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Solid Waste Management

Maribel U. Cruz , M.D.


Session Objectives
1. To define solid wastes and solid waste
management
2. To enumerate the general categories,
types and sources of solid wastes
3. To describe the situation regarding solid
waste disposal in the Philippines
4. To describe the waste hierarchy of SWM
5. To cite the objectives of SWM
6. To enumerate and explain the elements of
SWM
Solid Waste
Definition :
All wastes arising from human & animal
activities that are normally solid & that
are discarded as useless or unwanted
Three General Categories
1. Municipal wastes
2. Industrial wastes
3. Hazardous wastes
Municipal Solid Wastes
Food wastes or Garbage
Rubbish : paper, cardboard, plastic,
textiles, rubber, leather, wood,
glass, cans, metals
Ashes & residues: materials
remaining from the burning of wood,
coal & other combustible wastes
Demolition & construction wastes:
stone, concrete, brick, lumber,
plumbing, heating & electrical parts
Municipal Solid Wastes
Special wastes: street sweepings,
roadside litter, dead animals, abandoned
vehicles, discarded appliances
Industrial Wastes
Wastes arising from industrial
activities and typically include
rubbish, ashes, demolition and
construction wastes, special
wastes and hazardous wastes.
Can include treatment plant
wastes
Hazardous Wastes
Wastes that pose a substantial danger
immediately or over a period of time to
human, plant & animal life
Wastes which exhibit any of the ff;
> Ignitability
> Corrosivity
> Reactivity
> Toxicity
Types & Sources of Solid Wastes
1. Household wastes
2. Commercial & industrial wastes
3. Farm & agricultural wastes
4. Institutional wastes
5. Miscellaneous & special wastes
> sludge from water & waste water
treatment plants, ash from incinerators
street sweepings, demolition,
constructions
Situationer
Problems associated with solid waste
disposal:
1. Pollution of water and food resources
2. Burning of solid wastes destroys the
fertility of the soil
3. Exposure to smoke & fumes from
burning wastes increases their risk of
developing respiratory diseases
4. Solid wastes become breeding sites of
disease vectors
Situationer
1997 – means of solid waste disposal by HH
nationwide included the following:
> Individual burning – 48%
> Municipal garbage collection – 30%
> Open dumping – 6%
> Burying – 5%
> Composting – 4%
> others – 7%
Source: Solid Waste Management Bureau
Solid Waste Management Indicators
Philippines 2003
Indicator National MM
MSW generated (tons/year) 10 million 2.5 mil
Collection efficiency Urban 73% 83%
Rural 40%
Percentage waste recovered & reused 13% 25%
Percentage MSW composted 10%
Percentage MSW recycled & sold 5% 6-12%
Percentage of MSW disposed in 30%
controlled dumps
No. of disposal facilities 909 8
Situationer
2004 – MM generated more than 2
million tons of potentially recyclable
materials
> Plastic is the most common material
recycled followed by metal, paper and
glass
MM generated 6,700 tons of garbage
daily
Situationer
 In MM sources of wastes are:
> households 74.1%
> shops 9.4%
> markets 7.6%
> restaurants 7.5%
> institutions 0.8%
> street sweepings 0.4%
> river clean-up 0.14%
Situationer
 In MM, 90% of the wastes are collected by
municipal collection system of which:
> 25% are illegally dumped
> 30% are collected by sanitary landfills
> 33% are disposed in open dumps
> 2% is recycled
 Of the remaining wastes that are collected,
4% are recycled by HH while 6% are self-
disposed generally into the river systems
Data from 47 municipalities revealed that
36% had waste recycling programs
On the industrial side, among the 368
business establishments that were surveyed:
> 49% - used public facilities
> 25% - private contractors
> 8% - composting
> 7% - landfill
> 4% - recycling
> 1% - incineration
Solid Waste Management
Definition: Interrelated system of
appropriate technologies and
mechanisms involved in the
generation, collection, storage and
processing, transfer & transport ,
and disposal of solid wastes at the
lowest possible cost and risk to the
health of the people and their
environment.
National Solid Waste Management

System Framework
Policy Objectives:
1. Reduction of wastes generated at the
source
2. The reduction of wastes to extend the
serviceability of final disposal sites
3. Improvement of collection efficiency
4. The provision of safe, environmentally
friendly & acceptable way of disposing
waste collected from source
Waste Hierarchy
Refers to an ordered sequence of
initiatives that can be used to identify
steps in addressing the amount of waste
produced by society
Waste avoidance  Reuse  Recovery
 Recycling  Disposal
Functional Elements of Solid
Waste Management
1. Waste Generation
2. On-site handling, storage & processing
3. Collection
4. Transfer & Transport
5. Processing and recovery
6. Disposal
Solid Waste Generation
Definition : refers to the act or process of
producing waste
Source Reduction : reduction of solid waste
before it enters the solid waste stream
3Rs of Solid Waste Mgt. at the source:
1. Reduce- avoid wasteful consumption of
goods & minimize waste
2. Reuse- recovering materials intended for the
same or different purpose without altering
its physical characteristics
3. Recycle-solid waste materials are transformed
into new materials
On-Site Storage
Containers for on-site storage should meet
the following requirements:
1. Provided with fitting covers to prevent access
to flies and rodents
2. Sufficient in size or number to store all the
wastes between collection
3. Made of water-proof material
4. Small enough to be carried easily when filled
with wastes
5. Accessible to the collector, not subject to
flooding & located away from food storage
On-Site Storage
 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000 provides that segregation of
wastes shall be primarily conducted at
the source
 Wastes shall be segregated into
biodegradable and non- biodegradable
Refuse Collection
Important points to consider in solid
waste collection are:
1. Regular collection is necessary to avoid
problems of storage
2. Vehicles transporting refuse should be
properly covered to prevent foul odors,
eye-sores access to flies & scattering
of waste materials in the streets
3. The route to the final destination site
should be as direct as possible from the
point of origin & should avoid busy
streets
Transfer and Transport
Refers to the means & facilities
used to effect the transfer of
wastes from relatively small to
larger vehicles & to transport them
to processing centers or disposal
sites
Processing Techniques
1. Mechanical volume reduction
Compaction
Balling of papers for recycling
Used to increase the life of landfills
2. Thermal volume reduction
Incineration can reduce the volume of
wastes by more than 90%
Generation of toxic air pollutants:
dioxins and furans
Processing Techniques
3. Manual component separation
Can be accomplished at the source,
transfer stations, centralized processing
stations or disposal sites
Materials to be sorted or salvaged are:
cardboard & high quality paper,
newsprint, aluminum cans, glass, iron
metals
Resource Recovery
 Refer to the collection, extraction or
sorting of recyclable materials from the
waste stream for purpose of recycling,
generating energy or production of a
product for beneficial use
 The recyclable items are bought by
manufacturing plants for processing to
produce goods
Disposal of Solid Wastes
In the homes particularly in rural
areas, solid wastes may be disposed of
satisfactorily in the ff. ways:
1. Burial- deposit solid wastes in pits &
covered with soil
> pit should be located at least 25 m.
away from any well used for water
supply
2. Open burning
3. Feeding to animals
4. Composting – controlled decomposition of
organic matter by micro-organisms
mainly bacteria & fungi, into humus-like
product
5. Grinding & disposal sewer – “garbage
grinders” attached to kitchen sinks
6. Sanitary Landfill- involves controlled disposal
of solid wastes on or in the upper layer of
earth’s mantle
Criteria for Establishment of a
Sanitary Landfill
1. Liners – a system of clay or geosynthetic
membranes used to contain the leachate
and to prevent contaminant flow to
groundwater

2. Leachate collection & treatment system


> installation of pipes at the low areas of
the liner to collect leachate for storage

& eventual treatment & discharge


3. Gas control recovery system
> series of vertical pipes or horizontal
trenches containing permeable materials
and perforated piping to collect gas for
treatment of use as an energy source
4. Groundwater monitoring system – takes
water samples representative of ground
water quality
5. Cover – 2 forms of cover consisting of
soil & geosynthetic materials to protect
the waste
materials
6. A daily cover is placed over the waste
at the close of each day’s operations

7. A final cover or cap w/c is the material


placed over the completed landfill to
control infiltration of water, gas
emission to the atmosphere & erosion
Summary
 We have discussed:
1. Definition of solid waste and solid
waste management
2. Three general categories, types and
sources of solid waste
3. Situation regarding solid waste disposal
4. Waste hierarchy
5. Objectives of solid waste management
6. Elements of SWM
Health Care Waste
Management
Session Objectives
1. To define health care waste
2. To enumerate the categories of HCW
and cite examples for each
3. To describe the health care waste
minimization scheme
4. To describe the color coding scheme
for HCW
5. To cite the practices that should be
observed in HCW management
Session Objectives
6. To discuss the different processes in
health care waste treatment
7. To discuss the waste disposal systems
for HCW
National Objectives for 2005-2010
 Health care waste segregation,
treatment and disposal are improved
Indicators
1. Percentage of health care facilities
disposing infectious & hazardous
wastes according to approved means
Target: 80%
Baseline: 51% in NCR, DOH 1997
Indicators , cont.
2. Number of approved healthcare waste
treatment facilities at the regional level
Target: at least 1 per region
Baseline: 3 in Southern Tagalog, 1 in NCR
Source: DENR, 2002
3. Number of healthcare facilities served by
approved disposal facilities
Target: at least one per region
Baseline: to be determined
Indicators, cont.
4. Percentage of healthcare facilities
practicing proper waste segregation
Target: 100% of DOH hospitals
Baseline: 69% of DOH hospitals
Source: DOH, 2004
A study of 144 private & government
hospitals in MM showed that
> 86% practiced waste segregation
> 59% pre-treated hazardous wastes
chemical disinfection and autoclaving
Waste collection was done by:
> MMDA (38.9%)
> Private contractors (35.4%)
> Networking with other hospitals with
incinerators (12.9%)
Health Care Waste
 Includes all the wastes that is generated or
produced as a result of any of the following
activities:
1. Diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human
beings or animals
2. Research pertaining to the above activities
3. Production or testing of biologicals
4. Waste originating from minor or scattered
sources
Categories of Health Care Waste
1. General waste
2. Infectious waste
3. Pathological waste
4. Sharps
5. Pharmaceutical waste
6. Genotoxic waste
7. Chemical waste
8. Waste with high content of Heavy metals
9. Pressurized containers
10. Radioactive waste
General Waste
 Comparable to domestic waste
 Comes costly from the administrative or
housekeeping functions of health care
establishments
 May also include waste generated during
maintenance of health care premises
 Does not pose special handling problem
or hazard to human health or to the
environment
Infectious Waste
 Waste is suspected to contain pathogens
 This includes:
Cultures & stocks or infectious agents
from laboratory work
Waste from surgery & autopsies on
patients with infectious diseases
Waste from infected patients in
isolation wards
Infectious waste
Wastes that has been in contact
with infected patients undergoing
hemodialysis
Infected animals from laboratories
Any other instruments or materials
that have been in contact with
infected patients or animals
Pathological Waste
 Consist of tissues, organs, body parts,
human fetus and animal carcasses,
blood & body fluids
 Anatomical waste- recognizable human
or animal body parts
 Can also be considered as a subcategory
of infectious wastes
Sharps
 Includes needles, syringes,
scalpels, saws, blades, broken
glass, infusions sets, knives, nails
& any other items that can cause a
cut or puncture wounds
Pharmaceutical Waste
 Includes expired, unused, spilt, and
contaminated pharmaceutical products,
drugs, vaccines and sera that are no
longer required and need to be disposed
of appropriately
 Also includes discarded items used in
handling of pharmaceuticals
Genotoxic Waste
 Includes cytostatic drugs, vomit, urine
or feces from patients treated with
cytostatic drugs, chemicals and
radioactive materials
 Highly hazardous and may have
mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic
properties
Chemical Waste
 Consist of solid, liquid and gaseous
chemicals from diagnostic, experimental
work, cleaning & housekeeping and
disinfecting procedures
 Maybe considered as hazardous or non-
hazardous
Chemical Waste
 Chemical waste is considered hazardous
if it has at least one of the following
properties
Toxic
Corrosive
Flammable
Reactive
Genotoxic
Waste with High Content of Heavy

Metals
Wastes with a high metal content
Represent a subcategory of hazardous
chemical waste & are usually highly toxic
Mercury wastes generated from spillage
of broken clinical equipment
Cadmium waste comes from discarded
batteries
Reinforced wood panels containing lead
Pressurized Containers
 Includes gases which are stored in
pressurized cylinders, cartridges and
aerosol cans
 Whether inert or potentially harmful,
gases in pressurized containers should
always be handled with care
Radioactive Wastes
 Includes disused sealed radiation
sources, liquid & gaseous materials
contaminated with radioactivity, excreta
of patients who underwent radionuclide
diagnostic and therapeutic applications ,
paper cups, straws, needles & syringes,
test tubes, & tap water washings of
such paraphernalia
Waste Minimization
 Centered on the elimination or reduction
of the health care waste stream
 Consist of source reduction, recycling,
treatment and residual disposal
 Prior to the implementation of a waste
minimization program, it is important to
develop a baseline data of the amount
of waste generated
Principles of Waste Minimization
 Identify waste generation rates, current
hazardous waste management strategies
 Commitment of health care establishment
operators/owners to waste minimization
 Includes a written policy with specific goals,
objectives & timeliness
 Train employees in hazardous waste handling &
site specific waste minimization methods
 Be aware of and keep updated on the
hazardous materials regulations
Methods of Waste Minimization
 Eliminate use of a material or
generate less waste
 Re-use
 Recycling
 Segregation of wastes
 Composting
Color Coding Scheme for Health
Care Waste
 Black – non-infectious waste
 Green – non-infectious wet waste
 Yellow – infectious & pathological waste
 Yellow with black band – chemical waste
including those with heavy metals
 Orange – Radioactive waste
 Red – sharps & pressurized containers
 The following practices should be
observed:
Residuals of the general health care
waste should join the domestic waste or
municipal solid waste
Sharps should all be collected together
& placed in puncture proof containers
with fitted covers
Bags & containers for infectious waste
should be marked with the international
infectious substance symbol
Highly infectious waste & other
hazardous waste should be treated
immediately
Cytotoxic waste should be collected in
leak proof containers clearly labeled
“Cytotoxic wastes”
Radioactive waste should be segregated
accdg. to its physical form & to its
half-life and potency
Large quantities of chemical waste should be
packed in chemical resistant containers & sent
to specialized treatment facilities
Wastes with a high content of heavy metals
(e.g. cadmium or mercury) should be collected
separately & sent to a waste treatment facility
Aerosol containers may be collected with the
general health care waste. They should not be
burnt or incinerated.
Anatomical waste should be disposed of in
accordance with the local custom
Health Care Waste Treatment
 Aim: to change the biological & chemical
character of the waste to minimize its
potential to cause harm
Incineration used to be the method of
choice in treating health care wastes
Most common technologies & processes
are: thermal, chemical, irradiation,
biological processes, encapsulation and
inertization
Thermal Processes
 Rely on high heat to destroy pathogens
 Autoclave
> uses high temperature & high pressure
steam sterilization to inactivate most
microorganisms
> used for sterilization of reusable
medical equipment
Chemical Disinfection
 Presently being applied for treatment of
health care waste
 Aldehydes, Chlorine compounds, phenolic
compounds, etc. are added to waste to
kill or inactivate pathogens
 Most suitable in treating blood, urine,
stools and sewage or in treating
infectious wastes containing pathogens
Biological Processes
 Uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate
health care wastes
 Requires regulation of ph, enzyme level,
temperature & other variables
 Design application is mainly for regional health
care waste treatment centers
 Composting & vermiculture for treating and
disposing of placental waste, food waste, yard
trimmings & other organic wastes
Radiation Technology
 Wastes containign potentially infectious
microorganisms ( sewage sludge, biomedical
wastes, wastewater) are treated using
irradiation systems
 Four main elements of the waste handling
system are:
1. Identification of the contaminated
waste
2. Collection
3. Sterilization
4. Final disposal or recycling
Encapsulation
 Appropriate for disposal of sharps &
chemical and pharmaceutical residues
 Uses either cubic boxes made of high
density polyethylene or metallic drums
that are ¾ filled with sharps or chemical
or pharmaceutical residues
 Containers are filled up with a medium
like plastic foam, bituminous sand &
cement mortar
 Reduces the risk of scavengers gaining
access to health care wastes
Inertization
 Suitable for pharmaceutical waste
 Involves the mixing of waste with cement &
other substances before disposal
 Minimize the risk of toxic substances in the
waste from migrating into the surface water or
groundwater
 Mixture composed of 65% pharmaceutical
waste, 15% lime, 15% cement, & 5% water
Waste Disposal Systems
 Sanitary Landfill – designed to keep the
waste isolated from the environment
 Safe burial on Hospital premises
 Septic or concrete vault – for the
disposal of used sharps & syringes
Burial on Hospital Premises
 Burial site should be lined with a
material of low permeability like clay
 Only hazardous health care wastes
should be buried
 Large quantities (>1kg) of chemical &
pharmaceutical wastes should not be
buried
 Burial site should be managed as a
landfill
 Burial pit should be downhill & about 50
meters away from any body of water
 The bottom of the pit should be at least
1.5 meters higher than the ground
water level
 On-site burial is for limited period of
1-2 years only & for small amounts of
wastes ( 5-10 tons in total)
Summary
 We have discussed:
1. Definition of health care waste
2. Categories of health care wastes
3. Health care waste Minimization Program
4. Color coding scheme for HCW
5. Practices that should be observed in health
care waste disposal
6. Processes in HCW treatment
7. Waste disposal systems for HCW

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