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1: Ions
Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest occupied
energy level of an atom you can find the number of valence
electrons in atom by looking at its group number(this only
applies for representative elements, not the transition metals).
Electron Dots Structures are the notation used to represent
valence electrons.
Ca Si
I K
Ar Al
Title: Nov 1712:28 PM (1 of 14)
The general electron configuration for noble gases is
ns2np6. All noble gases have the same number of
valence electrons and same electron dot structure.
Ne to Xe
A full valence shell means 8 electrons. This is the
noble gas configuration that atoms strive for we call it
the octet rule.
Title: Nov 1712:35 PM (2 of 14)
Thinking about ions:
Title: Nov 1712:40 PM (3 of 14)
Cation Formation:
While a neutral atom of an element may be highly
reactive, its ions often are not. Why is that?
How can we show the formation of a sodium cation:
Na 1s22s22p63s1⇒Na+ 1s22s22p6
or by Aufbau digarams
Or by elec. dot structure:
Na ⇒ Na+ + e
Title: Nov 1712:49 PM (4 of 14)
Formation of a Mg cation:
Mg ⇒ Mg2+ + 2e
Try some (remember, the number of valence electrons
is indicated by the group number):
Li
Rb
Be
Sr
Ra
Note: The highest charge a cation can have is +3
Title: Nov 171:11 PM (5 of 14)
Anion formation:
Anion get renamed usually the prefix of ide.
Cl ⇒ Cl (chloride ion)
As aufbau:
As electron dot:
Try O ⇒ ?
Title: Nov 171:16 PM (6 of 14)
Many common ions are polyatomic ions deconstruct the word "polyatomic". What
do you think polyatomic ions are?
Identify the polyatomic ions in Table 7.2.
Are these ions likely to exist? With which noble gas are they
isoelectronic?
* Isoelectronic means having the same electron configuration.
Title: Nov 208:24 AM (7 of 14)
7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
A common ionic compound is NaCl. How can we represent this with dot
NaCl is formed when a neutral Na structures?
atom and a neutral Cl atom trade
electrons (Na gives one electron to
Cl). The result is a compound where
each individual atom becomes a
charged ion Na+ and Cl What noble gases are Na+ and Cl
isoelectronic to?
How would Al and Br combine to form an ionic
compound?
Title: Nov 2012:48 PM (8 of 14)
When ions form ionic compounds they do so by
joinging together in an orderly pattern. The smallest
repeating unit of this pattern is what is used to write a
chemical formula, but since these units do not exist
independently (only in a conglomorate of other units),
we consider the formula a formula unit, or the smallest
whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound.
Title: Nov 175:36 PM (9 of 14)
Practice writing formula units and drawing electron
dot structures with Concpetual Problem 7.2 on pg 196.
Title: Nov 201:21 PM (10 of 14)
Properties of Ionic Compounds:
Solid at room tempreature
High melting points
Ionic compounds can conduct an electric current when
melted or dissoved in water
Look at figure 7.10
How do you think this structure leads to these
properties?
These are not molecular compounds each ion
"belongs" to each other surrounding it.
Title: Nov 257:46 AM (11 of 14)
Writing Ionic Formulas:
From Ions ⇒Formula From Formula ⇒ Ions
Ex1) K+ and S2 Ex1) NaCl
Ex2) Ca 2+ and HCO3 Ex2) CsCl
Ex3) Na+ and O2 Ex3) TiO2
Ex4) Al3+ and N3 Ex4) Fe2O3
(this is rust)
**Think about dot structures as you solve these.
Title: Nov 258:35 AM (12 of 14)
7.3 Metallic bonding
Metallic bonding is very different from ionic bonding. Instead of the valence
electrons being transferred, resulting in strong atttractive forces between the
opposite charges, the electrons dissociate and float freely around the positively
charged ions. Think of a sea of electrons.
Title: Nov 258:31 AM (13 of 14)
Just like ionic crystals, metals are arranged in organized
crystalline patterns.
The crystalline structures are often the same as
those we saw in ionic compounds.
And finally....
mixtures of metals are called alloys. Steel is an
alloy.
Title: Nov 2510:26 AM (14 of 14)