ENGINEERING ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION A Complete Manual for Engineers and Geologists in incor Civil andEngineering Rock Mass Classifications A Complete Manual for Engineers and Geologists in Mining, Civil, and Petroleum Engineering Z. T. Bieniawski Professor and Director Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University WILEY A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION John. Wiley & Sons New York / Chichester / Brisbane / Toronto / SingaporeANOTE TO THE READER: This book bas been electronically reproduced from digital information stored at John Wiley & Sons, Inc. We are pleased that the use of this new technology will enable us to keep works of enduring scholarly value in print as long ‘as there is a reasonable demand for them. The content of this book is identical to previous printings. Copyright © 1989 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bieniawski, Z. T. Engineering rock mass classifications: a complete manual for engineers and geologists in mining, civil, and petroleum engineering 1Z. T. Bieniawski. Pp. cm, “A Wiley-Interscience publication.” Bibliography: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-471-60172-1 1. Geology, Economic. 2. Rocks—Classification, 3. Rock mechanics I. Title TN260.B54 1989 624.1'5132—del9 89-30956 cIP 109876