/,/ I

F i: ML T-2 (J ~ Ml-3 V ~ L 7-1 ~d::L2.

1.1 The force, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by F = CDPV1A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density of the air, A the cross-sectional area of the building, and CDis a constant termed the drag coefficient Determine the dimensions of the drag coefficient.

Thus) ell -d:.(/YlLT'r'l)/[(!YIL-3)(L T~/)1-(L2.)J::: fV]°LoTO

I-I

Qr

CD s: 2 F / f V2.11 J where

Hence J CD is dimensionless.

J.t

1.2 Ye_lify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems, of the following quantities which appear in Table U: (a) volume, (b) acceleration, (c) mass, (d) moment of inertia (area), and (e) work.

• -

L3

(a)

(/:,) a cc e ler-a,.tl013 -= t-Jrn~ r",ie ~/- chlfll11t! (1/ J/e/~c.;fy

..:... L T-'--:... L T-.2.

T

cc.) rmtJ.s 5

or: w;-fh F' M L 7-2 • I-L-' T 2-

1m II '5.5':: r-

(d> rnl)r17t'tri- If. ,nert,iJ_ /AYt'4:) = se~l1d tn"mPltt tJ/-aret!.. .:_ (L '2. ) (L 2) · L If

(e) /Alprk = hY~~ x. ...:. !=L

•

dlsrnnc.e

() r: jv /-1- h F == M 1.. T - z WI'rkd- M L'2. T-2

J-~

/.3 I

13 Deterrmne the dimensions, in both the FLT system anQ_the MLT system, for (a) the product offorce times acceleration, (b) the prod-

uct of force times velocity divided by area. and (c) momentum divided by volume.

(a) f~·r(e '" Ciccele".a.I-,P"1 .:... (F)(L T-:1) , FL T -,2

Slnce

F _: M L r= )

(F )(L 7-') .:

-10 rt..e x Ve /OCI"I':1 a rea

(b)

L2..

(11 /. r-1(L 7-1).:_ 11 r-3

m CJmeni-um volume

mtl'Ss x. ve loc.i;'~ v()IUnt~

(C)

/-3

J.Lt I

1.'" Verify.lhe dimensions. in both the FLT system and the MLT system. of the following quantities which; appear in Table 1. L (a) fre-

quency. (b) stress. (e) strain, (d) torque, and (e) work.

t.'1c1t'S ...: T-/ -I-imf!

( a)

(.6) .sfres5 .force . F PL -2
- .....
- L2..
area..
Since F _' Jv1 L r=, L T- 1..
. Jl1L -'T-2
..5.J-r~5s ~ M. -

L4 C)ulI'u/e I;; /e"1i'h ;. /e1111i1

L . L

(c)

FL

.:. 01L7-~(L) _: 11 L 27-2

--,.."

J-If

/.5 I

1.5 If u is a velocity, x a length, and t a time, what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of (a) au/at, (b) a1u-/'aifJt, and (c) f (au/iJt) dx?

raj Ju. L T-1 . L T-Z
-,
- -
dt:- T
(.6 ) tJzu. . L T-1 . 7-,2
-
-
dxJt (L)(T)
JJ~ . (LT-1)(LJ . L 2. T-2
(C) dx. - -
cJf= T 1- 5

I. 6 I

1.6 If p is a p V .

what are the dim re~sure,.. a velOClty, and p a fluid density,

pVp, and (c) p/p~~ons (10 the MLT system) of (a) pIp, (b)

l'

-

f

(a:

(b) pVfJ':" (M[lr~z)(L 7-1)(ML~)= M2.L -gT-3

t c) ..f' . IVIL~/T-2.

,.0 Vz z: (MC3)( i.r-')% == MDL" I" (dl",ensIOflJ~r)

1- 6

I., J

1.7 If V is a velocity, e a length, and v a fluid property (the kinematic viscosity) having dimensions of trt:', which of the following combinations are dimensionless: (a) vev, (b) ve/v, (c) V2v, (d) v/ev?

V J.-z/ . (L T -,)(L)fL 2 T-~ . L ~T-l fn~1 dimens,ol1less)
(a) -
(b) VJ. - -(LT-J)(L) • L~T" ( di/?}('ns/c,n less)
- -
V (L 2 T-1)

{C) V2-z} - (L T-~ 2(L 2 r-J) __: L 't T-3 (nCJt ditnfnS/O/1/(SS) (d)

v }.V

(L T-1) (L) (L 7. 7-')

;

-

-

-2-

L

1-7

6 - L T-1

=

1.8

1.8 If V is a. velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and Gj which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation

V == Z( a-I) + G

v == ~ (oe -/) + 6

[L T-j == [c] [p( -I] -r [6]

5/hce. eAch .t.erl11 I~ 1Jte e~"a..f:./tf)n tntfsi htJtk .. che 5t1l11e dlmens'Pl1s //: !D//t9WS -that

. I

£ ~ L r:'

cI... =::: P() i/' TO (dlme"$/~l1jt's..s .smce (!,rwJ/""'(,,,-

lViih 4 ntlmlxr)

1-8

1.9 I

I,q The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a slowly moving liquid is given by the equation

7TR4tlp

Q = 8J.L€

where R is the pipe radius, tlp the pressure drop along the pipe, J.L a fluid property called viscosity (FL -27'), and € the length of pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 7T/8?Would you classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation? Explain.

T~e. C.61 t? stan 1: irIs Is c\il"'(\fV1SI0n \e~S' a",d
,)
~e .e~ u. J/~ t\ )" e, SfneY"tll h{)magellea us.
€ZL.lJ,DJ1 1"hll.t- ~:S VAL·d . ~~ ~ SIS .J-e" t
IVI &1 VI ':1
L.I~\'+- ·j~5.J...em. 'Ie .5. /.IQ I

1.10 According to information found in an old hydraulics book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula

h = (0.04 to 0.09)(D/d)4VZ/2g

where h is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter, d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid in any system of units? Explain.

~ z: (o.o» 10 o. D9) (.!j ) Lf J:~

2.J

[Ef]= [D.O~ 1-. O.O~ [ tJ &] [~:J[ f]

[L ] _. [0.04 -J-() 0,01] [L J

Since eac], -I-etl1J Ii'! 1he e~tla,f.I;;h must 11t~tle-the :5t1me d/me"~/oj,5 the CdJlI-Shllfi I-erm (o. tJ'I -h, a. oe) rnus}

I

b~ c//rnf'I1SI;'/J/ess. Thus1 1he. e~lJtl..tliw ;j a. !Jt'I"JfY4J

ht9r>101enet:Jvs eltl.~-6/~;' /nat /,5 Vttl,'c/ /If 411!1 :5y5.fem tJf un,'b. Yes.

I. / J I

_ ...... __ .L" _

-

1.11' The pressure difference, ilp, across a cosity (FL -IT), P the blood density (ML -3), D-!

partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is the artery diameter, Ao the area of the unob- ,

approximated by the equation _ structed artery, and A I the area of the stenosis.

r ~ V (A' - )i~ Determine the dimensions of the constants K,

Ap = K,. Jti + K; A: - 1 pV2 and Ku. Would this equation be valid in any system of units?

where V is the blood velocity, J.l the blood vis- ;

5 i nee e ac.h -I-errn mv.st na oe -!-he :sa m e dim en 5 /ons , k'v a nd K u are d ~'men j ion J e-::'5. Th U 5) fhe efuah'tJn is C4 c;enef"t// h oma eeneoas e~ ua.f-itJ"1 --the,,/-- woalc/ he '(ali cl !n CI"!f t()l1'SjSttl1t ~o/$l-em_~.f t)nj_1-5. yes.

/-10

· /. It I

J.l2o Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends on an elastic modulus, Ev, with dimensions FL -2, and the fluid density, p, in the form c = (Ey(p)b. If this is to be a dimensionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and b? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.)

c = (£v)4(f)b

51nCe C;!;LT-1 Ey"':FL-2. f::FL-Ifr2

[~] ~ [f:~] [:~_~.bJ

0)

{;;r ,(.. dlJ?1fI1SJonall'J h(!)moqenetJlJs -€taai.IOI1 e ac], -I-erm In the esuCLt'Dt1 rnus} hav(. -the ~"/JI'f! dlmeJ15JO~.5. rhll5, 1ne 'r'"'qh f hand st'de f).{. E"g. (!) tnt/sf ;,~ lie the dJmel1 S';A.s

of. L T -I. There ./(:;r(')

a-tb::::o Zh::;-I

Za -fifb = - J

(-t:t!J e //mufa/e F)

(iD sa.fls.f.y c,"'d,-fl"~ "11 r)

(-b :::i11-,~ /-1' tBl'1d;f';/f "11 L)

a.::L tlnd h::.-.J..

2. 2.

/-/1

.~- ..... \

\ ''_''

1.13 J

1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is given by the equation

Q = 3.09BH·"l

where H is the depth ·of the water above the top

of the dam (called the head). This formula gives 'Qin ftl/s when Band H are in feet. Is the constant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation be valid if units other than feet and seconds were used?

cp = 3,09 f3 f-I31z

[L 3 r-J::. @. o'l][L J [L]3fz

[L 3 T -~ = [3. 0 q] [ L ] ~/2

5 i"ce each .f.erm /n-f-he eZtla.fi()n mUJ f hA~e fhe same dime» -siOI1.5 -the C(!)fJS flll1f 3. 0 q rn U.5 f hnf/t! dln1e115i"n.s ()f LV2.r-' Qncl is ihcr('#;l'e nDf dUl1rnS(Olfle5S. N&.

5i/ll.e the. UY15I-tfJ'f1 )J4S drmeesro»: ifs I,/t,j«e ("Jill Chllhfe. tvi III A ch ({lUi€. in «nil:s. N o .

I-J2

\,-1' r-:~::--1------------------------__"

\1 /./$ I

,r--, • I \ .... _./

1.1 ,5 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the following quantities in SI units; (a) 10.2 in.fmin, (b) 4,,81 slugs, (c) 3.021b, (d) 73.1 ft/s', (e) 0.0234 lb-s/ft',

(~) /o.z ft;;n - (;0. 2. ;';n) (Z5'/();(/O-7./:.) ( ~::~n)

jJ_ - 3 /J"'Y1

- T. '82. »: ; o s z: tf. 32_ T

(b) if. 8J 5/u1$= (¥. fr/ sill!s J (i. H~ )</0 s~!g) = 70,2 ).1

( ! ) 3. &:L / J,.=: (3. tJ Z I b ) ( If: If Iff Ii ) ~ 13. If IV

(cd) 73./ :Ls{:: (73.; 4)· (3. O'fJ' X /0-' ~i ) = 22 3 /1"1

s I-f' oS ,_

::5OL.

(e) 0, r)23'f Ib·s (0. tJt3'f 1!3. ) (If, 7J'1t /0' N·.1 )
-- :: .AH '
It'- f-tJ. lb. s
.ft,_
1.12 N·s
-
~'l. /-13

o

/'

\ l)r-,·----r-------- ~ ____"

/.16' J

1.16 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 krn, (b) 8.14 Nlm3, (c) 1.61 kg/rrr', (d) 0.0320 N'm/s, (e) 5.67 mm/hr.

( a) 1'1: 2 k/m {i'f.2 ~/()3,m) ( tt)_ 'f.bb ;( 10 It ff
- 8, Z i/::;; -
-
g.//f. !i.. (2. J,tf 4 ) (I 3 I. s: j ~ ;( 102 .!.k
(j,) ;:: t,. su» /0· #J) =
,/'hi 3 /YJ1 ' ff3
.J:L
/WI! I -,3 siu,s)

{I. q Iff) X. /0 W =

~

fiJ'1'!>

(tH1ZO N~"" ) (7.37!,,;l/O -I 4fi' )

N·/'M

(e) 5,1.07

.f.f

_L ~ 5, 17 )f.ID

-

..5

J-{If

I""'"" "-..!

117 I

1.11 Express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre, (b) 15 gallons (U.S.), (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 OF.

(I!.) J.1.j~ tn i z: ( :1..'10 rn L ) (.>2 a lJ ~: ) (q_ ~ '18 ;(1 b-'j!£) t: 3, 8 ~ X" D' I'm ri«. J hp:: (7'1,1 hp)( 55'0 .t:Ej-u, ) (1,35'lP ..! )= 5".qD)(ID~ .:!

hP .. }t'lI, 5

~n d J ~;: \ vJ So -f\n(l.1:

Cf [g.1 hp= 5,QD)(ID W

Tc. :: ~ (u, 3 6 ~ - 32) :: 15,7 II C

cr

= Ig,7 0 { -+ 273 ::: ;2..8'1 1<

(~)

( -e)

1-/ s

I I tI I Ci

.-_"',

, I

IV

1./8 I

1.1 g For Table 1.3 verify the conversion relationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (e) velocity, I and ~d) sp.ecific weight. Use the basic conversion I relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 In; 1 lb = 4,4482 N; ann 1 slug = 14.594 kg.

(a)

I it 1.. = (/!'t ~rr a 3 Olf-k') 1. /h? '2.] = 0, o 929{) /1'11 ~

L Ii 2-

Tht/5) mulli,/J0 ft1. hy 9. 290 £ - 2 +0 t!tPl1t1frf

L, 2

,0 1'r .

::: (/ s / ~ j' ). ( / If. s9 if ~ ) [ I If J l

~t 3. s/~ J (o. 3twt)3m1 3J

~~

z: 5" I £'. 5£ /J11 3

Thus) rnulhpJ'J slugs/ It) b!J s: /6-J;. E + 2 +0 COtJtI(rl -1::0 -Ie? / /111 ~

Ii;) /

ThU5/ mull/II:; .fIls b:; 3.0'18 f -/ h, c()l'Jvert

I: 0 /in,. /s .

(d)

. '

I

/ II; _ (.1 JJ:..) '(If. 'PIll !f_) [ / Ii J l

f.fJ .- ·Ft3 t~· /b{{),3~lfg)31W13 J

=- IS'? I ;:3

Thus) mul+ip/:; /b/.ft3 b!:J I. 57/ E-t2 -/-0 tonVff'"t fo' #/4113#

/-/6

o

o

I~'

\ .. _.)

~.I9 .J

1.1 q For Table 1.4 verify the conversion relationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density, (c) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft; 1 N = 0.22481 lb; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug.

(a)

3, 2 s I t1:

54.

Thus) rrr« ltip''} IYr1 /s'J. bJ to !-t: /.:52.,

I ~1

11')13

3.:1.8/ . to

(b)

- I 040 x /D ~ 3 .s II-( 5~

. -, ?t.3

Th r...t s) m u J +i P J/j ~,,/ tn13 h!1 I. qlff) E - 3 tD Com/frt

s. Slufj5/-Pt 3.

(_C) I li_= (I N ) (0.224-91 lk)f 1",,1. . l

/'t'w1 'l. m-t :z. N L (3, ')..fOg /. ft 1. J

- .7. l.b

-z: ')..og1 t.1D ttl.-

Thu5) m(..(ILpl'j N/rml b:t ",081 E"-l fo C()nv{yt

1::-0 I h /-H. 2.

(d) 1 ,;,3 == (I ~) [Cg, t!'o8l {t:] '" 35: 3} r;J

T h us} rr. u. J I:. i pl'-:J ()113/S h ~ 3. 5'3/ E+ I -1:.0 ((!)I1Vert

+0 I-t3/s.

1- '7

.- '" i '

/.2.0 I

1.2.0 Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of

,1200 gal/triin','What is this volume 'rate of flow in (a) m3/s, (b) liters/min" and @ n3/s?

(~)'

f./owraie -

'7.. I -2 1)?1.3

= .57;<. 10 .-

.5

/ liter = / [)-3 /YY1 ~

f./owrtLte:: (7. 57 ;{. / D - 2 ~.3 )- (/03 //+er.5 ) ({ptP_ s )

S /"H1 3 hrlll1

(C ) t/()wrl1te. ( 7. 57 x I D- 1 !.i 3) (3. S 3 ( X J 0 -ft3 )
-
- S
IYl1J
.rt1 -
.5
- 2. ~7
- s 1-18

o

o

1,1./-7

~~-h-~-,-.-J~---------------------------------------------'

_.

1.2 i An important dimensionless parameter in certain types of fluid How problems is the Froude " number defined as V I~, where V is a velocity, I g the accelerat-ion of gravity, and ta length. Determine the value of the Fronde number for V =

10 ft/s, g :;; 32.2 ~ls2, ~nd e = 2 ft. Recalculate

In 86 t1l1its/

, - the Froude number using SI units for V~ g, and e. Explain the significance of the results of these , calculations.

/ () .fi:-

.s:

:

In

3.()~ -?

Cf, :81 ~

(~'[:'1:) (O,]O4-! (!!J)= fc

0.1010 rrn

Th 14 S

}

_hYI 3, O~ 5

v Vi ),

1,25

-

-

Th e Va /we D I a. in delend~l7i t!)/

d /rnen slen it'ss pard{ met er

-the.. u n t t ~o/.5.fem,

IS

1.2.3

;.23 A ta.nk: contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is . Determine the volume of the liquid in the tank.

m :::: f( V ~ S G r 1/2,0 V ThusJ

V c: m/( SG Pllzo) = ,500 1~9/((2)( qqq ~ » = 0,250 m3

-==-::1---,-----._-_.-. -. -.----.l-~_w-J I-I-I- -- - r .-

i.'Z't Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their

liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams ---+--+----+-- f 1 ~ f '~I .l-

. • ~ ~ per cubic meter (glmJ). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies ' I

I a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content ,---I , I L. . t-t'-r--! I! IL

is 0.2 gfm3• (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic- ~

~-~ miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in '1 -+-e- ~'.-+ ~ I t

pounds? _ __J_j I I'

! 'I - -[ I [I I'I~_J_ t 1

T ' I 'II! ,

I I I I I I I ,-;-

r ~ ·}tl: . I: . ~-t t ~~~~ trt-fl~ I -=

=t I ~ - --+ -+1- I 1 ~r--' 3: 1 f;f+! !_p' .r : -+---- i-----"-

Cd. . 40 ~-ClW'--:" 1-' / '~.,- )':_ =~+' ~,__:r:_.~-i--+i.:>.i"---+---l---1----+

" I~-m~ .~~1i., 11; ~~ ~-~~rrr;1 ~ T r$=:a 1-.

I I --+-- ~---'--+ k -[ r.~ 8$-':1 • _LI-I--c- r+>

__J_ ~)--b(-I--l-I l ., ~ - ,~ .j-

+ *~t ~~il(1"'f+'tf+tt~ 'II t--C:C ,. f ;f~I-I. r~.

. LA-J I .l,i.-t\ 6- ' ~ r-t-' •

l-r+ f---',--J f---- -f--a.¢"$-l/)( /',1 ~ ~ '_:_--,- ~-+-- . i- T ..

I--+-r ~~fi.- I). -H-,-t-f-- f-_ f- , -.--

+1 1 ,Ii- -r+-

L .++-++--f--+---!---+--!.Jrr+tll. ~ -If-Ji.-+ ....... , In,'!- .,;~bl4_---t---;.-J---j-+.1 = _. t-- ' 1i~

,- t---t--

I I 1 1 I-!-, I I

1-2D

\ ';., \

c

/,;. .5 I 1.2. S A tank of oil has a mass of Zs- slugs.

(a) Determine its weight in pounds and in newtons at the earth's surface. (b) What would be its '""",,;:"j:;fuass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if 10- '. eated on the moon's surface where the gravitationa! attraction is approximately one-sixth that

at theearth 's surface? _ . __ .'

( tt) weit/hf ;;: l'Yn,as.s. )C. :

- (2. S 51" qs ) ( 3,2. i':~~:)=: _gOs. Ib

- (20 sf",! S ) {III. Sf };; ) (r.g I ~)" 3,S80'll/

(b) rm e s s == Zs- ~Ju9s (mllss clots j?l)t dep.e;"dtPl1

:J re« i k f itJlt Q / a H-rA cl- id)11 )

iae ijlJi. (2." sl\,'1 ~ ) (;3 2. 2.10 ~ ) = / 31f It

1.2, 6 A certain Object weighs 300 N at the earth's surface.

Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight . (in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of gravity equaJ to 4.0 ft/S2,

w-e/ght a

"3 ()O N

-

-

Fe,r ~.::

w-eljht-

f." ft-ls:1.

J

- (30., J# ) ( tf. 0 ~) (t), 3tJ'Ig ;; )

= 37,3 N

1- 2.1

r : ,.,""'_ ; .J . ..._"

1.2.7 I

1.27 The density of a certain type of jet fuel is TIS kg/m', Determine its specific gravity and specific weight.

-,-

S 6 = j{) @ f"C. {~t>

77.!:J- -4~3 /b1

0.77S-

1.2.' I

1.28 A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liquids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer reading indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid's density and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.

J-13

r'~"'"

, '

'L~

/,2.'9 I

l.lo.q An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft3 of water at 40 "F. Over a 24-hour period of time the water temperature varies from 40 °P to 90 "F, Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will change. For a tank. diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain.

tnfl55 of w~tey ;: 11 X t

tJheve if Is the tloiqme and;; 7ne. densrh:J. JII1~e the m 1t55 rn (,{$I- re /YJ({Ii1 ~nsfal1i e 5' -the -/;emJRrt1:tUYe e harqe:

-if"x /J = -tf- xjJ (I)

'jot> 1'It;" fl) "I f~ 0

Fit9/i1 lN6)e B. I iJ x: I. r tj~ 5/11£5

1#2 o ~ 'fo • F ft:-A

,4 - J. f.3/ sk,/!

! JI20 @ rt1"p -, . rt 3

Tlrfre!e,Yf; in)/fl ~ t. OJ !,.~.j )

-if":: ('flt3)( I. 9'f~ -h:~ 'f. /)1 f/' -Pi.]

1,/ I.r?;/ :5~

Thus) me I'/,cyease in YO It{ m~ Ij

.3

If /JJ i L - If. 000 -== 0. 0/ %1. .ft

The chtll1fe lit WI.!-ey cfe;1lt/ 41) ~ "o/tlfl.J fo

. -6 -¥- a. 01 J'b ..ft3 -3

A i s: a I,. .' :=. ::: S. 12 xl V +i = a o 7/ IJ j tI·

,ea 71 riff) 2-

If

7h,:s 5/ndJI c,hl(J1ge I;' delr/h wOllld IJ~';' he per!! /1o/-lcetl/;/e. AI a,

fo'o-k.' A S/;1hfl, d,"'ff.eyflfl. velu e .for ..6.£ /.P; 1/ b£ ob.fa;J1fA II sl't'c,·f,i.(.,)cl;hf ~f wllhr Jr 'Iud rtliIJey 1Jtqlf 4fI1S/+!:f' TItI:S I J d" e h the ~(..c -thor- tJtete is some flllcerh,itf_;, In- -!hI! -IDllrfh 6/;,;d7c4n1 +/1/11"'(: o.f 1Jtt'.,Jt!!. .fr.t,Jo IIIl/Wt'S" ~It,{ {h,p 5olu.l-l~h ,j S_Pfls,'f/,)e..f&, "th/j unc.(V.fflin~.

\

1.31 I

1.31 A mountain climber's oxygen tank contains 1 lb of oxygen when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of gravity is 32.174 ft/s2• What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank when he reaches to top of Mt. Everest where the acceleration of gravity is 32.082 ftls2? Assume that no oxygen has been removed from the tank: it will be used on the descent portion of the climb -.

w:: rn9'

Lei ( )51 denote setl level qnd ( )hJlE den~fefhe fop ofMI. Everes! 1hvs;

Ws, ::: I Jb :: ftJ.r1 ~Sl and

~/E :: mini! ~/lN£

However msl:: Willi! so !haf since In z: ~ J

~I

m -: ---- :

sl psi

J- 2./5

r I ~t1

~~-.---------------------------------------------------

_ /;l~ I

1.,,- The information on a can of pop indicates that the can

, contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine "the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 "C. Express your results in SI units.

tv~/jhf at .(:.1J.fJC./ .(/t>/"'m~ ~I .f/t(/c/

(/ )

J-.al-al We/fbf = mass x 9- = ~. 3tf J§ )('1.&/;.)::- :i 62/0/ wt"jhf "I DIn =- &. rs 3 AI

r: / -3L) /" -3 rm3) -z 3

V() //{In ~ ~/ r:';tlltI.: (3's5x //J ( /!J . L =- ;f55"){ /{J /n1 •

Th u~ frtJlJ1 E t:' (J )

3. b 2 IV - o. /53 II

6=

(.

tf77~ 13 r2j!!!!. .s" :Y f''f t:. ;?'n .3

jtJoo Y

1»13

wafer a,i 20~C (see ",-J/e 13, 2 I~ Af,f14rl,"X B) v - 9'78'9..!!."3 · /.J :: fft. 2 ~ . 56 = CJ. Cf'1K 2.

o u, [) - /h1) (J.J.. o t;n3)-

t- -

(r -

-

J

L

~z.O @if"C

IJ- etPllIfJII/"/;1/ ,,( 1htst!" Ytt/H~.I .£~ lOitev tuth1 1h"s~

.fr:,r 17te p{!); shows 1/tt:J..j 1J,~ fJ<c;f,~ tJ( Ijht_; c/tns,fYI I/l1d i5jJeClhc' ;J1"/lJlIf, cf- 7lte /'''P are a/I S/'jl1flfj J() oer 1J.J",,-ine ~rre$tC)nd;iJ_J J/C;/UfS .for tdder.

1-16

'''/~ 33 .' [

*1.33 The variation in the density of water, p, with temperature, T. in the range 20 "C s T:S; 50 "C, is given in the following table.

Density (kg/In]) I 998.2 I 997.1 I 995.7 I 994.1 I 992.2 I 990.2 I 988.1 Temperature (oC) I 20 I 25 I 30 I 35 I 40 I 45 I 50 Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the form p = c1 + C2T + C3Tl which can be used to predict the density over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C?

\

\

t!A,ltt it) t:I $~t:.t';rd prd(1r pl/~nql'J1:" I «s Jn~ a :f6?~u~qrd eul"v,- h #,';j ,Ph:>,t'1Ih1 svch tis ~Uhtl' In !:,X'CEL, Thus.J

A.5 shdAiln

.fn,m J::,. r»

111 7ntt. -I:a;J( heloLAl / f (pt't'dlcfril) Is I;' f&D1I (/9J'('~e/) j. ",/'/1, ; (tJJ~") .

T. DC 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

P. kgfmA3 998.2 997.1 995.7 994.1 992.2 990.2 988.1

p. Predjcted 998.3 997.1 995.7 994.1 992.3 990.3 988.1

Ai

].3 Y. If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m" is turned into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity and specific weight of the whipped cream.

11 A-JS ,,/ eyeR",) 1??1 = (/ o o s: ~ )}( (VGt.c.p ) wh(Y( .y...,_ volume.

Since

-

-

-

-

--¥; <:'1.1.(> S

~

t){)S 1n13

:3

SG f l.v ~ I pp«" -135 :h 33S-
~ cr,," l'1'l"i I'm A 6,
- == =
_.
~ ~e<: J ODD ""kg..
Hz.() @ /l?'1"1 1-2 g

;'

1.36 I

1.36 Determine the mass of air in a 2 m3 tank if the air is at room temperature, 20°C, and the absolute pressure within the tank is 200 kPa (abs),

m = e V where 11::: 2 m3 and

P=f/RT wilh T::20(JC:::(ZO+273)K::2Q3K anti. fJ:: 200 k P4 -;;: 200X 103.g,.

Th I/sJ

e ;: (1-00x I03~)/[ (2.g69Xll-~;~)(2q3 K)]

t: 2,38 ~

HenceJ

m :: p V' ~ 2,38~ (zm3).:: if. 76 ~1

1-2q

1.37 I

1.3:7 Nitrogen is compressed to a density of 4 kg/m' under an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius .

.J N

.lf~o J( I D ;;;; :t _

-

('I "-' )P.9t,.k J )

11t13 k,./<

4=> T = fJR. =

337 K

- 337 I{ - :173 - ~/f "'c

1.38 I

1.38 The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars during a Martian spring day were determined to be -50°C and 900 Pa, respectively. (a) Determine the density of the Martian atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of carbon dioxide. (b) Compare the answer from part (a) with the density of the earth's atmosphere during a spring day when the temperature is 18 -c and the pressure 101.6 kPa (abs).

((!) fMars - -fo q oo ~ 2- - -k,
- - - 0.D2.14 --;
RT (In., -k?) [c-5'O'C+zu)j I'm

-P J N 1.2'2 ~,.
(6 ) f~ri1, = 10 I. [P x 10 ;;-'J.
= =
RT (Z!}".'1 ..T ) [( 'tc: -rZ13)kJ 1)y13
*'1'1<
Thus) fM\ar.5 ~
0.0114- 1. ~S o~
= 1'l'r'l3 - 0.01'15 -
-
feAr-Th !l-
1.2 Z
/t')'12 1-30

o

, 1.3 q A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft3 is filled with

0.30 Ib of a gas, A pressure gage attached to the tank reads] 2 psi when the gas temperature is 80 OF. There is some Question . . as to whetherthe ga~' in the tank -is oxygen or helium. Which do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

,

".

3

t: ble. I. 7 R ::: I 5'"S"If X If) /'or- oX jfJen

~= !,2'rZX/O'f ./i./j, ./-r;y helium.

slt/9 . ",R.

+rtJlf1 li'f. II ) ,-!- -the

;J 7./2

. ::- 155'1 X )~ 3

4np{

9 CIS Is (J')XYrln

s/tltj:5 = Jf;s R.x /b -3 .s/U1!

It 3 -.f..t 3

he III-1m

,1)- 7.12-,

/: - /,ZlfZX}/J¥-

.x )b - t slUf..s

- 5;73 #3

A- ~m tllrl5tJIJ

of 17te '14'J

9t1S musi:-

6/ 1l1e.5e (/llllleS WIn --t'he / iJ the bat? 1::. I nell c.llkJ

/?e C)JCf;j9'en.

ClCt-tltl/ detJ5/~ 'lha t 171 e.

J -.3 I

I '

I"'· ...

1.40 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of air at a temperature of 80 QC. A gage on the tank reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank.

I/o/ume -

J. ;;U. mt 3

./,,+1

I I I I I I

,I JH A rigid tank containsair at a pressure of 90 psia and a temperature of 60 of. BY.h'ow much will the pressure increase as the temperature is increased to 110 OF?

, .

1-32.

1.42 The helium-filled blimp shown in Fig. P1.42 is used at various athletic events. Determine the number of pounds of helium within it if its volume is 68,000 re and the temperature and pressure are 80 ""P and 14.2 psia, respectively.

&I FIG U ~ E P1.42

1-33

Master Typing Sheet 10% Reduction

8 1/2 x I J trim size

'/, ,If E

_-- -- ----r- --

- - - ~ ..--

,~ I

~I -I

ttf=1- - -~~t-=II

_t,-II

*1.43 Develop a computer program for calculating the density of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the temperature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in J/kg . K are specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of temperature from 0 DC to 200 ()C and pressures of 50, 1(10, 150, and 200 kPa Cabs).

I

I I

- ---j

I I

_I

I-~' -, ,_

This program calculatesthe denSIty of an ideal gas

~ " ~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~----+-----I

'1 I -!--. 'T' j when the absolute pressure 'in Pasqals, the temperature

~ t r+==-- ,in degrees C, and the gas conslaht-in,J/Kg'K are specified,

j'~~ _" . -; To use, replace current values with desired values of

, '~' I temperature, pressure, and gas constant.

~": til I t. I------:----+----=---~----=---+_c--=-----+-----+_----__I

.: -, -. J;-~ III I,,'.A BCD

t Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant, Density,

~

i

-I-l

I -I ' 'I~I'I

- I

~"I

~ - --I

Row 10

--,-,~

~ I

(con'f)

The ciehs//y of helivfJ1 is ploUed "nfhe 9foph be/ow.

Density of Helium

0.4 ...,-------------,-------r----__,--------,

0.35 +..~,,-----+----+---------l-----I

0.3 1--...._

0.25 +r--__::: .... ---=-_--II __ -------+= ............. c---I-----I

- ......... -- -------------

--_

0.2 +-------+-----'-=----=+-----I----~

...... _- ........ _

-- ... --_

--

0,15 +-----'-"--I-.-:::.- .. ---+-----+---~-__=1-

- - -

. - .

.. ......

.. ........

0.1 +-------+----f-----+-----.::_:-.~

---

-~-- ..

---

----1-----------

0,05 +------+----+-----+-::=....:..,,~_"_"'__1

o+-------+----+-----+---~

o

50

150

100

/ ... 35

f -:: 2.00 I< Pa (0. bs)

~ /50

;:: 100

:: [;0

200

From ;:, f. .IJ. / (17 A ppt'ndi.( /3:

/ {,/'1 (en'" ~.,L J'SOP (.:If. 'f1J(_)) ~

/' ~ (a. t,.. ::; )

( SI UI1 i+s )

lAS For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gradient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 N/m2?

h .. -3 N·s, II

were 1.J.:: /./2 »to -;:- an» 't: =/,0-,..

/-- m. m

Thlls)
rJu '( /,0 ~ B?3 I
- -:: Ji = - -
cJy t.n» 10-.3 Ij';" - S
tn2- - /.Lfb ,

1.4\6 Make lise of the data in Appendix B to determine the dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85 OF. Express your answer in both SI and BO units.

}-36

1.41 One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in Video V 1.5 and in Fig. Pl:41 . For this device the liquid to be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, v, in m2/s is then obtained from the equation v = KR4t where K is a constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and t is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20° C is used as a calibration fluid in a particular viscometer the drain time is 1,430 s. When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m3 is tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid?

Glass

stre ngthe n i n g bridge

Capillary ~+-o~\ tube

• FIGURE P1.41

20De 7J::: jJ'Ix'J~-~Ys

(k_ R 1#)0, Lf~ 0 s )

s. 32XJ(;-7 //112/s;Z_

••

~r 91'1 Lerl;' @ /. / r X /0-; I1'n oz.ls =

k. RLf=

/ I i a /d w /"th t:. roo s ( J. 1)_ f.. I o - 7 /m)./s 2.) (90 o 5 )

z:

=r-v

(970 -k#Jn3) (7. 'f 'I X /0 -II tn1% )

=

D. 727 !!J.

. rrn· s

{),727

=

/-37

Master Typi ng Shect 10% Reduction

8 [/2 x II trim size

I. YB

--i

,I I

--- ---I - ......... - T

i

].+8 The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using a capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig, Pl.47 and Vid~I'1 V 1.5. For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is directly proportional to the time, t, that it takes for a given amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That IS,. P = Kt. The following data were obtaIned from -regular pop and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the absolute viscosity, P, of regular pop greater than that of diet pop?

I,

t(s)

Regular pop 377.8

Diet pop 300.3.

~-~ [--_

sa

1.044

] .003

,-

- I I

1-

-tl Ill!

-+

r _I

I

_ J-38

I. Lfq I

1.4,'1 Determine the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of water to air at a temperature of 60 °C. Compare this value with the corresponding ratio' of kinematic viscosities. Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure.

From "T4 6 it!. 8. '2 /n A p~"di~ B :

( ) -It AI.5 _, I u -7 '-

/IPY wafer (Ii fpo#~ /' = 'f. 1&.6,6 .;'-/0 ~ I v = T.79sxjO S,.",

. /In

rs,«, -'I-
/Hg.() If. 'iD5 Jl./O ;< 5,7
= -
I. '1'1 " 10-5'
)it'll;'
~.z.() -7
if. 7lfG x 10 -;1.
... s: ~. 5"5' xt o
-
1/AIi- /. e/:.' ;( 10-5" Master Typing Sheet 10% Reduction

8 112 x 11 trim size

Ib,s -7 Ih.;s I

H2- ) =- /o. 'f X ./0 ;t2t ~!

~ . I)

""",":Z..

I

, ,I

~ I

I

~ __ J

---r-,

" I

1.50 'The viscosity of a certain fluid is 5 x ' 10-4 poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and BG units.

A-ppf,1tII~ E') /0-1 ::'2.. :: / p"/~e. Thus.,)

(5 »: 10 -If. P () i 5 e ), ( 10-1 If!,..);:: 5)t / D - 5" !i:.3.

p~ise .A1't '2..

1'- l

I

1,51

1 1

lA'S I The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 ~C ~ .. and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes.

Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this temperature and pressure.

3 AI /5/J'x If) -;;;; z:

1_'

(), / /J If

c:;.m'2.

-

.s

r" = (t9.1tJlf ~2.) (/0 -If ::) i ! n f!-s)

-5' 0 " - b- N

:;.()bJ&./lJ'-?<.,-... = ;;.{)S;<./O -5

: I-

I .

--.....I

1- liD -

Master Typing Sheet 10% Reduction

8 1I2 x I 1 trim size .

I

. "1:52. Fluids for which the shearing stress, 'T, is not linearly ----- --- - ----I

related to the rate of shearing strain. y, are designated as non- -. -1- -_~4_~' Ii, _~ I

Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit _

unusual behavior as shown in Video V 1.6. Some experimental

data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 of are --

shown below. I

'T(lbfft2) I 0 I 2.11 1 7.82 I. 18.5 1 31.7 1 -1- - -

l' (S-I) O. 50 100 150 200

''/. 5'2 I

H+1

__)__(_ - I

~-- --

I I

I

_ i I I Plot these data and fit a second-order polynomial to the data using

-_ __I. j _, I. I a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of

_l!- ---I- t this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s -11 Is this -

~ . _ t' - apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the

I' I I same temperature?

Rate of Shearing

shearing stress,

_ .strain, 1/s Ib/sq ft

o 0

50 2.11

100 7.82

150 18.5

200 31.7

r

-; 40 ..,.---,----"r-=--.ll. 0.!.l.>ilf00flll... RVf--,·2_l+-'1(i-'-'" 0""",,-,031.5'--1-]';; ~

~ 30+--+--4--~-"--~

i 20 +---+---+-/---.../<---t---1 .§ 1 0 +--......-+V----,i,,..~--t--f------1 :l! 0 .-.......,~--+---+--_t_---j or:

II) 0

_ _J

i -
- I
"1
I
I I
- 200

150

250

50

100

Rate of shearing strain, 1/s

- 1

Master Typing Sheet 10% Reduction

8 112 x II trim size

:

1--/._5_3 __ ,,-_ 1.5.3 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure-

ments of the water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different H JL _

r-- ~ heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = O. i '1 ,- e

- ----±-1- ~- After an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that the >-~. __ : _rt-- -t'-- t-I _ 1_

H-t-+--J~---t--t- velocity distribution in the range 0 < Y < 0.1 ft is given by ,

-.;--+-+- tt the equation I

_L t>--- ---t '

u = 0.81 + 9.2y + 4.1 XI03y3 I~- ~

-'_'_______,_ tI with u in ftls ~h~n y is in ft. (a) Do y~u think th~t this equation ~- i ~ 'l- _ -

---,--------+- • 1-+ would be valid In any system of units? Explain, (b) Do you W-I--: ~r [ ~

-i I 1 ---'j:j think this equation is correct? Explain. You may want to look Ll, ~.-------+------- +. -,-I --,---++--4- r-

I~.--,- J at Virleo I.'/- to help you arrive at your answer'rM IW----=- _ rt-~ - II

H---+---t---t;yi t-r---~, ~ L, 1 ~t=l-li~: _LU_tl~-t- -I. J _<L - - --..: ' !J i

+: -(, f\!I ~I &.iL:rj vr-;rKr'1 'I '1-f. -I '" I ~/-I'll ,"f I 1---+- i

- ,~+-~ ~- J l' ~ .. -t----H SJr:+- 111 '_ L ! I ~ 1 _

'-+-++-t---t--t--t-+~-i--+-+-i' r -f'i- ~I ~ ~fo:-e- -j~ JjriJ ~ ~~ fro- J~ ~6[f fL j~ ~ ~_'_

~ 1.0' -, 1 - -', 1 I I _1-_ -----,I __ -i

-~I---+ +kf--I---H--+-ot---1 1- l-l+ j I ~+-- -l- J I I, ~ J - I

__j___' r- II ~--r' J 'fj'(!'e~ 1'0 _rl] ltJif n~~t- ntur.;Vte 4Ql1r~ 0/ f'r1£fl5J()JlS.

:: ' I _:h ~.- ~ ,II ~ 1 (1, ~f f~ - ~t 12~e-~d-rm 'pJrSTlFIIJ I "4f f-J. L ~ 151 ffi

I--r y'- ',Ij -") r/~Y-¥-Pllli - 1 -{ j ~--'j- I' -- rliti I M I- j I

-H-+-+--I j ~r-<,7il~ (~St'~~ ~~ ... -;:~ ,I'~ -r:~ .':'~- ,,"/f,. ~Ar'"1""S • *:-1. t4J._

1- 1 hid If$ 6~~ ~~! -'-t!1 ')'I'I.st:~kt.. 111',,,- r.r. -~ <H.e f,U*~ Dl.. 1~1-'llIetl~ J~~"-- /4JfS + ~e) r

l/~J; :1J±~;, '+;11_1_ +-1 - iii) - zt -"~!k:;'_J_'-ll, [A ~Jt..~11 I L -~~i11 -

1-1-1 t-+--! t+rt .. I'A_:'~1' __ ~'P" 'I LP n' In1ic I -I' I -- ---..,_I'(I"~'9- -- 1 if f'lJ'f1 :s .-- - ---. __ +-1 ----l

~~~~_. >-~rtl;ir-~~ Lt~111r~;i-~I1~ ~~n~~If~D~~ ~j,~~1 ':t ~-=-r IU.~ (},-81l·t.V__~

f---'-- i ,1 J f lI_ _uIIII__ r +n-~,' tJ f.,-- I~h 't

_tt ~~~f-;f"P 1!'-'e-A=IE.__ _ j'JI "'~~~ ~flt'l~ ~__ nO - 1 IR I : I !II

H-j---'-------+---t t't:i~ J-~ltbr ~~ltJ~~~,~~~LI - r _LI~ l ~

~, H- r T' " -I-+-- 11- -- 1 f

1---+---,+-- --. 1 H-- r' 'IlL -- .1- .-- ~_:_

;::: T,: ~ <- ~=E. ,7 1~-tH=, l'. q~ . 1-. -= ... =-'w-r-: 11 Jl_;i .. 111. II

--I- t- ---,,-l- HI L. r_ . +- I ~ 'I 1 I I I 1 n

-1- -I - "1 -~ ;:=r-~ - I rT' 1- 1. 1 1- jTf~ -1111- I I I + .-1--1 J- I I

_L _ I-+-++--I--I--H--+- i=t J I ~-- ~ -P-t I -_. .1

~I- _1_ +-+--+-i----t---- ---=r;- _ - 1 ~1- I - ~ --=-=-~- J-_---+- __ t. __ _L

--+--_'_----cL_-+-_~++-+ 1---- I- t-- r- Ii >- i---\-J ~-------l-r-;I-f - ~----t---'-i-_ - .•• -l __ -~r-I

1 ._ __ _ )

r+t-t---j--'-- -I-----+-r-I-+--f-+ 1 b~ - - - - ttl

T +: J 1

-~I----I--f----I---:--------,--~I~':fti ! J ',~ -u- - L, .~ .. H-J I 11 1 i t_:ti 1

H-i--+-+t- -.J--- ==---}- rr:~ j---;-t-+l-+t-+t-+-r---HH 1----.-- 1-'- I 1- :----

- +r+r-t-: Itt ' ~ -+ r-r. _ ---j- -t+ , , '--1-+ -1- 1.- II rt - 1 -. 'I--++--+ ++--1

-t---I-t-- -+t t - --+-. I (-1- '----r-1! ~ , , ,

-1-1- -I----I---J---,--l--I-----r---+---t_ _ - - I.··· -1--1----+--+---+--+- - -_ +-~ t~tj'j'=~1 'I ' _ ~___:_

ii, 1

I - I
tl
. 1 I-
--
-
-
t--- I-
_. - - -- w ': i ~- I· _1_

1--+-+---1-+--+-

1- ffi~ 1·1

-~-+++-H---+t---++-+-i .Li, - 1 t--- i t-

_j_

1 --

--.----:- +rr+ +-+-+--+-t--r--t-t-t---t-- t I __l~. t I---++-++++--f-+--I-t-I

t-I I r-:

1- t. . l----'----I--____+___ r-

t--- -f----ll, I:

!~

t ,I .L. ____L__ !

-I _,____,_f---- 1 F _ . 1

~ , : -1-----=-1

-++-+++---;----1-- ---,--

- ~ +----+-~____7___1f___:_--'-r

~4 11-11H-1. I--I-+-+-t-+---I-+

1 +-+-'--+--'---0-+-->--- --

-

-H--l--+-+-+ - +--+---,--I--i-+

ii' - T _ t ~ -~ -r : I --: ~1: i i b:t:-

I ' r II I I ' I '_l . ·1 ++ +

I-±±::d- - I, I f --+---t-t-+-~'--j

I I I -::rt) :

-H-H 1

f- )-

- , +-++-+--

-)- +-

Master Typing Sheet 10% Reduction

8 1/2 x 1 I trim size

/.Sq I 1

t----___._--.-----------~------- - - -

- 'll1Jtl n i ill 'pt, ---I-=ti [-8-: i ~ r i 1 ----, -1-

I -1-:..s.1I-· ~alculate· the -Reynold~numbers f~r th~ flow of water

1 and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube. if the mean velocity

i . __ is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 "C in both cases (see Example

, - 1.4). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure.

.. - - 1

(-Irorn i able 8,2 I;' 'A-pper'Jd/i B) ~ A - 7. '175" ;< I () - If N.,s

/ ,....-m"Z.

,

! [-

-r

:: f?_VD

/:

Re

= 15,; bOO

7. 975" ;( IO-1f ~

/)?"I ~

30' c ( +rt)m t: ble B. If /11 4ppeYJdix. 8) :

I
,-
L_,__ t - I . t c«
I
-, -
--+
l ~
/!__ VD
~~ Re
::
~
-- _h8-+------;_-+-- +-,-, :' -1t-'C_ , I ' ~+--I---~:--J

1 I - --.- , ;; I I . ~ - I

I: L .-.~. ';- ~ ,'· •. :i i ~=-- - i ---

_ - - 1 '~---r I I ' ,

1 -1-tJ I ii:- - _-r~----- -T-

_ I . t++~ __L__ -,- ~ ~ ii_

, ~ tt--_I_r ----~L -~- - .~ I ~

I T -~l1T- __ I ' -- - --t ,

j--H =r ! t _._ . I -- -'--i-- ---- - l'

-II - j , -=-_ - -1 - I

-j'1 .--,- I

~: ~-. _1_ _'1- 1---' '-- ,1 ~~: I I -! _-

.. .1 r-- -.

;---+----1- ---- .. - _~R."""'__--,,\_ ~ -..; --

, ~

- -~; i I ~. _ ---11 _ ,I, I i-I I __ - II

--..j -L-l--i-' l- - - -- - f

- , _, --_;_' -I • =- 1 r--- -: l

:: - ----- :;'., i I I I! I I -I-=-: I I

1 ~_ 1

- I

1- --
I I
, t !
, , ,
I
i
-- .. - - _,___.
I I
I
I
I I
+ -
I I
I
, I
I
-- - I

I

I ._--,-

~

I I

, 1

1

~

.L.)_!

I I

-

o o

I, 5'5 I

_ .; ",_,._. '" - _' -c . ,,~_'~-~', _

1. 'S 5 For air at standard atmospheric pressure,

, the values of the constants that appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 X 10-6 kg/Im-s-K'") and S = 110.4 K. Use these values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 DC and'

I 90 DC and compare with values given in Table B.4 in Appendix B.

3 C T ~

T-ts

T T- J J O. Lf f<

10 DC. -r ~ 7 S, I s: =

b 3/

fl. 4!F8 ;( 10- ) (.1..83, /5 1<) l

-

-

~I

;. &'3, J 5' 1<. T /1 o.t«

From Table

B.if ) /' ::

1=(:) r T = r o 0 C::: f c/ C + ;. 7:;. J '0- =. /A.:: (/. '15"8'>< ID-I.)( 3(,.3.15' k.)3/;z

/ 3 (p 3. /l;)- k 1- /10. 'f

3fs, 3. /5' 1<)

Fr~m t.u; 8.,+) /' ::

-5 IV,$ :1.1/f x: JD

c ·0

- .

1.56* Use the values of viscosity of air given

in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0,20,40,60,80, and 100 °C to determine the constants C and S which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10). Compare your results with the values given in Problem 1.~5. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in

- - -- -

the form

T 3r2 = .(!) T + S

/1 ·-C C

a~d plot Pl21 p. versus T. From the slope and intercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.)

'~ T~ [1<~(lJJ...s)]
J T(4C) T (It:) ;. (N.S/tml.)
o J73, IS" 1.7/ )C J() -b- :2. 6tf~)C /08
d£O J/i3.16 /. 'K;2. X 10-6 2. tsf X 108
-5" s. 91,3;L 10 8
'fD aI3 .. /~ 1.27;('ID
60 333. I£" /, Cj 7 .x. /0 -~- 3 . 0$ 7 X. / o g
J5a./~ -~- }. :l ~ /; X I a 8
80 ;;'.07;</0
let) 373.1; -s 3. 322)( .a 8
2../7.iJO
A- plot 0/ T3~ V.s . T IS Sh()wn b~JowJ :
3:51.I,l .2.80

3..:lo

3bo

,I

(I)

(C~n't: )

5 I~' e, fi1 ~ d~ to.. plot a.s Qf1 Qfprox IItt ~ie s frt-tl9H t IJJ',"e,l Rr a , Clih be. refrt!!t'I1/ed.b'l fin e8t{i.:b()~ 01 tHe .fr;~m

y=hX ··fa..

!J IV T 3~ ) X "'V T) .b ~ 1/ c) a if M

aN

.5/ c ..

P/f tne d Ma. 1-0 a. kn-et-lr" eSll:D.ih~11 uSJ", 0... ...s t:t:r n d t'( r d tJ tI Y"Ve - It ;11 nJ ,ro J rsm S u. ch. «s /0(.01 d In sx cei . Thus)

!:J = ~. '110 '1 x /b 5")(. of 7. LfLj./ x J I> 7

.1 .=. b = z q ~ 9 x JtJ!j

C -b

So ih4 t C ::: J. Jf3 x)o ~J,/rtrn . s. K ~2. )

7

= 7. J.j.1f/ X I D

~ :: a.

C

Qhd 1her-r#f'e

s~ ID7 1<

Th'Je. iltl/ues ;;,,. C tlnd'S are In 94JtJt;f tl'lf".femMt . w;'t;, 114/lItS 9ill~11 in P"'oblem /..55 .

Master Typing Sheet lOO/C Reduction

8 1/2 x I I trim size

1------ 195"7 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in ~- -1 - - --. --

I-- - determining how a fluid flows. (See Video V J..3J The value of ~I

,- t.' •. ~,. ... ~ the viscosity depends not only on the specific fluid but also on t- .1. . _

. the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a

·011 liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure. is forced ,

_ jj 1 1- with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the ,I

1_ velocity is given by the equation V = K//-L. In this equation K [-

..':.l_ is a constant for a given tube and pressure. and 1-1 is the dynamic I

-!---,--' viscosity. For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given I -

1--,-,---+1- by Andrade's equation (Eq, 1.11) with D = 5 x IO-71b . s/ft2-- - J

I~~. _ and B ;:::: 4000 OR. By what percentage will the velocity increase

I I I i..:.-=- _ as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 OF to 100 OF? .. II

~; _. Assume all other factors remain constant. ---1-- ._ "1 . - +-

1 r--+--+--~ l' - - 1 ' --

T' ~., 0 - - - --- - l' _ -r-1-kfUi 1 ~-- - - I

I' ~ ----;-fI=Ti j i---~i't6~i . ;f ' -, ~-., - -- I

1 l' 1 t, t

-- l - - - \ r It.. K - -+~ I t

i,l. -v--,o-n -, _.;..._.i.. ..,.....,- _ •. _._ 1- --- J..., __

~-~- .~1#vt.:; _~-. -~t ~~:Jo-r I ~ IJ' I I tV 0 1 ~ - I

!, r:: 1 V t-V~;t~"'- -'to~ - .,.....,_----- r too.:______ \ )CI-OO

-I" t=t~ {_'r-ftg]~nf! 1T ' I -!- #Wto~- I" 1_~a-'I- -I~~' I

--- , L-d-t-~ 1 j 1 1 ~ 1 ,---0-

1-- jar d i_ .J.1.t; I:' ~ JP ~ :(l-J_ _ I ffi'- ~---'--~-T . _ . .. I (i)

I . ~ -} k1' YI~~· - . I Jf.lr()bO

!Lt- +-~ ~I I f -r-' - . '~-HI ft I~ i . = '.. -+ 1- l

· , l~-·A ml ~~~ ;>tF I~' - -- ~h-L ¥bI>O -rl· .--. -- -f - -.--;

111 ~-=--- ~~L r '-__:_ir=;c; ]~:Rr4ot~* (!kf)Ftlf'Dl _j-hL ll' LI _ T. 1 1 I

I +±L =- = - - /Y_:_¥-o - . ~ ~- j i ~

...:,+rll i4_:;rJ ~, -''::__~-II I ill i I H--"1=-j_j_ 1_1' fflCle~_:i_ _ __ __

! J ffi I W- 1-}i"Jt-~j: '-~'-;<'-I-C' e-- L*'f1ii---

- + -~ 1 I 1- - - 1(),iII_~ r

r-,--;-- I ',--L r U:..: H-- .~ -- -- -

IF -'Tb~~,-~-~·I ff1:tr~i,1i -JL~~i- ~ t-

i ! -I _::_~ _ : - , .: -_ff_ f IP-¢+- DO _: III ~o _ L _

-.~ H-+-·- I' ~h 1~1~Y'e,fg -lrr-v- ,- I j5llTi_7 ~ , ~ -, ~ 1

~-E~-' - 1- _ _ -~ .. 11 1+1 i I t=~~~ - e. '~' i 11-;' _' _I I!_

I I

,--+

.1-, -L--'. 1 I -rl . . 4- - --.- t __

-I ~ , II, 1 +---tl. I II II'I_'_'~·--l' 'I : ... -,~:.tt ' . Iii I .. ~. ,--- " I .----. -1-

- - , I I I--[-i I I I ++_., '-1 .jo 1 - . I' ,

f,' -+ +, 'c + +-- - I . ~,,- _ _J_,+ . __ _ -, -r + : • L 1-

_=--,- _J_,_u_ltLr~ __ ;' - ~I ·+r_~-It.·l'; =: 1 ,. '1

jJ" , - :. 1 ., • ! ' r::-:..:-. l_u--+-1 _-:_...,.l - I .' . :. r i

, -=-n li r ~-==-- - ===-- I '0 :_-__L ---10 r-= ':I-----~-~-- :

I L I jl ! . - - - - i . 1 ':'_'- -I' 1 I ' . '--j - I I ' .

-11 i -11-1+ : -i--r-- -'-f---o-~-+ 1 1.- --T-+~ l 1 _' 0 '_-...L__ r _.

_1 ! + H~ '; i ~ t II T] r- J~~, I ' I - + ft' _:__ ~1~ II - -~ ---I

-~~f--..-+ I I I ~ +-i- i I ,--1--' ~ -- I I ~~ f-- . ; • II l 1_ _LJ

/.S7

~~----~----===.----------~~------~~= .. ~.----------------------

+-

---

-l

I

l , ...

I

I ~ i--

- .:--. --I

; ([I)

I-

I '

(2..)

,

1--

I~

*/. -·~I

,58· --

. .. ''1.S,S Use the value of the viscosity of water

given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0) 20, 40, 60, 80) and 100°C to determine the constants D and B which appear in Andrade's equation (Eq. 1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50°C and compare with the value given in Table B.2. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form

1

In fJ. = (B) T + In D

and plot In J1 versus lIT. From the slope and intercept of this curve Band D can be obtained. If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available

.the constants can be obtained directly from Eq, 1.11 without rewriting the equation.)

~.

T (tiC) T(I<.) I/T(K) jt (l./.sk2.)
)73. JS 3. b'l ;tlo -3 f. 7K7 X'JO-J
0
3. If/I X 10 ~3 -3
.:1..0 ;1. '13. I) /. C)()~ i 10
liD 3 J 3, I~ d. "3 X Jf)-3 ~. 5"1.9 )( »"
'6 333. /5 -3 ~. j'~ X /0-11-
3. oez XIO
-3 3. 5""If 7 '/0 - If-
Ro 35'3.15" ~. 332;( 10
-.I -'I'
/ oo 373. JS- d. cs» ,fIP 2.8J/?j(IO
,4 plot of /11 !- V's. i/r /.5 S hO(J)n he/{)w:
-1.0 I [t- -t.. ,27

- I., flo"

- 7. ~3lf

- 7. ~7o

- 7. c,'1'f

-8./7/f

(I)

I

-

/(k)

"

s. ~ c ~ the d 12.i;,;f_ //,,-e E,.O)

)

To ~ b -/::"1 I ~ B an A. D 1/ + fh e d« .. :tA_ co

I

BJ<..?()nel1 1-1 a. / .e 0. (A. a,1-1~n ~ /. 111 e #Y'm

:5{A ch '" s .fb U J1 CI In £ x. CF L .

Thus;

plot t/$ tin appYO:l..tm4+t!. S.J-r4;'Jh-t

CtiI1 be tJsrd ..fo repYt"'.5t!1t t: -these d~&a.

~d 3

B = .b = /, i7 ~ X If) I<.

So 1),'l"t

.... 6 )<= j.7t.7 )C/o e

Ai: 50~( (323,)£"1<»)

-¥-

= S. 7b ·X)() N.S//lYI-;"

-, /'7&.7.x./() c

l : 'l-q

1.59 For a parallel plate arrangement of the type shown in Fig. 1.S it is found that when the distance between plates is 2 mm, a shearing stress of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is pulled at a velocity of 1 rn/s, Determine the viscosity of the fluid between the plates. Express your answer in SI units.

([.I)

h

1.60

~~~~~~~~~~~~---+-V

I 2~

b

1~~" ~~~~~~___"._ VI

] .60 Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate as shown in Fig. P1.60. The top plate, located a distance b above the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate is located a distance cb, where 0 < c < I, above the fixed plate. This plate moves with speed Vl' which is determined by the viscous shear forces imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bottom. The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bottom. Plot the ratio V/Vas a function of c for 0 < c < 1.

I.l F ~ G U R E Pi .60

For cons/ani speed) Vt I of the hudcile f/4fe, fhe net force on the p/c.de is o. Hence} ~QfJ ~ rbof/oftJ J where r ~ ~A.

Thus, the sheaf stl'ess on the lop afjol boff()/}) 0 F fh~ p/ale m lis f be equal,

. du (I)

?fop ~ ?botfom where '( ~)'- df

For fhe brA/om livid ~;:; -¥- while fOf the -fop flllicidi! z: (V-V,L

ay CD J Y h-ciJ

HenceJ from ['In. OJ) (21l) (V -"') z: (lL) ~ r: b(l-c) r: c:.b

2cV-zeV, ==v,-cv,

or

J whic.h can be wriHenas:

1

/~
-: V
/
/
/
V v, _ ~c V - "(;+1

NO/a: If c:: 0; ~ ::: 0 'lfc~~J*==1 rf c:;:: I !i::,

J V

V, 0.8

-

V

0.6

0.4

0.2

a

a

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.8

c

/-SI

1.6/ I

1.61 There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian behavior (see, for example, Video V1.6). For a given fluid the distinction between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is usually based on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing strain .. Assume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined by measurements of shear stress, 7, and rate of shearing strain, duldy, obtained from a small blood sample tested in a suitable viscometer. Based on the data given below determine if the blood is a Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at your answer.

7'(N/m2) 1 0.04 1 0.061 0.12 10.18 I 0.30 10.52 11.12 1 2.10 du/dy (S-I) 1 2.25 I 4.50 I 11.25 I 22.5 I 45.0 I 90.0 I 225 I 450

Foy a.. Nei.JJ:()",qn -P/u/d -!ht: ra.C;'o of L -h du/dfj IS 4-

C(!)tlsi;ol'lt. ~y -tnt! t/Aia- 9/t/e n

Th~ rat./o ,.; noi. c;t. C,ons-&"i "1<:1: decreases e s the ra..tf! of shfJ(irl'n..!

st.",,'" /ncrrese«. Thes. 1J1JS FlUId (/;/(¥)d) 1,$ -::t /7{)/J.lleu/ion/,,)" -1'/",/<1.

4- pJoi of i11~ cltt(:a. .ci ..5hpwil b~/()w. ~r A. lIewt:~NII~;" 71 u/c/ 1Ju!

cerr-e Wt:J1I1,( b~ a .sl:yt(l~ltt 1/", tcJ,77t J( tlDpe ~f / fo /.

v L

v" 1/ I

0.1 ~t~II~~II~!HllrNewloniaf} flvid

./

I~

1

100

1000

10

du. I

dy) 5

Nofe: Y"'ft(#y)"" J where a ~I for () #ewfOflian f/viJ.

1.62.

1.62. The sled shown in Fig. P1.62 slides along on a thin horizontal layer of water between the ice and the runners. The horizontal force that the water puts on the runners is equal to 1.2 Ib when the sled's speed is 50 itls. The total area of both runners in contact with the water is 0.08 ftl, and the viscosity of the water is 3.5 X 10-5 lb s/ftz. Determine the thickness of the water layer under the runners. Assume a linear velocity distribution in the water layer.

• FIG U R E P1.6 2.

F (/:0 rc.e) = l' A

rr:: r ~~ :: f-

711 t4S)

F=:f-~A

v

-

d

_ (5.5";(I~-S -!ii:)(50 -Pt){~.lJ8.f.t .. )

J, 2.. IJ,

d

~ f-.VA t=

J 1.1 )( I D - If +i

/.63

1 •. 63 A 25-mm-diameter shaft is pulled through a cylindrical bearing as shown in Fig. Pl.63 The lubricant that fills the O.3-mm gap between the shaft and bearing is an oil having a kinematic viscosity of 8.0 x 1O-~ m 2/s and a specific gravity of 0.91. Determine the force P required to pull the shaft at a velocity of 3 rn/s. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear.

FIGURE P1.53

-tA
c:-.. ~ ...._ - p
j :D ~
>-- --x
2- !='. = o
-.;-- - ... ......-
;(.. Thus

J

p= 7A

A = TT D A (~ha.ft len9t), ,;, bRPf'/n,) = 7T D1.

( LIe I I'd 1-!J ,,-I r haft. ) V

( 1d.fJ IA'idtn I - = /: b

.s 0 thl1 t.

p= V t )(7TD~ )

5'11(e. )' = -v t ~ -v (S6)~%O @ 'foe. ) )

?= (3,O;(.}D-'o/<)(t;,q; ;(./(/!~ )(3f')(Tf)(tJ(()2:;~)(Olb~)

( o. 000 31m )

l- 5~

1.6:tf A 10-kg block slides down a smooth inclined surface as shown in Fig. P1.6q.; Determine the terminal velocity of the block if the O.t-mm gap between the block and the surface contains SAE 30 oil at 60 oF. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear, and the area of the block in contact with the oil is 0.1 m1.

'2F", =0 Thus,

Since

0,1 mm gap

FIGURE Pl.6 q.

W '$/11 2ot) = ft ~ A Th U 5J (tv/~ w: m">.9 ) bW ~/~ 20" _

v -

O.08f3

t1??

-

5

(0.000 l;m )(10 -A.;)(?31 ~1.js'/~ 11/') ( 0, 3 g N· s )(0. I 1m:1.)

nn'l.

J- 55

, 1.65

1.65 A layer of water flows down an inclined fixed surface with the velocity profile shown in Fig. Pl.,6,5. Determine the magnitude and direction of the shearing stress that the water exerts on the fixed surface for U = 2 mls and h

0.1 m.

FIGURE PI.55

-;:} N

= if. If f x. /0 - ..

/h? ...

/-.56

"1.66 Standard air flows past a flat surface and velocity measurements near the surface indicate the following distribution:

y (ft) 1 0.0051 0.01 I 0.021 0.041 0,061 0.08 u (ft/s) 0..74 1.51 3.03 6.37 10.21 14.43

. The coordinate y is measured normal to the surface and u is the velocity parallel to the surface.

(a) Assume the velocity distribution is of the form

u = elY + C2y3

and use a standard curve-fitting technique to determine the constants C1. and C2• (b) Make use of the results of part (a) to determine the magnitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0) and at Y = 0.05 ft.

(4) Use n"n/lnedY reJrf'5.s/~1J progl'Yltrl

fa ~htlJih ~ef'.f/Clfl1ti C, en« C:1,. The prt:)fjh1m prt)'uce.s / e P5 t S ~ Ita res eshiru;des t!J/ 1'h e. ptlY'/llJ1e t:fJl'S of a IItJl1/;I')P4r rt}&oel. h!>Y -the dt:tf:a. j;ve",)

-/ 153 s

c= /

IlIU/

(iJ)

du t=r d~

/1 /r,//()UlS -thlJi

ry-(C,t

TfJ (,($) a f:- the u/« II (':J =:. 0 )

-s Ib

::: 5. 7';;'x/O jt_:J.

Ai

/-57

I t.67

1.67 A new computer drive is proposed to have a disc, as shown in Fig. P 1. 67. The disc is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the reader head is to be positioned 0.0005 in. above the surface of the disc. Estimate the shearing force on the reader head as result of the air between the disc and the head.

Stationary reader head

II FiG U R. E Pi.57

1.62

Fixed outer cylinder

],68 The space between two 6-in.-Iong concentric cylinders is filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 X 1O-31b . s/ft"), The inner cylinder has a radius of 3 in. and the gap width between cylinders is 0.1 in. Determine the torque and the power required to rotate the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min. The outer cylinder is fixed. Assume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear.

1

i

1

Tor,%uf'; d ~ due +0 :shellnnj sbess on /n o e» C!j/;ndrr /s e!tlo/ h

d '7:: rc:. TdA

wh~re. clA.::~. cI&).f.. Thus)

7..

d J:: /2. J T dB

J.

find roYffl4e regtf tre d to

in ne i- cW/J)''lCle~ is

I 2Tr

J~ R/-; r Jde -

{J

rota te

to? ',"'ew

( ). "" C'j/lfJdrr /enqtiJ )

T=)'

'T=

Ro-R.c.: 3·

,a 7i R,' J.t CU

Ro - R,'

w ::: (I so rt'~ )(d21r ~) (.1 md1) = bTT 'Yad

m I" re v , 0 s s

~7T (-A.ft)3(~ ft)(8~S)(J()-3lJt.)("7T 0/) :: ( ~ .pt)

12.

0, q if Lf it· I)'

Sl~{e.

power =

fower s: (0. riff it·/i:;)(67T r-;d) -== /7. 8 +;.I.b

1- 59

1.69 A pivot bearing used on the shaft of an electrical instrument is shown in Fig. P1.69. An oil with a viscosity of f.L == 0.010 lb-s/ft? fills the D.OOI-in. gap between the rotating shaft and the stationary base. Determine the frictional torque on the shaft when it rotates at 5,000 rpm.

J.i. ~ 0.010 lb . 5/1t2

m FiG U R E P1.69

LeI d~ -::; tOI''1l1e on area element dllJ where d IJ :: ')..7!r di .::: 271r dr /s;"fj

Thvs) du orr

d;r~rdF=-r\dfll#here (~'pdj~b

SO Ih{)~

d[f':: r (J-l ¥) (21trdr /sin e)

2.7I')J !JJ

= »

b sine

Hence}

U ~ fd;{ :::

17')N W 2. b sjnB

R~

(f)

Ib'$ 6-3()d d

R ==0./ in. J b =O·oolin. J Jh = 0,0/0 ff2..· J - e$ an

tv ::: s 000 ~ l60mI1'l_\ I 2 T1' !3i) _ !J- 2.u. c_t!4

" Min It o « } (. rev. - T S

Thus, froth £q. (I) I

-£. Iff.s) (.5 2. LL rad) J) 'I . - ".

J .. ~ lflP·OI0u;. T S (~ff = 9.53)(/1) ff·lb

2 ( O;~OI H) s/nJo'

/-60

1.10

1.7H The viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. P1.70 .. In this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated with an angular velocity. w. The torque ?J required to develop w is measured and the viscosity is calculated from these two measurements. (a) Develop an equation relating J.I., ta, '5, e, Ro, and R; Neglect end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is linear. (b) The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained with a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type discussed in pan (a).

Torque (ft ·Ib) 13.1 26.0 39.5 52.7 64.9 78.6 Angular

velocity (rad/s) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

Fixed outer cylinder

1

e

J

1m FIG U R E P1.70

CO? VIeW

( J. .... Cljl1ndfr len1 tiJ )

(I)

Ib) Thus ky t4 I,;ied ,et!Jmefr!l
)
I.lnd V I ~ ("5 ;-f!:J J E~ .IJ) ... of the hrm
a. 91 lien 1.5
y:::bY (yrvrr tin'" X'A..w)
--~- -
wheJl'e h 15 II.. ca» _, b; I'J t .f,!tla/ -k For this viscometer R; = 2.50 in., R, = 2.45 in., and e = 5.00 in. Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to determine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer.

(a) Torz =. d r:;-: due +0 she~IJ';nJ s.J-H.s,S on /nnFr c:JJlnd~r 1.$ e!l/tll h

d 7=- ~. 7dA

(....)ht're ciA -= (k:. dt9)..e, Thu5; :t

d 7= J? j T dB

L

(J n d fort II e. re g « /1'( d to r't) fa I: e i n ne s- cul,neler is

I ztr

J= /</1 ride :J.ffR/l r

o

dis tyj lltd .. /o~ , nft4 e Ja. p -J-htl -I:

R·W

"

/- 6 f

1.70 (con'l)

( 2J

I<D - J2,_:

-r; 01,-1: CI J ~ hit: tine d« -1:-0... h a I in eft V" e f o: euf 16' Yo

01- 1he I'orm ~ ::. hx uS1n1 a... st-on d(lpd curve> f, +hn'j

proJfll1n s cc« ",.s -laund 1Ht:xCeL. .

. Th us; +rom EZ J2J

(b) t s. - 12" )

'+.. -h. _I I • b - {2 08' ('/:.,/' '5 S6 1rJA.i

flhd WI In'ne aee«: gil/til) ',- J., 7'. I:l' )

~/,~" O~ fi·/,h·s )(.2.5'0- :2. 'is- ft:)

3. 12. 4 If,

fA. _ - ~. 1f.5 ' -s

/' '- eJlT (~.IJ.~ ft) 3 (5. (pO ft) - -A:l.

/1... /2..

} - 62..

I '/

I. 7f

1.71 A 12·in.-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed bottom plate with a O.l-in. gap between the two plates filled with glycerin as shown in Fig. Pl.1/. Determine the torque required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume that the velocity distri buti 011 in the gap is Iinear and that the shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible.

D.lin.gap

!liS FIGURE P1.71

kY'fU€) day) clue f-r::, s hetu'/;;" sfr'fSSl'.J pn plaff! l..s~ e1u41 ..J-rJ

a'T> r t'dA

lJnt'Yt dA-:, Z71"Y" dr, ThtJ'5J

cJ OJ: y T 271" Y d r-

or = tlrf"-;- • r d r

o

7=)4 ~ ) t1n.q "r- a. veJ~w'-ht JIstI'; hlA.fu/}1 (~elijl(ye)

5ince

- () , 0 772 tl:.· It

I

l___ _

. ./- 63

/.13 I

1.73 Some measurements on a blood sample at 37 DC (98.6 OF) indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 N!m2 for a corresponding rate of shearing strain of 200 S-I. Determine the apparent viscosity of the blood and compare it with the viscosity of water at the same temperature.

au. •
rr=)A ::: r 't
d;
1: N
fbJODCI ... - a.!J2. ;;; ... - 'I N. S
- - 2'-.0 .xID -
~ -
2..aiJ +-_ ()fJ1. I=roWl Ttl b)~ 8.'2 I';' A P/~ndl·j.._ 8 : @:> 3DOC

@

7 'f75' sc J 0 -If N·.5

• /n'IlI.

-y

G,. S 1..'1 )(10 N·.s

1~~rpDI4.ho;') M (17°C)::-

/ "Hz.o

-If N. s

2.10. D x I b .~

i.« X,ID-"'JJ·s

Th us I j..o I'th \ l~flLr an"

1.7S I

1.75 A sound wave is observed to travel through a liquid with a speed of 1500 mJs. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.5. Determine the bulk modulus for this fluid.

c~{f

ThtJs

J

where CJ -= SG 0 and SG:: I.S

I \ \H~

[AI .::: C 2.-p :: C 7. 5 G PJlz.Q ~(Jsoo!ff )~( I.S) (91q~) === 3, 37x /01 159: 1(11 l s+m

01' 9 N

£ tr -:= 3.37 x /0 fiJi

1.76 J

f.16 Estimate the increase in pressure (in psi) required to decrease a unit volume of mercury by 0.1%.

E' = - d~ ( Ft. I, J;;, )
V d+'- /-J-I
Thus) £v LJ-P'
/Jf ..-'\0 - ('I: 1'1- x )/)b J~ ~)f- o. (jot)
..... -
-
¥
IJp 3 •
....... J.!.. Ilf x If) f'SI..
..... I. -77 J

J .17 A I-m3 volume of water is contained in a rigid container. Estimate the change in the volume of the water when a piston applies a pressure of 35 MPa.

( Eg .1.1;1.)

or

J - 6 (,

/.78 I

J.78 Determine the speed of sound at 20°C in (a) air, (b) helium. and (c) natural gas. Express your answer in m/s.

( £~. /.~o )

c == VkRT I0fn T =- ~(/'c + ;73 = ;Lf3 k :

c = If{t.1fo) (.:J. J'1...1 J )Gf?k) _

III .,It;./<.

(a) fipy Ifill'"

}

/0/0 7

/- 67

I

1.7Q Air is enclosed by a rigid cylinder conraining a piston. A pressure gage attached to the cylinder indicates an initial reading of 2S psi. Determine the reading on the gage when the piston has compressed the air to one-third its original volume. Assume the compression process to be isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to be 14 .. 7 psi.

Foi'" i$otherm4/ (!t)mpress/CJI1)

-Pt.' -&
- ::-
/,,' ~.;:.
Thus) .p f :: Ii -f; .
~. t..
Since mASS
f:: J/{)Ium e. ) tJh ere I .. ',.,_.. in;I-I~1 sta te. ,1;,.4 f -v fl i",; S 1;4.. t e. .

i'here/ore,

1;. = (3) (~5 r / if. 7) P s I.' fobs)_) :::

t (pr) = (; /'1- PI. ~f·i ~

1- 68

/.8 o

1.80 Repeat Pro~Jem 1.?tf if the compression process takes place without friction and without heat transfer [isentropic process).

~. =

t·.Jt

Where ':.-"L#;''' i-l:/a / silL t e .f.".... -Pt'rul j ~t:a.:l::-e.

"""'4SS t=v()Jume )

~y (O"~lIj ml1ss)

Thus

I

()hd -fhf'rehf't!

I.ft)· .

1;. z: (3) JJ,35 ... 1'1.7) pji rab,)] - /8'1. S F5i (d,)

/.81 I

1. 9J Carbon dioxide at 30 DC and 300 kPa absolute pressure expands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 165 kPa. Deter. mine the final density of the gas.

1-70

where t.'~ /rllt:liJ/ sta.fe t:lY1# I- tV -fIn" / sill te .

-A' RT·

L

/

1.92- Natural gas at 70 OF and standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi Cabs) 1S compressed isentropically to a new absolute pressure of 70 psi. Determine the final density and temperature of the gas.

u;here I.: 1'\.1 /n ;h~J .rl-a..i:e I4'ntl .f f'V F/l1tl / 5 tate .

-.3

If, 2S x I f) s hIlS

H:a

- 7~5 6)R

}-II

/.83 t

1.63 Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of air at 101 kPa(abs) with that of water at the same pressure.

f::;,.. air (E'tt.I,ll))

F y = h f = (I. 'to) (10/ x It'~~ ) z:

I=br tl/,A fer r r: J. )

"'" . lab e 1.1..

~. .,

Cy:: ~.15 X It; R.

Thus )

Ey (lUlL -ter ) ~!i V (tf. IJ~ )

If ~./5';< If) Pa

I, If / « I/) 5" f}

1-72

*1.81.f I

'"l.eq. ·D~;;elop--;- computer program for calculating the final gage pressure of gas when the initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes, atmospheric pressure, and the type of process I (isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG units. Check your program against the results obtained.for Problem 1.7'l.

/ I ()

I

."--

rnIJS$ ! .:: 1/t'J/lI h1~

fA) neve V;') ~) tire

Thus; 1rtJm 13~ /1)

~! r ~-I:tn z:

t.Jhe re CaM be.

A .:5preadShpec (p-X{EL) prot:/I"-grn ~r c«! e« /~1-1;;3

-fhfL An.4) q ti. 9'e. press a r e .to j / 0 ws .

(c&..n_'t )

I .... 73

(2 )

( .3 )

This program calculates the final g_age pressure of an ideal gas when the

initial gage pressure in psi, the initial volume, the final volume, the

atmospheric pressure in psia, and the type of process (isothermal or

isentropic) is specified. To use, replace current values and let k = 1 for isothermal process or k = specific heat for isentropic process.

ABC 0

F

Row 10

E

nitial g_age Initial Final Atmospheric

Final gage

pressure volume volume pressure

pressure

Pig(psi) Vi Vf Patm(psia)

k

pfg(psi)

25 1 0.3333 14.7

1

104.4

/

I-----t-----+-i Formula: 1-----+--_--+-i=((B1 Olel 0)"E1 O)"(A 1 0+01 0)-D1 0

D I I' P, I / / 7 q a re In c] t< d e 01 J n '1h -e

(l. tA rrom (:OJ:) /WI .,

a.bove -&b/(!17/~"ij a ';':;"111 Jl.j~ Py~S$tI~€ ()/ /~lf.lfPsi .

/-7Lf

r II Ii', "I .• - I·

',BS I

1.95 An important dimensionless parameter concerned with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic, where V is the speed of the object such as an airplane or projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding the object For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at 50 OF and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of the Mach number?

J11 Pc.}, n "Uri hey -

y

c..

To..h )e. B --3 In

C. 0

Qlr ~ 50 F

A:ppend/~ 13

= {JDb +-1:.s

Thus

/v1I.Ck numb~y -

(goo I1t1pJr)(5L 8D ~)( ~)

[IDb .t-t-

.s

I 1. 0 ~

'_

1.86 II

1.86 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approximately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range.

C:: V~RT7

.I<.. ::: /. f-o tlf'(d If:: /7/1a R,I/' sJU9,Dt€

C = '19. 0 ~ T(DR) •

Frt>m 1a6/t: C / I~ AppendIx C ai (/11 a/fi.J.u4~ "I 0 +t

T = sr. () 0 1- f60 = 5/ 9 of( ~D 1Ju.:t:.

C _- '11. 0 Y Sf 9ii = / / / ~ 4

s

5;'l?1i/a~ c« /cuia:lttPl1s Cln be made ";;1" ithn" t1/I/ftll~.5 fin' 11te resltlfl#7 1rttlh 15 .J}tPWI1 b~/ow.

Altitude, ft Ternp.," F Temp.," R C, ftls
0 59 519 1116
5000 41.17 501.17 1097
10000 23.36 483.36 1077
15000 5.55 465.55 1057
20000 -12.26 447.74 1037
25000 -30.05 429.95 1016
30000 -47.83 412.17 995
35000 -65.61 394.39 973
40000 -69.7 390.3 968 1120 r--~--,---,--....,----,---~--,-_':"'-, 1100.~ I

""

~10'80 I~

: ~

cl060 t----t--+I- ""-~:___+-_+-___l-___l~__I

:J "'"

~1 040 'j--t---t--+- ""'-"i----I---+---+-___.....j

~1020 'r--t--t--1--+I~-~_-+---+---.j

OJ I~

&OOO-r--T--~-~-4--~~-~~~-~~

U) ",----

980 -I-----j--;--t----+--+--+--I-~ ""&--1

I I·' i"--

960 +-. --+--+--+--+-----!-__jl._-l._---l

o

5000

10000' 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Altitude, ft

/-76

/.87 I

1.87 (See Fluids in the News article titled "This water jet is a blast." Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water decreased if its pressure~ is increased to an equivalent to 3000 atmospheres (44,100 PSt)?

t:/+ _

--

¥

dp d~/¥"

- ~ zr >«

~V

.

4LJJ 100 f;SI.'().. - 14.1 PSLa... = _ O. \4- I

3, l;l X 10 'S' f$C 0...

1.88 I

1.88 During a mountain climbing trip it is observed that the water used to cook a meal boils at 90 °C rather than the standard 100 °C at sea level. At what altitude are the climbers preparing their meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this problem.)

When ihe wa ier bods;

lioil := {Jd J where from Tah/e B,2.} af 1:: 90 DC

fAi s: I. 0 I x 10 If 1;,. tabs)

AI so) from /able C.2'J for a sfandarol almD~phef'e (J:: 7,o/x/o'f. ~ Cabs) at an qlfduJe of ~ooom

/-77

/,8Q I

1. a q When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- ,

sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without " causing cavitation if the fluid is water at t 60 of.

(al/il-allon mll/t t'cctlr (A.}hfn fAe /~ctll pressar« e$/ld/S lhe valor Ires$ure. ;:Or wP-tet- a. i- /(P()f!>F (Ij~m TaM~ ~.I 1;1i4fptw1/~f3)

f z: 'l.7Lf psi (tibs)

r

Thus I

J. qa I

J ,qO Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals) that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 "C.

Cavifaf;{)1'1 Int?'! arcor when fhe suct/o» pr(7S5t1J1e a I:- 1JJe pum; jn Je t e'tullb the Vtl.?tJr' pressure.

t:;r carbe» teI:I'Qc.hl{)'f;d~ at 2_O~C -.f!:: / 3' -Id~ (".bs) ~

/3 k. Pa. (4.65)

. "

rn I n I m J,I'/11 IY.Rsstire

/-7B

I. q I _j

1.91 When water at 70°C flows through a converging section of pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate the minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cavitation. Express your answer in both BO and SI units.

c((l/if4-hOJf nJA'I OCCur In tIJ~ eoniler91;'!J sec..-I:iDJ1 ~ plj'e wht'/1 t'he f'r~5Stl~e egll.ol s -th~ VP-f't'? pYe,Jsl/ye. fr()/?'I 74/'k B.l I;' Itf!,IIfI/~ B .t,y- W4..tey at 70:"{ ~ 1j,:: st ». -Ie. Ii (qbJ). Thu~

- LJ.5J.. fsia.

1. q 2. At what atmospheric pressure will water boii at 35°C? Express your answer in both SI and BG units.

The Vf,if~Y fYt"sstlrt! of. w~riel" ot 3S"C ,"".s S. s I ~ & (.,,6$ ) (~'4n'1 To /'Ie B. J. ot /ipl"'"dI ~ j3 USih, 1/11/'",. /;'krrbj8i,dJl1). Thu.s, ;r- ~Lier boils

qf 171iS femp~r4 t""e he 4t/nt'.spHPnc jJf'{J55/.{J'e. Inusi

.be l?faa/ if) S. 21 ..6.PQ... (.,~s.) /M s.I unih. In BE! ,f/'1if.s)

[s: R I ;(. /03 :''2.) (I. If 5"IPX If) - II :;a. ) = O. tlf.:J.. p:>i (abs) r;:~

/-79

I, qif I

)

where ()::= 0

1.94 When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free surface of the liquid. the contact angle between the liquid and the tube

is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is 1.2 X 104 N/m3. Determine the value of the surface tension for this liquid.

'I N ( -3) -3

/.2></0 -;;i3 IO't 10 m (2. X /0 m12)

2 COoS 0

2 r:r cos e

'd'R

0.060 %

5ince

(£K. 1.:1I)

1.Q S Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at 68 OF are formed with a spray nozzle. If the avo erage diameter of the droplets is 200 Jlm what is the difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the droplets?

533 Ptt

J- 81

I' 1

J. Cf 6 A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Determine this difference in pressure.

~f e1ui J/briuhI fsfe h;/Jre ),; t(Z Ie If):: o: (z ii)

So /fJa i

-r==

l

I

=

tr'

-

/C

~2 N

7. 3 Lf ;( J b ;;;:.

f z r< ~J

-FIV excess j>r(JSIJ re

SU dOle ftHSIOtl Joyce:- tr 2. S.Q

12 ~ jt;~.3 .tn1 '7

= 1'2.2 fa..

/- ,'82

1.97 As shown in Video Vl.9, surface tension forces can be strong enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to "float" on water, but a single-edge blade will sink. Assume that the surface tension forces act at an angle B relative to the water surface as shown in Fig. P1.97. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is 0.64 X 10-3 kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. Determine the value of e required to maintain equilibrium between the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force .. (b) The

I mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 X 10 -3 kg, and the total length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Support your answer with the necessary calculations.

Surface tension force

.. FIGURE P1.'17

(a)

'1» = T $/n B

lu he ve 01 . \ :: /"vv"'\ )( 'l /" IA d T I

LA_) ( II '6 (J '"' '" = a-- oK €n9tn of- 5H:les_

. la de

(0, (,,'1- x 10-3 -"<a ) (U I ""Is»' tr. H X 10-2 !j.) ( IJ ZD~ I'M ) s'ln e :SIn 8- z: D. Lfl5

9- = :2.. 4-,50

(b) For slnr/e-ed'J€ blade

'2J "/'(Y1 b/a.d/ J- " (1, ~ J )( ,b 3 -k~) (1,8/ I'M /~,_)

:: O,CJZ5'1.~ tV

Ql1d

T s in s > (v)( Jen57h of. blade") :51'" f7

: (7, 3L.f X to:' Nk,) ( 0. /51f trl'1 ) ~ In e

zz O,OIJ3 'S/~e

In o 'rei e I" !O,.. h Jqde +0 !If-Jodi" 1V -< TSln B.
51hCt.. f'I"Y\ a x: I m U fn1 va.l u e foy- 'Sl ne , s I ) 1-+ follows
-mat D),u > T "SIn e and ~ j n:1 It! - ed 5e hlade wi II sink. T

1,/

I. 98 I

(a.)

. -.

I

L q 8 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side of the tank, The height of the water column in the tube is then used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For a true water depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eq. 1.22 (with e = 0°) to' determine the percent error due to capillarity as the diameter of the glass tube is changed. Assume a water temperature of 80 oF. Show your results on a graph of percent error versus tube diameter. Dr in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0 in. (b) If you want the error to be less than 1 %. what is the smallest

tube diameter allowed?

I

Th« ieXceS5 hel"h t) h , . cause« b(

n= Z()~sGJ 'oR

Fbr- S~ 0" /AI; t» b = 2..R.

I

h = 'farD

i}t~ 5urfp~t. iens./~n /s (EZ. J.22..)

0)

-3

'.IQ X ID

.D ( I'n.)

(to I fk -The. +ru e. c.Jeptn := 3 fi-)

( a )

- ,4 - PI-of.

S}1()WJ1 "11

/- 8lf

, i

.1. 9 8' I (Ccl'/t. )

Diameter % Error
I of tube, in.
0.1 1.26
0.15 0.84
0.2 0.63
0.3 0.42
0.4 0.32
0.5 0.25
0.6 0.21
0.7 0.18
0.8 0.16
0.9 0.14
1 0.13
-.
Values obtained
from Eq. (3)
I I 1.50
... 1.00 \
0 \
...
...
W I't..
<fl. 0.50 .....__,
"-
0.00
a 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Tube diameter, in.

(b) PoJ'" Jio errar ';;'PA1 Eg. (J)
I I
- -(j./2b
I I J=
DC ,r,.)
I
0
D-== 6./2.~ .
111 •
- - I I
I -
I
..
I
I
0-
I 0
I
I
0
i
I
!
i
0 0
I I
: 0
I
- /-85

, J J

Ii

/. C{q I

1. q q Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Yideu V I.,q.) Consider placinr, a short length of a small diameter steel (sp. wt. = 490 Ib/ft) rod on a surface of water. What is the maximum diameter that the rod can have before. it will sink? Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward. Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water,

- Do the results of this experiment support your analysis?

crl rL

Tn or&ley .h,r r09 .J-o i'1t)(tt (st'e fltjllfe) I

It 1(;.// PUIS 1';ta e- I

2 (d. f <W .:: rif)(n ~ ~ ~t",1

Thus) /PI" 1Ju: IJm; hnj Cd.se I 2.. rrf-

-

-

grr

0--: 0 ~ J 4- (n.

" . i I I J I .

_)jnct. a. ;5r..qntllfytf stiee papey GJlp has t<

d lefnei:rr ~.f tJ. o 3b in.) lJJHch I S Jess Thaf1

0.0'11/- tn., /1: sh~td4 fltJ4.t. A- ~/mpJ~ e)L..ptrirnfJti La (III/of v,' .f '::J Th loS • Yes.

J- 86

j. 100 I

1. 100 An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm, is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 "C. How far will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed?

Th US Cc)/wrn 11 )

WI / / he d efressed

-3

- 3. 00 X//) /)'1'l

3, 0 0 ~ I'I'Y1

1,101 An open, clean glass tube (fJ = DO) is inserted vertically into a pan of water, What lube diameter is needed if the water level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface tension)?

~= 2()C()Se
q-R
For ~::.2..R and B= 00
J..R:: 2.0- (1)
irR. (t;:~. 1.'2..2.)

-3

R ~ ~. 'fa> X J D +4:.

d I arne ·b:~ r - .2.. Q :: J. 80 x J D - 2 +t-

S/tn// II ;-/1

)

(./of' !( = 0. W!i In. )

-t:= (CJ.Jffb;n.)(C:>·j;ZS-/~. ) = 1f,ft,5" in.

o. {)O 5" rn,

I.I(J?-

1./02 Determine the height water at 60 "F will rise due to capillary action in a clean. t-in.-diameter tube. What will be the height if the diameter is reduced to 0.01 in.?

2 rr cos e

(-/rpm 7Q6/~.8. / /1') A'p~'wbi( f3)j

~"d d" = ~),. 3 7 ~;1 Th(J~ tv itlt t9;: 0.1

, - ~ I

-f. = (/JSfrxJI> ..f-t)( '%J7.) _ t>, JJ'b I~.

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LH)3 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Walking on water," Section 1.9 . .) (a) The water strider bug shown in Hg. PLl03 is supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along the interface between the water and the bug's legs. Determine the minimum length of this interface needed to support the bug. Assume the bug weighs 10-4 N and the surface tension force .acts vertically upwards, (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to support a person weighing 750 N.,

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1.'Wt Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer

Objective: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian fluids; others are non-Newtonian. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids.

Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating, concentric inner cylinder (see Fig. P1.l0I/J; stop watch; drive weights for the viscometer; three different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup).

Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate. (The outer cylinder remains stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount of time, t, that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions. Repeat the measurements using various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested.

Calculations: For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular velocity of the inner cylinder, ca = Ntt.

Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity, W, as abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data.

Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is proportional to the shearing stress, T, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant angular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angular velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, duldy, This is true because the velocity gradient in the fluid is proportional to the inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders. Based on your graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening, or shear thinning (see Fig. 1.7).

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and clint: hac to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Rotating Inner cylinder

Outer cylinder

Fluid

I!!I FIG U REP 1 IIO'#-

J- q 0

t. IOlf I (CIPr] l)

Problem 1.10'+ Problem1.IO¥
Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, (0 Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, (I)
for for
Silicone Oil Corn Syrup
4.50 4.50
4.00 4.00
/" / ~
3.50 / 3.50 /
3.00 3.00 I
/" 7
z 2.50 /1 z 2.50 7
~ 2.00 W=2.5 OJ ~
./ 2,00 ./ --
1.50 1.50 W=12.8ro
./ ~ ./ 7 H
1.00 ./ 1.00 /
0.50 ~ 0.50
0,00 0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2,00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
e, rev/s ro, rev/s

Problem 1.IQa,L
Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, ill
for
Latex Paint
1.20 -- -_._-
1.00
.>
0,80
z ./'
~ 0.60 ~
.Jill'
0.40 »:
W = 1.466 (j)0.707
0.20 ~
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
(J) rev/s I. /05

1..105 Capillary Thbe Viscometer

Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig. Pl.IO.s, the kinematic viscosity, ll, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, v = KIQ, where K is the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the value of K and to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature.

Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch, graduated cylinder.

Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to lS.6DC and determine the flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, t, it takes to collect a volume, V, of water in a small graduated cylinder. Repeat the measurements for various water temperatures, T. Be sure that the water depth, h, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the flowrate is a function of the depth (as well as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid for only that value of h.

Calculations: For each temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = Vlt. Use the data for the lS.6DC water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = vQ, where the kinematic viscosity for lS.6DC water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured flowrate at this temperature .. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the viscosity of water as a function of temperature.

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and temperature, T, as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from Table B.2.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click her» to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

T

h

1

Water

Capi lIary tube

Graduated cylinder

Ii!! FIG U REP 1.105

1,I.Q5 I

Solution for Problem 1.1'0.5 Capillary Tube Viscometer
From Table 8.2
V,ml t, s T, deg C Q, mils V, m"'2/s T, deg C V, ml\2/s
9.2 19.8 15.6 0.465 1.12E-06 10 1.31 E-06
9.7 15.B 26.3 0.614 B.49E-07 20 1.00E-06
9.2 16.B 21.3 0.548 9.S1E-07 30 B.OiE-07
9.1 21.3 12.3 0.427 1.22E-06 40 6.58E-07
9.2 13.1 34.3 0.702 7.42E-07 50 5.53E-07
9.4 10.1 50.4 0.931 5.60E-07 60 4.75E-07
9.1 8.9 5B.1 1.022 5.10E-07
v = KlQ K, m"'2 mlls"2 v (at 15.6 deg C), m"2/s
5.21 E-07 i.12E-06 K = V Q = 1.12E-6 m"2/s * 0.465 mils = 5.21E-7 ml\2 mlls"2

Problem 1.105 Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T

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40

60

80

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