Tof} ls Sof xf] < ;]sfpg kb}{g <Æ
æP ÛÛ cfFvf nfu]5g\ t ÛÆ eGb} b]jbf; p7]/ s'tf{ Psflt/ ôfFsL km]l/ kN6G5 .
5f]/f5f]/L klg aflx/ lg:s]/ afa'cfdf ghLs a:5g\ .
æaf ltdLnfO{ s] eof] < s;n] lk6Øf] <Æ
uf]dtL / b]jbf; d'vfd'v u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] d'vaf6 Ps jfSo klg k'm6\b}g . b'j}
hgfsf cfFvf /;fP/ cfpF5g\ .
ef]lnkN6 laxfg b]jbf; p7\g} ;Sb}g . p;sf] kL7 ;'lGgPsf] 5 . uf]dtL 5f]/f5f]/L
lnP/ /f]P/ al;/xG5] . k'G6] / e'G6L klg df5f dfg{ lg:sFb}gg\ . afv|fx¿ 3fF;kft gkfP/
s/fO/x]sf 5g\ . kNnf] ufpFdf lxhf] r]o/Dofgn] rfdn afF8]sf] ;'g]/ uf]dtL klg 5f]/f5f]/L
lnP/ k'u]sL lyO{ . t/ pm k'Ubf l;l4;s]sf] /x]5 . To;}n] cfh t cfFugs} ss{nf] gpl;gL
s]xL klg pkfo 5}g . pm xFl;of lemSg leq k:5] . b]jbf; h/f]n] a/a/fO/x]sf] 5 .
æhf t dflnssf 3/ uP/ s]xL dfu]/ Nof Û ef]ln t hfg ;lsxfn'Fnf . gq @÷$ lbg
b'j} hgf uP/ klg km5Øf{pFnf lg ÛÆ
ælbG5g\ ls lbFb}gg\Æ eGb} uf]dtL aflx/ lg:sG5] .
æuP/ t x]/\ g===Æ
;fFem emdSs kl/;s]sf] 5 . uf]dtL cem kms]{sL 5}g . kfgL emdemd kl//x]sf] 5 .
vf]N;f tg{ ;lsg ls eg]/ Pp6f afF; lnP/ b]jbf; dflnssf 3/lt/ nfUg] ljrf/ u5{ .

æltdLx¿ leq} a; x} Û aflx/ hnfdo 5Æ eGb} pm aflx/ lg:sG5 . h/f]n] unfPsfn]
kfOnf klg l56f] rNg ;Sb}gg\ . aNnaNn dflnssf cfFugdf k'u]/ 9f]sfdf al;/x]sf] rGb"
kfn]nfO{ uf]dtL sxfF 5 egL ;f]W5 .
æta]nfleq kfgL el/Psfn] ;f]xf]/]/ cfOh, clg dfq} lk7f] kfpln;\ eg]/ dflnsgLn]
eGg'efYof] . Tot} xf]nf ls===ÛÆ
rGb" kfn]sf] s'/f 6'lËg gkfpFb} uf]dtL bu'b}{ cfPsL b]Vof] p;n] . z/L/sf] dflyNnf]
efu lgj{:q / wf]tL klg 7fpF7fpFdf RofltPsf] ÛÛ uf]dtLsf] kl5kl5 Û ætF /fF8nfO{ gdf/L sxfF
5f]8\5' ÛÆ eGb} dflnssf] 5f]/f] klg bu'/]sf] b]v]/ b]jbf;sf cfFvfaf6 cfuf] g} lg:s]h:tf]
eof] . cgfof; p;sf] xftsf] afF; dflnssf] 5f]/fsf 6fpsfdf bgfbg ah|g k'U5 . clg pm
klg d"R5f{ k/]/ 9N5 .
cfh kGw| jif{ k'lu;Sof] . b]jbf; Hofg df/]sf] cleof]udf hGds}b k/]sf] lyof] .
h]ndf Ps k6s rGb" kfn] e]6\g cfPsf] lyof] . p;nfO{ klg dflnsn] lgsflnlbP5g\ .
p;}n] b]jbf;nfO{ eg]sf] lyof]— uf]dtLn] b'j} 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lqm:tfgLsf] :s"naflx/ klv{/fVg'
eg]/ 3/lt/ blngdf e'mlG8P/ k|f0f Toflu5 . 5f]/f5f]/L stf uP kQf] ePg .
b]jbf; Hofgdf/f eP klg h]ndf /fd|f] afgL–a]xf]/f /fv]/ a;]sf], slxNo} s;};Fu emu8f
gu/]sf]n] !% jif{d} p;nfO{ dfkmL eof] . cfh pm h]naf6 aflx/ lg:sg] lbg xf] . xfl;d
sfsf, /fhg efO, rqmjtL{ bfO ;a}nfO{ 5f]8]/ cfh pm aflx/ lg:sg]5 . oL tLg hgf klg
b]jbf;h:t} u/L h]nsf] sf]7fdf k'u]sf lyP . xfl;d sfsfn] cfˆg} 3/df ufpFsf] d'Nnfn]
cfˆgL :jf:gLnfO{ tfaLhsf] nf]e b]vfP/ OHht n'6]sf] b]v]/ Ps} k6sdf d'Nnfsf] b'O{ ôfs
kfl/lbPsf lyP /] Û /fhg efOn] klg lbpF;} cfˆg} 3/df cfuf] nufP/ :jf:gL 5f]/f5f]/L
89fOlbg] jgkfn]sf] 3fF6L lylrlbPsf] /] Û rqmjtL{ bfOsf] rflxF :s"ndf df:6/ x'Fbf cfˆg}
Pp6L r]nL;Fu dg a;]sf] /x]5 . kl5 Tof] s]6Lsf] lax] cGt} ePkl5 ljwdL{;Fu km;]sL eg]/
nf]Ug]n] df/]/ :s"nsf] sDkfp08leq ôfFs]/ rqmjtL{nfO{ km;fPsf] /] .
b]jbf;nfO{ cfˆg} ufpF hfg dg nfu]sfn] pm Tot} nfU5 . !% jif{ h]nleq a:bf @÷$
xhf/ ?lkofF hf]ufPsf] lyof] . 3/ t 6fn6'n kfg}{knf{ lg 5f]/f5f]/L vf]Hg'k¥of] km]l/=== eGg]
;f]Rb} pm ufpF k'U5 . t/ p;sf] 3/ ePsf] 7fpF ÛÛ ToxfF t nfOg} l;d]G6sf 3/x¿
alg;s]5g\, cfFug ePsf] 7fpFdf Pp6f 7"nf] dl:hb rf/}lt/ nfp8:kLs/ /flvPsf] Û pm
af6f]df lxF8\g] s;}nfO{ klg lrGb}g . Ps hgf ToxLF ple/x]sf] dflg;nfO{ cfF6 u/]/ ;f]W5—
æToxfF t !% jif{cl3 Pp6f b]jbf; eGg] dflg;sf] 3/ lyof], xf]Og / <Æ
æP Tof] Hofgdf/f < cfˆg} dflnssf] 5f]/f] dfg]{ gdsx/fd < lyof] /] t Û t/ clxn] t
Tof] ;a} cs}{n] lnO;Sof] .Æ Tof] dflg;n] b]jbf;nfO{ tnb]lv dfly;Dd x]b}{ eG5 .
b]jbf;n] 6f]nfP/ x]l//x]sf] b]v]/ Tof] dflg; ;f]W5—
ælsg ltdL lrG5f} / p;nfO{ <Æ

ædflnssf] 5f]/L csf]{ klg lyof] lg, pm sxfF 5 lg <Æ b]jbf;nfO{ km]l/ h]nleq hfg dg
nfu]/ cfpF5 .
æP Û To;kl5 t pgLx¿ ;a} $÷% jif{ gx'Fb} efu]/ cs}{ b]z uOxfn] lg ÛÆ
cs}{ b]z eGg] zAb ;'Ggf;fy b]jbf;nfO{ cfZro{ nfU5 . hdLgbf/sf ;Gtfg lsg
efu]5g\, efUg' t pmh:tf sdf/fx¿n] kf] t ÛÛ b]jbf; lgZrn eP/ Ps6s nufP/ 6f9f
lIflthlt/ x]l//xG5 . ■

glngL efpHo"
P3f/ alh;Sbf klg htftt} 6Dd} s'lx/f] nfu]sf] lyof] . a; :6kdf zlgaf/ eP/
xf]nf, kz'kltsf] bz{g ug{ hfg] ofq'x¿sf] eL8n] ubf{ v'§f 6]Sg] 7fpF;Dd klg lyPg .
zlgaf/ l9nf];Dd ;'Tg] afgL eP/ klg d Tof] lbg kz'klt hfg] cfˆgf] kl/jfl/s 6f]nLdf
;lDdlnt ePsf] lyPF . ;w}F Ps 98\8L eP/ cfˆgf] s'/fdf c8fg lnP klg slxn]sfxLF t
:jf:gLsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ ljrf/ ug}{ k¥of] lg < gfl:ts geP klg afWotf h:t} u/L
hfg'kbf{ dnfO{ b]j:yfg uP/ klg s] kf] k'0o ldNnf / eGg] nfUYof] . t/ oL ;a s'/fdf
:jf:gL;Fu ax; ug'{ g} a]sf/ lyof] .
d hf8f]n] :o" :o" ub}{ b'j} xft kfOG6sf] vNtLdf /fv]/ a;:6kdf 6F5f8d5f8\ ub}{
a;leq k:g / a;af6 cf]n{g d:t /x]sf ofq'x¿sf] eL8nfO{ x]b{} lyP . cgfof; 5]pdf Pp6f
kl/lrt cg'xf/ b]v]F . d'vel/ hah{:tL /fd|L aGg] OR5fn] kfp8/ kf]t]sL e2f b]lvg] u/L
lnlkl:6s bn]sL, cfwf sf6]sf] skfnsf] Ps u'R5f cufl8 NofPsL / /ftel/ g;'t]sf]
/S:ofxfsf] k'mn]sf] cg'xf/ em}F b]lvg] Tof] cg'xf/ glngL efpHo"sf] g} lyof] .
glngL efpHo"sf] d]/f] hLjgsf] sfofkn6 ul/lbPsL lyOg\ . pgs} sf/0fn] ubf{ d}n]
k9fOsf] ljifo g} abNg'k/]sf] lyof] . aL; jif{cl3 glngL efpHo";Fu d]/f] e]63f6 ePsf] lyof]
. d]/f] hLjgsf tL cNnf/] lbgx¿df glngL efpHo" cfFwL h:t} eP/ k;]sL lyOg\ . d lalu|PF
ls ;lk|PF, pgsf] ;+;u{kl5 eGg] s'/f t cem} d / d]/f] afa'aLr ljjfb:kb g 5 . pxfFsf
egfOdf ;fOG; k9\g 5f]8]/ d lalu|Psf] g} lyPF .
glngL efpHo"sf] lax] x'gf;fy pgsf klt lbnaxfb'/ bfO ljb]zdf k9\g uPsf lyP .
ev{/} lax] ePsf], To;dfly klg pGgfO; aL; jif{sf] k'm6\bf] hjfgLdf nf]Ug]nfO{ jif{ lbg aflx/
hfg] cg'dlt lbFbf pgL /ft/fte/ /f]PsL lyOg\ /] Û d pgsf] 3/df 8]/f x]g{ hfFbf lbnaxfb'/
bfO lxF8]sf] Ps dlxgf eO;s]sf] lyof] . 3/df t?gL a'xf/L ePsLn] ;f;";;'/fnfO{ 3/
ef8fdf lbg] OR5f lyPg /] . t/ dnfO{ 8]/f vf]lhlbg] j}Baf pgLx¿sf cfˆg} dflg; lyP .
To;df klg d pd]/sf lx;fan] klg gkTofpFbf] / x]bf{ klg ;fx|} n'/] b]lvg] ePsf]n] pgLx¿n]
;xdlt lbPsf lyP . glngL efpHo" b'O{ k6s Dofl6«s km]n eO;s]sL /lx5g\ . 8]/f lbFbf
pgLx¿sf] Pp6f zt{ lyof]— d}n] pgnfO{ k9fOlbg'kg]{ 8]/f gkfOg] / kfP klg ef8f / c¿
b[li6n] cfk"mnfO{ pko'Qm gx'g] x'Fbf d}n] OR5f geP klg k9fOlbg] zt{ dfg]sf] lyPF .
glngL efpHo" a]n'sL sfkL lstfa Rofk]/ d]/f] sf]7fdf cfpFlyg\ . ;;'/f d]/f
sf]7fleqsf] afb{nLdf pª\b} tdfv' tflg/xGy] eg] ;f;' ;ª\3f/aflx/ nflN6gsf] pHofnf]df aQL
sft]/ s'l//xlGyg\ . t/ of] sfd w]/}lbg rn]g, lsgeg] yf]/} lbgdf g} a"9fa"9L d]/f] afgL
a]xf]/fn] l/lemPsf lyP . clg glngL efpHo" dfq} cfpg] ug{ yflng\ . Tof] kl/jf/sf]

;a}hgfn] dnfO{ dfof ug{ yfn]sf lyP . glngL efpHo" t gfO{+ gfO{+ eGbf klg d]/f]
n'ufkmf6fx¿ wf]Olbg] / 3/df kfs]sf vfg] s'/f Nofpg] uly{g\ .
glngL efpHo"sf] wk\wkfpFbf] hjfgL b]v]/, pgL leqaflx/ ubf{ 6f]nsf efFl8Psf s]xL
s]6fx¿ pgnfO{ 5]8vfg ug]{, af6f]df PSn} b]Vbf 3Rrf dfg{ vf]Hg] uy]{ /] Û sf]xLsf]xL t
dnfO{ klg O{iofn' b[li6n] x]b}{ vfpFnf em}F uy]{ . Psfw kN6 pgLx¿n] d]/f] ;DaGwdf r;Ss
la‰g] u/L eGg] uy]{— æP rGb|] Û a'lem;\ Tof] n'/] afx'g Dofl6«s kf; eO;s]sf] /x]5 .Æ
æu'?Ho"sf] ;Gtfgn] To;nfO{ s] b]v]/ 8]/f lbPsf xf]nfg\ .Æ
æu'?Ho"sL a'xf/Ln] t ToNnfO{ k]6Lsf]6leq 5f]KbL xf] .Æ
æPskN6 ToNnfO{ a]:s/L r'6f}F g .Æ
o:tf s'/f eGb} pgLx¿ unNn xfF:y] . c¿eGbf klg, lagfsfd tL p208 l76fx¿sf]
uf]bfO vfOPnf eg]/ d q:t x'Gy]F . afWotfjz dnfO{ pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/k|lt ;xgzLn
x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . clg la:tf/} lj/f]wfef; /lxt cfgLafgL b]v]/ pgLx¿n] dnfO{ jf:tf ug{
5f]8] . ;fob pgLx¿ daf6 6f9f x'g] sf/0f csf]{ klg lyof]— dnfO{ obfsbf ;fOsndf
5f]8\g cfpg] d]/f] Pp6f ;xkf7L ltgtfs sf7df8f}Fel/ g} s'Voft abdfz lyof] .
ptf glngL efpHo"sf] ldhf; ablnFb} lyof] . pgL dnfO{ a/fa/ o:tf 5]8vfg uly{g\—
æP ltdL t 7"nf] v;L gvfP/ kf] olt b'Anf] ePsf] .Æ
æef]lnkl;{ s;/L :jf:gL ;'d5f}{ xF ÛÆ
æltd|f] Snf;sf s]6Lx¿ t ltdLnfO{ slt lvHofpg] unf{g\ xlu <Æ
glngL efpHo"sf oL s'/fx¿sf] d s]xL hjfkm lbGgy]F . clg la:tf/ la:tf/ wf/fdf
g'xfpg hfFbf cyf{t\ sf};Ldf 3fdtfKg a:bf bfofF afofF sf]xL geP pgL ghflgbf] lsl;dn]
cfˆgf cË k|bz{g ug]{ ug{ yflng\ . slxn] Anfphsf] 6fFs v'n} 5f8\g], slxn] v'§f tGsfpg]
lgx'Fn] lt3|f;Dd wf]tL ;fg]{ / slxn] 9f8df sGofOb]pm g eg]/ 6fFl:;g cfpg] klg ug{ yflng\
. ;f;";;'/f ;'t]kl5 ;nfO{ dfUg] lgx'F yfk]/ glngL efpHo" k]6Lsf]6n] jIf:yn 5f]k]/ c¿
s'g} n'uf gnufO{ d]/f] 9f]sf 9s9sfpg cfOk'lUyg\ . clg d klg w]/}h;f] Snf; 5f]8]/ 8]/fdf
g} a:g yfn]F . a"9fa"9Ln] ;f]w] eg] d hfFr cfPsf]]n] 3/d} a;]/ k9\g] u/]sf] elglbGy]F . ;;'/f
Hof;nlt/ nfUy], ;f;" w]/}h;f] :joDe"df k"hfdf hflGyg\ . clg glngL efpHo" pGdQ eP/
d]/f] sf]7fdf kl:yg\ .
æl5 Û of] pHHjn efOn] s] ljlw kl;gf sf9]sf] <Æ glngL efpHo" dnfO{ b'j} xftn]
RofKb} eGg] uly{g\ . o;/L b; dlxgf lat]sf] kQ} ePg . b; dlxgfdf d Ps dlxgf klg
sn]h uOg x'Fnf . glngL efpHo"n] cfˆgf] Kof; a'emfpg ;lsg\ ls ;lsgg\ Tof] t d eGg
;lSbg t/ pgsf] ;Ëtn] d}n] eg] cfˆgf] k9fO eg] k"/} aaf{b u/]F .
æltd|f oL lt3|fdf slxn] df;' el/Pnfg\ pHHjn efO <Æ glngL efpHo" dnfO{ cF7ØfpFb}
eGg] uly{g\ . x'g klg d Hofb} g} b'Anf] lyPF .
æslt ;fgf xft Ps km]/f] dfg{ klg ;Sb}gf} .Æ

æs] u?F t ca, cfk"mnfO{ Bf}tfn] lbPs} o:tf] ÛÆ dnfO{ slxn]sfxLF Unflg cg'ej x'g]
uYof]{ . x'gt glngL efpHo"n] xf]RofP/ eg]sL lyOgg\ .
clg Ps lbg lbnaxfb'/ bfO kms]{ . pgL /ftfkL/f / xF;d'v lyP . pgL kms]{kl5
glngL efpHo"sf] v'zLsf] ;Ldf lyPg . lbnaxfb'/ bfO lgs} /dfOnf / af]nSs8 klg lyP .
dnfO{ lh:SofOlh:SofO pgn] /S;L lkpg l;sfP . t/ pgL kms]{kl5 glngL efpHo"sf]
Jojxf/ ablnFb} uof] . Ps lbg wf/fdf d}n] k"j{jt\ pgsf] jIf:yn lgjf{Ë kfg{ vf]Hbf pgn]
dnfO{ ufnfdf Ps yKk8 lxsf{Og\ . To;kl5 dnfO{ c¿ ;fx; g} pAh]g . lxhf]sL glngL
efpHo"nfO{ la;{g afWo x'g'k¥of] .
Ps k6s sn]haf6 l56f] kms]{sf]n] d sf};Ldf pSn]sf] lyPF . glngL efpHo" / l5F8Ldf
gofF a:g cfPsf] 8]/fjfn cflnËga4 eO/x]sf /x]5g\ . cfwf e¥ofª pSngf;fy d
c;d~h;df k/]F . dnfO{ b]Vgf;fy gofF 8]/fjfn n'?Ss gaf]nL tnlt/ nfUof] .
ætF sf7fnfO{ s;n] sf};Ldf cfpg' eGof] < ef]ln g} lgsfn]/ k7fOlbG5' clg ÛÆ glngL
efpHo" ulh{Og\ .
æd s] yfxf kfpF t, oxfF o:tf] qmL8f eO/x]5 eGg] .Æ
atf{ af]ln;\ eg] d nf]Ug]nfO{ eg]/ tFnfO{=== .Æ
clg d cfˆgf] sf]7fdf kms]{+ . ef]lnkN6} gofF 8]/fjfn cGt} ;/]/ uof] . d klg gofF 8]/f
tnf; ug]{ t/v/ nfu]F . d]/f] sf]7fsf] 7Ls Ps tNnfdfly lbnaxfb'/ bfO / glngL efpHo"
;'Ty] . Ps /ft d}n] glngL efpHo" ;'FSs–;'FSs ub}{ s]xL elg/x]sf] ;'g]F sf}t"xntfjz cfˆgf]
9f]sflg/af6 sfg yfk]/ a;]F .
To;nfO{ p7fP/ k7fpg'k¥of] x} Û x]bf{ dfq d/Lr] xf] Tof], dnfO{ tkfO{+x¿ sf]xL gePsf]
a]nf 3/df PSn} a:g klg 8/ nfU5 . cl:t t n'uf km]g{ nfUbf klg 6\jfNn x]l//Xof] . wf/fdf
klg d x'Fbf klg gfË} x'Fnf h:tf] u5{ .Æ
æp7fpg'k/] p7fpFnf . t/ dnfO{ t dflg; a];} nfU5 . To:tf] s]xL eP t d gx'Fbf klg
t x'g'kg]{ Û afcfdf klg /fd|} eGg'x'G5 .Æ
æh];'s} ugf]{;\ . sf]xL gePsf] a]nf dnfO{ xft xfNof] eg] lg ÛÆ
glngL efpHo"sf] s'/f ;'g]/ d 5Ss k/]F . Psdg t dfly pSn]/ e08fkmf]/ ul/lbpF
h:tf] klg gnfu]sf] xf]Og . t/ To;af6 cfk"mnfO{ pN6f] c;/ kg]{ ;Dem]/ r"k nfu]F .
b'O{ dlxgfkl5 d}n] ToxfFaf6 8]/f cGoq ;f/]F . clg hLjg cs}{lt/ df]l8of] . kl/jf/;Fu
dgd'6fj, k9fOdf c;kmntf, cfly{s ;d:of / cGttf]uTjf lax]kl5 hah{:tL nflbPsf] yk
af]emn] ubf{ d lynlynf] x'Fb} uPF . glngL efpHo";Fu klg slxNo} b]vfb]vf;Dd klg ePg .
cfh cs:dft\ pgnfO{ b]Vbf dnfO{ cfˆgf] k"j{:d[lt tfhf ePsf] cg'ej eof] .
Ps l5gdf xfd|f] cufl8 eLdsfo a; cfP/ pleof] . c¿ ofq'x¿;Fu} xfdL klg a;leq
r9Øf}F . cfˆgf] Ifdtf eGbf emG8} tLg u'gf ofq' sf]r]/ Psflt/ cfwf nRs]sf] a; uGtJo

:yfglt/ hfFb] lyof] . xfdL plePsf] #÷$ kmL6 k/ Pp6f 5]psf] ;L6df glngL efpHo"
a;]sL /lx5g\ . pgsf] cg'xf/df s'l6n xfF;f] lyof]— d;Fu rf/ cfFvf x'gf;fy .
æglrg]sf] dnfO{ pHHjn afa' ÛÆ
æsf] glngL efpHo" <Æ d}n] hah{:tL s[lqdtf JoQm ub}{ hjfkm lbPF .
æafa' otf cfpm .Æ d;Fu RoflkP/ plePsf] d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ ;Í]t ub}{ pgn] elgg\ . Ps
k6s d]/f] d'vdf k'n'Ss x]/]/ ;xdlt kfPkl5 d]/f] 5f]/f] xfDkmfNb} glngL efpHo"sf] sfvdf
k'Uof] .
æclg efpHo" ;~r} t < lbnaxfb'/ bfO stf lg <Æ
æxfdL 5'l§O;Sof}F, v} ot} x'g'xf]nf lg .Æ glngL efpHo"n] cldnf] d'v nufP/ hjfkm
lbOg\ .
g;f]Wg'kg]{ k|Zg ;f]lwP5 eg]/ dnfO{ lvGg cg'ej eof] .
ænf} t pHHjn afa' d]/f] t cf]n{g] 7fpF klg cfOk'Uof] .Æ eGb} glngL efpHo" a;leqsf]
3'OFrf] l5rf]n]/ lgl:sOg\ . lbnaxfb'/ bfO / glngL efpHo" lsg 5'l§P5g\ eGg] sf}t"xntf
eof] dnfO{ . glngL efpHo"sf] rl/qn] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;DaGwljR5]b ePsf] xf]nf eGg] nv
sf6]F . To;kl5 glngL efpHo"sf] st} k|;Ë gp7]sf]n] pgnfO{ la;]{+ .
s]xL lbgkl5 cfˆg} sfdn] k'/fgf] 8]/f ePsf] 6f]ndf hfg'k¥of] . ;8ssf] lzjdlGb/
hL0ff]{åf/ eO;s]sf] /x]5 . To;sf] cufl8 ePsf] k'/fgf] 3/sf] 7fpFdf rf/tNn] eJo Pjd\
ljzfn 3/ 7l8O;s]sf] lyof] . klxn] dnfO{ t;f{pg] Tof] 6f]nsf] p208 s]6f] ToxLF 3/df b}lgs
pkof]usf ;fdfg laqmL ug]{ k;n] eO;s]5 . p;n] dnfO{ b]Vgf;fy xft p7fpFb} eGof] — æcxf]
pHHjn efO, cfˆgf] k'/fgf] 6f]n la;]{sf] <Æ
ælsg la;{Gy]F Û ;~r} x'g'x'G5 <Æ
æcfpg'xf];\ g, sd;]sd Pp6f sf]s t lkpg'xf];\ .Æ
dnfO{ sf]s lkpg] OR5f geP klg glngL efpHo" / lbnaxfb'/sf] s'/f hfGg] sf}t"xnn]
ubf{ d Pp6f :6"n tfg]/ a;]F .
æclg stf lg lxhf] cfh <Æ
æs]xL ;do aflx/} lyPF . clxn] kfFr 5 dlxgf eof] sf7df8f}Fdf g} 5' .Æ
æP ÛÆ
ælbnaxfb'/ bfO stf 5g\ lg <Æ
æef] s'/} gugf]{;\, e'mSofP/ lax] u/]5g\ glngL;Fu . klxn] t yfxf lyPg Sof/, t/ kl5
k9]/ kms]{kl5 nf]Ug] gk';+s ePsf] s'/f glngL efpHo"nfO{ klg yfxf eof] . clg t s] <
nufd gePsf] 3f]8f em}F v'n]cfd pgsf] rlt{snf ;'? eof] . klxn] t cfk"m klg cNnf/] eP/
nfluof] . kl5 t 6f]n} uXgfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . t} t} gfkLsf] Pp6f cldgn] lnP/ uof] .
clxn] p;n] klg 5f]8\of] /] .Æ
ælbnaxfb'/ bfO lg t <Æ

æpgL klg s'grflxF afafsf] r]nf] eP/ lg:s]sf] b; jif{ eof] .Æ
æP uha eP5 ÛÆ
æl8NnLahf/df a;]sL 5g\ /], hfgf];\ g tkfO{+ t k'/fgf] dflg; .Æ k;n]n] dnfO{ JoË ub}{
eGof] . ToltGh]n d}n] sf]s l;4ØfO;s]sf] lyPF . sf]ssf] cfltYosf] nflu wGojfb lbFb} d
cfˆgf] 3/lt/ nfu]F . dnfO{ glngL efpHo"sf] c¿ Oltxf; ;'Gg] rfv klg ePg . ■

cfˆg} ufpFdf kms{+bf
d}n] 3/ 5f]8]/ lxF8]sf] bz jif{ lalt;s]5 . slt lj/lQmP/ lxF8]sf] lyPF d Û cfˆg}
cNnf/]kg t lyof] lg Û 3/ 5f]8\bf t stfstf cfTdxTof kf] u?F ls eGg] Unflg klg lyof] .
t/ afFr]/ s]xL ug]{ / ufpFn]x¿sf cufl8 km]l/ lz/ 7f8f] kf/]/ hfg] dxÎjsfª\Iff klg gePsf]
xf]Og . ufpF ;Demgf;fy ysfnLsf] s;fxL h:tf] cg'xf/, /fIf;gL h:t} Jojxf/ ug]{ bfdf]b/
sfsfsL cfdf, 9f]S;] h:t} eP/ df]6fPsL ;Ltf/fd kl08tsL 5f]/L, kfgL kFw]/f / rf}tf/Llt/
7g\7g\ ub}{ ;a};Fu cfFvf n8fP/ lxF8\g] rfp/] bd}sL 5f]/L h'g]nL ;a}sf cg'xf/ cg'xf/
cfFvfcufl8 gfRg yfNy] . clg lbgel/ afx|df;] v]n]/ ;fFemdf 3/ k:gf;fy gnLn] cfdfnfO{
laTyfdf lk6\g yfNg] d]/f lbjª\ut afa' / hlt lk6fOdf k/] klg Ps zAb gaf]Ng] ;xgzlQm
ePsL d]/L cfdfsf] dfofn' cg'xf/ klg cufl8 cfpFYof] . d]/f afa'n] cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg g}
x'nfsL eP/ ;]jflgj[Q ePsf lyP . t/ dnfO{ k9fpg], n]vfpg] / 7"nf] dfG5] agfpg] pgsf]
;kgf lyof] /] Û d eg] aNnaNn cfO{= P= ;Dd k9]/ ufpFs} :s"ndf df:6/ x'g k'u]sf] lyPF .
h'g]nLn] rf}tf/Ldf hDdf ePsf ufpFn]x¿sf] cufl8 cfk"mnfO{ kmsfP/ e'F8L af]sfPsf]
eg]/ kf]Nbf lar/f a"9fa"9L nfhn] kfgL kfgL ePsf lyP . cfdf ;w}F dnfO{ lax] u/]/ 3/sf]
sfd ;3fpg] a'xf/L NofO{ 9'Ss x'g rfxg'x'GYof] /] Û t/ d a]Un} lyPF . g dnfO{ ufpFdf df:6/
eP/ ;f/f hLjg ToxLF ;8fpg] zf}v lyof], g t s'g} bfp/LnfO{ 3/leq x'n]/ Ps bh{g
5f]/f5f]/Låf/f ‰ofËne'mËn eP/ rfnL; gk'Ub} skfn k'mnfpg] OR5f lyof] . d x'g klg
Tolta]nf pGgfO; jif{sf] t lyPF . tLg sf]; lxF8]/ sn]h k9\g hfg'kbf{ klg dnfO{ ysfO
nfUb}gYof] . ptf ;x/df sk8fk;n]sf] 5f]/L ;'dgf;Fu cfFvf lemDSofpg k'Uy]F t 3/ kms]{kl5
h'g]nLsf k'6\7fdf df}sf kfpgf;fy Kof§ lxsf{P/ rDkt x'Gy]F . Tof] df]/L sk8fk;n]sL 5f]/L
klg ;fFlRrs}sL dfofn' lyO{ . p;nfO{ Snf;df k9\g vf; rfv klg lyPg . df}sf kfof] ls
Snf;sf ;xkf7L af]nfP/ 3/df ukm\ r'6\g], clg afa';Fu nfl8P/ k};f emf/L l;Ëf/k6f/sf
;fdfg lsGg] p;sf nflu ;fdfGo s'/f lyP . pm d;Fu Snf;df gf]6 u/]sf] sfkL dfUyL, clg
kmsf{pFbf aL;tL; ?lkofFsf] gf]6 xfn]/ lbg] uyL{ . dnfO{ jf:tjdf vr{sf] cln ;s; g lyof],
To;}n] g r'krfk lnGy] / cfFvfsf] efsfdf p;nfO{ wGojfb klg lbg] uy]{+ . csf]{lt/ h'g]nL
e~Hofª emg]{ bf]af6f]lg/ 5]sf6f] nfu]/ s'/]/ eP klg b'O{rf/ ?lkofF xftdf xflnlbg] uyL{ .
afa'n] t dnfO{ kfO{kfO{ lx;fa u/]/ lbgsf] krGgLeGbf Ps sf}8L slxNo} l5/fPgg\\ . cfdf
lar/L rf]vf] dfofl;jfo s]xL lbg ;Sg] l:yltdf lyOgg\ . xKt}lkR5] d ;b/d'sfdlt/ rfdn
/ k':tssf] emf]nf le/]/ lg:sg] a]nf cfFvfe/L cfF;' lnP/ b}nf]df plelGyg\ .
d]/f a'af cln s8fldhf;sf x'g\ t/ dnfO{ TolQ dfof gug]{ klg xf]Ogg\ . l/; p7]sf
a]nf eg] pgL cfuf] x'Gy] . d}n] h'g]nL;Fu af]n]sf] lxF8]sf] pgnfO{ lrQ a'‰b}gYof] . pgL k|fozM
ulh{g] uy]{— ækfhL, To:tf dtjfnLsL 5f]/Ll;t cfFvf n8fP/ lxF8\5 . y'Ss ÛÆ

clg lgx'l/P/ a;]sL d]/L cfdflt/ x]b}{ cem d'v laufb}{ eGg] uy]{— æh:tf] af]6 p:t} kmn
g xf] .Æ dfgf} ddf pgsf] cfˆgf] s'g} c+z g} 5}g h:tf] uy]{ pgL . afa' lsg cfdfnfO{ o:tf]
Jojxf/ u5{g\ eGg] dnfO{ klg yfxf lyof] . bfdf]b/ sfsfsL cfdfn] d]/L cfdfsf] s'/f s;nfO{
eGg afFsL /fv]sL lyOg\ /— æP Û Tof] x'nfsLsL :jf:gL < To;nfO{ t 7f8f]vf]nfsf] 36]/f];Fu
;'t]sf] d}n] b]v]sL Û d]/f cfFvf cem} k'm6]sf t 5}gg\ lg . Tof] 36]/f]nfO{ avf{df bx k'm6]/
af9Ln] gaufPsf] eP s] s] x'GYof] x'lGg . x'nfsL ;f]emf] 5 ljr/f, Ps zAb af]n]g .Æ
d}n] klxnf k6s of] s'/f cfk"m bz jif{sf] x'Fbf ;'g]sf] lyPF . t/ cfˆgL cfdfsf] s'/f
s;/L ;f]Wg] < s;nfO{ ;f]Wg] <
cfdfsf] Pp6f 7"nf] u'g lyof] dnfO{ dg kg]{ ;a} s'/f cfdfnfO{ dg kYof]{, h'g]nL klg
dg kyL{ . pm d]/f] afa' tf; v]Ng lxF8]kl5 cfdfsxfF ukm 5fF6\g cfpg] uyL{ .
ætF klg k9\g hfG5' eg\ afa'nfO{ afa} Û gf} Snf; kl9xfln;\, ;b/d'sfddf ;fgLdfsf
3/df a;]/ k9] t eOxfNof] lgÆ— d]/L cfdf p;nfO{ eGg] uly{g\ .
æ;fgLdfsf] 3/df d hfGg af Û lbg/ft /S;Ln] dflQPsf dflg;x¿sf] rf]6fsf]7f
ul//xG5g\ . d cl:t hfFbf Pp6f v/bf/ xf] ls sf] xf] n] e¥ofªdf d]/f] xft ;dft]/ 5f]8 \b}
5f]8]g . clg df]/fnfO{ a]:s/L 6f]lslbPF . t}klg d]/f] xft p7fP/ 5ftLdf ;dfPkl5 t d]/f] t
xftv'§f g} rn]g . kl5 ;fgfafn] dfly k'¥ofOlbP .Æ
uf]7sf] kvf{nk5fl8 n's]/ d pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gb} lyPF . h'g]nL cln a9\t} l5r/L lyO{.
To:tf s'/f klg d]/L cfdfnfO{ lsg eGg'k/]sf] xf] Û
To;kl5 r'gfjsf] labfdf d ufpFdf df:6/ eP/ cfpFbf klg h'g]nL d]/f] jl/kl/
3'ld/xg] g} uyL{ . d]/f] ;b/d'sfd uP/ k9\g] t lgx'F dfq} lyof] . Ps jif{df ;'dgf;Fu
k9fOeGbf c¿ w]/} cNnf/] s'/f l;ls;s]sf] lyPF . To;sf] k|of]u d h'g]nLnfO{ ug]{ tfsdf
lyPF . pm eg] ;a} dfnf a'Gg] sfd ;lsgf;fy dnfO{ Ps 3'Rrf xfg]/ efUyL . pd]/n] klg
Psb'O{ jif{ h]7L / zf/Ll/s ¿kdf klg Åi6k'i6 h'g]nLn] dnfO{ s] ;DemFbL xf]nL s'lGg <
;'dgf / h'g]nLsf] afgL cfsfz–hdLg em}F lyof] . ;'dgfn] kfgL k/]sf] lgx'F u/]/ d]/f] 8]/fleq
k;]sL, clg lulHhP/, tl;{P/ / nf]EofP/ dnfO{ pm;Fu ;'Tg afWo u/fPsL lyO{ . d k'/f0fsf]
ljZjfldq t lyOgF, t/ ;b/d'sfdsf] ;fx", k};fjfn / k};fn] ubf{ k|ltli7t ag]sf ;'gaxfb'/sf]
klg t 8/ lyof] lg Û ;'dgfsf nflu klg afa'sf k;ndf sk8f RofTg a;]sf sfdbf/eGbf t
d cln ;'U3/, ;kmf / slnnf] eP klg cln k'mlt{nf] lyPF . zf/Ll/s cfsif{0f eGg] s'/f klg
uhj} xf] . ;'dgf ;w}F d]/f] kL5f ul//x]sL lyO{, d pmk|lt s[t1 klg lyPF lsgeg] sn]hdf
lrl6Ss k/]/ hfg sdLh, kfOG6, h'Qf cflb d]/f afa'n] a]xf]g{ ;Sb}gy] . t/ d]/f afa' h'g]nL
h:tL dtjfnLsL 5f]/L;Fu nfu]sf] klg ;xg ug{ ;Sb}gy] . d]/f] pd]/} klg s] lyof] / Û t}klg
pgsf ;z+lst cfFvf d]/f] clukl5 bu'l//x]sf x'Gy] .
cfˆgf] nfdf] labf d}n] v]/ kmflngF . h'g]nLnfO{ Ps lbg dxfb]j:yfgsf] kf6Ldf
nlu5f]8]F . t/ ToxfFaf6 kms{+bf h'g]nLsf s'/f ;'Gbf dnfO{ efpGg ePsf] lyof] .

æltdL nf]Ug]dflg;x¿ s:tf] dl/d]6\5f} < Tof] cl:t cfPsf] r'/f}6]n] klg o:t} u/]/ Ps
bh{g r'/f nufOlbG5' eGbfeGb} oxLF 7fpFdf NofP/=== . yf]qf] ;'s'nsf] 8fd cfˆgf cfª\df slt
lbg;Dd al;/xG5 ÛÆ
d}n] dgdg} r'/f}6];Fu klg ;'Tg ;Sg] To:tL cfOdfO{nfO{ k6ØfpFbf æs] s] u/]F eGg]
;Demg]Æ egL cfkm}FnfO{ lwSsf/]sf] lyPF .
æTof] r'/f}6] df]/fsf cfFvfrflxF t rf}k§} /fd|f lyP . tLhdf km]l/ /fd|f/fd|f r'/f lnP/
cfpF5' eg]sf] 5 .Æ h'g]nL cfˆgf] lgn{HhtfnfO{ cem pbfË kfb}{ lyO{ .
s]xL dlxgf glaTb} To:tL h'g]nLn] Toqf] ufpFn]x¿sf] x"ndf dnfO{ cf}Fnf 78ØfP/ eg]sL
lyO{— æTof] e'F8L Tof] cf;QL /d]zsf] xf] .Æ
æsf] /d]z < Tof] df:6/ < To:tf dflg; df:6/ x'G5g\ clg xfd|f s]6fs]6Ln] s] /fd|f s'/f
k9\nfg\, l;Snfg / ;b\ult kfpnfg\ < eGb} ;f/f ufpFn]x¿n] dnfO{ y's]sf lyP .
æo;n] ca g:ofXf/L ;'v kfpF5 <Æ ;a}sf] Pp6} cfjfh lyof] .
æh'g]nL t r'/f}6];Fu klg ;'t]sL lyO{ ÛÆ eg]/ ufpFn]x¿sf] cufl8 p;sf] kf]n vf]Ng]
;fx; d}n] h'6fpg ;lsgF . d]/L cfdfn] h'g]nLnfO{ 8f]¥ofP/ 3/ NofOg\ . afa' Tof] /ft
lg:s]sf km]l/ 3/ kms]{gg\ . ef]lnkN6, kl;{kN6 klg kms]{gg\ . d afa'nfO{ vf]Hg cfdfnfO{
;DemfO{a'emfO{ u/]/ ;b/d'sfdlt/ nfu]F . t/ afa'n] ufpFdf cfˆgf] a]OHhtL ;xg g;s]/
7f8f]vf]nfsf] eL/sf] cf>o lnO{ clGtd ;f; km]/]5g\ . b'u{Gwk"0f{ / IftljIft ePsf] afa'sf]
nfzsf] clGtd ;+:sf/ u/]/ d 3/ kms]{sf] lyPF . lar/fnfO{ hLjge/ x'nfsL eP/ klg cfˆg}
lsl;dsf] dof{bfdf a:g] /x/ lyof] . 5f]/fsf] Ifl0fs sfdlkkf;fn] Tof] /x/ k'Ug lbP/ . d}n]
xHhf/f}Fk6s cfk"mnfO{ lwSsf/]sf] lyPF . cfdfsf] t emg\ a]xfn lyof] . cfk"mnfO{
lwSsfg]{l;jfo c¿ s]xL pkfo klg afFsL lyPg . afa'sf] d[To'sf] lhDd]jf/ jf:tjdf d g}
lyPF.
æh'g]nL uPsf] slt lbg eof] < afa's} 3/df a:5] ls Sof xf] <Æ cfk"m ufpF kms]{sf] s]xL
lbg;Dd h'g]nL gkms]{kl5 d}n] cfdfnfO{ ;f]w]sf] lyPF . pm afa'sf] sfhlqmofdf klg cfPsL
lyOg .
cfdf 3'FSs ub}{ lyOg\ .
ætFnfO{ yfxf 5}g <Æ
æcxF ÛÆ
ætF ;b/d'sfd uPsf] b'O{ lbgkl5 g} ;'Fu'/sf] df;' vfg dg nfUof] eg]/ afa'sf 3/
uPsL lyO{, clg s'grflxF r'/f}6];Fu kf] efuL /] ÛÆ
To;sf] ef]lnkN6} d}n] klg ufpF 5f]8]sf] lyPF . t/ h'g]nL lxF8L eg]/ xf]Og . ufpFn]x¿n]
h'g]nL efu]sL s'/fdf klg d]/L cfdfnfO{ bf]if lbPsf /x]5g\ . TolQsf w]/} s'/f u'dfO;s]kl5
dnfO{ Tof] kl/j]zdf afFRg] OR5f g} ePg . d cfTdxTof ug{ lg:s]sf] lyPF . ljut bz jif{df
sltk6s cfTdxTof ug{ vf]h]F . t/ cem} hLljt 5' . lg/fz eP/ klg d}n] hLjgsf /fd|f–

g/fd|f w]/} s'/f hfg]F . lsg xf] s'lGg bz jif{ ljb]lzPkl5 dnfO{ cfˆgf] ufpFdf hfg] OR5f
km]l/ hfu[t eP/ cfPsf] lyof] .
;b/d'sfddf d}n] k9\g] u/]sf] sn]h eJo eO;s]sf] /x]5 . ;kmf, rf}F8f / kSsL ;8s,
lah'nL ;a} cfO;s]5g\ . ;'dgfsf] afa'sf] sk8f–k;n ePsf] 7fpFdf rf/ tNnfsf] 7"nf] 3/
ag]5 . d Tot}lt/ nfu]F . t/ k;n t cs}{sf] kf] eP5 .
æoxfFsf] k'/fgf] sk8f–k;n] ;fx" stf uP bfO <Æ
ægofF–k'/fgf] lsg rfxG5 Û xfd|f] b'sfgsf] dfn /fd|f] 5 nu, /fd|f] 5}g gnu, sf]g} s'/f
5}g ÛÆ Pp6f w:d/w"; b]lvg] dflg;n] ems]{/ hjfkm lbof] . TolQs}df 3'D6f] xfn]sL cln df]6L
cfOdfO{ k;nsf] leqL sf]7faf6 lg:s]sL b]v]F . lxF8fO kfl/lrt nfu]/ x]5'{ t ;'dgf kf] /lx5.
pm s'g} d'GgfsL cfdf klg eO;ls5 .
æP ltdL d'Ggfsf] Vofn u/ n, df]6/af6 lg:sg d'l:sn k5{ p;nfO{ .Æ d;Fu ems]{/
af]Ng] k;n] eGb} lyof] . ;'dgfn] dnfO{ tnb]lv dfly;Dd x]/]/ d';'Ss xfF;L / cfˆgf] nf]Ug]nfO{
egL— æ/d]z, xfd|f] bfh'efOh:t}, ;Fu} k9]sf xfdL .Æ
æ7Ls 5 7Ls 5, ltdL hfpm . d s'/f u5'{, ptf, /fdaxfb'/ ahf/df s'/]/ al;/fv]sf]
5.Æ pm ;'dgfnfO{ l56f] ToxfFaf6 k7fpg rfxGYof] .
;'dgfsf] nf]Ug];Fu Ps l5g ukm u/]/ km]l/ cfpg] s'/f u/L d cfˆgf] ufpFdf hfg]
a;:6klt/ nfu]F .
ufpFdf klg w]/} kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] lyof] . kl/lrt 7f8f]vf]nf ;'s]/ gfdlgzfg} lyPg .
;8ssf] bfofFafofF b]lvg] ;;fgf sfOFof / k}o"Fsf ?vafx]s ;j{q gfË} lyof] . bz jif{df
s:tf] eP5 < gofF gofF 3/x¿ eg] htftt} b]lvGy] . gofF :s"n ejgx¿, /]8qm;sf] lrXg
b]lvg ;;fgf x]Nykf]i6sf 3/x¿, k|To]s tL; rfnL; uhdf lrofk;n, ;fj{hlgs rf}/df
klg e'mk|fx? b]lvGy] . k]6Ldf k"mn /f]Kg 7fpF agfOPsf, t/ k"mn k'mn]sf lyPgg\ .
a;af6 cf]n]{/ ufpFlt/ nfu]F . d]/f] 3/ ePsf] 7fpFdf cs}{ 6x/f] ag]sf] b]v]/ cfdfnfO{
emnSs ;Dem]F . bz jif{;Dd vf]h va/ ;d]t gu/L a;]sf] lyPF . To;}n] cfdfsf] cufl8 kg]{
;fx; klg aNntNn g} h'6fpg'kYof]{ . lar/Ln] s:tf] 5f]/f] hGdfO5g\ Û
æoxfF t x'nfsLsf] 3/ lyof] lg ÛÆ d}n] Pp6L af6f] lxFl8/x]sL cwa}F;] cfOdfO{nfO{ ;f]w]F .
kl/lrt To; cg'xf/nfO{ b]v]/ em;Ë ePF . p;n] dnfO{ tnb]lv dfly;Dd x]b}{ uxe/L cfF;'
lnP/ egL— æsf] /d]z efO < ToxfF a'l4dfg ysfnL / jgjf/Lnfn eGg] ldn]/ s'lGg s]
sf/vfgf vf]n]sf 5g\ . ltdL uPkl5 cfdf slt kL/ ug'{x'GYof] .Æ pm ;Ltf/fd kl08tsL 5f]/L
lyO{ . t/ klxn] h:tL df]6L / s'¿k b]lvGgyL . Tolta]nf d ;w}F pgnfO{ b]Vgf;fy efUy]F .
æclg clxn] oxfF sxfF t cfdf <Æ
p;n] cfdfsf] Oltxf; ;'gfO{ .
cfdf laTg'ePsf] kfFr jif{ eO;s]5 . ufpFdf cfP/ cfˆg} cfnf] cfnf] 3fpdf g"g 5s{g
cfPem}F dnfO{ nfUof] . d bfofF afofF gx]/L a;:6klt/ xflGgPF . dnfO{ cfˆgf] 3/hUuf s;n]

x8Kof] eGg] ;f]Rg' klg s]xL k|of]hg nfu]g . a;:6k k'Ubf rf/kfFr hgf s]6fs]6Lx¿n]
3]l/P/ a;]sL Pp6L dfUg] cfOdfO{ b]v]F . kl/lrt em}F nfu]/ x]5'{ t h'g]nL kf] Û TolQs}df a;
cfOk'u]sf]n] d a;lt/ nfu]F .
a; ;b/d'sfdlt/ bu'l//x]sf] lyof] . d ‰ofnaflx/ gfËf 8fF8f, kmf6k'm6 a'6fgx¿, kfgL
geP/ hh{/ ePsf v]tsf kf6fx¿ x]b}{ hfFb} lyPF . 5'§L lnP/ 3/ lxF8\bf s;/L labf yKg]
eGg] lrGtf lyof], t/ clxn] :jLs[t eO;s]sf] labf s;/L /2 u/fP/ sfddf hfg] eGg] kL/
nfu]sf] 5 . bz jif{kl5 cfˆgf cfTdhgx¿ e]6]/ dgnfO{ slt xn'Ëf] kf?Fnf eGg] d]/f]
;kgfnfO{ dgleq} lnP/ km]l/ ;x/sf] sf]nfxndf kms{+b}5', lg?2]Zo / nIoxLg eP/ Û ■

eL8, efif0f / v'Nnf d~r
6G6nfk'/ 3fdaf6 hf]lug d cfh klg ;w}F em}F sk"/sf] ?vsf] 5xf/Ldf a;]sf] 5' .
cfh efif0f ;'Gg] klg vf; OR5f 5}g, t}klg tLg bzs;Dd Toqf] si6 ;x]/, lylrP/, lkl;P/
a;L Hjfnfd'vL em}F lj:kmf]6g ePsf] hgdfg;sf] d'vaf6 Pp6} s'/f bf]xf]l/P klg ;'Gg a9L
cfgGb x'g] /x]5 . To;}n] OR5f, clgR5f h:tf] eP klg k|To]s lbg h:tf] 3/af6 lg:sG5' /
clg ;Fw} h:tf] oxL 5xf/Ld'lg cfP/ 306f}F al;/xG5' . v'nf d~rdf af]Ng cfpg] k|To]s gofF
cg'xf/df dnfO{ gofF pdË, pT;fx / cfTdljZjf; emlNsP em}F nfU5 . obfsbf jQmfx¿sf]
d'vaf6 e2f ufnL unf}hsf zAbx¿ klg lg:sg] u5{g\ . t/ To;sf] klg cfˆgf] lsl;dsf]
ld7f; x'g] u5{— d]/f] dfgjLo sdhf]/L xf] jf d lsg xf] To:tf] zAb ;'Gbf cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt x'g]
cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] 5'— d cfkm}nfO{ klg yfxf 5}g . t/ slxn] slxn] v'nf d~rdf o:tf
jQmfn] klg :yfg kfpg] u/]sf 5g\ h;sf xftsf] cf}Fnfx¿ d cem} /Qm/l~ht b]Vb}5' / h;sf]
lrRofx6df dnfO{ odb"tsf] xfF;f] ldl;P em}F nfU5 .
To;a]nf dnfO{ efpGg 5'6]/ cfpF5 / pgLx¿sf] d'vaf6 k|hftGqsf] kl/efiff, d"No /
dfGotf d ;'Gg rfxGg . clg d h'?Ss p7]/ clglZrt uGtJo :yfglt/ nfUg] u5'{ . t/ o:tf
36gf k|To]s lbg 36\g] ub}{gg\ . cl3Nnf] xKtf Ps k6s d tLtf] d'v / cldnf] cg'xf/ lnP/
kms]{sf] lyPF / Tof] k|;Ë ;DemFbf d cfj]zdf cfpg] u5'{ / d]/f cfFvf qmf]wn] /ftf g /ftf x'g]
u5{g\ . cfh klg d~rdf ToxL cg'xf/ lyof] . Tof] jQmfsf] cg'xf/df dnfO{ c;ªVo zxLb
ePsf / 3fOt] ;]gfgLx¿sf] /utsf] l56fn] el/Pem}F nfU5 dfgf}F pm cem} cfˆgf] clwsf/ 9's]/
al;/x]sf] 5 / df}sf kfpgf;fy 3fts cfqmd0f ug]{ tfsdf 5 .
of] syfsf] kfq Pp6f To:tf] JolQm xf] h;sf] s'l6ntfsf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g / h;nfO{ AjfF;f]
jf w"t{ :ofn h'g;'s} klg pkdf lbg ;lsG5 . d]/f] bfofF–afofF a:g] >f]tfu0f tfnLsf]
u8u8fx6df Jo:t 5g\ . d}n] tfnL gahfPsf] b]Vbf pgLx¿ dnfO{ cfZro{k"0f{ d'b|fdf x]l//xG5g\
. pgLx¿dWo] sf]xL t cem dnfO{ k|hftGqlj/f]wL / of] clxn] cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{gnfO{ dg
gk/fpg] eGg];Dd klg ;f]Rbf xf]nfg\ . t/ s;}n] s]xL eGb}gg\ . g t pgLx¿sf] cJoQm
sf}t"xntfsf] hjfkm lbg d cfjZos 7fG5' . Tof] JolQm cyf{t\=== gfd g} lsg lnpF Pp6f
gSsnL gfd lbpF, w"t{k|;fb, / d]/f] hLjgsf] Oltxf;sf] Pp6f kfgf xf] . xfd|f] hLjg Ps–
csf{;Fu olt h]lnPsf] 5 ls dnfO{ pm;Fu hlt 3[0ff 5 p;nfO{ klg d]/f] TolQs} 8/ 5 . 8/ 5
s] eg"F < 8/ lyof], lsgeg] p;sf] ljrf/df d dl/;s]sf] 5' / d]/f] kl/jf/s} gfdf]lgzfg w]/} cl3
d]l6O;s]sf] 5 .
p;sf] ;f]rfOdf s]xL xb;Dd ;Totf gePsf] klg xf]Og . #^ jif{cl3 d]/f] afa'nfO{ p;n]
?vdf pN6f]kf/L e'mG8ØfP/ e?jf aGb'ssf] lzsf/ agfPsf] lyof], clg p;n] hah{:tL a}wJo
nflbPsL ljjz / a];xf/f d]/L cfdfnfO{ y'g5]s u/]/ cfˆgf] of}glkkf;f klg zfGt kf/]sf] lyof] .
d % jif{sf] caf]w afns eP klg /ftsf] lg/Lxtfdf u'xf/ dfUb} lrRofO/x]sL d]/L cfdfsf]
cft{gfb ;'Gg ;Sby]F, xf], pgL lsg /f]Og\ eGg] rflxF d a'‰g ;Sb}gy]F .

kl/l:ylt / w"t{axfb'/÷w"t{k|;fbsf] lu4n] l;g' jl/kl/ 3'd] em}F 3'Dg] lbgrof{n] ubf{ ddf
olt l56f] k|f}9tf cfof] ls clxn] #)÷#! jif{sf] pd]/df d cfk"mnfO{ Pp6f hL0f{ z/L/ ylst dg
ePsf] j[4 em}F 7flg/x]sf] 5' .
d]/f] afa'sf] d[t z/L/sf] bfx–;+:sf/ eof] jf :ofnlu4n] cfˆgf] ef]s d]6fpg n'5]/ nu]
dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . g t d]/f Oi6ldq / bfh'efO kg]{x¿n] g} slxNo} Tof] /x:of]b\3f6g u/] . t/
Tof] eGbf klg dnfO{ cfˆgf] afNosfndf la‰g] s'/f cs}{ lyof]— To; lbgb]lv cyf{t\ d]/f] afa'sf]
xTof ePkl5 d]/L cfdfn] d;Fu w]/} af]Ng} 5fl8lbOg\ . pgsf cfFvfaf6 ;w}F alnGb| wf/f cfF;'
eml//x]sf x'Gy], 3/ / v]taf/Lsf] sfddf klg pgsf] OR5f gePsf] :ki6 x'GYof] / pgL b}nfdf
a;]/ d :s"n uPsf] / :s"naf6 kms]{sf] x]/]/ al;/xlGyg\ . w"t{axfb'/÷w"t{k|;fbsf] 8/n] xf]nf
xfd|f] 3/df s'g} l5d]sL lj/n} cfpg] uy]{ . d]nfkft, kd{ hfFbf klg d]/L cfdfnfO{ b]Vgf;fy
pgLx¿ eoeLt / q:t x'g] uy]{ .
ltgtfsf w"t{axfb'/÷w"t{k|;fb sfuh / d;LbfgL af]s]/ xfd|f] 3/ wfO/xGYof] . dnfO{
;Demgf 5— cfdfn] Ps k6s p;sf] cg'xf/el/ y'lslbPsL lyOg\ . clg pm /L;n] cfuf] eP/
lg:s]sf] lyof] . o;/L lbg laTb} uP, cfdf ;'Sb} uOg\, d kfsf] x'Fb} uPF / xfdL b'O{ cfdf–5f]/f
emg\emg\ PlSnFb} uof}F . clg d}n] d]/f] afa'sf] xTof lsg ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f klg a'‰b} uPF .
bz jif{cl3sf] s'/f] xf]— Ps lbg cfdf PSsfl; Rofl7\7b} 3/leq kl;g\ / dnfO{ cFufnf]df
s;]/ ?g yflng\ . pgsf] /f]bgdf s'g} gofFkg lyPg, d}n] hGd]b]lv g} eg] h:tf] pgsf]
cfFvfdf cfF;' g} 8a8afPsf] b]v]sf] lyPF . gofFkg lyof] t pgsf] Rofl7\7g'df lyof], dnfO{
cflnËg ug'{df lyof] . Tof] lbg emdSs ;fFem k/] klg d]/f] afn Åbon] Pp6f gofF laxfgLsf]
cg'ej u/]sf] lyof] . cfdfn] dnfO{ w]/} a]/;Dd sfvdf /flv/lxg\ . Tof] lbgsf] cfF;' cln a]Un}
lyof], ;fob xiff{>' lyof] . d h:tf] nf7] eO;s]sf] 5f]/fnfO{ 306f}F sfvdf lnP/ pgL lsg
/f]O/x]sL lyOg\, d}n] To;a]nf a'‰g ;s]sf] lyOgF .
ef]lnkN6b]lv cfdf a]Un} eOg\ . zf/Ll/s b[li6n] hL0f{ ePsf] pgsf] z/L/df gofF :k"mlt{
a9]sf] lyof] . cfZro{sf] s'/f To; lbgkl5 d]/f] ufpFsf] k|ltli7t sxlnPsf], wgLdfgL / /fd|f]
cf]xf]bf cf]u6]/ a;]sf] w"t{axfb'/÷w"t{k|;fb xfd|f] 3/df slxNo} cfPg . dnfO{ b]Vbf p;sf]
cg'xf/} k'mË p8\Yof], clg pm Pp6f axfgf agfP/ tls{g] uYof]{ . o;/L !( jif{kl5 dnfO{ nfUof]
jftfj/0fdf dxÎjk"0f{ x]/km]/ eP5, ?vkftx¿df gofF kfn'jf cfP5g\, laxfgLdf klg cln a9\t}
nfnL r9]5 .
t/ s;nfO{ s] yfxf of] kl/jt{g zLtsf] yf]kf h:tf] x'G5 eg]/ < dflg;sf] hLjg t
If0feª\u'/ xf] eg] c¿ s'/fsf] t s] xljut xf]nf . Tof] ;do @)#^ ;fn lyof] . jf:tjdf
kl/jt{gsf] nx/nfO{ hah{:tL /f]Sg] k|of; eof] / /f]lsof] klg . ?vkftdf kfn'jf z'is eP/
uP, kl/jt{gsf lgldQ p7]sf xft ;]nfP/ uP, htftt} k|v/ Gofgf]sf] cg'ej x'g yfNof] .
Ps jif{ / s]xL dlxgf klg laTg kfPgg\ d]/L cfdfsf] cj:yf km]l/ k'/fg} cj:yfdf
bf]xf]l/of] . o; k6s w"t{axfb'/÷w"t{k|;fbsf] rfn9fn klxn] h:tf] lyPg . pm PSn} cfpFb}gYof],
p;sf ;fydf @÷$ n7}t klg x'g] uy]{ . p;sf] efiff af]nLdf dfq ;Lldt x'GgYof], p;sf

n7}tx¿ n7\7L a;f{P/ dfq s'/fsfgL ;'? ug]{ uy]{ . o; ljk/Lt k|jfxsf] klxnf] lzsf/ d]/L
cfdf, d / d]/f] 3/ x'g k'Uof] .
Tof] /ft, To;nfO{ sfn/flq g} eg"F, d 3/df ;'Tg g;s]/ vx/]lt/ em/]sf] lyPF . w]/}a]/
vx/]sf] kfgLdf v'§f 8'afP/ 3/lt/ nfU5' eg]/ plSnFbf d}n] h'g eofjx b[Zo b]v]F To;nfO{
;DemFbf clxn] klg d'6' sfd]/ cfpF5 . d]/f] ;fgf] 3/ cfuf]sf] nk]6df blGs/x]sf] lyof] / jl/kl/
w"t{k|;fb÷w"t{axfb'/sf n7}tx¿ kx/f lbO/x]sf lyP . cfdfsf] gZj/ z/L/ ToxL 3/sf] sf7 /
OF6;Fu} v/fgL eof] . pgLx¿sf] b[li6df d klg ToxLF To;} lbg v/fgL ePF . d}n] klg cfk"mnfO{
v/fgL ePs} 7fg]F, clg Tof] ufpF, Tof] kl/j]z / cfˆgf] afNosfnsf] ;DemgfnfO{ ToxLF ;]nfP/ d
;x/ k;]F . dnfO{ cfˆgf] a]Un} klxrfg agfpg' kg]{ lyof] . ;x/df dnfO{ s;}n] lrGb}gy], d klg
s;}nfO{ lrGb}gy]F . t/ b; jif{sf] ;do w]/} x'g]/x]5 . o; aLrdf d]/f] lrghfg, ;Dks{;"q
qmdzM Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ ylkFb} uP . ;fdfGo tj/s} eP klg k]zfn] d kqsf/ / ;f]vsf] b[li6n]
dfq ePsf]n] To:tf] x'g' :jfefljs} lyof].
o;aLr kl/l:yltn] kN6f vfof], hgr]tgf hfu/0fn] cfGbf]ngsf] ¿k lnof], clg
k|hftGqsf] :jl0f{d laxfgL klg cfof] . ;Ël7t, c;Ël7t h:t} eP klg hgtfn] cfk"m / cfˆgf
lk|ohgx¿nfO{ aln r9fP/ b]z / hgtfnfO{ k|hftGq¿kL sf];]nL lbP/ uP . oxL kl/k|]Iodf
v'nf d~rdf d / dh:t} xhf/f}Fxhf/ c¿n] hgtfsf pb\uf/ ;'Gg] / dgg ug]{ df}sf kfO/x]sf
5f}F . t/ o:tf] kl/jt{gsf] qmddf cfˆgf] c;nL ¿k n'sfP/ cfk"mnfO{ gSsnL rf]nfdf
ptfg]{x¿sf] jfx'No klg a9\b} hfg] /x]5 . w"t{axfb'/÷w"t{k|;fbn] klg o;} u/L rf]nf km]/]sf] lyof]
. v'nf d~rdf dfnf / caL/df p;nfO{ nflbPsf] b]Vbf d]/f /ut plDnP/ cfpFYof] . t/ d ljjz
lyPF, p;n] cfˆgf] dL7f] zAbh~hfndf x"nnfO{ n7\7 kfl/;s]sf] x'GYof] . Tof] gLnf] :ofnsf]
cfj/0fleq AjfF;f] n's]sf] 5 eGg] Tof] clgolGqt / c;Ël7t eL8nfO{ yfxf lyPg .
cfh klg ;fob dnfO{ To:t} x'G5 . d}n] eL8af6 s/fP/ s;}n] ;'Gg] 5}g, pN6f] d}nfO{ g}
k|ltufdL, k|ltlqmofjfbL, …d08n]Ú sf] ;+1f lbP/ n'6kf6 ug{ s] a]/ < To;}n] r"krfk 5xf/Ldf a:g
5f8]/ Psflt/ nfU5' . d 6f9f k'lu;Sbf klg tfnLsf] u8\u8fx6n] d]/f] sfg n§fO/x] em}F x'G5 .
d Tof] eL8, efif0f / v'Nnf d~raf6 6f9f hfg klg ;lSbg, ghLs x'g klg d]/f] cGt/fTdfn]
dfGb}g . ;fy} ddf jf:tljstf s] xf] eg]/ eL8nfO{ ;'gfpg] zlSt / ;fdYo{ clg cfF6 klg 5}g,
t}klg dgleq stf stf Pp6f cfz knfPsf] 5— d h:tf cgluGtL c? ldn]/ efjL lbgx?df
s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 ls < ■
-@)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{df n]lvPsf]_

nfx'/]sf] bz}F
æ;fgL Û P ;fgL Û sxfF 5];\ xF tF <Æ
cfˆgL cfdfsf] cfjfh ;'g]/ ;fgL em;Ë x'G5] . 3fd g8'Ab} 3/leq k;]sL ;fgLnfO{
emdSs ;fFem kl/;s]sf] klg kQ} ePg5 . p;n] r"nf]lt/ Psk6s x]/L— s'g a]nf xfn]sf]
9f]8 lgle;s]sf] lyof], clg rL;f] bfp/f /fd|/L ;Nsg g;s]/ 3/ w'Fjfn] 9fls;s]sf] lyof],
kfgL a;fn]sf] klg s]sf] tftf] nfUg' <
æxh'/, cfPFÆ eGb} ;fgL aflx/ lg:sG5] . cfdfn] bfp/fsf] ef/L uf]7sf] bnfgdf
v;fln;s]sL lyOg\ . lhª\u|LË skfn, ufl8Psf cfFvf, ufnfel/ rfofsf] bfu, s'lxgf] 6fn]sf]
rf]nf] / sn]hL /ªsf] dh]qf] cf]9]sL p;sL cfdf cf]7–d'v ;'sfP/ cfPsL eP klg ;fgLnfO{
dfofn' cfFvfn] x]l//x]sL lyOg\ .
æaQL klg afn]sL /lxg5];\, lsg ;Grf] ePg ls <Æ
æx}g . pHofn}df efG;fdf kfgL a;fn]sL lyPFÙ afpsf] s'/f ;DemFbf ;DemFb} ;fFem k/]sf]
kQ} kfOg5' .Æ
æt}Fn] dfq} ;Dem]/ s] u5]{;\ afa} Û cfhsf] aL; lbgdf 6Lsf cfO;Sof] . t]/f] afpsf] g
va/ 5 g t cfPsf g} x'g\ .Æ
;fgL Psk6s cfdfnfO{ x]5]{ . afpsf] s'/fn] cfdf lgs} b'MvL ePsL h:tL 5g\ . kf]xf]/
klg cfpF5' eg]/ va/ k7fPsf lyP afpn], t/ bz}Fsf] kfFr lbgcufl8 kNnf] ufpFsf]
xs{axfb'/n] kfFr ;o sDkgL / pgLx¿nfO{ Ps Ps hf]/ n'uf NofOlbP/ pgL gcfpg] va/
NofPsf] lyof] . p;sf] afpsf] h?/L sfd k/]sf] xf] s'lGg < jNnf] kNnf] ufpF / cfˆgf]
l5d]ss} c? ;a} hgfnfO{ eg] cfpg k'm;{t x'g] /], p;s} afpnfO{ dfq lsg To:tf] < t/
o;kfnL t afp kSs} cfpg]5g eGg] ;fgLn] ljZjf; u/]sL 5] .
;fgL !@ jif{sL eO{ . pm hlt jif{sL eO{ p;sf] afa' snsQfdf gf]s/L ug{ lxF8]sf] klg
TolQ g} jif{ eof] . To;a]nf pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/ 7"nf] lyof] . ;fgLsf 7"nfafa' k'ln;df xjNbf/
lyP, /fd|} cfdbfgL uy]{ pgL . clg bfh'efOdf klg /fd|} d]n lyof] . t/ ;fgLsL cfdfnfO{ lax]
u/]/ NofPb]lv g} p;sf] afa'sf] dglrQ 7]ufgdf x'GgYof] /] Û ufpFdf v]tLsf] sfd klg ;a}
;do gx'g] / p;nfO{ jgdf bfp/f a6'Ng hfg] cyjf ;b/d'sfdlt/ s'NnLsf] sfd ug{ hfg]
s'/fx¿df k6s dg lyPg /] . e¥ofªdf a;]/ a6'jfx¿nfO{ kfgL Vjfpg], :ofpnf
cf]5ØfOlbg], obfsbf s;}sf] ux|f}F ef/L psfnf] s6fpg d2t ul/lbg] sfd ubf{ub}{ ;fgLsf]
afa'sf] dgdf nfx'/ k:g] hf]z rn]/ cfP5 . To;kl5 p;n] a/fa/ ;ft–;fFem cfOk'Ug]
nfx'/]x¿nfO{ 3/df af; a;fpg Nofpg] ug{ yfn]5g\ .

7"nf] afa'n] k'ln;df etL{ u/fpg lgs} hf]8 u/]sf lyP /] . t/ slxn] ;fgLsf] afa'n]
6fg{ vf]Hg] t slxn] dgfP/ lnO{ hfFbf xflsdx¿ gdfGg] ubf{ub}{ Pslbg ;fgLsf] afa' ljgf
;"rgf 3/af6 a]kQf eP5g\ . Ps jif{, b'O{ jif{ clg tLg jif{ lat]5g\ . To;kl5 7"nf] afa'n]
;fgL / ;fgLsL cfdfnfO{ s]xL v]taf/L lbP/ leGg} /flvlbP5g\ . lar/L ;fgL k]6d} 5Fbf afa'
lg:s]/ uPsfn] p;n] afa' s:tf 5g\ eGg] klg yfxf kfPsL lyOg . 3/af6 lg:s]sf] 5 jif{
jif{kl5 ;fgLsf] afa' 3/ kms]{sf] /] Û
;fgLsf] afa' cyf{t\ Zofdaxfb'/sf] cfˆgf] a]Un} Joyf lyof] . p;n] cfˆgf] Tof] Joyf
;fgLsL cfdfnfO{ ;'gfof] / ;fgLsL cfdfn] ;fglnfO{ ;'gfPsL lyO{ .
snsQf eGgf;fy} ToxfF hf];'s}n] sfd sxfF kfpg' < 3/af6 lg:s]/ uPsf] tLg jif{;Dd
t lar/f Zofdaxfb'/ Pp6f xf]6naf6 csf]{ xf]6n, Pp6f :6]zgaf6 csf]{ :6]zg ub}{
d'l:snn] xftd'v hf]g{ ;SYof] /] Û clg l/Qf] xft / a]vrL{ eP/ 3/ cfpg] s'/f klg ePg .
Pp6f lgwf]sf] / /fd|f] sfd p;n] kfpg g;s'Gh]n s]xL hu]gf{ ug{ ;Sg] klg ;Dej lyPg .
t/ b}jn] x]l/lbP5g\ / Pslbg Pp6f ;fx]asf] ;fdfg cf];fbf{cf];fb}{ Zofdaxfb'/n] a}Ídf
rf}sLbf/sf] sfd kfof] . clg cfˆgf] 7]ufgf ;lxt 3/df lr7\7L k7fpg], jNnf] kNnf] ufpFaf6
cfPsf c? g]kfnLx¿;Fu e]63f6 lrghfg ug]{ cflb u/]/ pm 5}7f}F jif{ df ;fgL / ;fgLsL
cfdfnfO{ y'k|} n'ufkmf6f lnP/ cfPsf] lyof] .
;fgL cem} ;DemG5], klxnf] k6s afpnfO{ b]v]sf] lbg . slt dfofn' nfu]sf] lyof]
p;nfO{ afpsf] cg'xf/ / Jojxf/ Û To;kl5 afp x/]s jif{ geP klg @ jif{df Psk6s
bz}Fdf cfpg] uy]{ . gcfPsf] jif{ s;}n] lr7\7L NofPsf] x'GYof] .
snsQfdf Zofdaxfb'/ w]/} a]/b]lv ;fx]anfO{ s'/]/ al;/x]sf] lyof] . of] jif{ t bz}Fdf
3/ guO{ x'Gg, @ jif{df ;fgL klg t lgs} x'ls{;s]sL xf]nL . o;} u/L csf]{ !÷@ k6s hfg]
a]nf t lax] ug]{ pd]/ klg eO;S5 .
æs] xf] pª]/ a:of5f} lg <Æ t]hjL/sf] cfjfhn] Zofdaxfb'/sf] tGb|f eË x'G5 .
æx}g ;fx]anfO{ s'/]sf] . of] kfnL t 3/ guO x'Gg bz}Fdf d]/f] Û k};f lbg] /] ljbfsf] Û
lshft lnpFnf d Û ul/asf] rflxF rf8jf8} x'Gg <Æ
æ;fx]an] s] k7fpnfg\ <Æ
æTo;f] eg]/ sxfF x'G5 Û cfˆgf] dg pt} 5 .Æ
ækf]xf]/ klg To;} eGYof} . cflv/Ldf ;fx]an] eg] em} ug}{ k¥of] Û n'ufkmf6f / gub
k7fOxfNnfpm ÛÆ
t]hjL/ s'/} a'‰b}g, lsg ls p;sf sf]xL 5}gg\ 3/df . ePsf] sfG5f] afp klg p;nfO{
b]Vbf lgwf/df aQL; d'hf kf5{ /] Û t/ Zofdaxfb'/sf] t Pp6f ;+;f/} 5— :jf:gL, 5f]/L, 3/
af/L . To;}n] p;n] c7f]6 ul/;s]sf] 5— ;fx]an] kf]xf]/ h:tf] u¥of] eg] efu]/ eP klg hfg],
h] t knf{ Û clg p;sf] dgleq Pp6f rL;f] l;/]6f] k;] h:tf] nfU5, p;nfO{ .

t]hjL/n] eg] em}F ;fx]a dfGb}gg\, nfdf] 5'§L lbg ldNb}g /] . Zofdaxfb'/nfO{ km]l/
xs{axfb'/sf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . c? Tolt ljZjf;L klg t 5}gg\ lg Û Zofdaxfb'/sf] dg
lgs} s'Fl8Psf] 5— s:tf] 7fpF xf] of] < pm Pp6fnfO{ dfq bz}F gcfpg] <
a}Í a;]sf] 3/sf] kNnf] ;8saf6 w"dwfd afhfufhf;lxt dflg;x¿sf] x"n cfO/x]
h:tf] b]lvGYof] . Zofdaxfb'/ lgGofp/f] d'v nufP/ cfˆgf] 8Ø"6L ul//x]sf] lyof] . afhfsf]
cfjfh ghLs ghLs x'Fb} p;s} cufl8 cfOk'lu;s]sf] lyof] . bz}Fsf] k"mnkftL leœofpg]x¿sf]
x"n lyof] Tof] Û k|To]s nf]Ug]dflg; :jf:gLdflg;sf] cg'xf/df cg'kd pNnf; emlNsGYof] .
;a}hgf cfˆgf] w"gdf lyP . Zofdaxfb'/n] Ps Ps u/L ;a}sf] cg'xf/ x]l//Xof] . clg ;fgL
/ ;fgLsL cfdf To;}u/L xfF:b} bf}8Fb} u/]sf] h:tf] nfUof] p;nfO{ .
tLg lbg kl5,
æcfdf d kLª v]Ng hfG5' x} <Æ ;fgL kmn}Frfdf Psf]xf]/f] 6f]nfO/x]sL cfˆgL cfdfnfO{
3R3RofpFb} lyO{ . ;fgLsL cfdfn] gofF wf]tL a]/]sL lyO{ / ;fgLn] gofF s'tf{ ;'?jfn nufPsL
lyO{— lxh} dfq xs{axfb'/n] 5f]8]/ uPsf] . cfdfsf b'j} cfFvf 8A8afPsf lyP . ;fgL cfˆgL
cfdfsf] cg'dltsf] k|tLIff gu/L bu'b}{ s/];flt/ lg:sL . ;fgLsL cfdf klg nfdf] ;':s]/f
xfNb} 3/leq k;L . cª]gfdf Psl5g cl3 a;fPsf] df;' 89]h:tf] uGw cfO;s]sf] lyof]. ■

dfgaL/sf] axfb'/L
ædfgaL/ 8fFsf;Fu ePsf] eL8Gtdf d¥of] /]Æ— d]/f] ;fyLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ d csdSs k/]F .
dfgaL/nfO{ d}n] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] k6s l;lnu'8Lsf] ahf/df e]6]sf] lyPF . ul7nf] z/L/,
lgs} k"mlt{nf] / xF;d'v dfgaL/ s'g} a]nf d]/f] ufpFsf] 3/df uf]7fnf] eP/ a;]sf] lyof] . t/ d
:s"nsf] k9fO ;s]/ 3/ kms{+bf pm l;kfxLdf etL{ x'g ljb]z kl;;s]sf] /x]5 . pd]/df
dfgaL/ deGbf rf/–kfFr jif{ h]7f] lyof] xf]nf . d}n] To;kl5 p;nfO{ e]6\bf aL;–PSsfO;
jif{sf] nSsf hjfg, s'/f ubf{ cª\u|]hL / lxGbL zAb k|of]u ug]{Ù l5gl5gdf uf]N8 ˆn]s r'/f]6
;Nsfpg] / bfofF afofF a;]sf dflg;nfO{ r'/f]6 afF8\b} klg ug]{ b]v]sf] lyPF . ufpFsf bf}Ft/L
;a} dfgaL/sf] k"mlt{ b]v]/ dgdg} O{iof{ klg uy]{ . dfgaL/ dnfO{ eGg] uYof]{— æz/bafa'nfO{ t
;a} yfxf 5, s]xL elg/xg' kb}{g . t/ kN6gsf] hLjg of] t /fd|f] xf] Û jf jf ÛÛ sfd 5Gh]n
;f; km]g]{ k'm;{t klg kfOGg, clg labfsf] lbg eof] ls 5f8f Û hxfF uP klg h] u/] klg
afu8f]u/fsf] SofDkaflx/sf] ;]/f]km]/f] hDd} d]/f] h:tf] Û oxfF h:tf] xf] / < vfg]s'/f klg To:t},
kmnk"mn vfg] ls xn'jf k'/L jf ;]s'jf / ;f]d/; lt/ nfUg] ls <Æ
bfofF afofF dfgaL/nfO{ 3]/]/ a:g] ;a}sf Tolta]nf d'vdf kfgL cfPsf] h:tf] nfUbYof] .
æslxn]slxn] /dfOnf] ug{ hfFbf kN6gsf] g]kfnL ;fx]an] yfxf kfP eg] vfpFnf em}F uy]{.Æ
pm Psxf]/f] kmt\kmtfO /xGYof] .
dfgaL/ b'O{ tLg jif{df Psk6s cfˆgf] 3/ cfpg] uYof]{ . ;f}t]gL cfdflt/sf
efOx¿nfO{ /fd|f–/fd|f n'uf, em8\s]nf] afa' eGg] ls ;f}t]gL cfdfsf] nf]Ug] eGg]nfO{ klg lnnfdL
sf]6 / ;f}t]gL cfdfnfO{ wf]tL rf]nf], clg vNtLdf b'O{–rf/ ;o sDkgL gf]6 lnP/ cfpg]
dfgaL/ ;a}sf] xfO{–xfO{ g} lyof] . t/ 5'§L ;s]/ kms{+bf eg] xftsf] 38L klg ufpFsf
lhDdfjfn sfhLnfO{ 5f]8]/ hfg'kYof]{ /] . u/f];\ klg s] < nfx'/] eg]/ ;a} kl5 nfUy] . clg t
b'O–{ rf/ k};f vr{ gu/L ;'v klg lyPg .
To;kl5 d b'O{ jif{ aflx/ k9\g uPF . dfgaL/n] ufpFsL k;NgLsL 5f]/L ;'GtnLnfO{ lax]
u/]/ nu]5 . x'g t dfgaL/ eg]kl5 ufpFsf cNnf/] s]6L ;a} x'?Ss} x'Gy] klg . rf}tf/Ldf
a;]/ r'/f]6 afF8\bf pm ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf axfb'/Lsf s'/f ;'gfpFYof], cfk"mn] kfPsf tSdfsf
ldlgPr/ b]vfpFYof], clg kN6gdf xjNbf/ ePkl5 p;n] u/]sf sfdsf] a]nLla:tf/ nfpg
yfNYof] . To;}n] p;Fu ufpFsf s]6Lx¿ gnf]leg] s'/f klg lyPg . dgdg} dfgaL/n] aofg
u/]sf] 7fpF / cfgGbsf] ;kgf b]Vg] uy]{ xf]nfg\ .
æd]/} sDkgLsf] x'2fn] kf]xf]/ 5'§Ldf kms{+bf lax] u/]/ NofP5 . Sof df]h u/]/ a;]sL 5
p;sL :jf:gL Û kl/jf/ 5 eg]kl5 t xKt}lkR5] 5'§L klg kfOG5, ;fx]ax¿n] 3/–3/df vfg
klg af]nfpF5g\ .Æ

hDdf ePsf ;a} s]6L Ps csf{sf] d'v x]/fx]/ ug]{ uy]{ .
d}n] kf]xf]/ l;lnu'8Ldf e]6\bf dfgaL/ ev{/} 8s}tL lgoGq0f ug]{ ljz]if tfnLd ;s]/
cfPsf] lyof] . p;sf] v'§} e}Fdf lyPg .
æsfd ug}{ k/]kl5 To:tf] kf] ug]{ z/bafa' Û l;kfxL t oxfF w]/} 5g\, t/ xfd|f] k'/}
a6flnogdf d dfq} g]kfnL of] tfnLddf 5flgPF .Æ
dfgaL/n] 5ftL k'mnfP/ eg]sf] lyof] .
ætfnLd ;fnLd 5f8 ca, ;'GtnL sxfF 5 lg <Æ d}n] k|;Ë abNg ;f]w]sf] lyPF .
æcF t, tfnLddf hfg'cl3 b'O{ hLpsL lyO{ . To;}n] ;'GtnL / sfvsf] 5f]/fnfO{ kxf8df
5f]8\g uPsf] lyPF . tkfO{+;Fu e]6 x'g} kfPg . cl3Nnf] xKtf;Dd t lr7\7L klg cfPsf]
lyPg. cTof; nfu]sf] lyof] s] ug]{ < k]6sf] aRrf rflxF uP5 . ;'GtnLnfO{ 7Ls 5 /] . ca
csf]{ dlxgfsf] PS;/;fOh\ ;s]/ lng uOxfN5' .Æ
d}n] dfgaL/sf] d'vdf x]l//x]F . p;nfO{ cfˆgL :jf:gLsf] ue{ t'lxPsf]df Tolt lj:dft
lyPg . pm cfˆg} axfb'/Lsf s'/f Psf]xf]/f] ;'gfO/xg rfxGYof] . d}n] w]/}a]/ x]l//x]sf] b]v]/
p;nfO{ cln c;lhnf] nfu]5 .
æs] ug]{, gf]s/L hf] ul/of], ;w}F kl/jf/sf] lk5] nfu]/ klg g;lsg] Û clg afa' slxn]
kms{g] lg <Æ
æoxfFaf6 t cfh}, t/ ufpFdf o;kfln hfGg . sf7df8f}F ;x/df Pp6f 3/ agfpFb}5',
To;}n] cln sfd klg ylkPsf] 5 .Æ
dfgaL/ d';'Ss xfF;]sf] lyof] .
æTo;f] eP t g]kfn hfFbf afa'sf] ;x/sf] 3/df af; a:g kfOg] eP5Æ eGb} dfgaL/
d;Fu labf ePsf] lyof] .
d]/f] ;fyLn] dnfO{ cvaf/sf] kl5Nnf] k]h b]vfpFb} eGof]— ædfgaL/sf] axfb'/Lsf] klg
k|;Ë ul/Psf] 5, x]/ t .Æ
dnfO{ x]g{ dg nfu]g . pm axfb'/ lyof] . d}n] slt k6s p;s} d'vaf6 klg g;'g]sf]
xf]Og . dfgaL/n] b]vfpg] u/]sf ldlgPr/\ d]/f] cfFvfdf emNemn\ x'G5g\ . clg d]/f] dgdf
dfgaL/n] s;sf nflu axfb'/L b]vfof] eGg] v'Nb'nL x'g yfN5 . dfgaL/ PSnf] axfb'/ t
cjZo lyPg . c¿ slt dfgaL/ h:tf xf]nfg\ h;n] axfb'/L b]vfpFbf b]vfpFb} csfndf Hofg
u'dfP .
d]/f] cfFvfcufl8 ;'GtnLsf] cg'xf/sf] ememNsf] cfpF5 . ev{/ @@ jif{ hlt t eOxf]nL .
b'O[ jif{sf] 5f]/f], kRrL; xhf/ Ifltk"lt{ / clnslt k]G;g, clg k'/} hjfgL xftdf lnP/
a;s]LÛ ;DejtM nf]Ug]n] axfb'/L b]vfP/ k'/:sf/ jf tSdf ;d]t kfpnL ;'GtnLn] Û t/ afFsL
hLjgdf p;sf nflu dfgaL/ kms{g ;Sb}g . t} dfgaL/n] p;nfO{ 3/ 5f]8]/ uP5 . gq
l;lnu'8Lsf] Kn]6kmfd{df n'l6P/ a]Un} hLjg afFRg' kg]{ lyof] ls Û s;nfO{ s] yfxf <

dnfO{ Tof] lbge/L g} g/dfOnf] nflu/Xof] . d}n] dfgjL/;fu cfk"mn] latfPsf If0fx?nfO{
;lDemPsf] lyPF . s:tf] axfb'/L lar/fsf] <=== o:t} o:t} . ■

lg/Lx cfjfh, gSsnL gfd / ;SsnL y/
cvaf/df g]kfn;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfrf/sf sf]ndx¿ vf]Hb} hfFbf crfgs t:jL/
;lxtsf] Pp6f ;dfrf/df cfFvf k5{g\—
ækfFr hgf g]kfnL s]6Lx¿ lu/ˆtf/— ;a} g} sd pd]/sf ePsfn] k'ln;n] lnn'jf /]:So"
xf]dnfO{ ;'lDkPsf]— k'ln;n] gfjflnsx¿nfO{ j]Zofj[lQdf nufpg] lu/f]xnfO{ klqmg] k|of;
ul//x]sf] .Æ
kmf]6f] :ki6 lyPg . :ki6 eP klg s] / < lrGg] xf]Og s;}nfO{ Û
cl3Nnf] xKtf k'/fgf kmfOn s]nfP/ x]g]{ qmddf Ps jif{ otf j]Zofj[lQdf cj}w ¿kdf
nufOPsf g]kfnL s]6Lx¿ y'k|}sf] gfd b]v]sf] lyPF . y/ h] eP klg cl3Nnf] gfdn] rf]nf
km]l/;s]sf] lyof] . ;fFlxnL ;fgL ePsL lyO{, g]K6L lkÍL eO;s]sL lyO{, clg af6'nLsf] gfd
s;}n] 8]hL /flv;s]sf] lyof] . c¿ o:tf slt gfdx¿ lyP, d ;Demg ;lSbgF . w]/}h;f] !#
b]lv !& jif{ leqsf lyP .
Ps b'O{ hgfsf] aofg klg plNnlvt lyof] kmfOnleq . t/ w]/}h;f] /fd|/L af]Ng klg
ghfGg] x'g\ ls 8/n] s]xL gaf]Ng] x'g\— k'ln; jf p4f/ sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt s;};Fu Ps as
k'm6fpFb}gy] .
Pp6f o:tf] s]; klg lyof]— Ps hgfn] 5f]/f ;lxtsL @@÷@# jif{sL :jf:gL g}
bnfnsf] lhDdf nufOlbPsf] /x]5 . ljr/Lsf] afa' kQf nfu]sf]n] lnP/ uP5 .
Ps jif{sf] cfFs8f dfq x]/] klg kmfOnleq ;d]l6g ;s]sf dfq !))÷!%) xf]nfg\ .
To;kl5 hjh{:tL sf]7fleq oftgf vfP/ ylGsPsf slt xf]nfg\ < slt bnfnx¿s} u'Kt
c8\8fdf cj}w ¿kdf y'lgP/ a;]sf xf]nfg\ < snsQf dxfgu/leq j}w–cj}w b'j} ¿kdf
j]Zofj[lQdf nflu;s]sf / bnfnx¿sf] df]6f] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t ag]/ ef]ln s'g} lbg a]lrg
;lsg] cj:yfdf tof/ eP/ a;]sf ;a}sf] ;ª\Vof hf]8\g] xf] eg] xhf/f}Fxhf/ x'g klg s] a]/ Û
kmfOnleq} Pp6L o:tL axfb'/ s]6Lsf] s]; klg lyof], h;n] cfk"m a]lrO;s]/ klg
cfk"mnfO{ j]Zofj[lQaf6 hf]ufP/ b]z kms{g ;s]sL lyO{ . To; s]6Ln] lbPsf] aofg cg';f/,
g]kfnsf] s'gfsfKrfsf ufpFaf6 o;/L slnn} pd]/df tL canfx¿ snsQfsf] ;f]gfuf5L jf
cGo s'g} dxfgu/Lsf] abgfd uNnLdf l;Fufl/g k'U5g\ .
—ufpFaf6 s'g} bnfnn] kmsfO{k'mNofO{ ;x/ 3'dfpg NofpF5 jf pgLx¿sf] afa'cfdfnfO{
gf]s/L lbnfpg] k|nf]eg lbP/ NofpF5 jf ;:tf] k|]dsf] hfndf kmF;fP/ 3/af6 eufpF5 .
—sf7df8f}F jf cGo s'g} ;x/df k'u]kl5 Tof] klxnf] bnfn ljbf eP/ csf]{ cfOk'U5 .
wDSofP/, kmsfP/ jf e'mSofP/ p;n] /fd|f] gf]s/L kfpg] 7fpF jf s]xL lbgb]lv x/fO/x]sf]
k|]dLnfO{ e]6fOlbg] k|nf]eg lbP/ ToxfFaf6 ;Ldfgf s6fpg] pkfo u5{ .
—To;/L l;dfgf s6fPkl5 slxn] csf]{ t];|f] bnfn cfOk'U5 slxn] p;}n] snsQf jf
cGo dxfgu/Ldf ;lqmo csf]{ To:t} JolQmsf] lhDdf nufOlbG5 .

—To;kl5 lzsf/ ePsL s]6Lsf] ldhf; jf :jefj x]/]/ s]xL lbg gf]s/L lbP h:tf] ug]{
jf Ps}kN6 sf]7Ld} ;'lDkg] ul/G5. ToxfF k'u]kl5 gfd nufot gfk gS;f ;a} abNg] sfd
x'G5 .
sxfF kxf8sf] sGb/fdf lbg–/ft sfd ubf{ klg k]6el/ vfg wf}–wf} kg]{, sxfF lgl:kmqmL
;'t]/ a;]/ dL7fdL7f vfg kfOg] o:tf] 7fpF eGg] cfsif{0f x'G5 sltnfO{ . clg slt !÷@
k6s wDsL, hjh{:tLk"j{s cfk"mn] lszf]/fj:yf;Dd hf]ufP/ /fv]sf] s'/f cyf{t\ cfˆgf]
sf}dfo{ u'dfpg' kbf{ lbSs dfg]/ klg r"k a:5g\ . slQsf] jf ;a}sf] efu]/ hfg] 7fpF klg
st} x'Gg / nfrf/ eP/ j]Zofj[lQ cFufNg k'U5g\ .
kmfOndf kfgf kN6fpFb} hfFbf lbSs nfu]/ cfpF5 . nfU5 Pp6f 7"nf] ;ª\ul7t lu/f]xn]
of] lsga]r ul//x]sf] 5 . snsQfdf c;Dej s]xL 5}g . oxfF dfq xf]Og, cGo ef/tLo
dxfgu/Lx¿df klg o:t} xf] . Ps hgf cª\u|]h 8fS6/ Hofs k|]u/n] $÷% jif{sf
s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ cËeË u/fP/ dfUg] k]zfd nufpg] lu/f]xaf6} pNn]v u/]sf] s'/f k9]sf] lyPF
xfn;fn} . of] b]xJofkf/df klg lxdfnob]lv uËf;fu/;Dd cfˆgf] xft km}nfP/ a;]sf] lu/f]xsf]
;lqmotf gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg .
kmfOnleq y'k|} lr7\7Lx¿ klg 5g\ . oxfFsf] ;dfh sNof0f ljefusf] b[li6df k/]sf
s]6Lx¿nfO{ g]kfn kmsf{Olbg] cg'/f]wkq clg ;DalGwt 7fpFdf To;af/] n]lvPsf y'k|} y'k|} kq
/ tfs]tfx¿ Û kq / To;sf] tfs]tf ubf{ub}{ slt s]6Lx¿n] sfg"g adf]lhd :j]R5fn] j]Zofj[lQ
ug{ kfpg] pd]/ k'/f ul/;S5g\ . clg km]l/ pgLx¿ k'/fg} bnfnsf kGhfdf k5{g\Ù emg\ a9L
oftgfsf] lzsf/ x'G5g\ . To:tf] b]Vg] c¿n] kl5 pDsg] cfF6 klg ub}{gg\ .
kmfOn kN6fpF5' / Psk6s cfˆgf] 3'Dg] d]rnfO{ ‰ofnlt/ kmsf{P/ w"Fjfsf] d':nf]n]
9fs]sf] cfsf;lt/ x]5'{, clg tn c:ktfnsf] uf8L kfs{ ug]{ 7fpFdf tf;sf kQLx¿ Rofk]/
cfkm}F d:t /x]sf 8«fOe/x¿sf] sf]nfxn ;'G5' . t/ dg eg] kmfOnleq afFlwP/ a;]sf
lr7\7Lx¿d} 5 . tL lr7\7Lsf x/kleq 5flkP/ a;]sf gSsnL gfd / ;SsnL y/ ePsf
s]6Lx¿d} s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . sfgdf stfstfaf6 tL lg/Lx k|f0fLx¿sf] lrTsf/ alh|P h:tf]
5.
slxn] / s;/L of] k|lqmof cGTo xf]nf, cyjf emg\–emg\ a9\b} hfnf s]xL eGg jf nv
sf6\g klg ;lSbg . ;fFlRr g} cfpFbf s]xL jif{;Dd oL ;a} ljhf]u / gf/sLo hLjg x]/]/
latfpg'kg]{ afWotf ;Dem]/ ctflNnG5' klg Û t/ km]l/ nfU5, d t x]g]{ dfq t x'F, h; h;n]
o:tf] ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ ltgsf] dgl:ylt s:tf] xf]nf eGg] ;Dem]/ cfˆgf] lrQ a'emfpg] u5'{. ■

rkfPsf] bGTosyf
;ftjif{ lalt;s]5g\ . d cl3Nnf] k6s ufpF cfPsf] s'/f ;DemG5' . To;a]nf===
;d/axfb'/ y'n'ª\sf] 3/df d;fgsf] lg:tAwtf 5fPh:t} lyof] . p;sL cfdf
cfsfzjf0fL a'emfpg cfPsf] xNsf/f uPb]lv g} d"lR5{t l5g\ /] . clg p;sL lbbL 7"nLn] klg
?Fbf?Fb} /ftf g /ftf cfFvf kfl/;s]sL lyOg\ . cfFug, lkF9L / dh]/Ld a;]sf 9fqm]x¿ klg ;a}
6f]nfP/ a;]sf lyP . Ps Ps vf]nf hfF8 3'6\SofP/ af6f] ttfpg] cfz lnP/ To; 3/df
cf]n]{sf pgLx¿ lhNn k/]sf 5g\ . d ev{/} ToxfF k'u]sf] lyPF, ;d/axfb'/sf] csfn d[To'sf]
va/n] d]/f cfFvf klg /;fPsf 5g\ .
cfˆgf] ufpF, kl/jf/ / b]zaf6 w]/} 6f9f k'u]/ ;d/axfb'/n] cfˆgf] Hofg kmfn]sf] lyof],
p;sf] c:t' Tolt 6f9faf6 cfOk'Ug] s'/f] klg ePg . g]kfnaf6 w]/} 6f9f blIf0f cd]l/sf
dxfåLksf] lkFwd} kg]{ Pp6f åLk;d"x kmSNofG8sf] Pp6f efu blIf0f hlh{of k'u]sf] lyof]
;d/axfb'/ la|l6z uf]vf{sf] ;}lgs eP/ Û ToxLF g} cfh]{lG6gf / a]nfotaLr rn]sf] ljjfbf:kb
n8fOdf ;d/axfb'/ d/]sf] /x]5 . e"uf]nsf] ;fdfGo 1fg ePsfnfO{ ;d]t osLg ug{ ufx|f] kg]{
kmSNofG8 cyf{t\ dflNegf;\af/] oxfF ufpFdf emg\ s;nfO{ s] yfxf <
rf/kfFr jif{kl5 klxnf]kN6 nfdf] 5'§L lnPsf]n] p7\tL–k'7\tL / zflGt;Fu s]xL lbg
cf/fd ug]{ ljrf/n] d ufpF k'u]sf] lyPF . nfdL8fF8faf6 psfnf] r9]b]lv g} d ;d/axfb'/sf]
3/df Psb'O{ vf]nf 5Øfª / ;'s'6Lsf] :jfb lnP/ p;sL cfdf;Fu enfs';f/L u/]kl5 dfq
3/lt/ nfUg] ljrf/df lyPF . t/ ToxfF k'Ugf;fy ;d/axfb'/sf] d[To'sf] ;dfrf/n] dnfO{ cs}{
b'lgofFdf k'¥ofOlbof] .
d]/f] s]6fs]6L 5Fbfsf] ;fyL lyof] ;d/axfb'/ . pd]/df Psb'O{ jif{ sfG5f] eP klg
xfd|f] lgs} d]n lyof] . dnfO{ t pm kmsNofG8 k'u]sf] ;Dd klg yfxf lyPg . xfd|f] kl5Nnf] e]6
sf7df8f}Fdf d]/} 3/df ePsf] lyof] . ;d/axfb'/ hlxn] 5'l§df cfpFbf klg Ps–b'O{ /ft d]/f]
3/df a:g] uYof]{, clg p;n] NofPsf] lXj:sL 3'6\sfpFb} xfdL jgdf ufO{ r/fpg uPsf]
s'/fb]lv lnP/ p;sf] kmf}hsf] cg'ej, d]/f] hfuL/ clg s]6fs]6L a]nfsf c¿ bf}Ft/Lsf s'/f
u/]/ ;do latfpg] uYof}F .
d o;kfln otf cfpg] s]xL lbg cl3 dfq ch]{lG6gf km]/L Ps k6s xfd|f nflu klg
lgs} rlr{t ePsf] lyof] . ;ftjif{ cl3 ;d/axfb'/sf] d[To'sf] va/n] / kmSNofG8 ljjfbn] /
clxn] cfh]{lG6gfsf] ljZjsk k'm6andf ePsf] xf/n] Û t/ ;d/axfb'/sf] d[To'sf] va/ slt
dd{:kzL{ lyof] Û To;sf] t'ngfdf clxn] ch]{lG6gfsf] rrf{ Tolt dxÎjk"0f{ lyPg .

;d/axfb'/n] jL/ult k|fKt u/]sf] 7fpF kmsNofG8 cyf{t\ dflNegf;sf] k[i7e"ld /
a]nfot Pjd\ cfh]{lG6gfaLr ePsf] n8fOFsf] k[i7e"ld o:tf] lyof] .
;dfrf/ kqx¿n] 7"nf–7"nf cIf/n] Pp6f ljz]if :yfgdf eO/x]sf] o'4sf] rrf{ u/]sf
/x]5g\ . cGoq ePsf / x'g] kmf6k"m6 n8fOF, uf]nL xfgfxfg, ;Ldf If]qdf tgfj h:tf
36gfeGbf Tof] o'4 a]Un} k|sf/sf] lyof] . d]/f] b]zeGbf w]/} 6f9f P6\nflG6s dxf;fu/sf]
blIf0f–klZrdL efudf cjl:yt kmSNofG8 cyf{t\ dflNegf;\ klg elgg] 6fk"df eO/x]sf] lyof]
Tof] o'4 . ;qf}F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ klxnf] a]nfotL hxfhn] ToxfF k|j]z u/]kl5 pgLx¿sf]
hn;]gfsf Ps pRr clws[tsf] gfddf To;sf] kmSNofG8 eGg] gfdfs/0f ePsf] /] Û csf]{lt/
c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ 6fk"sf] k"jL{ efu k|mfG;]nLx¿n] sAhf u/]kl5 pgLx¿n] To;nfO{
cfˆgf] b]zsf] Ps aGb/ufxsf] gfddf …n]dfnf]ljgÚ gfds/0f u/] / kl5 :k]gLx¿n] To;}nfO{
dflNegf;\ eg] . 7"nf–;fgf u/L emG8} @)) j6f 6fk"x¿sf] ;d"x xf] kmSNofG8 cyf{t\
dflNegf;\ . a]nfotL / :k]gLx¿ b'j}n] o; 6fk"– ;d'xdfly cfˆgf] cflwkTosf] bfjL ug]{
/x]5g\ . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] k"jf{w{df cfh]{lG6gf :k]gL zf;gaf6 :jtGq ePkl5 k'gM ljjfb
;'? eof] . a]nfotLx¿ zlQmzfnL ePsfn] pgLx¿n] ank"j{s g} ;g\ !(#@ ;Dd ToxfF
a;f]jf; ug]{ cfh]{lG6gfjf;Lx¿ ;a}nfO{ wkfOlbP / :6fGn] cyf{t\ ToxfFsf] /fhwfgL nufot
;a} If]qdf cª\u|]h / :yfgLo d"nsf afl;Gbf dfq afFsL eP . t/ cfh]{lG6gfn] o; åLk–
;d"xsf] :jfldTjsf] bfjL slxNo} 5f]8]g, To;}sf] kmn:j¿k clxn] ToxfF a]nfot /
cfh]{lG6gfaLr o'4 ePsf] lyof] .
o'4sf] ;'?jft cfh]{lG6gfn] u¥of] /] clg To;sf] k|ltsf/ a]nfotn] Û kmSNofG8nfO{ k'gM
sAhf ug{ a]nfotn] cfˆgf] ;}Go 6f]nL k7fPsf] lyof] . To;} ;d"xdf la|l6z uf]vf{ kmf}hdf
sfo{/t g]kfnLx¿sf] Ps hTyf klg lyof] . To;} hTyfleq ;d/axfb'/ klg /x]5 .
kmSNofG8 cyf{t\ dflNegf;\sf] :jfldTj a]nfot jf cfh]{lG6gf hf] ;'s}df lglxt xf]cf];\
Pp6f ;fdfGo g]kfnLsf] lgldQ of] w]/} rfvsf] ljifo xf]Og . w]/}nfO{ o; ljjfbaf/] s]xL yfxf
klg 5}g xf]nf . t/ of] ljjfbn] k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf sltko g]kfnL kl/jf/ klg t 5g\ Û
sltn] cfˆgf lk|ohgfsf] d[To'nfO{ ;xg g;sL s}of}F /ft 5n{Ë kf/] xf]nfg\ Û To:t} k|ToIf
¿kdf ;+nUg gx'g] c¿ klg g]kfnLx¿ xf]nfg\ h;nfO{ clgR5fk"j{s klg kmSNofG8sf] o'4df
uf]vf{nL ;}lgssf] k|of]usf] cf}lrTosf] cgfjZos ts{ lbP/ jsfnt ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] lyof] . d
To;} ;d"xdf kb{y]F . d a/fa/ cfˆgf blIf0f cd]l/sL ldqx?sf] tLvf] k|ltlqmof ;'Gg] uy]{+ .
csf]{ cfZro{hgs tYofÍ Û a]nfotaf6 k|sflzt x'g] ;fdfGo 1fg;Fu ;DalGwt k|l;4
Pjd\ cflwsfl/s k':tsdf xfdL o;nfO{ k9\g ;S5f}F Û t/ ;d/axfb'/ / pmh:t} ToxfF jL/ult
k|fKt ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf kl/jf/n] lj/n} o;lt/ b[li6 k'¥ofpnfg\ . kmSNofG8 o'4df @%%
a]nfotL, &%) cfh]{lG6gfjf;L / tLg hgf :yfgLo afl;Gbfn] Hofg u'dfP /] Û ToxfF
;d/axfb'/sf] tYofÍ 5}g, g t cfh]{lG6gfdf rlr{t xNnf cg';f/ uf]vf{nL ;}lgsn] :6fGn] /
blIf0f hlh{ofsf ;8sx¿df v's'/Lsf] k|xf/n] w8fw8 b'O{ luF8 kfl/Psf lzz'x¿sf] slyt

tYofÍ g} pNn]v ePsf] 5, h;nfO{ blIf0f cd]l/sf e/L g} Pp6f q"m 36gf egL k|rf/
ul/Psf] lyof] .
;d/axfb'/ / c¿ w]/} g]kfnLsf] tYofÍ gx'g' Tolt b'MvbfoL x'Gg, hlt b'MvbfoL
pgLx¿sf] gfdsf] k5fl8 nfu]sf] …dfl;{gl/hÚ cyf{t\ ef8fsf] ;}lgs eGg] ljz]if0fsf] bfu 5 .
b'O{ dxfo'4df uf]vf{nLx¿ axfb'/, cg'zfl;t OdfGbf/ l;kfxLsf] ¿kdf k|l;4 ePsf lyP . t/
clxn] pgLx¿ blIf0f cd]l/sfdf ef8fdf ;}lgssf] ¿kdf / Pp6f caf]w afnsnfO{ klg afFsL
g/fVg] oGqjt rNg] xTof/fsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . s:tf] la8Dagf xf] of] <
;d/axfb'/ / c¿ w]/} pm h:tf uf]vf{nL ;}lgsx¿ gfd sdfpg jf abgfd x'g ljb]zL
;]gfdf etL{ x'g uPsf xf]Ogg\ . u/La eP/ hGdg' slt clezfkk"0f{ x'Gg eGg] t pgLx¿ g}
a'‰g ;S5g\ . cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] 5fs 6fg{, Ps;/f] vfF8L / cf]t nfUg] 5fk|f]sf] lgldQ
ljb]lzPsf x'G5g\ pgLx¿ . k};f sdfP/ ;fx"sf] sAhfdf ePsf] v]taf/L lgvGg], ufpFdf
l6gsf] 5fgf xfn]/ 3/ agfpg], clg cfˆgf cfdf, :jf:gL, lbbL, alxgLx¿sf] gfs–sfg
;'gsf uxgfn] eg]{ ;kgf cfFvfel/ lnP/ uPsf x'G5g\ pgLx¿ Û /fd|f] gfd jf snÍsf] s'/f
pgLx¿sf] nflu uf}0f ljifo x'g hfG5 . sltn] cfˆgf] ;kgf k"/f ug{ ;s] xf]nfg\, clg slt
cfˆgf] kl/jf/nfO{ lr/ k|tLIffdf 5f8]/ n8fOFsf] d}bfgdf g} lanfP klg xf]nfg\ Û
g]kfndf k|hftGq cfof] / uof] klg . Pp6f zlQmzfnL b]zn] l8S6]6 u/]sf] ;lGw /
To;sf] cg'aGwnfO{ x's'dL zf;g 5Fbf t s]xL ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt lyPg, t/ k|hftGqsf] k|fb'ef{j
ePkl5 klg s]xL ePg, k|hftGqsf] csfn d[To'kl5 t emg\ o;kl§ s;n] b[li6 k'¥ofpg] <
o;/L s}of}F ;d/axfb'/x¿n] kmSNofG8, dnfof, cf;fd / c¿ slt 7fpFdf cfˆgf] O{xnLnf
;dfKt u/] xf]nfg\ . Pp6f ;ª\s'lrt cfsfª\Iff / jfWotf k"/f ug{sf] nflu aGb's leg{ k'u]sf
pgLx¿sf] ;kgf k'/f x'g] s'g} lglZrttf lyPg, clxn] klg 5}g .
slt ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ oL s'/fx¿ Û
d d'9]sf] psfnf] r9\b}5' . e~Hofª\af6 t'dn]6df e/]/ NofPsf] kfgL klg ;lsPsf]n]
d'v Rofk\Rofk\ eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ d'v ;'s] klg dg / dl:tisdf cg]sf}F s'/f v]ln/x]sfn]
Tolt cK7]/f] cg'ej eO;s]sf] 5}g . ;d/axfb'/sf] 3/ ePsf] ufpF glhs glhs
cfO/x]sf]n] d jf:tjdf p;}nfO{ ;lDem/x]sf] 5', clg ;lDem/x]sf] 5' Tof] ljjfbf:kb o'4–If]q
kmSNofG8, cfh]{lG6gf cflb cflb . cfh]{lG6gf–Dof/f8f]gfsf] b]z ch]{lG6gf / ;d/axfb'/sf]
csfn d[To'sf] sf/0f x'g k'u]sf] b]z cfh]{lG6gf Û
Ps xKtf cufl8 t xf]— Dof/f8f]gf klg ljjfbsf] ljifo ePsf lyP .
/ftsf] emG8} tLg aHg nflu;s]sf] lyof], cfh]{lG6gfnfO{ /]k|mLn] kIfkft u/L hfgfhfg
x/fof] eg]/ d]/f] ;fgf] 5f]/f] t'?Ss cfF;' emfb}{ ;'Tg uPsf] lyof] . ljZjsk k'm6ansf] kmfOgn
klZrd hd{gLsf] ljho;fy ;lsPsf] lyof] . v]n hd{gLs} pTs[i6 lyof], t/ lsg xf] lsg
cfh]{lG6gfsf] xf/df d cfkm}F klg lbSs lyPF . l8o\uf] Dof/f8f]gf Û ;g\ !(*^ sf] ljzj sk
kmfOgndf hd{gLnfO{ k/f:t ug{ pgsf] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsfnfO{ s;n] la;{g ;S5 / < k"m6an

v]ndf Dof/f8f]gfsf] gfd !(&* b]lv g} rlr{t eO;s]sf] lyof], t/ pd]/sf] sf/0fn] To;a]nf
v]Ng kfPgg\ /], t}klg Dof/f8f]gf olt nf]slk|o lyP ls o"/f]kdf pgL;Fu s/f/gfdf u/]/
cfˆgf] Snadf v]nfpg]x¿sf] xf]8afhL rNof] / pgL ;aeGbf dxFuf v]nf8L -To;a]nfsf_ klg
x'g k'u] . o:tf lyP l8Puf] Dof/f8f]gf Û cfh]{lG6gfdf hGd] klg ljZjk|l;4 Û ;a}sf lk|o
v]nf8L .
Dof/f8f]gfsf] k|;Ëdf pgsf] b]z ch]{lG6gfsf] gfd t cfpF5 g}, t/ d t cfh]{lG6gf
;DemFbf ;d/axfb'/nfO{ dfq xf]Og, cfk"mn] ljb]zdf e]6]sf ldqx¿ Pi6«f8f, cNa6f]{ / df;]{nf]nfO{
;DemG5' . cfh]{lG6gfsf] rrf{ ubf{ Tof] b]z / ToxfFsf lgjf;Lx¿ s:tf x'G5g\ / c¿;Fu
s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ eGg] s'/f klg dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 h:tf] nfU5 . blIf0f cd]l/sfdf
cfh]{lG6gfnfO{ …lau\ a|b/Ú klg elgG5 /] Û s[lif / pBf]u b'j} If]qdf lgs} ljsf; u/] klg
j}b]lzs C0f x]g]{ xf] eg] cfh]{lG6gf leqleq} vf]qmf] xf] ls h:tf] klg nfU5 /] Û a;f}{+;Dd ;}lgs
tfgfzfxL /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / cfGtl/s czflGtsf] e'd/Ldf k/]/ klg cfh]{lG6gfn] df}sf
kgf{;fy l5d]sL b]zx¿nfO{ zlQm k|bz{g ug{ vf]H5 eGg] u'gf;f] klg ;'lgG5 . s]xL jif{ cl3
d]/f] Ps hgf sf]nlDaofsf] ;fyLn] w]/} k6s ;k|df0f o;sf] k'li6 klg u/]sf] lyof] .
cgf}krfl/s e]63f6df cfh]{lG6gfsf ldqn] cfk"mnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] kof{ojfrL eO
wSs" nufpg vf]h]sf] dnfO{ klg k|ToIf cg'ej 5 . o"/f]k]nL cfly{s ;d'bfosf]
…k|f]6f]S;lgHdÚ jf ;+/If0fjfbsf] gLltsf] sf/0fn] cfˆgf] s[lif pTkfbgsf] lgof{tdf x|f;
gcfPsf] eP cfh]{lG6gf ljZj dfglrqdf s'g l:yltdf x'GYof] s'lGg < k'm6ank|]dL /fi6«klt
sfnf]{; d]gd g} ;Qfdf gcfpg klg s] a]/ lyof] / Û o"/f]k]nLx¿sf] ;+/If0fjfbsf] gLltn]
;fFRr} g} cfh]{lG6gfsf] /fhgLlts hLjgdf ltgtfsf Pp6f cld6 5fk 5f]8]sf] lyof] .
of] eof] k|;Ë k'm6ansf], clg k[i7e"ld / kl/ro cfh]{lG6gfsf] Û clxn] d]/f] cfFvf
cufl8 t Pp6f l;Ëf] syf 3'ld/x]sf] lyof]— k"jL{ kxf8sf] Pp6f ufpFdf x'ls{P/ cfh]{lG6gfsf]
e"lddf cfk"mnfO{ aln r9fpg] d]/f] afNo;vf / Pp6f g]kfnL l;kfxL ;d/axfb'/ y'n'ªsf] . Tof]
;d/axfb'/ y'n'ª h;;Fu d]/f] afNosfnsf] dxÎjk"0f{ ;do lat]sf] lyof] p;nfO{ b'ef{Uojz
cfh]{lG6gfn] g} lgn]sf] lyof], kmsNofG8sf] o'4n] lgn]sf] lyof] .
;d/axfb'/n] To;a]nf !$ jif{ dfq 6]s]sf] lyof] xf]nf, ha d}n] p;sf] kmf}hdf etL{ x'g]
wf]sf]af/] /fd]af6 yfxf kfPsf] lyPF. d}n] yfxf kfP;Dd pm ufpFsf c¿ uf]7fn] s]6fx¿eGbf
a]Un} lyof] . dnfof, a'|gfO{ xªsªsf nfx'/]x¿n] ufpFdf el/of af]sfP/ k"mlt{;fy 5'l§df cfPsf]
b]Vbf pm ;w}F dgdg} slNkg] uYof]{ . ufpFsf] eL/ kfvfdf j:t' r/fP/, sf]bf] uf]8]/ a:g] Tof]
slnnf] s]6Lsf] dgdf cs}{ ;kgf lyof], cs}{ wf]sf] lyof] . 3/df aHo}, cfdf / b'O6L lbbL lyP,
afh], afa' / Pp6f 6f9fsf] bfHo"n] kN6g] eP/ csfndf Hofg u'dfPsfn] g t p;sL ;Q/L
gf3]sL aHo}, g cwa}F;] p;sL cfdf g t t?gL lbbLx¿ ;d/axfb'/nfO{ kmf}hdf egf{ x'g
k7fpg] kIfdf lyP . afh] s'naxfb'/n] la|l6z uf]vf{sf] em08fd'lg cfk"mnfO{ cfx'lt lbPsf /] .

adf{sf] n8fOFdf ToxfFsf] 3gf hËnsf] s'gf s'gfdf pgsf] xf8vf]/ k'l/of] xf]nf s'lGg Û afa'
anaxfb'/ 6f9f k'Ug ;s]gg\ . ot} 5/l5d]sdf ePsf] :jtGqtf–o'4df pgL a]kQf eP eGg]
va/ cfof] . lar/fsf ;Gtfgn] k]G;g ;Dd klg b]Vg kfPgg\ Û
;d/axfb'/sf] afa' / afh]sf] hdfgf a]Un} lyof], clxn] a]Un} 5 . of] p;sf] ;f]rfO
lyof] . clxn] pm a/fa/ Åi6k'i6, uf]/f xFl;nf / lrl6Ss kg]{ u/L n'uf nufPsf nfx'/]x¿ dfq
b]VYof] . aiff}{lkR5] pgLx¿sf] af/Lsf] 7"nf] kf6f];Fu} ag]sf] …a]nkm/Ú clkm; cyf{t\ cf}krfl/s
cy{df, e"tk"j{ ;}lgsnfO{ k]G;g afF8\g] / cGo ;'ljwf lbg] 7fpFdf y'k|} t?gfx¿ cfˆgf]
…lkmlhg];Ú -;fob lkmlhsn lkm6\g]; cyf{t\ zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL_ hFrfpg cfpg] u5{g\ . oL
j]nlkmo/ clkm;x¿nfO{ etL{ ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL ;Demf}tf jf k|fjwfg t 5}g, t/ etL{ sfdsf]
;'?jft eg] ToxLF ul/G5 . xfdL g]kfnLx? cfFvf lrlDnP/ a:5f}F .
kmf}hdf 5flgg' cl3 ;d/axfb'/ lbgsf] Ps k6s lbbLx¿sf] sf]7fsf] P]gf x]g{ k'UYof],
5ftL k'mnfpFYof], clg lbbLx¿sf] h:t} cfˆgf] klg 5ftL lsg rf}8f / Åi6k'i6 gePsf] xf]nf
eGb} lrlGtt x'g] uYof]{ /] Û tNnf] ufpFsf] nfn]df t ;fx]jsf] b[li6 k'u]5, 5ftL gk'u]sf] klg
hfg kfpF5 /] eGg] ;'g]/ pm klg tgSs tlGsg] uYof]{ .
æx}g P of] ;d/] xfd|f sf]7f dfq lsg km¥ofs\k'm?s\ ul//xG5 xF <Æ eGb} p;sL ;flGbbL
e'mdf cfOk'Ubf pm ldlnSs ub}{ cfFugdf k'UYof] . kmn}Frfdf Ps b'O{hgf l6ldSs kg]{ n'uf
nufPsf nfx'/] hlxn] klg x'g] u5{g\— 5Øfª\, tf]ª\af / ;'s'6L vfg cfPsf Û slxn]sfxLF d
klg ToxLF x'g] uy]{+ . clg pm bu'/]/ dlt/ cfOk'Ug] uYof]{ . d klg !÷@ jif{ dfq h]7f] t lyPF
/ d klg ;a} s'/f a'‰g ;Sg] lyOgF .
bf]af6f]sf] 3/, To;dfly ufpFn] e§L ePsf]n] p;sf] 3/df k|foM hd36 eO{ g} /xGYof] .
lrl6Ss k/]sf] nfx'/] b]Vbf ;d/axfb'/ slNkGYof] eg] a]n'sL ufpFsf] k|wfgsf] 5f]/f], 8f]/df
cfPsf gfkLsf xflsd / df:6/nfO{ b]Vbf rflxF p;sf] sDkf/f] tft]/ cfpFYof] . sf/0f
;d/axfb'/ o:tf s'/f rflxF cln cln a'‰g] eO;s]sf] lyof] . tL ;a p;sxfF tfFtL nfu]/
cfpg] sf/0f p;sf lbbLx¿ lyP . Tof]eGbf p;sf] /ut pDng] t xn];Lsf] nË8f] xjNbf/
cfpFbf] kf] xf] t Û pm cfpgf;fy cfdf klg Ps l/sfkL ;'s'6L / 5Øfª\sf] l;;L, clg a6'sf]
lnP/ dfly plSnlGyg\ . Tof] xjNbf/ ;d/axfb'/sf] afa'sf] ;fyL c/] Û cln OHhtbf/
ePsf]n] leq dh]/Ldf a;]/ vfFb}g c/] Û aL; jif{sf] pd]/df ljwjf ePsL p;sL cfdfsf]
:yfoL u|fxs lyof] Tof] xjNbf/ Û
clg cfdf dfly pSngf;fy aflx/ kmn}Frfsf c¿ klg leq} k'Uy]— e'mdf / csL{ lbbL
7"nL;Fu} r"nf]d} k'u'Fnf h:tf] klg uy]{ . oL ;a x]bf{x]b}{ cEo:t eO;s] klg k|To]s lbg Ps
k6s ;d/axfb'/sf] klxn] dg, clg z/L/ klg yfSYof] . lbbLx¿n] 5'6ØfOlbPsf] dL7f] rf]vf]
vfP/ pm ;'Tg hfGYof] . To;kl5 ToxfF s] s] x'GYof], pm yfxf kfpFb}gYof] . yfxf kfP klg
sfg y'lglbGYof], y'Gg} kg]{ klg x'GYof]=== .

o; k|sf/sf 36gf k|foM bf]xf]l/g] uy]{ ;Fw} h;f] Û d t cfSsn–e'mSsn ufpF k'Ug]
dfG5], t/ hlxn] k'u] klg ;d/axfb'/sf lbbLx¿ / ToxfF dfx'/L em}F e'mlDdPsf c¿ dflg;x¿
b]Vbf p;sf] dgl:ylt cln–cln c8\sn sf6\g ;Sy]F . lar/f] ;d/]sf] cg'xf/ dlngf] x'GYof],
ljz]if u/L ha rf8–kj{ jf c¿ s'g} sf/0fn] ToxfF u|fxssf] eL8 x'g] uYof]{ . a'em] klg d
p;nfO{ s]xL eGg ;Sg] u/L kfsf] ePsf] lyOgF .
kl/jf/ wfGg] ;fwg ePsf]n] ;d/axfb'/sL aHo} / cfdfn] e§L aGb ug{ klg ;Sb}gy].
;fob pgLx¿ ;d/axfb'/nfO{ g"gt]nsf] ;d:of 6fg{ afa'afh]nfO{ h:tf] kN6gdf k7fpg
rfxFb}gy] . k|wfgsf] 7"nf] 5f]/f] g]K6]n] e'mdfsf] dh]qf] tfg] klg, clg ufpFdf vl6P/ cfPsf]
gfkLsf] xflsdn] 7"nLsf] ufnf lrd6] klg b'j} a"9Lx¿ xnNn xfF:y] . ;d/axfb'/ klg g]K6]n]
e'mdfsf] 5ftL 5fd5'd u/]sf], clg gfkLsf] xflsdn] 7"nLsf] vf]lsnfleq s] s] vf]h] h:tf]
u/]sf] cfFv}n] b]v] klg d'G6f] a6fl/lbGYof] . To;f] gu/] lbbLx¿ p;nfO{ ætF dfly hf, tF aflx/
hf, afa'Æ eg]/ ToxfFaf6 cGoq k7fOlbGy] . gq p;nfO{ x]/]/ ToxfF hDdf ePsf ;a} xnNn
xfF:y], pm 6fpsf] lgx'¥ofpFYof]— nfh / l/;n] Û
o:t}–o:t} ubf{ub}{ ;d/axfb'/ xlNsb}F uof], vfOnfUbf] x'Fb} uof] . etL{sf] sfd ;'?
x'gf;fy o;kfln j]nkm/\ clkm;df nfd s:g] xf] ls eg]/ p;sf kl/jf/sf c¿ ;a} hgf
tl;{Gy] .
clg Ps jif{ ToxfF Pp6f uf]/f] ;fx]a cyf{t\ cª\u|]h ;}lgs clkm;/ bnan ;lxt
cfof]. cln w]/} dflg; etL{ ug'{ kbf{ *÷!) jif{df Ps k6s o:t} u/L cª\u|]h clkm;/ cfpg]
uYof]{ . dfly eg] em}F cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ToxfF etL{ ug{ kfOGgYof], t/ cfˆg} P]g –sfg"g nfu'
ug{ t s'g} bl/nf] Joj:yf gePsf] Tof] sGb/fdf, cª\u|]h eg]sf dflns} cem b]pt} x'g\ ls
h:tf] ug]{ k/Dk/fn] u|:t To; 7fpFsf dflg;nfO{ o:tf] s'/f s;n] eGg] < w]/} jif{kl5
k':tssf kfgfleq /x]sf cg'aGwsf o:tf k|fjwfgx¿ k9\bf d :tAw ePsf] lyPF .
uf]/f] ;fx]an] w]/} hgf etL{ ug]{ ePsf] 5 /] Û To;}n] Tof] ufpF dfq xf]Og, w]/} 6f9fb]lv
o'jf, lszf]/x¿ ToxfF cfpg yfn]sf lyP . ;d/axfb'/sf] 3/, uf]7, kmn}Frf, bnfg ;a} 7fpF
6Gg lyP . aHo}, cfdf / lbbLx¿ af; a:g cfpg] / c¿ ofq'nfO{ v'jfpg–lkofpgd} d:t
lyP .
clg Ps lbg ;d/axfb'/ klg cfˆgf] wf]sf] k"/f ug{ uf]/f] ;fx]an] vf]n]sf] SofDklt/
c¿ ;a};Fu nfd nfUg k'Uof] . ToxfF sfl/Gbf, 8fS6/ / c¿ klg sfdbf/ lyP . k'/fgf 98\8f
kN6fP/ afa'–afh]sf] gfd gfd];L e"tk"j{ ;}lgssf] lkm/:tLdf 5 ls egL x]g]{ rng klg /x]5.
;d/axfb'/ uf]/f] ;fx]an] :ki6 a'‰g] u/L g]kfnL af]n]sf] b]v]/ bË lyof] . 5gf}6 qmddf
h] h] ;f]lwGYof], pm lgl:kmqmL hjfkm lbFb} lyof] .
æafh]sf] gfd <Æ æs'naxfb'/ y'n'ªÆ of] hjfkmn] cª\u|]h clkm;/ PskN6 em;Ë ePsf]
lyof] . p;n] ;d/axfb'/nfO{ tndfly /fd|/L lgofn]/ x]b}{ c¿ ;a}nfO{ kmsf{Olbof] .
æltdL s'naxfb'/sf] gflt < d ltd|f] aHo}nfO{ klg e]6\g rfxG5' .Æ

p;sf] afh] s'naxfb'/ adf{sf] n8fOFdf d/]sf] ;Dd t p;nfO{ yfxf lyof] . t/ of] uf]/f]
;fx]a lsg To:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] xf]nf eGg] ;d/axfb'/n] a'‰g ;s]g . ;a}n]
;d/axfb'/nfO{ awfO klg lbP . uf]/f] ;fx]an] p;nfO{ 5fg]sf] dfq lyPg, 3/df hfg] s'/f
;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . ;d/axfb'/sf] kN6g] x'g] 7"nf] wf]sf] o;/L k"/f eof] . Ps lbg pm klg
c¿ nfx'/] h:t} k};f sdfP/ cfˆgf] 3/df l6gsf] 5fgf] xfNg ;Sg]5, c¿ em}F @÷$ hgf
el/of cl3kl5 nufP/ 5'§L latfpg ufpFd cfpg]5 cflb cflb s'/f ;d/axfb'/sf] dgdf
v]Nb} lyP . o;eGbf klg s'g} eg;'g geP/} 5flgPsf]df pm w]/} v'zL lyof] .
6'6k'm6 g]kfnLdf uf]/f] ;fx]a ef]lnkN6 aHo};Fu s'/f ub}{ lyof] . cfdf ;ª\3f/df
plePsL lyOg\, 7"nL / e'mdf ;fob p7]s} lyPgg\ . kvf{nsf] jl/kl/ s]xL ufpFn] / etL{ x'g
cfPsf s]6fx¿ lyP . ;fob cª\u|]h clkm;/ s'g} ufpFn]sf] 3/df uPsf] of] klxnf] k6s
lyof] .
æltd|f] nf]Ug] w]/} axfb'/ lyof] . d}n] ;d/nfO{ klg kN6g d} nfG5' eg]sf] . of] klg 7"nf]
;fx]a x'G5, w]/} k};f NofpF5 .Æ
aHo}n] s]xL af]lNbgg\, cfdfsf rflxF cf]7d'v ;'s]5 .
æd n8fOFdf dg]{ u/L hfg' k/]/ eg] lshft efu]/ gcfpFnf ÛÆ ;d/axfb'/ dfgf}F n8fOF
lht]g} h:tf] u/L cfdf / aHo}nfO{ ;'gfpFb} lyof] . p;n] n8fOF eGg'sf] dtna k|mG6 nfOg\
lyof] .
;d/axfb'/ kN6gdf etL{ x'g hfg] kSsf eof] . p;n] afa' / afh]sf] kN6g] x'g] laF8f]
yfDg] g} eof] . uf]/f] ;fx]an] k'/fgf] /]s8{ x]/]/ afh]sf] k]G;g klg k7fOlbg] / ;d/axfb'/n]
Ps jif{ latfP/ 5'§Ldf cfpg kfpg] cfZjf;g klg kfof] . p;sf] ;fgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿
b'MvL lyP jf bË lyP eGg] ;d/axfb'/n] cfFSg rfx]g jf ;s]g . p;n] t e'mdf / 7"nL
kfn};Fu uf]/f] ;fx]a a;]sf] 7fpFdf sfd ;3fOlbg uPsf] b]v]sf] lyof], To;}n] p;n] 7fGof]— ;a}
hgf bË lyP .
ptf uf]/f ;fx]a klg bË lyof] . la|l6z uf]vf{sf] axfb'/Lsf] Oltxf;sf] Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{
JolQmsf] gfltnfO{ p;n] k'gM etL{ ug{ ;s]sf] lyof] . a]nfot kms]{kl5 p;n] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{
klg eGg ;Sg]5, uj{sf ;fy pgL;Fu ;d/axfb'/nfO{ lrgfpg klg ;Sg]5 ls of] l76f] ToxL
s'naxfb'/sf] gflt xf] h;n] cfk"m d/]/ p;sf] afa'nfO{ csf]{ tLg bzs OHht / k|lti7fsf
;fy afFRg] ;f}efUo lbnfPsf] lyof] . h;sf] z/L/n] lylrP/ p;sf] afa'n] cfk"mnfO{ uf]nLsf]
lzsf/ x'g'af6 hf]ufpg ;s]sf] lyof] .
t/ l/q'm6] l76f] ;d/axfb'/nfO{ a]nfot k'Ug cem} y'k|}–y'k|} j;Gt sf6\g' kg]{ lyof] .
;do laTg slta]/ nfUbf] /x]5 / <
l76f] ;d/axfb'/ l;kfxL, gfos, xjNbf/ x'Fb} ;'j]bf/sf] kb;Dd plSn;s]sf] lyof] .
g]kfndf p;sL aHo} plxNo} df; 5g{ uO;s]sL lyOg\ cyjf n8fOFdf jL/ult k|fKt u/]sf]
p;sf] afh] e]6\g k'lu ;s]sL lyOg\ . aHo}sf] 7fpF cfdf / cfdfsf] s]xL sfd p;sL lbbLn]

lnO;s]sL lyO{ . e'mdf eg] s]xL jif{ cl3 pgLx¿sf] ufpFdf vl6P/ cfPsf] k'ln;sf]
xjNbf/;Fu kf]On uO;s]sL lyO{ . e'mdfsf] lax] g} ul/lbg] ;'/ lyof] p;sf] Û b'O{ tLg jif{ dfq
h]7L ePsLn] ;d/axfb'/ e'mdfnfO{ ;Fw} cfˆg} bf}Ft/L 7fGbYof] . t/ e'mdfn] cfˆgf] hjfgL
9Nsg' cl3 g} cfˆgf] eljiosf] cfkm}F lg0f{o u/]/ uPsL lyO{ .
;d/axfb'/ jf:tjdf kN6gdf k;]sf] !%÷!^ jif{leq ufpFsf] wgLdfgL g} eO;s]sf]
lyof] . 3/df e§L yfKg] cfjZostf klg lyPg . t/ cfdf dflGbglyg\ . cfDbfgL klg t
eO/x]sf] lyof] . cfdf / lbbLsf] hLjg x]/]/ pm klg pgLx¿n] lax] ug{ hlt s/ u/] klg
p8fOlbg] uYof]{ . s] u/f];\ lar/f] < :jf:gLnfO{ dfq ;w}F e/L xËsË jf vl6P/ hfg] c¿
7fpFdf lnO{ hfg klg cK7]/f], 3/df 5f]l8hfcf];\, ul/aLsf lbgx¿df afWotfjz yflnPsf]
e§Lk;n oyfjt\ g} lyof] . e§L g xf] Û lbbLx¿ s} ult p;sL :jf:gLsf] klg x'g s] a]/ <
clg Pslbg ;d/axfb'/ cfˆgf ;fyLefO;Fu la|l6z jfo';]gfsf] hxfhdf a;]/ k"jL{
kmsNofG8sf] :6fgn] k'Uof] . ToxfF p;n] s] u¥of] s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g . t/ ;ft ;d'b|kfl/ g}
p;sf] cj;fg n]lvPsf] /x]5 . To;}n] pm xfdL ;a}nfO{ 5f]8]/ uof] . t/ cfˆgf] afh] h:t}
a]jfl/;L x'g' k/]g p;nfO{ Û p;sf] c:t' gcfOk'u] klg p;sf] k]G;gsf] s]xL efu p;sL
cfdfn] cjZo kfpg]l5g\ . ;d/axfb'/sf] o:tf] cGTo pgn] slxNo} rflxgg\, t/ s] ug]{
lgoltn] pgsf] sf]vsf] cGt o:t} n]v]sf] /x]5 .
dnfO{ lbSs nflu/x]sf] lyof], To;}n] ;d/axfb'/sf] 3/df w]/} a]/;Dd a:g] OR5f
lyPg. To;}n] cfˆgf] emf]nf Rofk]/ ToxfFaf6 cf]/fnf] em/]F
lar/f uf]vf{nLx¿ Û a|'gfO{ :jtGq /fi6« x'G5, t}klg a]nfotn] g} pgLx¿nfO{ ToxfF
v6fpg ;S5 . cg'aGw g]kfn a]nfotaLrsf] dfq xf] eGg] n]vf–hf]vf klg s;n] ug]{ < slt
;Lwf;fbf 5g\ logLx¿ Û ;fob pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'lglbg] sf]xL geP/ t xf]nf lg Û cyjf
lhDd]jf/L lng] ju{n] jf:tf gu/]/ xf] ls Û
;d/axfb'/nfO{ dfq xf]Og, c¿ klg pm h:t} c;ª\vo of]4fx¿nfO{ kmSNofG8 t s]
;Ldfkfl/sf] ;fgf] ahf/ jf cfˆgf] glhssf] etL{ s]Gb|eGbf k/ csf]{ sqf] ;+;f/ 5 / s:tf]
cfsf/–k|sf/sf] 5 eGg] klg yfxf x'Fb}g . oL axfb'/ uf]vf{nLx¿ lsnf]df afFlwPsf] uf]?nfO{
h;/L dflnsn] 8f]¥ofP/ v]taf/L hf]Tg n}hfG5 To;/L g} pgsf dflnsx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{
o'4sf] ljjfbdf ws]lnlbPsf x'G5g\, rfx] Tof] hd{gLsf] wfjf jf aËnfb]zsf] :jfwLgtf ;ª\u|fd
xf];\ jf ef/t / rLgaLrsf] ;Ldf ;ª\3if{, c;fddf cfGtl/s ljb|f]x bdg ug{ ul/Psf] ;/sf/L
cleofg xf];\ jf kmSNofG8nfO{ ch]{lG6gfsf] cglwsf/ -<_ sAhfaf6 d'Qm u/fpg ;'?
ul/Psf] o'4 jf a|'gfOsf] ;'Ntfgsf] JolQmut ;'/Iff xf];\ . cfˆgf] a'l4 / an dfq nufPsf
x'Ggg\ pgLx¿n], pgLx¿sf] Ps–Ps yf]kf /utn] tL ax'rlr{t P]ltxfl;s 36gf / tYo
kf]ltPsf x'G5g\, h;sf] kmn pgLx¿n] kfpF5g\, dfq s]xL xhf/sf] kf]sf] / b'O{rf/ hf]/ gofF
sk8f / h'Qfn] el/Psf ;'6s]zx¿ Û

ljb]lzPsfx¿ dWo] Ps hgf b'O{ hgf xf]Ogg\ pgLx¿ ;a} g} cfˆgf] cfF;'nfO{
hah{:tL lkP/ ToxfF uPsf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ hGd]/ x's]{sf kxf8sf sGbf/fx¿n] slxNo}
pgLx¿sf] b'O{ 5fs 6fg]{ Joj:yf ug{ ;s]gg\ . g t lat]sf lbgdf o;sf nflu s'g} k|of; g}
eP .
;d/axfb'/ h:t} lxdfnL r'r'/faf6 cfPsf jL/ l;kfxLx¿sf] tf/Lkm / k|;+zf t ;a}n]
u5{g\ . t/ kmsNofG8sf] o'4kl5 t ;Dk"0f{ blIf0f cd]l/sfleq eg] pgLx¿ æef8fsf l;kfxL
/ k};fsf] lgldQ csf{sf nflu n8\g] dfq x'g\Æ eGg] ljjfbsf] l;h{gf klg ePsf] 5 .
lar/f ;d/axfb'/ Û el/of kl5 nufP/ ufpFdf wfs lbFb} 5'§Ldf 3/ kms{g] nfx'/]x¿sf]
b]vfl;sL ug{ pm kN6gdf etL{ ePsf] lyof] / To;f] u¥of] klg . t/ clGtd k|ltkmn t p;}sf]
d[To' x'g k'Uof] . ;d/axfb'/ lgM;Gb]x Pp6f jL/ l;kfxL, jL/ of]4f lyof] . t/ s:tf] of]4f <
p;sf] jL/tfsf] kmn s]jn p;sf] 3/sf] l6gsf] 5fgf] t lyof] lg Û
d'9] / g'gynf x'Fb} d ;d/axfb'/sf] uf}F8f;Dd g} k'lu;s]sf] 5' . o;kN6 klg Ps
k6s t p;sL cfdfnfO{ e]6\g' kg]{ xf] . t/ pgL dnfO{ b]Vgf ;fy ?g yflN5g\ . To;}n] ToxfF
l5g]{ OR5f 5}g . t} klg dg dfGb}g / Tot} nfU5' . d'9]b]lv g} ;d/axfb'/, kmSNofG8,
ch]{lG6gf, Dof/f8f]gf / ljZjsk k'm6ansf s'/f u'Gbfu'Gb} oqf] af6f] gflk;s]sf] /x]5', kQ}
kfOg . d}n] cfˆgf] lxF8fO o;/L oGqjt\ xf]nf eGg] jf:tjdf ;f]r]sf] klg lyOg .
dnfO{ nfU5, jf:tjdf Dof/f8f]gf / ;d/axfb'/df vf; leGgtf 5}g . Dof/f8f]gfn] klg
k};fsf] lgldQ cGoq uP/ v]n v]Ng] jf k|bz{g ug]{ u5{g\, To:t} ;d/axfb'/n] k};fsf] lgldQ
a]nfotsf] nflu n8]sf] lyof] . km/s olQ xf] ls Dof/f8f]gfsf] hLjgdf xf/lht eO{ g} /xG5,
t/ ;d/axfb'/ ca slxNo} xfg]{ 5}g lsgeg] p;sf] clGtd o'4 kmsNofG8sf] blIf0f
hlh{ofdf a]nfot cyf{t\ p;sf] kIfsf] ljhoaf6 cGt ePsf] lyof] . csf]{ kIf x]g]{ xf] eg]
Dof/f8f]gfnfO{ efjL lbgx¿df ch]{lG6gfsf lgjf;Lx¿n] ;lDem/xg]5g\— pgn] cfˆgf] b]znfO{
ljhoL u/fpg b]vfPsf] s'zntfsf] sf/0fn] . t/ a]nfotnfO{ kmsNofG8df ljhoL u/fpg
cfˆgf] jL/tf b]vfO{ cfkm}FnfO{ alnbfg ug]{ ;d/axfb'/nfO{ p;sf] kl/jf/l;jfo c¿ s;}n]
;Demg] 5}g, s;}n] p;sf] axfb'/Lsf] Oltxf; n]Vg] 5}g . o;/L oyfy{tfdf cfwfl/t o:tf]
hLjg syf bGTosyf eOlbG5 . t/ s;}n] o; syfnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpg rfxFb}g, bf]xf]¥ofpg
vf]h] klg ;Sb}g . ;d/axfb'/ syf oyfy{df Pp6f rkfPsf] bGTosyf afx]s s]xL x'Fb}g. ■

k|Tofjt{g
lz/Lif cfh kfFr jif{kl5 3/ kms{+b} 5 . kfFr jif{cl3 ljb]z hfFbf klg p;nfO{ 3/
5f]8\g' k/]sf]df s'g} lj:dft\ cg'ej ePsf] lyPg, g clxn] kms{+bf g} p;sf] cg'xf/df s'g}
xif{sf] /]vf emlNsPsf] 5 . lz/LifnfO{ 3/k|lt s'g} dfof df]x 5}g . k9fO ;s]/ nfdf]
;dokl5 3/ kms{g kfPsf]df p;sf ;fyLx? ;a}h;f] lgs} k|;Gg b]lvGy] . t/ lz/Lif ev{/}
5f]8]sf] 7fpFd} km]/L kms{g rfxG5 . ljb]zdf c? ;a} s'/f g/dfOnf] eP klg lz/LifnfO{
s'/}lkR5] 6f]ls/xg] lbbL / k'mk" lyPgg\ . ca t p;nfO{ dfof ug]{ cfdf klg k/nf]s
eO;s]sL lyOg\ . kfFr jif{sf] ljb]zsf] a;fOdf w]/}h;f] ;do cWoogd} s]lGb|t u/fPsf] lyof]
p;n] . slxn]sfxLF g]kfnaf6 cfpg] dflg;x?nfO{ Sna b]vfOlbg nfUbf pm ;fy} nfUbYof] .
t/ Snaleq k:gf;fy ToxfFsf] b"lift jftfj/0f, pm ;fy} gflr/xg] s]6Lx? b]Vbf p;nfO{
stf–stf 3/sf] ;Demgf cfpFbYof] . clg lz/Lif Snaleq cfk"mnfO{ ps';d's'; ePsf] cg'ej
ug]{ ub{Yof] . pm;Fu uPsf dflg;x? /S;Ln] dflQP/ gUg g[To x]b}{ ;jf]{RrfgGb cg'ej
ul//x]sf x'Gy] . lz/Lif s/ann] h;f]t;f] tLgrf/ 306f latfP/ xf]:6n kms{GYof], cfoGbf
s;};Fu klg Snj ghfg k|0f u/]/ . t/ km]l/ To:t} sf]xL vf]Hb} cfOxfNYof]— Pslbgsf] nflu
a:g] eg]/ . lz/Lif dg gnfuL gnfuL pgLx?nfO{ ;fy lbg] uYof]{ . p;nfO{ Snaleqsf]
;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0f k|lt 3[0ff eP klg pm dflg; glr9fpg oGqjt\ cl3 nfUbYof] . clg p;nfO{
cfˆgf] 3/ klg tL Snax? eGbf s]xL km/s nfUb}gYof] .
xjfO{hxfh p8]sf] cfwf 306f lalt;s]sf] lyof] . ljdfg kl/rfl/sfx?n] k]o kbfy{
afF8\g ;'? ub}{ lyP . lz/LifnfO{ s]xL klg vfg dg lyPg . pm gsf/fTds ;Í]t lbFb} cfˆg}
w'gdf dUg x'G5 . p;nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/sf] ;Demgf x'G5— p;sL k'mk", p;sL lbbL, tLy{dfg
8«fOe/ / efG5] aHo} ;a} lz/Lifsf] cfFvf cufl8 gfRg yfN5g\ . lz/Lifsf] Ps hgf ;fyLn]
tLg–rf/ dlxgfcl3 lr7\7L n]v]sf] lyof]— lbbLn] gofF df]6/ lsg]sL l5g /], 3/sf] blIf0fkl§
nªsf] 6x/f] a]r]/ . p;sL lbbLnfO{ gofF–gofF df]6/ r9\g] v"a /x/ lyof] . OG6/ kf; k/]kl5
k9fO 5f]8]/ a;]sL p;sL lbbL sf7df8f}Fsf] pRr vfgbfgdf lgs} nf]slk|o / rrf{sf] ljifo
ePsL lyOg\ . lbbL / k'mk" 3/sf] pQ/L nªdf ;'Tg] uy]{ . lz/LifnfO{ ;fg}b]lv To;tkm{ hfg]
cg'dlt lyPg . slxn] PSn} a:g dg gnfu]/ lbbLsxfF ukm ug{ hfg vf]Hbf klg k'mk"sf]
wDsL vfg' kb{Yof]— k9\g'kg]{ s]6f]n] otfptL 8'n]/ lgGbf] rrf]{ u/]/ lx8\of] eg]/ . pm cfP/
cfdfnfO{ eGg] uYof]{— cfˆg} 3/leq klg lsg oqf] aGb]h, lsg oqf] /f]stf]s eg]/ . cfdf
s]xL gaf]nL al;/xlGyg\ / obfsbf To; nªlt/ ghfg elGyg\ . lz/Lif pQ/L nªlt/ a]n'sL
;w}F glrg]sf dflg;x?sf] c§xf; / cª\u|]hL w'gdf 6]ksf] cfjfh ;'Gg] uYof]{ . lz/LifnfO{
;w}F sf}t'xn x'GYof]— lsg p;sL cfdf klg a]n'sL pQ/L nªdf hfGgg\ / lsg k'mk"n] p;nfO{
To;tkm{ hfg lbGgg\ eg]/ .

lz/LifnfO{ ;Demgf x'G5— Ps lbg lz/Lif s;}nfO{ yfxf glbO{ a'Ounlt/af6 pQ/L
nªdf hfg] lgwf] u/]/ k'mk"n] yfxf yfxf gkfpg] u/L /ftL !) ah]lt/ cfˆgf] lbbLsf] sf]7f
ePlt/ k'u]sf] lyof] . lbbLsf] aGb sf]7fleq nf]Ug] dflg;sf] :j/ ;'g]/ p;n] 9f]sf aflx/ c8L
s'/f ;'Gg vf]h]sf] lyof] . s'/fsfgL :ki6 g;'g]sf]n] lz/Lif a/G8flt/sf] v'nf 9f]sfaf6
sf]7fleq l5g{ vf]h]sf] lyof] . xtf/–xtf/ a/G8fsf] af6f]af6 lbbLsf] sf]7flt/ k'Ubf /
sf]7fleqsf] b[Zo b]Vbf p;sf] b'j} cfFvfaf6 /ut plDnP/ cfPsf cfPsf lyP . p;sL
lbbLsf] xftdf /S;Lsf] lunf; lyof] . z/L/df n'ufsf] gfddf Pp6f k]l6sf]6 nufP/ lbbL
Pshgf cwa}F;] nf]Ug] dflg;sf] sfvdf e'mln/x]sL lyO{ . sf]7fleq dw'/ k|sfz lyof] .
lz/Lif of] ;a b]v]/ ls+st{Joljd"9 eO{ leq k:g] gk:g] ;f]Rbf;f]Rb} k5fl8af6 sf]xL plePsf]
h:tf] nfu]/ p;nfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{ k'mk" lyOg\ . k'mk"n] tfg]/ nlU5g\ / p;sf] sf]7fdf y'g]/
p;nfO{ gLn8fd x'g] u/L lk6\l5g\ . lz/Lif s]6fs]6L lyPg, c7f/ jif{sf] eO;s]sf] lyof] .
p;nfO{ k'mk"n] /0frG8L eP/ k|of]u u/]sL ufnL unf}hsf zAbx?n] cem} l;l/ª\ª kf5{g\ .
lz/Lif oL ;a} s'/f la;{g vf]H5 . t/ hlt k|of; u/] klg la;{g ;St}g . p;sL lbbL
sxfF ;w}F gofF–gofF dflg; cfpFy]— pm ;w}F 6]kdf cFu|]hL w'gx? ;'GYof] . ;fFemdf Psk6s
au}Frflt/ 8'ln/xFbf Pshgf wDd/w'; k|f}9 nf]Ug] dflg;n] lz/LifnfO{ b]vfpFb} ;f]w]sf] lyof]
æO{h bØf6\ Rofk\ of]/ ;g\ <Æ
ægf] 8fln{ª, lx O{h dfO{ ;]s]G8 g]ô", xfp Sofg\ cfO{ la c db/ <Æ
k'mk"n] p;nfO{ dflg; cfpg] a]nfdf au}Frflt/ 8'n]sf]df klg ufnL uly{g\ .
lz/LifnfO{ ufnL ;'Gbf lgs} l/; p7] tfklg pm s]xL k|ltlqmof hgfpFb}g . cfdfsxfF
uP/ pm u'gf;f] kf]V5 t/ cfdf s]xL hjfkm lbGgg\ . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 lz/Lifn] vfgf vfg]
;dodf lbbLnfO{ ;Í]t ub}{ eG5— æxh"/sxfF lsg /ftL /ftL;Dd nf]Ug] dflg;x? cfP/ a:5g\
< c?n] yfxf kfP eg] s] eGnfg\ <Æ
æc/] jfx Û k'mk", ln;g\ Xjf6 xL O{h\ ;]Oª < k"mn ÛÆ k'mk"n] /ftf /ftf cfFvf agfP/ To;
lbg eg]sf] s'/f lz/Lif slxNo} la;{g ;Sb}g .
ælz/Lif, uf] PG8 cf:s of]/ db/ lb Xj]o/ Pjfp6\; ckm of]/\ kmfb/\ . t]/f] a'af gk'+;s
lyof] . yfxf 5 tFnfO{ < uP/ t]/L d'dfnfO{ ;f]w\ Û tF / t]/f] lbbLnfO{ p;n] sxfFaf6 NofO{ <
:ju{af6 NofO{ ls 5';L < hfGg] eP/ s'/f ubf]{/x]5 P ÛÆ
lz/Lif of] eGbf a9L s]xL ;'Gb}g . k'mk"n] c? klg s] s] elgg\ s] s] . of] ;a s'/f
cfdfnfO{ eg]/ ;Fw}sL /f]uL cfdfsf] dg s'9\ofpg pm rfxFb}g . lz/LifnfO{ yfxf x'G5— pm afa'
ePsf] 3/df hGd]/ klg afa'sf] kQf] gePsf] 5f]/f] /x]5 . To;kl5 lz/Lif slxNo} pQ/L
nªlt/ uPg, g t k'mk" / lbbL s] u5{g\ eg]/ lrof] u¥of] .
xjfO{hxfhn] hdLg 5'Fbf nfu]sf] em6\sfn] ubf{ lz/Lif tGb|faf6 lapFlemof] . ;a}hgf
cfcfˆgf] x}G8Aofu ;DxfNg yfN5g\ . pm ‰ofnaf6 aflx/lt/ x]5{ . emdSs ;fFem kl/;s]sf]

lyof] . h"gsf] 6s lxdfnsf] r'r'/fx?df k/]sf dgf]x/ b[Zo b]lvGy] . aflx/ lg:sFbf
lz/LifnfO{ s]xL lr;f] h:tf] cg'ej eof] / xftdf lnPsf] :j]6/ nufof] .
eG;f/df ;fdfg cflb 5'6fpFbf emG8} Ps 306f nfU5 . 3/af6 lz/LifnfO{ tLy{dfg
8«fOe/ lng cfPsf] /x]5 . df]6/leq a;]/ p;n] 8«fOe/nfO{ 3/sf] xfnrfn ;f]W5 .
æd}ofF;fx]a lxhf]cfh l;dnf ;jf/L ePsf] 5 . k'mk" xh"/nfO{ lnP/ . 3/df afx'gL aHo}
/ d PSn} 5f}F . /fgL;fx]an] :ju]{ x'g] a]nfdf xh"/nfO{ v"a ;Dem]/ /f]OaS:of] .Æ tLy{dfg
lz/LifnfO{ ;Demfpg vf]h] em}F eG5 .
lz/Lifsf cfFvf /l;nf x'G5g\ .
tLy{dfg;Fu lz/Lif c? s]xL s'/f ;f]Wb}g . cfdfsf] ;Demgfn] p;nfO{ eSsfgf] 5'6]/
cfpF5 . cfdfsf] d[To'kl5 lz/Lifsf] 3/k|ltsf] dfofdf]x emg 36]sf] 5 . s]xL gaf]nL pm
;8ssf] bfofF–afofF ag]sf gofF 3/x? x]l//x]sf] lyof] .
3/df k'Ugf;fy lz/Lif ;a}eGbf klxn] cfdfsf] sf]7fdf hfG5 tLy{dfg p;sf] kl5
kl5 nfu]sf] x'G5 .
æoxfFsf] 7"nf] cf/fds';L{ / dfj{nsf] ;fO8 6]lan vf]O{ lg <Æ pm, tLy{dfgnfO{ ;f]W5 .
æd}ofF ;fx]asf] 8«Oª ?ddf 5 Sof/ . e¥ofªlg/ /fv]sf] 7"nf] 6]lanrflxF Ps
dlxgfcl3 Pshgf cd]l/sgn] lsg]/ nUof] Æ
lz/Lif s]xL gaf]nL cfˆgf] sf]7flt/ nfU5 . p;sf] sf]7faf6 rf]skfl/ blIf0fkl§sf]
nª b]lvG5 . Tof] nª lsGg]n] 3/ lgs} dd{t u/]sf] /x]5 . t/ k'/fgf] 3/ ePsf]n] a"9L
:jf:gLnfO{ gofF bf];Nnf cf]9fPsf] h:tf] b]lvGYof] . x]bf{x]b}{ p;nfO{ k'/fgf] lbgsf ;Demgf
cfpF5g\ . p;sL lbbL, k'mk" / d/]sL cfdfsf] ;Demgf cfpF5 .
aHo}n] vfgf vfg af]nfpg cfpFbf lz/Lifn] h'Qf;Dd klg k'msfn]sf] lyPg . aHo}
kmtkmtfpg yflN5g\ .
æs] ug'{ ;fg'/fhf, ca kL/ u/]/ x'g] s]xL xf]Og . cfpgf;fy s'/f] u/f}F eg] kL/ dfly
kL/ ylkPnf . dnfO{ slxn] dg{ kfP x'GYof] h:tf] e};Sof] . of] 3/ 5f]8]/ hfpF eg] k"/} h'gL
oxLF rfs/L ul/;s]F . dg]{ a]nfdf s;/L wd{ 5f]8f}F < a;f}F eg] 3/sf] rfn9fn x]bf{ cem ;ft
hGd g/s kl/Pnf h:tf] 5 .Æ
aHo}n] lz/LifnfO{ ;fg}b]lv lgs} :ofxf/;';f/ u/]sL lyOg\ . afn ljwjf ePsLn]
lz/LifsL aHo}n] kz'kltaf6 cfkm}F 8f]¥ofP/ 3/df NofPsL /] . 3/df ;a}n] pgsf] >4f g} uy]{.
ælsg / < s] eof] / aHo} <Æ
æd}ofF;fx]a l;dnf lkmdnf sxLF ;jf/L ePsf] xf]Og . aRrf t'xfpg g;s]sf]n]
c:ktfnlt/ nfu]h:tf] 5 .Æ
lz/LifnfO{ csf]{ em8\sf nfU5 . Pp6f csf]{ lz/Lifsf] hGd x'g] eof] Û pm hGdFbf t afa'
klg hLljt lyP . t/ p;sL lbbL t cljjflxt lyO{ . Oi6ldqx?n] lbbLsf] ;a} s'/f yfxf

kfP klg k5fl8 dfq s'/f ug]{ uy]{ . ca t pgLx? cufl8 cfP/} wDsL lbg klg ;S5g\ . pm
lrlGtt x'G5 .
ædnfO{ c? s'/fn] zª\sf nfu]sf] xf]Og . hfg] a]nfdf k'mk" xh"/n] ca c;fWo} Gof;|f]
nfUof], l;dnfaf6 kms{+bf Pp6f aRrf wd{k'q wd{k'qL h] eP klg kfNg Nofpg' knf{ eg]/ dhL{
ePsf] lyof] . km]l/ d}ofFsf] hLp ef/L h:tf] b]v]sf] lyPF w]/} lbgb]lv . ca t c?sf] cufl8
pleg klg ufx|f] kg]{ eof] .Æ
lz/Lif s]xL gaf]nL ;'lg/xG5 . aHo} dflylt/ plSnlG5g\ . vfg] dg gePkl5 lz/Lif
8fOlgª ?dlt/ nfU5 . pm cfˆgf] eljioaf/] eGbf ef]ln Tof] 3/df hGdg] csf]{ lz/Lifsf]
clglZrt efUoaf/] a9L lrlGtt x'G5 . p;n] ;f]r]sf] lyof]— p;sf] 3/df ca csf]{ lz/Lif
hGdg] 5}g, pm h;/L eP klg kl5 lbbL / k'mk"sf] dg kmsf{P/ 5f]8\g]5, pgLx?nfO{ /fd|f]
af6f]df Nofpg sf]lzz ug]{5 . t/ lgoltn] p;sf] ;f]rfOnfO{ jf:tljstfdf Nofpg glbg]
5fF6 5 . p;sf] 3/df Pp6f lz/Lifsf] hGd cjZoDefjL 5 . h;sf] hLjg klg p;sf]
cfˆg} hLjg h:tf] cJoQm x'g]5 .
s]xL lbgkl5 p;sf] lbbL / k'mk" kms{G5g\ . lz/Lifsf] cfudgn] pgLx?nfO{ g xif{
nfu]sf] 5, g lj:dft g} . lzi6tfsf] gftfn] Psk6s lz/Lif lbbL / k'mk"nfO{ 9f]Ug hfG5 .
k'mk" ;w}F wd{k'q egfpFbf] ;fgf] afnssf] :ofxf/ ;';f/df Jo:t /xlG5g\ eg] lbbL la;Grf]sf]
axfgfn] ;w}F cf]5Øfgd} klN6/x]sf] b]lvlG5g\ . lz/Lif g aRrfsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL ;f]wk'5 u5{
g lbbLsf] :jf:Yoaf/] g} lrGtf lnG5 . pm cfˆg} ;+;f/df x/fpF5 — cfˆgf] afNosfnsf
lbgx?nfO{ lbbLsf] clxn]sf] wd{k'qsf] lbgx?;Fu bfFHg yfN5 . ■

cfˆg} ctLt bf]xf]l/P h:tf]
cljgfz cfh klg 3/ cfOk'u]sf] 5}g . a]n'sL cf7, gf} / bz aHbf klg pm gcfOlbFbf
gLn'nfO{ k6Øf/ nfU5 . k6\of/ gnfuf];\ klg s;/L. b'O{ hgf k|f0fL dfq ePsf] kl/jf/df
Ps hgf ;dodf 3/ gkms{+bf 3/df a:g]nfO{ g s;};Fu af]Ng kfpg] g t obfsbf eP klg
aflx/ 3'Dg hfg kfpg] . 3/df rf}aL;} 306f k6Øf/ nfUg] u/L PSn} w'dw'DtL a;]/ lbg
s6fpg' kg]{ pd]/ klg ePsf] 5}g p;sf] . hfcf];\ klg sxfF hfcf];\ pm < dfOtLdf klg slt
dfq uO/xf];\ . pm PSnL 5f]/L eP klg cfˆgf] nf]Ug]sf] 3/df klg t PSnL :jf:gLdflg; g} t
5 . cljgfznfO{ ksfP/ v'jfpg] klg t PSnL :jf:gLdflg; g} t 5 . km]l/ cljgfznfO{
ksfP/ v'jfpg] klg t sf]xL x'Fb}g . lbgel/ lgb|f nfu'Gh]n ;'Tg], k9\g], /]l8of] ;'Gg] clg
rGb|df x]/L 6f]nfO/xg] gLn'sf] lbgrof{ h:t} eO;s]sf] 5 .
xfn} l5d]sdf gofF kl/jf/ a:g cfPsf] 5 . t/ gLn'sf] pgLx?;Fu ;Dks{ 5}g .
kl/jf/df gLn's} pd]/sf] Pp6L :jf:gLdflg;, b'O{ hgf s]6fs]6L, Pp6L a"9L / p;sf] nf]Ug]
hDdf kfFr hgf 5g\ . of] kl/jf/df gLn'sf] cfsif{0f kfFr jif{sL Pp6L ;fgL aRrL 5 .
lxhf] klg Tof] ;fgL aRrLn] cfˆgf ;a} bfFt b]vfP/ lªRr xfF;]sL lyO{ . gLn'n] ;DemL— slt
lrGtf, ;'tf{ 5 p;nfO{, ef]ln Tof] aRrLsf] hLjg klg t p;s} h:tf] x'g ;S5 . t/ cfh
Tof] aRrL ;f+;fl/s lrGtfaf6 d'Qm 5] .
gLn'nfO{ Tof] aRrL c;fWo dg k5{ . Pslbg p;n] xftn] Ozf/f u/]/ af]nfO{ / cfˆgf]
sf]7fdf nuL . p;sf] gfd ;'zL /x]5— afa' df:6/ /x]5g\ . cfdfrflxF 6L=aL= sL la/fdL .
;'zLsf] efO tLg jif{sf] lyof] .
æslt rnfv / t]h s]6L /lx5 Tof] ;'zL Û cfwf 306f a:bf p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ Oltxf;
atfP/ uO{ dnfO{ . Tolt ;fgL eP/ klg p;sL cfdf 6L=aL= sf] la/fdL eGg] yfxf /x]5
p;nfO{ .Æ gLn'n] ev{/} clkm;af6 cfPsf] cljgfzsf] sf]6 k'msflnlbFb} egL .
æsf] ;'zL < P Û ToxL df:6/sL 5f]/L < ljr/f df:6/ Û cfh p;sf] x]8df:6/n] sDKn]g
ub}{ lyof] .Æ
ælsg lg < dflg; t a]z} 5 h:tf] 5 .Æ
ægLn' Û of] ;+;f/df dflg; a]; dfq eP/ sfd nfUb}g . cfˆgf] sfd klg lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s
k"/f ug'{ k5{ . sfd u/]/ klg cem c? o:tf /Lltl/jfhx? 5g\ h'g dflg;n] grfx]/} klg
k"/f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ca x]/ g, pm d]/f] l5d]sL eP/ a:g cfPsf] 5 . p;nfO{ yfxf 5 ls d
p;sf] :s"nsf] ;'k/efOh/ x'F . t/ cfh;Dd Psk6s xfdLsxfF kms]{/ klg x]/]sf];Dd 5}g .
d]/f] egfO{sf] tfTko{ pm dsxfF rfs/L ug{ cfcf];\ eGg] xf]Og . t/ klg lzi6tfsf] gftfn] eg"F
jf b'lgofFbf/Lsf] b[li6n] p;sf] of] afgL cln gldNg] b]lvG5 .Æ

æP Û To;f] eP dflg; :jfledfgL /x]5 . 5f]/LrflxF cln slt klg cfˆgf] s'/fdf guNg]
/ vfgkLgdf nf]enfnr clnslt klg gug]{ /lx5 .Æ
æe}uf] 5f]8, csf{sf] s'/f, cfh w]/} yfs]sf] / ef]sfPsf] klg 5' . s]xL ld7f] s'/f vfg
b]pm .Æ
gLn' p7]/ efG;flt/ uO{ . efG;f sf]7faf6 df:6/sf] sf]7f b]lvGYof] . df:6/ ev{/} cfP
h:tf] b]lvGYof] . p;sL :jf:gL cfˆgf] kx]Fnf] / e'Ss k'mn]sf] d'v lnP/ vf]sL/x]sL lyO{ .
;'zL rflxF cfˆgf] efOnfO{ la:tf/} 9f]sfaflx/ 8f]¥ofpFb} lyO{ .
gLn' lrof / vfg]s'/f lnP/ cljgfz a;]sf] sf]7fdf hfG5] . cljgfz lgbfO;s]sf]
/x]5 . p;n] 3R3RofPkl5 pm em;Ë eP/ p7\of] / d';'Ss xfF;]/ vfg yfNof] .
ægLn' cfh aflx/ 3'Dg hfg] xf]Og <Æ
gLn'n] d'G6f] xNnfP/ :jLs[lt hgfO{ . p;sf] dg l5d]sL df:6/sf] kl/jf/lt/} lyof] .
ljz]iftM ;'zLlt/ . :jfledfgL afa'sL :jfledfgL 5f]/L ;'zLlt/ .
ef]lnkN6 ;'zL cfOg . gLn' a/fa/ efG;fsf]7fdf uP/ x]b}{ lyO{ . t/ df:6/sf] sf]7fsf]
‰ofn nufPsf] lyof] . gLn'nfO{ k6Øf/ nfu]/ cfof] . aNnaNn ;+of]un] Pp6f ;fyL kfPsL
lyO{ p;n] . To;}n] Ps lbg k'/fgf] lrgfkrL{ eP klg gLn'nfO{ ;'zL gcfPsf] lbg w]/} nfdf]
;DaGwkl5 ePsf] la5f]8 em}F efg ePsf] lyof] . pm km]l/ p7]/ efG;f3/lt/ uO{ . p;n] b]lv
;'zL cfwf vf]n]sf] ‰ofnaf6 p;}nfO{ x]b}{ lyO{ . gLn' 9'Ss eO{— ca cfOxfNg] xf]nL eg]/ .
kms]{/ cfP/ cf]5Øfgdf kN6]sL lyO{ e';'Ss lgbfO5 . lgb|faf6 Ao\Fembf rf/ alh;s]sf]
lyof]. pm p7]/ lrof agfpg uO{ . ‰ofnlg/ k'Ubf km]l/ ;'zLsf] ;Demgf cfof] . t/ clxn]
‰ofnaf6 ;'zL xf]Og p;sf] afa' df:6/ lgx'l//x]sf] d'b|fdf b]lvGYof] .
df:6/nfO{ b]v]/ gLn'nfO{ p;sf] afa'sf] ;Demgf cfpFYof] . p;sf] afa' klg df:6/ lyP
/] Û p;sL cfˆg} cfdf klg 6L=aL= s} /f]uL lyOg\ . afa' ljBfyL{ lnP/ tLg rf/ lbgsf] nflu
aflx/ uPsf] avt p;sL cfdf /ut 5fb\bf5fb\b} d/]sL lyOg\ . s:tf] eofjx b[Zo lyof]—
Pp6f xft vf6af6 tn v;fn]sL p;sL cfdf dlxgf}F skfn gsf]/]/ cg'xf/} x]bf{ 8/nfUbf]
ePsL lyOg\ . t/ gLn'sL t pgL cfdf g} lyOg\ . dbf{ cfdfn] p;nfO{ 6fpsf]df xft /fv]/
clGtd cflnª\ug u/]sL lyOg\ . afa' kms{+bf cfdf d/]sf] kfFr lbg eO;s]sf] lyof] . gLn'sf
afa'n] cfˆgL kTgL d/]sf] kL/n] df:6/sf] hfuL/ 5f]l8lbP / ;;'/fnL tkm{af6 cfPsf] s]xL
wgn] pgn] Jofkf/ u/]/ cfˆgf] /fd|f] aGbf]a:t u/]sf lyP . Oi6ldq / afa'cfdfsf] s/n]
ljjfx u/] klg gLn'nfO{ pgn] slxNo} klg dft[xLg ePsf] cg'ej ug]{ df}sf lbPsf lyPgg\ .
;f}t]gL cfdf tkm{af6 b'O{ j6f efOx? lyP gLn'sf . ;f}t]gL cfdfn] klg gLn'nfO{ slxNo} klg
;f}t]gL efjgfn] Jojxf/ ul/gg\ . To;}n] %÷^ jif{sf] pd]/df cfˆgL cfdfn] /ut 5fb]sf],
vf]s]sf] / /f]Psf] cflb ;a} k'/fgf ;Demgf gLn'sf] cGtÅ{boaf6 n'Kt k|foM eO;s]sf lyP .
;'zLn] Pslbg cufl8 cfP/ u/]sf] a]nLla:tf/n] gLn'nfO{ cfˆgf] k'/fgf lbgsf] ;Demgf ePsf]
lyof] .

gLn' em;ª\u x'G5]— æs] ;'zLsf] cfdf klg d5]{ t <Æ
b"w pDn]/ lx6/df k/L 89]sf] uGw cfPsf]n] gLn'sf] tGb|f eª\u eof] / p;n] t'?Gt b"w
lems]/ lx6/ lgefO{ . cfh cljgfzn] l9nf] cfpF5' eg]sf]n] gLn'nfO{ ;'zL gcfPsf]n] emg\
k6Øf/ nfu]/ cfPsf] lyof] .
Psl5gkl5 sfd ug]{ a"9L gf]sgL{ cfOk'uL . a"9L gf]sgL{sf] kf]O k}FtL; jif{ cufl8
nfx'/ k;]sf] lyof]— Tof] klg lax] u/]sf] tLg dlxgf glaTb} . p;n] cfˆgf k}FtL; j;Gt nfx'/
k;]sf] kf]Osf] ;DemgfnfO{ ;ª\ufNbf–;ª\ufNb} latfPsL lyO{ . p;sf] klg cfˆg} b'Mv el/Psf]
ufyf lyof] . gLn'nfO{ of] a"9L gf]sgL{sf] s'/f ;'Gg v"a dg nfUYof] . pm ;w}F eGg] uyL{— ækf]O
eg]sf] eujfg\ xf] . p;n] gaf]n] klg, jf:tf gu/] klg, vfg nfpg glbP klg xfdL cfOdfO{n]
s]xL ug{ eGg x'Fb}g . Ps lbg g Ps lbg t dg kmls{xfN5 lg Û d]/f] v;d klg x]g'{xf]nf lg.
o;kfln geP csf]{ kfln t gcfO 5f]8\b}gg\ .Æ slt cfzfjfbL 5 #% jif{ s'g'{kbf{ klg Tof]
gf]sgL{ . gLn'nfO{ nfUof]— a"9L gf]sgL{sf] hLjg cfzcfzd} e'mlG8Psf] lyof] . p;nfO{ km]l/
;'zLsf] ;Demgf cfof] . gf]sgL{ kmtkmtfpFb} lyO{— ækNnf] 3/sf] gofF dflg;sf] hxfg w]/}
lj/fdL eof] eg]/ gfgLx?nfO{ dfOtLdf k'¥ofP/ cfPsL To;}n] 9Lnf] eof] .Æ
gLn'n] aNn yfxf kfO{ cfh ;'zL lsg cfOg eg]/ p;sL cfdf w]/} la/fdL 5 eGg] ;'g]/
gLn'nfO{ wSsf nfUof] . s] ;'zL klg pm h:t} dft[xLg x'g k'UnL t <
ef]lnkN6 cljgfz Ps dlxgfsf] nflu aflx/ uPsf]n] gLn' klg dfOtL uO{ . dfOtLdf
p;nfO{ ;'zLsf] v"a ;Demgf cfpFYof] . t/ sxfF sf7df8f}F / sxfF b'O{ ;o lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f
kf]v/f . dfOtLdf efOx?;Fu xfF;v]n ubf{ ;do lat]kl5 lbgsf] sDtLdf Ps k6s gLn'
;'zLnfO{ ;DemGyL . Ps dlxgfkl5 cljgfz p;nfO{ lng kf]v/f cfof] . cfpgf;fy p;n]
gLn'nfO{ df:6/sL :jf:gL d/]sf] va/ ;'gfof] . gLn'nfO{ c;fWo} g/dfOnf] nfUof] . sf7df8f}F
hfg klg dg nfu]g .
æclg ;'zL lg <Æ p;n] eSsfgf] kfb}{ ;f]wL .
ædf:6/n] hfuL/ klg 5f8]5g\ / xfd|f] l5d]ssf] 8]/f klg .Æ
gLn'nfO{ emg\ eSsfgf] 5'6]/ cfof] . p;sL ;'zL klg 6'x'/L eO{ . pm ;f]R5]— s]
df:6/n] klg p;sf afa'n] em}F ;'zLnfO{ dfof ul//xnfg\ Û gLn' cfkm}FnfO{ km]l/ 6'x'/L ePh:t}
nfUof] . ■

afFRg'sf] ljjztf
cfefn] gf/L38L x]/L— !) alh;s]sf] lyof] . 8«fOe/ cfpg l9nf] ePsf] lyof] .
cfh cfef k|ef;Fu aflx/ hfFb} lyO{ . tLglbg cufl8sf] ysfO ;a} d]l6Psf] lyPg . ;fob
cfh lbpF;f] kmf]g ug]{ dflg;x¿ lbbLcfdfsf lr/kl/lrt lyP . To;}n] h;/L eP klg hfg}
kg]{ ljjztf lyof] .
cfefsf] cfFvf cufl8 dlxgf lbg cufl8sf] Ps lbgsf] ;Demgf cfpF5— To; lbg
l;dl;d kfgL k/]sf] lyof] . a]n'sLkv cln hf8f] nfu]/ cfef la5Øfpgfdf klN6/x]sL lyO{ .
lbbLcfdfn] OGb|nfnnfO{ af]nfPsL lyOg\ . OGb|nfnn] blIf0fsfnLsf] bz{g ug{ hfg] eg]/
cfefnfO{ nu]sf] lyof] . 3/af6 aflx/ lg:sFbf kfp8/ kf]ltPsf] lgwf/df aQL; d'hf kf/]/
rfp/L k/]sf ufnfdf hah{:tL xfF;f] NofpFb} lbbL cfdfn] eg]sL lyOg\— æOGb|nfn bfO;Fu
Psk6s aflx/ uP/ cf hf . a? l56f] cfpg"— æEofPb]lv l;g]df x]g{ hfg'k5{ .Æ ;w}F
ss{z af]nL l;jfo g;'lgg] lbbLcfdfn] cfh o:tf] dL7f] af]n]sf] ;'Gbf cfef cfZro{rlst
ePsL lyO{. OGb|nfn a/fa/ cfO/xg] x'Fbf /fd|};Fu kl/lrt lyof] pm;Fu . pm OGb|nfn;Fu aflx/
uO{ . t/ blIf0fsfnL xf]Og .
p;sf] afa' eGg ;'xfpg] To; lbgsf] nf]Ug]dflg; 7"nf] dflg; xf] /] . 3/df kms]{/
cfpFbf cfefsf] z/L/ lu4n] n'5]sf] h:tf] ePsf] lyof] / xf8sf hf]gL{x¿df ss{/ ug]{ Ps
lsl;dsf] kL8f cg'ej ePsf] lyof] . pm n'l6PsL lyO{ . lbbLcfdfn] cfefnfO{ a]r]sL lyOg\—
klxnf]kN6 . cfefn] aNn a'em]sL lyO{ lbbLcfdf lsg ;w}F gofF gofF dflg; cfPsf] avt
p;nfO{ zj{t Nofpg cx|fpFlyg\ eg]/ . To; lbgsf] cwa}F;] nf]Ug]dflg; klg 3/df cfPsf]
lyof] . 3/df pm;Fu To:tf] dL7f] s'/f u/]/ uPsf] lyof] . t/ ef]lnkN6 xf]6]nsf] sf]7fdf
p;nfO{ b]Vbf p;sf] lhp 8/n] nunu sfDg yfn]sf] lyof] . 3/ kms{gf;fy lbbLcfdfn] To;
lbg lªRr gSsnL bfFt b]vfP/ :jfut u/]sL lyOg\— ;fob pgnfO{ cfk"mn] kfng kf]if0f u/]/
/fv]sL cfefn] gofF hLjgsf] af6f]df kbf{k0f u/]sf]df cg'kd cg'e"lt e}/x]sf] lyof] .
lbbLcfdfsf] d'vdf x]b}{ gx]/L cfef To; lbg cfˆgf] sf]7fdf uP/ 3f]K6f] k/]/ w]/}a]/ /f]PsL
lyO{ . ?g'l;jfo s] lyof] / < lbbLcfdfn] t kfngkf]if0f u/]/ To;} u/L sdfpg cfefnfO{
;+/If0f u/]sL /lx5g\. cfefnfO{ yfxf eof]— ca efjL lbgx¿df o;} u/L p;n] lbbLcfdfsf]
u'gsf] d"No r'sfpg' kg]{ 5b . To; lbgkl5 cfefnfO{ a/fa/ OGb|nfn;Fu aflx/ hfg'kYof]{
dg gnfuLgnfuL . p;nfO{ h:tf];'s} nf]Ug]dflg;sf] cufl8 klg gflËg' kYof]{, cfˆgf cË
k|ToË;Fu /S;Ln] w't ePsf tL ;anfO{ lgl:kmqmL;Fu v]Ng lbg'kYof]{ .
lat]sf s'/f ;Dem]/ sNkgfdf 8'a'NsL dfbf{dfb}{ df]6/sf] xg{ ;'g]/ cfef em;Ë eO{ .
OGb|nfn / k|ef df]6/leqaf6 p;nfO{ af]nfO/x]sf lyP . cfefn] k|efnfO{ x]/L— k|efsf]
cg'xf/df klg pxL ljjztf emNsGYof] . t/ klg pm xfFl;/x]sL lyO{ . k|efsf] d':sfg k|fozM

;a} aflx/ hfg'kg]{ /ftx¿df Ps} k|sf/sf] x'GYof]— k'tnLsf] h:t} . cfefn] ;f]rL— p;sf] of]
hah{:tL xfF;f]n] cfefnfO{ luHofO/x]sf] 5 . s'g} lbg k|efsf] dgdf klg o:t} s'/fx¿ v]Ng]
ub{y] xf]nfg\ . k|ef klg t 6'x'/L g} xf] lg . ;dosf] k|jfxdf aUbfaUb} k|efdf ca lgs}
kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] lyof] . pm h:tf] eP klg xfF:g ;SyL . cfef ;w}F l;l/o; x'GyL .
cfefnfO{ yfxf lyof]— OGb|nfn / k|ef Ps csf{nfO{ lgs} dg k/fpF5g\ . OGb|nfn klg
uhasf] rl/qsf] xf] . pm cfkm}F k|efnfO{ lnP/ aflx/ hfG5 . of] ;a} yfxf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lsg
To:tf] dfof u/]sf] xf]nf Û dfof ug]{ cfwf/ klg cgf}7f] x'G5 . cfefnfO{ OGb|nfn h:t} s;}n]
Tolt dfof ul/lbP To;};Fu efu]/ lbbLcfdfsf] sAhfaf6 pDs]/ hfg] OR5f hfu[t x'G5 . t/
;a} nf]Ug]dflg; OGb|nfn h:tf x'Fb}gg\ . hf] :jf:gLdflg;sf] ljjztf a'em]/ p;sf] ctLt
h:t} eP klg ljz'4 b[li6n] x]5{g\ . p;sf] dgdf o:t} s'/f v]Ng yfN5g\ .
cfef r'krfk uP/ df]6/sf] k5fl8 ;L6df uP/ a;L . stf hfg] eGg] p;nfO{ yfxf
lyPg . cfefnfO{ ;f]Wg klg dg nfu]g . pm lgZrn / lhpFbf] nf;sf] k|ltd"lt{ eO/xL . df]6/
xg{ ahfpFb} lglb{i6 lbzflt/ bu'g{ yfNof] . cfefsf] cfFvfsf l8njl/kl/ cfF;' lyP . p;nfO{
OGb|nfnb]lv l/; p7\of]— cfh gcfOlbPsf] ePklg t x'GYof] lg . t/ OGb|nfn klg s] u/f];\
< p;sf] xftd'v hf]g]{ pkfo g} oxL lyof] . Ps lbg Hj/ cfP/ 3/df ;'Tbf cfzfgf/fg ;fx'
df]6/ lnP/ 3/d} k'U5 /] xsfb}{ . OGb|nfn Pp6f d]lzg h:t} lyof]— xf]6ndf h"7f] efF8f dfem]/
klg ;/bf/hLsf] xKsLbKsL krfpg g;s]/ lat]sf] ;ft jif{b]lv o:tf] sfddf nfu]sf] .
cfzfgf/fg ;fx"sf] cufl8 pm klg TolQs} 8/fpFYof] . hlt cfef lbbLcfdf;Fu / k|ef p;sL
k'mk";Fu t;{Gy] . cfefnfO{ OGb|nfn, pm k|ef / c¿ h:t} slt hgfnfO{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] of]
;dfhnfO{ lwSsfg{ dg nfU5 . oL ;a} s'/f ;DemFbf p;nfO{ ;a}b]lv l/; p7]/ cfpF5 . t/
s] u/f];\— l/;fpg] afx]s c¿ pkfo klg t 5}g .
cfef !@ jif{sf] pd]/df b'nxL ag]sL lyO{ p;sf] nf]Ug]n] lsg cfef;Fu ljjfx u/]sf]
lyof]— p;n] cem;Dd a'‰g ;s]sL 5}g . pm dfdf3/df x's]{sL 6'x'/L lyO{— nf]Ug]eGbf !)
jif{ sfG5L . laxf ePsf] bf];|f] jif{d} ;f;" / nf]Ug]n] cfefnfO{ 3/af6 hah{:tL lgsfn]sf
lyP— nf]Ug]sf] Pp6L wgL 3/sL s]6L;Fu bf];|f] ljx] u/fpg . ljx] u/] klg nf]Ug];Fu ;xjf;
gx'Fb}, nf]Ug]sf] uGw klg gkfpFb} cfef km]l/ bf];|f] k6s 6'x\/L ePsL lyO{ . cfˆgf] hLjgsf]
t]x| j;Gt kf/ u/]sL cfef h:tL lgM;XfonfO{ ;dfhdf st} c6\g] 7fpF ePg . lgsfn]sf]
bf];|f] lbg km]l/ 3/df kms{+bf ;f;"n] kf]On uPsf] cf/f]k nufP/ km]l/ unxTofPsL lyOg\ .
cfefn] jfUdtLsf] e]n;Fu uP/ ldNg] lgZro u/]sL lyO{ / ldNg klg uPsL lyO{ . t/ p;nfO{
yfxf ePg— s'g rflxFn] e]naf6 lgsfn]/ c:ktfndf k'¥ofOlbPsf] lyof] . c:ktfnaf6 aflx/
lg:s]sf] lbgdf cfTdxTofsf] csf]{ k|of; ubf{ lbbLcfdf;Fu cfefsf] e]6 ePsf] lyof] .
lbbLcfdfn] hLjgsf] pHofnf] kIf b]vfpFb} cfefnfO{ 3/ nu]sL lyOg\ . s'g} ;Gtfg gePsL
lbbLcfdfnfO{ pm ;fFRr} bofn' nfu]sf] lyof] . lbbLcfdfsf] ;+/If0f k|fKt ePsf] tLg jif{kl5
cfefnfO{ yfxf eof]— lbbLcfdfn] t nufgL kf] u/]sL /lx5g\ .

df]6/sf] a|]ssf] cfjfhn] cfef em;Ë eO{ . df]6/df a;]b]lv g} p;n] g OGb|nfn g t
k|ef;Fu af]n]sL lyO{ . df]6/sf] 9f]sf vf]Nb} OGb|nfnn] cfefsf] xft ;dft]/ aflx/ cfpg e/
lbof] . cfefnfO{ lgs} l;l/o; b]v]/ OGb|nfnn] eGof]— æcfef d}ofF, gl/;fpm x}, d t gf]s/ dfq
x'F . ltdLx¿ ;a}nfO{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofOlbg' dfq d]/f] sfd xf] . ltdL a]Un} ;+;f/df cfO;s]sL 5Øf},
hxfF pbf; eP/ a:g]sf] s'g} 7fpF 5}g . x]/, k|efsf] cg'xf/df s:tf] d\:sfg 5 . h;/L eP
klg xfF:g l;s, xfF;]/ afFRg l;s . xfF;L xfF;L afFRof} eg] cfˆgf] rf/}lt/ j;Gt} j;Gt
b]Vg]5Øf} . dgdf kL/ ;Gtfk /fv]/ t cfkm}FnfO{ leqleq} ;Nsfpg] / lkN:ofpg] sfd dfq
x\G5 . oxfF h;/L eP klg afFRg\ k5{ afFRgs} nflu ;a}n] cfcfˆgf] af6f] lnPsf x'G5g\ .Æ
cfefnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof]— OGb|nfn h:tf] bnfn klg olQ ulx/f] /x]5 . k|ef t eGb}
lyO{— p;n] k9]sf] klg 5 /] .
kNnf] df]6/df a;]sf nf]Ug]dflg;x¿ l/;fpFb} lyP— 9Lnf] eof] eg]/ . cfef / k|ef
klg uP/ a;] csf]{ df]6/df . OGb|nfnsf] sfd olQ lyof] . pm ;x/lt/ kmSof]{ . cfefn]
;/;tL{ cfFvf 3'dfO{— Pshgf l;s'6] / cUnf] lyof], csf]{ 7Ls pN6f] . e2f lsl;dsf] df]6f] /
k'8\sf] . pgLx¿sf lu4h:tf cfFvfn] cfef / k|ef b'j}sf cËk|ToË lgofNb} lyP . pgLx¿sf]
d'vaf6 /S;Lsf] uGw cfO/x]sf] lyof] . k|ef l;s'6]rflxF nf]Ug]dflg;;Fu ukm ug{ yfnL . pm
cEo:t lyO{, t/ cfefn] cfk"mnfO{ olQ l56f] cEo:t kfg{ ;s]sL lyOg . p;n] ;f]rL— oL
b'j} lu4x¿ cfˆgf] cufl8 k/]sf l;g'nfO{ n\5\g tof/ 5g\ . jf:tjdf l;g' h:t} lyP cfef /
k|ef . t/ n'5\bf gl;l4Og], leqleq} v/fgL t'No eP klg aflx/ x]bf{ tGb'?:t, cf]OnfO;s]s}
eP klg k"mnh:t} lyP pgLx¿ .
k|ef / cfefsf] hLjg— ;fob oxL xf] hLjg . oxL hLjgsf] af/]df s}of}F slj,
syfsf/n] slQ slQ ufyf n]v]sf 5g\— hLjg Pp6f dw'/ uLt xf] eg]/, t/ of] dw'/ uLtsf]
csf]{ efu klg t 5— ljjztf, kL8f / b'Mvn] k"0f{ hLjg . h;/L eP klg hLjgsf] 8'ª\uf kf/
ug}{ kg]{ . cfef ;f]R5]— oL b'O{hgf nf]Ug]dflg;nfO{ klg b'Mv kL8f xf]nf lg . logLx¿ klg t
hxfg s]6fs]6Lsf] ‰ofpF‰ofpF, ljlw Jojxf/sf] emd]nf, c¿ af]emx¿ la;{g ;do sf6\g
cfPsf xf]nfg\ lg Û
cfefsf] df}gtf w]/}a]/ c8\g ;s]g . df]6f] dflg;n] p;sf] ufnfdf b\j} xft /fv]/ cfFvf
h'wfpFb} eGof]— æd}ofF . xfd|f] emu8f t ePsf] 5}g xlu < ca ltdLn] df}gj|t tf]8\g} k¥of] .
ltd|f] dw'/jf0fLsf] :d[ltnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cg'ejsf kfgfx¿df ;+ufNg kfP cxf]efUo
;Demg] lyPF . km]l/ ;do klg t yf]/} 5 .Æ
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lyPg . p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfefsf cf]7x¿ cgfof; d':sfP . cfefnfO{ o:t} hjh{:tL xfF;f]
xfF;]/ afFsL hjfgL latfO{ ef]lnsL lbbLcfdf aGg' lyof] . cfefn] k|eftkm{ kms]{/ x]/L . pm klg
cfˆg} ;+;f/df d:t lyO{ . olQs}df cfefnfO{ Tof] df]6f] dflg;n] cfˆgf] afx'kfzdf sl;s]sf]
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vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

Published by Abhi-Jaman Smriti Trust, Kuwait/Duliajan/ Dehradun

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vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

dqosr ] vxLr] 2010

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

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vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy

vkQ~uS vrhr nksgksfj, tLrks □□□□□ e/kqou ikSMsy