Physiology

General Introduction
Definitions
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 Human Physiology
Study of how the human body
functions.
Physiology = NORMAL
Pathophysiology:
 How physiological processes are
altered in disease or injury.
Main Goal of Physiology.
 The main goal is achievement of
HOMEOSTASIS.
 This is Maintaining constancy of
internal environment.
 Dynamic consistency.
 Maintained by feedback loops.
 Definition of Homeostasis
 Homeostasis,from the Greek
words for "same" and
"steady," refers to any
process that living things
use to actively maintain
fairly stable conditions
necessary for survival…
Internal components of homeostasis
1. Concentration of oxygen and carbon
dioxide
2. pH of the internal environment
3. Concentration of nutrients and waste
products
4. Concentration of salt and other
electrolytes
5. Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid
 Control Systems
 Open systems are linear and have no
feedback, such as a light switch. Closed
Systems has two components: a sensor
and an effector, such as a thermostat
(sensor) and furnace (effector). Most
physiological systems in the body use
feedback to maintain the body's internal
environment.
 Extrinsic Control System
 Most homeostatic systems are extrinsic: they are
controlled from outside the body. Endocrine and
nervous systems are the major control systems in
higher animals.
 The nervous system depends on sensors in the skin or
sensory organs to receive stimuli and transmit a
message to the spinal cord or brain.
 Sensory input is processed and a signal is sent to an
effector system, such as muscles or glands, that effects
the response to the stimulus.
 Intrinsic Control System
 Local, or intrinsic, controls usually involve
only one organ or tissue.
 When muscles use more oxygen, and also
produce more carbon dioxide, intrinsic
controls cause dilation of the blood vessels
allowing more blood into those active areas
of the muscles.
 Eventually the vessels will return to
"normal".
 Feedback Loops
Sensor:
 Detects deviation from set point.
Integrating center:
 Determines the response.
Effector:
 Produces the response.
The LOOP (Negative Phase)
The LOOP (Negative Phase)
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
 Defending the set point.
 Reverse the deviation.
 Produces change in opposite direction.
Example (Insulin Injection) {Negative FB}
So, in summary… Negative FB
 Positive Feedback
 Action of effectors amplifies the
change.
 Is in same direction as change.
 Examples:
 Oxytocin (parturition).
 Blood Cloting
 Voltage gated Na+ channels
(depolarization)
 Note that… !!
Most of body activities and
mechanisms for homeostasis
are (( Negative FeedBack)),
few are (( Positive FeedBack)).
In Positive FeedBack
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Next Lecture

Cell Physiology
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