TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE

• Abstract / summary

• Introduction

• Aims / objectives

• Theory

• Apparatus

• Experimental procedure

• Result

• Sample error calculation

• Discussion

• Conclusion

• Recommendation

• References
ABSTRACT / SUMMARY

By doing this experiment we can determine the concentration of acetic acid in

vinegar. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. The molarity and the percent by mass

of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be determined by using by titration process.

INTRODUCTION

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Since vinegar is an acid, it can be titrate

with a base such as NaOH. A titration is a technique where a solution of known

concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Some

chemicals can be purchased in a pure form and remain pure over a long period of time

other chemicals can be easily contaminated by the absorption of carbon dioxide or water

from the air. Sodium hydroxide absorbs wetness from the air and usually appears wet. So

that if a solution of sodium hydroxide is prepared by weighing the sodium hydroxide, the

concentration of the solution may not be exactly the intended concentration. Besides that,

potassium hydrogen phthalate has a lesser tendency to absorb water from the air and

when dried will remain dry for a period of time. This means that carefully prepared

solutions of known concentration of potassium hydrogen phthalate can be determined by

using titration. The equation for the reaction of potassium hydrogen phthalate with

sodium hydrogen is:

 KCO2C6H4CO2H + NaOH → KCO2C6H4CO2Na + H2O

The equivalence point of a titration occurs when chemically equivalent amounts

of acid and base are present. At this point the pH changes rapidly with a small addition of

acid or base. Once the equivalence point of the titration is known, the concentration of

the sodium hydroxide can be determined. The sodium hydroxide is then used to titrate

vinegar, and the concentration of the vinegar is determined. The percent acetic acid can

be determined from the concentration of the vinegar.

AIM / OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the percentage of acetic acid in a

vinegar sample by the method of standardization of a sodium hydroxide solution. The

concentration of acetic acid also can be determined.

THEORY

In this experiment, the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar can be determined

by using titration. A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is

used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Typically, the titrant (the

know solution) is added from a burette to a known quantity of the analyte (the unknown

solution) until the reaction is complete. Knowing the volume of titrate added allows the

determination of the concentration of the unknown. Usually, the indicator is used to give

the signal for the end of the reaction, which is known as end point.

The method used to measure the total acidity of the vinegar by using an acid-base

titration. For an acid-base titration, the chemical reaction in generally known as :

acid + base → water + salt

and for the titration of the vinegar in this experiment the following reaction will be used

to determine the acetic acid satisfied of the vinegar sample:

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)

the sodium hydroxide will be the standard reactant solution for this titration, and acetic

acid the calculated unknown reactant.

The other important concept in this experiment is concentration. Concentration is

meant that the composition of a solution and can be expressed as the ratio of

solute/solvent or solute/solution. The two unit of concentration expressing the ratio are :

Molarity(M) = moles of solute/volume of solution in litre

and

The percentage by mass = (mass of solute/mass of solution) x 100%

In this experiment, in order to standardize the NaOH solution, potassium

hydrogen phthalate, KHP solution will be titrate with 0.6M NaOH solution. While the

KHP stock solution must be prepared by dissolving 1.5 grams of KHP in 30mL of

distilled water.
APPARATUS

1. pH metre

2. 0.6 M NaOH solution

3. Droppers

4. Buffer pH 7 and 10

5. Vinegar

6. Stirrer and Stir bar

7. Burette

8. Beaker(100mL, 250mL)

9. Funnel

10. Scoopula

11. Burette clamp

12. Pipette 10mL

13. Analytical balance

14. Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP

PROCEDURE

• Calibration Of pH Probe

1. The pH metre was plugged in and allows it to warm up for about 10

minutes.

2. The temperature knob should be set between 20˚C and 25˚C.

3. The electrode was placed in pH 7 buffer, turned the knob to pH, and the

pH was adjusted to 7.00 with the standardization knob.

4. The instrument was placed on standby. The electrode was rinsed and

blotted.

5. The electrode was placed in pH 10.00 buffer, turned the knob to pH and

the pH was adjusted to 10.00 with the slobe knob.

6. The instrument was placed on standby. The electrode was rinsed and

blotted.
Titration

1. The burette was rinsed with 5mL of NaOH solution.

2. The burette was rinsed and filled past the 0mL mark with NaOH solution.

3. Some of the NaOH was drained through the tip into a waste beaker to fill

the tip and bring the level of NaOH to exactly 0.00mL. If the 0.00mL

mark is passed, a dropper was used to bring the meniscus to 0.00mL.

4. About 1.5 grams of potassium hydrogen phthalate was weighed. The exact

mass of the potassium hydrogen phthalate was recorded.

5. The potassium hydrogen phthalate was placed in a beaker.

6. 30mL of distilled water was added and the potassium hydrogen phthalate

was dissolved.

7. The magnetic stirrer was placed so that the burette and pH electrode may

both be placed in the 250mL beaker when it is on the stirrer.

8. The beaker was placed on the stirrer and the stirring bar. The electrode

was placed so that the bulb is in the solution but above the stirrer bar.

More distilled water was added if necessary.

9. The initial pH for 0.00mL of NaOH added was recorded.

10. NaOH was added until the pH has increased by 0.2 pH units.

11. The pH and the burette reading were recorded to two decimal places.
12. The step 10-11 was repeated until a pH of 12 is obtained.

13. The procedure for other trials as instructed was repeated.

14. The graph pH (y-axis) vs. volume of NaOH (x-axis) was plotted.
• Determination The Percentage Acetic Acid in Vinegar

1. A clean 250mL beaker was placed on the balance and tare.

2. 10mL of vinegar was placed exactly by using a pipette in 250mL beaker.

The mass of vinegar was recorded.

3. 75mL to 100mL of distilled water was added.

4. The burette was refilled to 0.00mL.

5. The magnetic stirrer was placed so that the burette and pH electrode may

both be placed in the 250mL beaker when it is on the stirrer.t

6. The beaker was placed on the stirrer and the stirring bar was added. The

electrode was placed so that the bulb is in the solution but above the stir

bar.

7. The initial pH for 0.00mL of NaOH added was placed.

8. NaOH was added until the pH has increased by 0.2 pH units.

9. The pH and the burette reading were recorded to two decimal places.

10. The step 7-8 was repeated until pH 12 is obtained.

11. The procedure was repeated.

12. The graph pH (y-axis) vs. volume of NaOH (x-axis) was plotted.
Data Table:

Part 1:

Mass of potassium acid phthalate used : 1.4984 g

Trial number : 1

Vol. pH
NaOH
0 4.18
1 4.30
2 4.60
3 4.65
4 4.90
5 5.00
6 5.04
7 5.11
8 5.15
9 5.21
9.5 5.24
10 5.37
10.5 5.41
11 5.49
11.5 5.55
12 5.65
12.5 5.74
13 5.92
13.5 6.07
14 6.30
14.5 7.37
15 11.55
15.5 11.90
16 12.00

Mass of potassium acid phthalate used : 1.5060 g

Trial number 2

Vol. NaOH pH
0 4.18
1 4.31
2 4.58
3 4.65
4 4.91
5 5.00
5.5 5.03
6 5.10
6.5 5.15
7 5.20
7.5 5.26
8 5.35
8.5 5.40
9 5.47
9.5 5.55
10 5.65
10.5 5.76
11 5.90
11.5 6.05
12 6.29
12.5 7.36
13 11.57
13.5 11.93
14 12.00

Data Table:
Part 2:
Mass of vinegar: 10 g

Trial number 1

Vol. NaOH PH Vol. NaOH pH

0 2.658 18 5.586
1 3.260 18.5 5.850
2 3.527 19 6.850
3 3.724 19.5 10.795
4 3.831 20 11.089
5 3.957 20.5 11.357
6 4.058 21 11.502
7 4.166 21.5 11.586
8 4.250 22 11.672
9 4.343 22.5 11.720
10 4.437 23 11.779
11 4.517 23.5 11.816
12 4.612 24 11.846
13 4.707 24.5 11.880
14 4.824 25 11.905
15 4.966 25.5 11.934
16 5.084 26 11.958
16.5 5.170 26.5 11.973
17 5.270 27 11.997
17.5 5.420 27.5 12.006

Mass in vinegar : 10 g

Trial num 2
 Vol. NaOH PH Vol. NaOH pH
0 2.659 18.5 5.477
1 3.015 19 5.722
2 3.367 19.5 5.928
3 3.597 20 6.593
4 3.724 20.5 10.628
5 3.877 21 11.102
6 3.987 21.5 11.328
7 4.089 22 11.522
8 4.185 22.5 11.609
9 4.282 23 11.683
10 4.373 23.5 11.743
11 4.466 24 11.795
12 4.558 24.5 11.831
13 4.638 25 11.864
14 4.743 25.5 11.902
15 4.838 26 11.933
16 4.980 26.5 11.950
17 5.124 27 11.975
17.5 5.202 27.5 11.998
18 5.330

1) Graph of pH(y) vs volume Of NaOH(x) [standardization of NaOH]

TRIAL 1
 14

12

10

Ph Value
6

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2) Graph of pH(y) vs volume of NaOH(x) [standardization of NaOH]

TRIAL 2

14

12

10

Ph Value

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
3) Graph of pH(y) vs volume of NaOH(x) [determination of concentration of
acetic acid in vinegar]
TRIAL 1
14

12

10

pH

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

4) Graph of pH(y) vs volume of NaOH(x) [determination of concentration of

acetic acid in vinegar]
TRIAL 2

14

12

10

pH
6

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

PART 1

1) The volume of NaOH required to neutralize the KHP :

M1V1 =M2V2

(1M) V1 = (0.6M) (500mL)

V1 = 300mL

1L = 40g

1000mL= 40g

300mL = ?

Therefore, 12g of NaOH is required to prepare 0.6M NaOH stock solution.

2) From the graph 1 and 2 for experiment standardization of NaoH, 12.5mL

of NaOH is required to neutralize the KHP solution.

3) The molarity of KHP for the titrations

(TRIAL 1) :

number of moles of KHP= 1.4984g / 204.2 g per mole

= 7.3379 x 10 -3 mole KHP

molarity of KHP = number of moles / volume of solution

= 7.3379 x 10 -3 mole KHP / 0.03L

= 0.2446 M KHP
 4) The molarity of KHP for the titrations

(TRIAL 2) :

number of moles of KHP= 1.5060g / 204.2g per mole

= 7.3751 x 10 -3 mole KHP

molarity of KHP = number of moles / volume of solution

= 7.3751 x 10 -3 mole KHP / 0.03L

= 0.2458 M KHP

5) Average molarity of sodium hydroxide solution :

TRIAL 1;

1.4984g of KHP was weighted out and titrated to an end point with

12.5mL of NaOH solution that was approximately 0.6M. The exactly concentration of

NaOH titrate is

= 1.4984g / 204.2 g per mole

= 7.3379 x 10 -3 mole KHP

At the end point :

7.3379 x 10 -3 mole KHP = 7.3379 x 10 -3 mole NaOH titrated.

7.3379 x 10 -3 mole NaOH / 0.0125L NaOH titrated

= 0.587 M NaOH
TRIAL 2;

1.5060g of KHP was weighted out and titrated to an end point with

12.5mL of NaOH solution that was approximately 0.6M. The exactly

concentration of NaOH titrate is

= 1.5060g / 204.2 g per mole

= 7.3751 x 10 -3 mole KHP

At the end point :

7.3751 x 10 -3 mole KHP = 7.3751 x 10 -3 mole NaOH titrated.

7.3751 x 10 -3 mole NaOH / 0.0125L NaOH titrated

= 0.5900 M NaOH

AVERAGE;

(0.587 M NaOH + 0.5900 M NaOH ) / 2

= 0.5885 M NaOH
PART 2

1) From the graph of pH versus NaOH added, there are 19.1mL of NaOH

required to neutralize the vinegar in trial 1, and 20.1mL of naOH required

to neutralize the vinegar in trial 2.

2) For trial 1, 10mL aliquot of vinegar requires 19.1mL of 0.5885 M

standardized NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point of the titration.

Assumes the density of the vinegar solution is 1.00g/mL

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)

The moles of NaOH that reacted;

= Molarity x Volume(L)

= 0.5885M x 0.0191L

= 0.01124 mol of NaOH

3) The moles of acetic acid neutralized by the moles of NaOH;

At the end point, 0.01124 moles of NaOH is equal to 0.01124 moles of

acetic acid.

4) The molarity of acetic acid concentration

10mL acetic acid x (1L / 1000mL) = 0.010 L acetic acid concentration.

Molarity = mole of acetic acid/ volume of solution

=0.01124mole/0.010L

=1.124M acetic acid

5) Mass of acetic acid :

Moles of acetic acid x molecular mass of acetic acid

= 0.01124 mole x 60.06g/mole

= 0.6751g of acetic acid

6) Mass of acetic acid solution :

10mL acetic acid solution x (1g acetic acid solution / 1mL acetic acid)

10.00 g acetic acid solution

DISCUSSION

In this experiment, the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar can be determined

by using titration process. A titration is a method for determining the concentration of a

solution and the purpose of the titration is to determine the equivalence point of the

reaction. The equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of one reactant is the

exact amount necessary for the stoichiometric reaction with the other reactant. Thus the

concentration of an acid could be determined. The concentration of a base could be

determined. The concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution will be determined (it will

be standardized). The standardized sodium hydroxide solution will be used to titrate

vinegar for determination of the concentration of acetic acid.

In this experiment, we can learn the basic concept related with titration. Other

than that, we also can learn all the techniques used in titration process. By doing this

experiment, we also can obtain the titration data thus to perform the titration calculation.

Besides, we can standardize a base, in this experiment which is NaOH. Other than that,

we can determine the molarity of the acetc acid in vinegar.

 As we know, potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP is a weak acid. In order to

standardize the potassium hydrogen phthalate, it will simply react with NaOH which

is a base as shown below :

Next, in order to determine the acetic acid in vinegar, acetic acid will be reacted with

sodium bydroxide as shown in the equation below :

CH3COOH (aq) + NaOH (aq) --> CH3COONa (aq) + H2O (l)

The mole ratio of acetic acid to sodium hydroxide is one-to-one. The standardized base

will be added to a measured volume of vinegar. The moles of base can be determined

using the volume of sodium hydroxide delivered to reach the endpoint and the molarity of

the sodium hydroxide. The moles of acetic acid can be determined from the moles of

sodium hydroxide and the balanced chemical reaction. The molarity of acetic acid can be

determined from the moles of acid and the volume of vinegar.

volume and molarity of NaOH -> moles NaOH -> moles acetic acid -> molarity acetic

acid.

To determine the molarity of a solution and the percentage by mass of the acetic acid in

vinegar by titration of a vinegar sample with a standardize sodium hydroxide solution, we

are required to prepare 150mL with 0.6M NaOH stock solution. But in order to get the

standardize sodium hydroxide solution, we have to prepare the potassium hydrogen

phthalate,KHP by titration with 0.6M NaOH solution that had been prepared before. And

the KHP stock solution can be prepared by dissolving 1.5grams of KHP in 30mL of

distilled water.

In this experiment, we have to do the titration at many times in order to get the

most accurate reading to perform the best result needed. So that, while doing the titration,

we have to concern about the precaution steps of titration. We have to handle those

laboratory equipments carefully. The reading must be recorded with the meniscus reading

to prevent the parallax error. Sometimes, they’re some misreading the volume which at

any moment, and due to whatever reason. This can be for example a parallax problem,

when someone reads the volume looking at an angle, or error in counting unmarked

graduation marks. When reading the volume on the burette scale is not uncommon to

read both upper and lower value in different lighting conditions, which can make a

difference.

Other than that, we also have to use much kind of chemical reagents like acid and

base. As we know, all the laboratory activity must be handled carefully so that we are

required to obey all the rules in laboratory area such as wear the laboratory coat, suitable
goggles, glove, and more. They’re too important because to protect our body from any

incidence that might be happen in the laboratory area. Other than that, problem

sometimes occurred when using the unrinsed apparatus. So that, those apparatus will not

ready to use thus give the slightly different result with the suppose one. Besides,

misreading of the volume of NaOH used when the titration process. So that it will affect

the result.

CONCLUSION

At the end of this experiment, we can determine the concentration of acetic acid

in vinegar and the percentage by mass of the acetic acid that contain in the vinegar. From

the sample of calculation above, we know that the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar

is
RECOMMENDATIONS

In this experiment, in order to get the accurate value the titration must be done at

least two times. So that, the data we get from the observation can be compared thus the

exact value can be determine and calculate. Other than that, to improve the result of the

experiments, we can also use indicators such as phenolphthalein to know the end points

besides than using the pH probe.