La Globalizacion Se Amplia Paty Rev 9-28-10

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UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA
UCLA PROGRAM ON MEXICO
PROFMEX/WORLD
JUAN PABLOS EDITOR

Primera edición 2010
D.R. © 2010, UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA

Centro Universitario de Ciencias Económico Administrativas
Periférico norte 799
45100, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
D.R. © 2010, PROFMEX/WORLD

1242 Lachman Lane
90272 Pacific Palisades, California, EUA
D.R. © 2010, JUAN PABLOS EDITOR, S.A.

Malintzin 199, Col. El Carmen
Delegación Coyoacán
04100, México, D.F.
ISBN: 978-
Impreso y hecho en México

Printed and made in Mexico

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59 W+,$&"%V"+"#-'
Proyección de Munster (1561) 159

Proyección de Mercator (1569) 160
Proyección de Mollweide (1805) 162
Proyección de Van der Grinten (1904) 163
Proyección de Goode (1921) 163
Proyección de Robinson (1963) 164
Proyección de Peters (1974) 165
Proyección de McArthur: el mundo al revés (1979) 167
Proyección tripel de Winkel de 1921, aceptada
en 1998 169
Proyección de Tikonov en cartograma (1996) 170
Proyección del Sistema de Comunicaciones del
Imperio Británico (^>A^B 1900) 170
Proyección del poderío militar de Estados Unidos 173
Proyección del globo enlazado por transmisiones vía
satélite (mediados de la década de los noventa) 181
Proyección del mundo cibernético de los Servicios
de Información Matricial y Directorio (1999) 183
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Cambios en la ecuación del poder mundial 184
@;&E"6F&G&6"6&</5G$2456&13<$/1(,$6 201
YT!c%$$%)%!T!%U#()"&*(!%d$.U"#$-'"!e% 795
La guerra estadounidense contra el terror 206
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La enciclopedia en internet Q>S>k<K>B 307
Y$Y'$(*"&-!%.T+,$-'"!%"+%$+*"#+"*% 259
Google como diccionario multilingue y fuente de
investigación para identificar personas y hechos 315
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% E'NOP%)%,$!*#$YT&$Z+%,"%'$Y#(!%;W-%-.-_(+R&(.% 25\
Libros virtuales 315
% YDFI?%de individuos sin intervención de casas
editoriales 322
Distribución de libros vía Amazon.com 325
'-%+T";-%&(.T+$&-&$Z+% 273
Televisión de noticias d24/7e 326
Francia 24: la Coca-Cola de la televisión
internacional 333
Comunicación por internet 333
Páginas Q$= y su penetración entre la población 341
Mapas de Google 346
Palabras finales sobre la nueva comunicación 347
R;&S"$M56&3T45.56&<(/(&3$U5/(/&,(&6(,".& 351
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Micronutrientes naturales y productos nutricéuticos 351
Productos marinos y nutricéuticos 366
Transhumanismo 368
Palabras finales: la evolución premeditada contra
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Plan De Soto 383
Plan de Henry y Kotlikoff para bancarizar a
los pobres 385
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Gobierno civil en países como Chile y Ucrania
opuesto al modelo negativo impuesto en Basora,
Irak 432
Organización contra bombas atómicas y
armamentos «normales» en bases militares,
hombres-bomba, «bombas» de hambruna, bombas
de enfermedad y la bomba del calentamiento
global 443
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Exportaciones y debate en la OMC sobre tarifas 479
"'%h-&*(#%,"%"+"#VW-%"+%+T";(!%d*'&e% % % 516
Las contradicciones de Barbie y Ken, representantes
de la globalización y a la vez de Estados Unidos 538
?;&Y"$%4(6&(=1$/4(6;&Y"(4/5&(6"%456 551
'-%$+*"#+"*%&(+*#-%'-!%,$&*-,T#-!%)%'-%&"+!T#-% 551
'-!%hT+,-&$(+"!%)%(+V%!$VT"+%"+%-TV"%% % 558
Declive de las autocracias y persist encia de
conflictos en que mueren civiles 564

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El factor geografía 591
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Tercera parte
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& /"/(,&+%./T6&c1354$5&D5/(,$6&% 683
Otros artículos de Timoteo 691
Los contagios en el tianguis dominical 694
Destino turístico 694
Noticias verificadas 695
La alta política internacional 698
El punto de vista de Estados Unidos 699
La óptica de Canadá 701
La nueva contribución de México en el tema de
las enfermedades: lo negativo y lo positivo 703
Caos en el sistema de salud de México 703
Complicaciones en el sistema de salud mexicano 706
En resumen 707
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539 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
Mapa 1
Sebastian Munster (1561)
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Mapa 2
Gerhard Mercator (1569)
Mapa de navegación marítima y aérea
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%%
Mapa 3
Karl B. Mollweide (1805)
O20+1:#*0/8M8%)+M

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Mapa 4
Alphons J. van der Grinten (1904)
Mapa oficial de la Sociedad Geográfica Nacional
de Estados Unidos, 1922-1988
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53b P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
N(<(!R
J. Paul Goode (1921)
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U<C=sIFCF%kBAB%?M%d!BDB%K<%VM<AABe%4'56&+%#$,$6&c13$6]&5g%K<%
CFE><GvA<%K<%799b:R
'B%kAF]<^^>wC%K<%-A=xMA%cR%#Fv>C?FC%<?%vB?=BC=<%kBA=>^MDBAR%-%
K>J<A<C^>B%K<%DB?%K<Gs?%kAF]<^^>FC<?@%#Fv>C?FC%CF%K<?BAAFDDw%
DB%?M]B%^FC%<D%k<AJ<^^>FCBG><C=F%K<%JwAGMDB?%I<FGt=A>^B?%rM<%
^FCE><A=<C%DB?%^FFAK<CBKB?%K<%DB=>=MK%]%DFCI>=MK%K<%DB%?Mk<AJ>8
^><%=<AA<?=A<%<C%kMC=F?%<C%<D%GBkBR%"C%DMIBA%K<%<?F@%#Fv>C?FC%
M=>D>Nw%MC%IABC%CpG<AF%K<%?>GMDB^>FC<?%K<%<C?B]F%]%<AAFA%kFA%
^FGkM=BKFAB%kBAB%K<?BAAFDDBA%MCB%=BvDB%rM<%k<AG>=<%BD%^BA8
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Gt=FKF%kBAB%xB^<A%GBkB?R
'B% kAF]<^^>wC% K<% #Fv>C?FC% CF% <?% d^FCJFAGBDe@% kM<?% DB?%

JFAGB?%?<%K>?=FA?>FCBC%Gs?%rM<%<C%MCB%kAF]<^^>wC%^FCJFAGBDR%

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!>C% <GvBAIF@% DB?% JFAGB?% CF% ?<% K>?=FA?>FCBC% =BC=F% <C=A<% DF?%
b\F•CFA=<%F%?MA%K<D%<^MBKFA%F%b\F•K<D%^<C=AF%G<A>K>BCF%K<D%GBkB@%
BkAFu>GBKBG<C=<R
"C%56aa@%DB%!F^><KBK%V<FIAsJ>^B%+B^>FCBD%K<%"?=BKF?%TC>8
KF?%?<OBDw%rM<%DB%kAF]<^^>wC%K<%#Fv>C?FC%<AB%dGs?%A<BD>?=Be%rM<%
C>CIpC%GBkB%BC=<A>FAR%"C%56a6@%<D%U<C=sIFCF%A<<GkDBNw%<D%GBkB%
K<%.<A^B=FA%<C%?M%!BDB%K<%VM<AAB%kFA%<D%K<%#Fv>C?FCR
Mapa 6
Arthur H. Robinson (1963)
O20+1:#*0/8M8%)+M
7/5G$221:%&.$&7$4$/6&^>?WL_
"?=B%<?%MCB%K<%DB?%Gs?%^FC=AFE<A=>KB?%>GsI<C<?%K<D%GMCKFR%"C%
56gb@%^MBCKF%<D%x>?=FA>BKFA%]%^BA=wIABJF%-ACF%U<=<A?%kA<?<C=w%
<?=<%GBkB%<C%MCB%^FCJ<A<C^>B%K<%kA<C?B%<C%-D<GBC>B@%I<C<Aw%
GM^xF?%K<vB=<?R%'B%kA>G<AB%E<A?>wC%>CID<?B%K<D%GBkB%JM<%kM8
vD>^BKB%<C%56a2%]%^FC=>CpB%=<C><CKF%=BC=F?%?<IM>KFA<?%^FGF%
K<=AB^=FA<?R%'F%BC=<A>FA%?<IpC%DB%JM<C=<%K<D%GBkB%gR
'B?%BI<C^>B?%K<%B]MKB%xMGBC>=BA>B%M=>D>NBC%<D%GBkB%K<%U<=<A?%
kFArM<%A<kA<?<C=B%B%DF?%kBL?<?%<C%ELB?%K<%K<?BAAFDDF%<C%MCB%?M8
kM<?=B% dkAFkFA^>wC% A<BDeR% 'B?% k<A?FCB?% ?<% <CFAIMDD<^<C% K<% ?M?%
A<?k<^=>EF?% kBL?<?% ^MBCKF% ?M% =BGBOF% A<DB=>EF% ?<% GM<?=AB% ^FC%
GB]FA%kA<^>?>wCR%%

533 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
% "D%GBkB%K<%U<=<A?%xB%?>KF%BKFk=BKF%BGkD>BG<C=<%<C%<D%GMCKF@%
k<AF%^FC=>CpB%?><CKF%MCB%d^MA>F?>KBKe%<C%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?R%%l-%rMt%
?<%K<v<%<?=Fm%"C=A<%DF?%JB^=FA<?%BD%A<?k<^=F%?<%<C^M<C=ABCX%5:%DB%
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Gt=A>^F%4xB?=B%DF?%vA>=sC>^F?%xBC%K<qBKF%K<%M=>D>NBA%kMDIBKB?%]%
IABKF?%hBxA<Cx<>=%kBAB%M?BA%^<C=LG<=AF?%]%IABKF?%&<D?>M?:z%7:%DB?%
<C^M<?=B?%nGM<?=ABC%rM<%DF?%qwE<C<?%K<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?%=><C<Co%
MCF%K<%DF?%C>E<D<?%Gs?%vBqF?@%<C=A<%DF?%kBL?<?%K<D%kA>G<A%GMCKF@%
<C%DF%rM<%A<?k<^=B%BD%^FCF^>G><C=F%I<FIAsJ>^F@%]%2:%GM^xF?%^BA=w8
IABJF?%kAFJ<?>FCBD<?%xBC%A<?<C=>KF%DB%dkFD>=>NB^>wCe%K<%?M%^BGkF%
K<%<?=MK>FR%-ACF%U<=<A?%JM<%MCF%K<%DF?%kA>G<AF?%<C%B^<k=BA%rM<%CF%
?<%kM<K<%<E>=BA%rM<%DF?%GBkB?%?<BC%kFDL=>^F?%4x==kX11K>E<A?Fkx]R
^FG1k<=<A?GBkRx=G:R
Mapa 7
Arno Peters (1974)
El mundo en sus «proporciones reales»
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cB]%F=AB%ABNwC%Gs?%>GkFA=BC=<%kFA%DB%^MBD%<D%GBkB%K<%U<=<A?%
CF%<?%B^<k=BKF%kFA%IABC%kBA=<%K<%DF?%^BA=wIABJF?X%

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UAFvBvD<G<C=<%GM]%kF^F?%xBC%E>?=F%DB%E<A?>wC%Gs?%BC=>IMB%K<D%
GBkB@% kMvD>^BKB% <C% 5aa\% kFA% PBG<?% VBDD@% MC% ^DtA>IF% <?^F^t?R%
-kBA<C=<G<C=<% U<=<A?% CF% =<CLB% ^FCF^>G><C=F% K<% DB% Â<B^>wC% K<%
VBDD@%^FGF%DB%GB]FALB%K<%?M?%kBA=>KBA>F?%<C%DB%T+"!&(@%(uJBG@%<D%
&FC?<qF%.MCK>BD%K<%$ID<?>B?%]%F=AF?%IAMkF?%kAF%=<A^<A%GMCKF%]%
kAF%K<A<^xF?%xMGBCF?R%U<=<A?%BAIMG<C=BvB%rM<%?M%kAF]<^^>wC@%BD%
GF?=ABA%DB?%sA<B?%K<%DF?%^FC=>C<C=<?%<C%?M%E<AKBK<AB%kAFkFA^>wC@%
<AB%DB%pC>^B%BD=<ACB=>EB%kFDL=>^BG<C=<%^FAA<^=B%^FC%A<?k<^=F%B%DB%
kAF]<^^>wC%d<MAF^tC=A>^Be%K<%.<A^B=FA@%<CK>DIBKB%kFA%?>IDF?%B%DB%
>CI<CMB%kFvDB^>wC%kFA%DF?%^BA=wIABJF?%kAFJ<?>FCBD<?R
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K<?BAAFDDBKF%?<%E><ABC%Gs?%IABCK<?%]%Gs?%>GkFA=BC=<?%rM<%DB?%
G<CF?%K<?BAAFDDBKB?%CB^>FC<?%=AFk>^BD<?%K<%jJA>^B@%-?>B%]%-Gt8
A>^B%'B=>CB@%DF%^MBD%<?%B?LR%*BGv>tC%BAIMG<C=w%rM<%?M%GBkB@%BD%
A<kA<?<C=BA% DF?% =BGBOF?% A<DB=>EF?% ^FAA<^=F?% K<% DF?% ^FC=>C<C=<?@%
FJA<^LB%MCB%?FDM^>wC%CM<EB%]%Gs?%kA<^>?B%rM<%<AB%dqM?=B%kBAB%=F8
KF?e@%DF%^MBD%CF%<AB•%U<=<A?%K>?=FA?>FCw%DF?%kBL?<?%]%^FC=>C<C=<?%
kBAB%A<?BD=BA%$CK>B@%$CKFC<?>B%]%F=AB?%CB^>FC<?%^FC%K<C?>KBK%K<%
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K>?=FA?>FC<?%K<%DB?%JFAGB?R%$AwC>^BG<C=<@%DB?%sA<B?%=AFk>^BD<?%BK8
rM>A><AFC%JFAGB?%BDBAIBKB?%^FC%k<rM<OF?%IAF?FA<?@%G><C=AB?%rM<%
DF?%kBL?<?%kAw?k<AF?%K<%DB?%DB=>=MK<?%G<K>B?%=><C<C%JFAGB?%GM]%
^<A^BCB?% B% DB% A<BD>KBK% 4HHHRH>Dx<DGSAM<^S<CRK<1U"*"#!1=BD<?R
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DF?%K<Gs?%GBkB?%=><C<C%<D%kFDF%CFA=<%<C%DB%kBA=<%K<%BAA>vB%]%<D%
kFDF%?MA%<C%DB%kBA=<%K<%BvBqFm%"?=B%kA<IMC=B%^FCDD<EB%MCB%E>?>wC%

53a P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
kFDL=>^B%<%>ICFAB%<D%ABNFCBG><C=F%DwI>^F%K<D%kBk<D%K<%DB%vApqMDB@%
DB%^MBD%BkMC=B%xB^>B%<D%kFDF%CFA=<%GBICt=>^FR
!>C%<GvBAIF@%?<IpC%DB%JM<C=<%K<%<?=<%GBkBX%
RRR^Bv<%^FC?>K<ABA%rM<%<D%M?F%K<D%CFA=<%^FGF%DB%kBA=<%K<%BAA>vB%K<D%
GBkB%?<%^FCE>A=>w%<C%MCB%^FCE<C^>wC%xB^<%GM^xF?%?>IDF?@%^MBCKF%
DF?%CBE<IBC=<?%<MAFk<F?%K<D%x<G>?J<A>F%CFA=<%^FG<CNBAFC%B%M=>D>NBA%
DB%"?=A<DDB%K<D%+FA=<%]%DB%vApqMDBR%-C=<?%K<%<DDF@%DB%kBA=<%?Mk<A>FA%
K<D%GBkB%<AB%<D%FA><C=<@%K<%KFCK<%E><C<%DB%kBDBvAB%5/1$%4(21:%;
Mapa 8
La proyección McArthur:
El mundo al revés (1979)
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^MBCKF%=<CLB%57%BOF?%456g9:R%!M%kAFJ<?FA%K<%I<FIABJLB%D<%K>qF%<C%
3
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?<A% >CE<A=>KF% K<% DB% G>?GB% GBC<AB@% EtB?<% x==kX11xKD>Ix=xFM?<R% FAI1
?<<1vAB>C1GBkRx=GR
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d^FAA<^=Be%?>%rM<ALB%Fv=<C<A%MCB%^BD>J>^B^>wC%BkAFvB=FA>BR%*A<?%BOF?%
K<?kMt?@%^FGF%<?=MK>BC=<%K<%>C=<A^BGv>F%<C%PBkwC@%<AB%GFD<?=BKF%
kFA%DF?%<?=MK>BC=<?%K<%>C=<A^BGv>F%K<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?%kFA%E<C>A%
K<D%dJFCKF%K<%DB%=><AABeR%hM<%<C=FC^<?%rM<@%B%DB%<KBK%K<%5\%BOF?@%
K<^>K>w%kMvD>^BA%MC%GBkB%^FC%-M?=ABD>B%<C%DB%kBA=<%K<%BAA>vBR%!<>?%
BOF?%K<?kMt?@%<C%?M%<?=BC^>B%<C%DB%TC>E<A?>KBK%K<%.<DvFMAC<@%
kAFKMqF%<D%kA>G<A%GBkBGMCK>%dGFK<ACFe%^FC%<D%?MA%xB^>B%BAA>vB3%
]%DF%kA<?<C=w%<D%,LB%+B^>FCBD%K<%-M?=ABD>B%<C%56g6Rg
7/5G$221:%&4/1<$,&.$&k1%i$,&.$&>?@>]&(2$<4(.(&$%&>??Z
UA<?<C=BKF%<C%5675%kFA%(?HBDK%Q>CS<D%K<%-D<GBC>B@%<?=<%GBkB%
CF%JM<%B^<k=BKF%kFA%GM^xF?%xB?=B%rM<%DF%BKFk=w%DB%!F^><KBK%
V<FIAsJ>^B%+B^>FCBD%K<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?%<C%566aR
Mapa 9
Tripel de Winkel (1921)
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"?=<%GBkB%=><C<%DB%E<C=BqB%K<%G>C>G>NBA%DB%K>?=FA?>wC%K<%
JFAGB?%<C%DB?%sA<B?%K<%DF?%kFDF?R%$C=<C=B%GF?=ABA%JFAGB?%^<A^BCB?%
B%DB%A<BD>KBK%?>C%K>?=FA?>FCBA%K<GB?>BKF%DB?%K>G<C?>FC<?%A<DB=>EB?R%

5g9 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
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?<%^BD^MDB%CFAGBDG<C=<%kBAB%MCB%<?J<AB%]%CF%kBAB%MC%<D>k?F>K<R%
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GMCKFe@%k<AF%?FC%dK>?=FA?>FCBKF?e%kBAB%GF?=ABA%B?k<^=F?%^FGF%
^MsD<?%AFC<?%K<D%GMCKF%=><C<C%GB]FA%kFvDB^>wC%]%U$YR%"C=A<%
DF?%Gs?%<D<IBC=<?%<C%?M%kA<?<C=B^>wC%=<C<GF?%DF?%A<BD>NBKF?%kFA%
<D%kAFJ<?FA%;R%*>SFCFE%K<%DB%TC>E<A?>KBK%"?=B=BD%K<%.F?^pR%!M?%
KF?%^BA=FIABGB?%4EtB?<%<D%GBkB%59:%GM<?=ABC%rM<@%<C%=tAG>CF?%
kFvDB^>FCBD<?@%-?>B%F^MkB%IABC%kBA=<%K<D%GBkBGMCK>@%]%rM<%DB%
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xB^LB%rM<%DF?%vA>=sC>^F?%KFG>CBABC%B%?M?%^FGk<=>KFA<?%B%=AB8
Et?%K<%DB%E<C=BqB%^FGkBAB=>EB%K<%DB?%^FGMC>^B^>FC<?@%K<%?M%A<K%
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^FC%?M?%vB?<?%kA>C^>kBD<?R%!M%?>?=<GB%K<%>C=<D>I<C^>B%]%?M%^BkB8
^>KBK%kBAB%^FGMC>^BA%>CJFAGB^>wC%J>CBC^><AB%]%<^FCwG>^B%^DBE<%
kBA<^LBC%kFC<ADF%JM<AB%K<D%BD^BC^<%K<%DF?%K<Gs?%kBL?<?R%"D%J>C%
K<%DB%?<IMCKB%IM<AAB%GMCK>BD%E>F%DB%K<?BkBA>^>wC%K<D%>Gk<A>F%
vA>=sC>^F@%]%^FC%DB%IM<AAB%JALB%E>GF?%<D%B?^<C?F%K<%DF?%?>?=<GB?%
G>D>=BA<?%]%K<%^FGMC>^B^>FC<?%K<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?R%
Mapa 10
Cartogramas de Tikonov que presentan el mundo
en relación con el tamaño de la población y el PIB (1996)
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\#A*0%)#$%'2D'q#2C0*A8E>'S$BI#0:B%E'2D''Z#O';*:%+#'SA2$'@E$#>'($C+*$1>'G"C":%M'W#B)A0#:2'#$';80B:%2A8#0'7M'
_2/)2"1'.J55X=!"#$%&'()&*$+!)#$&*$(#(%!),'&#+',-%.!G'/2$:%0*B$%RP*:#1'*AA02*/8M';2++#C#',%*%B2$>'@#L*:&'
Ga6'S$BI#0:B%E>'/*Ak%"+2'3>'AM'T'.A"P+B/*12'#$'+k$#*'#$'OOORIB-M%*)"M#1"ND*/"+%EN82":#N/*0%2C0*):N@8#:B:M
8%)+M'(+'/*Ak%"+2'3':#'A"#1#'/2$:"+%*0'%*)PBf$'#$'OOORIB-M%*)"M#1"ND*/"+%EN82":#N/*0%2C0*):N;8*A%R43MH\!M

5g7 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
Mapa 11
La proyección de las comunicaciones del imperio británico
(1990)
!"#$%#&';B%*12'#$'_#$$#1E>'H*"+'.J5VX=!/01!'*%1!,$2!3,44!#3!&01!+'1,&!5#61'%.!7)#$#-*)!)0,$+1!,$2!-*4*&,'8!
)#$34*)&!3'#-9:;;!&#!<;;;=!Z"#I*'[20<&'W*$12)'^2":#>'AM'33UM

.-U-!%,"'%.T+,( 5g2
7/5G$2215%$6&.$,&<5.$/*5&31,14(/&.$&!64(.56&\%1.56
!<%kM<K<%<C=<CK<A%<D%kFK<ALF%G>D>=BA%<?=BKFMC>K<C?<%BD%Fv?<AEBA%
GBkB?%K<X%5:%.BkB%57R%,<?kD><IM<?%G>D>=BA<?%<?=BKFMC>K<C?<?%
<C%<D%GMCKF@%56agz%7:%.BkB%52R%"D%d>Gk<A>F%G>D>=BAe%K<%"?=BKF?%
TC>KF?@%799587992z%2:%.BkB%5bR%,<?kD><IM<%K<%=AFkB?%<?=BKF8
MC>K<C?<?@%799b@%]%b:%.BkB%5\R%UF?>vD<?%DMIBA<?%kBAB%DB%A<K>?8
=A>vM^>wC%K<%=AFkB?@%799\8795\R%
"?=<%pD=>GF%A<kA<?<C=B%<D%GB]FA%^BGv>F%<C%<D%k<C?BG><C=F%
G>D>=BA%<?=BKFMC>K<C?<%<C%DF?%pD=>GF?%^>C^M<C=B%BOF?z%?<%A<^F8
CF^<@%J>CBDG<C=<@%rM<%DB%IM<AAB%JALB%]B%=<AG>Cw%]%rM<%DB?%IABCK<?%
IM<AAB?%]%kF?>^>FC<?%J>qB?%K<%DB?%=AFkB?%}^FC%?M?%JBG>D>B?}%?FC%
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"D%GBkB%57%GM<?=AB%^MsD%<AB%DB%K>?=A>vM^>wC%K<%DB?%JM<ANB?%
<?=BKFMC>K<C?<?%^MBCKF%DB%IM<AAB%JALB%<?=BvB%kFA%=<AG>CBAR%"AB%
kA<^>?BG<C=<%<?=<%K<?BAAFDDF%<D%rM<%DB%T#!!%=AB=BvB%K<%<GkBA<qBA@%
k<AF%DF%pC>^F%rM<%DFIAw%JM<%BIF=BA%?M%<?^B?F%^Bk>=BD@%rM<%C<^<?>8
=BvB%kBAB%?M%K<?BAAFDDF%<^FCwG>^FR%"D%A<?MD=BKF%JM<%DB%^BLKB%K<%
DB%T#!!%456a685665:@%rM<%K<%kFA%?L%E<CLB%JAB^B?BCKF%kFA%?M%ALI>KB%
kDBC<B^>wC%^<C=ABD@%DB%^MBD%<AB%>ICFABKB%kFA%MCF?%=ABvBqBKFA<?%
K<?GFABD>NBKF?%]%GBD%kBIBKF?@%B?L%^FGF%kFA%DF?%BIA>^MD=FA<?%d^F8
D<^=>EF?eR%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?@%kFA%?M%kBA=<@%=MEF%rM<%kBIBA%DF?%^F?=F?%
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#<BIBC%=FKBELB%k<?B%<C%DB%<^FCFGLB%<?=BKFMC>K<C?<%xF]%<C%KLBR
"D%GBkB%52%GM<?=AB%<C%kBA=<%rMt%<?=s%?M^<K><CKF%<C%<?8
=F?%KLB?R%"D%<uk<A=F%<C%^M<?=>FC<?%G>D>=BA<?%&xBDG<A?%PFxC?FC%
<?Â>v<Xa
+F%<?%Js^>D%<EBDMBA%<D%=BGBOF%F%EBDFA%<uB^=F%K<D%>Gk<A>F%K<%vB?<?%
nK<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?oR%,<%B^M<AKF%^FC%<D%X$<5/4$&.$&,(&$64/"24"/(&
.$&,(6&=(6$6%4BCMBD:%K<D%,<kBA=BG<C=F%K<%,<J<C?B%kBAB%<D%BOF%J>?8%
a
%&xBDG<A?%PFxC?FC@%dTR!R%G>D>=BA]%kFH<A%I>AKD<?%=x<%IDFv<R%$=%>?%>G8
k<A>BD>?G%v]%BCF=x<A%CBG<%}BCK%>=%>C^>=<?%=<AAFA>?Ge@%S$Q&h5/i&c13$6@%
5a%K<%<C<AF%K<%799bR%PFxC?FC%<?%BM=FA%K<%cF$&65//5Q&58&$3<1/$C&D1,1A
4(/163]&6$2/$2G]&(%.&4F$&$%.&58&4F$&/$<"=,12;&+M<EB%)FASX%.<=AFkFD>=BC%
YFFS?@%799bR

5gb P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
Mapa 12
Las proyecciones del poder militar en Estados Unidos
(1987)

.-U-!%,"'%.T+,( 5g\
Mapa 13
Bases militares estadounidenses en todo el mundo
(2001-2003)*

5g3 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
^BD%7992@%<D%^MBD%K<=BDDB%DF?%v><C<?%ABL^<?%<C%<D%<u=ABCq<AF%]%CB8
^>FCBD<?% K<D% <qtA^>=F% <?=BKFMC>K<C?<@% <D% U<C=sIFCF% ^M<C=B% ^FC%
g97%vB?<?%K<%MD=ABGBA%<C%^B?>%529%kBL?<?%]%F=AB?%3%999%vB?<?%
<C%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?%]%?M?%=<AA>=FA>F?•%n"D%K<?kD><IM<%K<o%k<A?F8
CBD%MC>JFAGBKF%nK<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?o%<?%K<%BDA<K<KFA%K<%7\2%7aa%
k<A?FCB?@% Gs?% MC% CpG<AF% >IMBD% K<% K<k<CK><C=<?% ]% JMC^>FCB8%%
A>F?%^>E>D<?%K<D%,<kBA=BG<C=F%K<%,<J<C?BR%"D%kBL?%<GkD<B@%BK<Gs?@%
bb%bb3%<u=ABCq<AF?%^FC=AB=BKF?%<C%?M?%kAFk>F?%kBL?<?R%%
% "?=B?%^>JAB?@%BMCrM<%B?FGvAF?BG<C=<%IABCK<?@%^FG><CNBC%B%
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<C%<D%GMCKFR%"D%X$<5/4$&.$&,(&$64/"24"/(&.$&,(6&=(6$6&K<%7992%
CF%G<C^>FCB@%kFA%<q<GkDF@%BDIMCB?%IMBAC>^>FC<?%<C%fF?FEF@%BMC%
^MBCKF% <?% <D% ?>=>F% KFCK<% ?<% DF^BD>NB% <D% <CFAG<% ^BGkBG<C=F% K<%
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fY#%K<%cBDD>vMA=FC@%BC=<?%^FCF^>KB%^FGF%f<DDFII@%YAFHC%…%#FF=R%
,<%GBC<AB%?>G>DBA@%<D%A<kFA=<%G<C^>FCB%DB?%vB?<?%K<%-JIBC>?=sC@%
$ABS@%$?AB<D@%fMHB>=@%f>AIM>N>?=sC@%iB=BA%]%TNv<S>?=sC@%BMC%^MBCKF%
<D% <qtA^>=F% <?=BKFMC>K<C?<% xB% <?=BvD<^>KF% <?=AM^=MAB?% K<% vB?<?%
^FDF?BD<?%<C%<?=F?%DMIBA<?%K<?K<%<D%55%K<%?<k=><GvA<%K<%7995R%"D%
,<kBA=BG<C=F% K<% ,<J<C?B•% ^FC?>K<AB% <?=F?% IABCK<?% A<KM^=F?%
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^FAA<?kFCK><C=<% B% $ABS% B?^<CK>w% B% 539% 999% B% J>CBD<?% K<% 799bR%
$C^DM?F%^FC%<?=B%^BC=>KBK%K<%?FDKBKF?@%<C%GBANF%K<%799\%=FKBELB%
CF%<ABC%^BkB^<?%K<%IBABC=>NBA%MCB%?<IMA>KBK%kpvD>^B%GLC>GB%<C%
DB%GB]FA%kBA=<%K<%$ABSR%UFA%<q<GkDF@%DB%^FA=B%=ABE<?LB%K<%YBIKBK%
BD%B<AFkM<A=F%>C=<ACB^>FCBD%?>IM<%?><CKF%MC%E>Bq<%K<%BD=F%A><?IF@%
kM<?%DF?%E>Bq<AF?%?FC%B?<?>CBKF?%<C%<D%=AB]<^=F%kFA%>C?MAI<C=<?@%
?>%CF%<?%rM<%kFA%DB?%kAFk>B?%=AFkB?%<?=BKFMC>K<C?<?R
"D% GBkB% 5\% A<E<DB% <D% k<C?BG><C=F% G>D>=BA% <?=BKFMC>K<C8%%
?<%kBAB%<D%k<A>FKF%799\8795\R%"?=<%kDBC%BvBCKFCB%<D%^FC^<k=F%K<%

.-U-!%,"'%.T+,( 5gg
Mapa 14
Despliegue estadounidense de tropas en lugares seleccionados
(2004)

5ga P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
Mapa 15
Distribución de tropas de Estados Unidos, 2005-2015
(proyectadas por Rumsfeld)

.-U-!%,"'%.T+,( 5g6
GBC=<C<A%<CFAG<?%vB?<?%^FC%=AFkB?%4]%?M?%JBG>D>B?:%<C%=FKF%<D%
GMCKF@%^FC%^>JAB?%K<%?FDKBKF?%K<%g7%999%<C%-D<GBC>B@%b9%999%<C%
&FA<B%K<D%!MA%]%2\%999%<C%PBkwCR6%"D%kDBC%K>?=>CIM<%<C=A<%dvB?<?%
<?=AB=tI>^B?e%k<AGBC<C=<?@%dvB?<?%Fk<AB=>EB?%K<%BEBCNBKBe%k<rM<8
OB?%]%?<G>k<AGBC<C=<?%]%dDF^B^>FC<?%Fk<AB=>EB?%K<%BEBCNBKBe%
=<GkFABD<?@%B%DB?%^MBD<?%?<%kM<K<%<CE>BA%=AFkB?%?>%<?%C<^<?BA>FR%
,<%B^M<AKF%^FC%VA<I%PBJJ<%4EtB?<%DB%JM<C=<%K<D%GBkB%5\:X%
,<?K<%DB%?<IMCKB%IM<AAB%GMCK>BD@%<D%U<C=sIFCF%?<%xB%<CJF^BKF%
<C%kA<kBABA?<%kBAB%DB%?>IM><C=<%IABC%IM<AABR%UA>G<AF%JM<%DB%IABC%%
%IM<AAB%^FC=AB%DB?%xFAKB?%?FE>t=>^B?R%-%kA>C^>k>F?%K<%DB%Kt^BKB%K<%
DF?%CFE<C=B@%DB%dIABC%IM<AABe%K>F%DMIBA%B%KF?%dIABCK<?%IM<AAB?e%Gs?%
k<rM<OB?%rM<%?<%kFKLBC%DD<EBA%B%^BvF%?>GMD=sC<BG<C=<@%<C%$ABS%
]% &FA<B% K<D% +FA=<R% ,<?kMt?@% <C% 7999@% <D% ?<Â<=BA>F% K<% ,<J<C?B@%
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Mapa 16
Los dos hemisferios del globo enlazados por transmisiones
públicas vía satélite dominadas por Estados Unidos

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Mapa 17
El mundo de la internet (1999),1
dominado por Estados Unidos
1 000 000
100 000
10 000
1 000
100
10
1
Millones de usuarios2
Enero de Febrero de Enero de

1990 1997 2000
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Mapa 18
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(antes y después del 1 de mayo de 2004)
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Crecimiento de la OTAN desde 1949
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Región Año Países

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Cuadro 2
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Gráfica 1
Opio de Afganistán: de las amapolas para el mundo
(tierra cultivada en miles de acres)
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1. Instituto Nacional Democrático para Asuntos Internaciona-
les (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs),
el cual ayuda a desarrollar procedimientos electorales
justos en los mismos países donde operan las fundaciones
Soros.
2. Instituto República Internacional (International Republic
Institute), el cual ayuda a construir partidos políticos en
Ucrania, Turkmenistán, Tayikistán y Kirguizistán.
3. Casa de la Libertad (Freedom House), la cual promueve me-
dios de comunicación independientes y derechos humanos
en Armenia, Ucrania, Uzbekistán y Kirguizistán (un país
donde han surgido 8 000 ONG desde 1991).
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72a
Cuadro 1
La situación en Irak, 2003-2007
La Globalización se amplia.indb 238

Julio de Julio de Febrero de
2003 2004 2007
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Estimación propia.
2
Hay que agregar 100 000 guardias privados contratadas en el exterior.
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7\3 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
Cuadro 1
Número de casos del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo
por regiones y países, 2002-2004
Región y países Número de casos Región y países Número de casos

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$#(+W-!%&#"-,-!%U(#%YT!c%$$RRR 735
Gráfica 1
Casos de influenza aviaria altamente patógena en Asia,
hasta el 24 de junio de 2005
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Cuadro 2
Arsenales nucleares en 2005
(estimación del número de ojivas nucleares)
País Total Total 2005 Subtotal 2005 Total a fines

Activos Inactivos de 2012
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EL DERROCHE DE DINERO DE BUSH II EN IRAK,

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Gráfica 2
Estimaciones reportadas por la BBC de los fondos requeridos por Irak
hasta 2007 y los montos gastados hasta abril de 2005
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BALANCE DE CONFLICTOS QUE HAN IMPACTADO

AL MUNDO DESDE 1898
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Cuadro 3
Ejemplos de conflictos mundiales iniciados desde 1898
(resumen hasta julio de 2006)1
País Tipo de conflicto Desde

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Gráfica 3
Precio real del petróleo crudo West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
de 1970 al 27 de junio de 2005
(dólares de 2005)
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Gráfica 4
Costo real por galón de gasolina regular de autoservicio
en Estados Unidos de 1970 al 27 de junio de 20051
(dólares de 2005)
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Gráfica 5
Costo de la turbosina en México, 2002-2005
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Gráfica 6
Consumo de petróleo de China, 1980-2003
(millones de barriles diarios)
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Gráfica 7
Origen del petróleo importado por China en 2004 y aumento en
el número de autos de 1995 a 2003
%%
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Mapa 1
Por qué quiere China comprar la compañía Unocal, más
del mundo oriental que de Estados Unidos
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Gráfica 8
Demanda de petróleo en el mundo, 1993-2005
(millones de barriles diarios)1
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Gráfica 9
Los 10 países más importantes del mundo en cuanto a consumo
de energía y reservas de dólares, 2003
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Cuadro 3
Emisión de CO2 por país, 1998
Rango País Toneladas de CO2 Porcentaje del

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'-%+T";-%$+h(#.j*$&-%)%&(.T+$&-&$Z+ 27\
Cartón 4.1
David Horsey nos alerta del peligro de la autocensura
en internet por empresas de Estados Unidos, que
apoyan implícitamente a la dictadura de China
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Cuadro 4.2
Los 20 países con mayor número de usuarios de internet
y su penetración,1 2005
País o Usuarios de Población Penetra- Fecha de Porcentaje

región internet, datos estimada ción de los datos de usuarios
más recientes al 2005 internet más en el
(millones) (millones) (%) recientes mundo
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Cuadro 4.3
Utilización de internet por regiones del mundo, 2005

Regiones Población Porcentaje de Utilización de Crecimiento Porcentaje Porcentaje
del estimada la población internet, datos de su de la población de usuarios
mundo al 2005 mundial más recientes utilización (penetración) en
(millones) (millones) 2000-2005
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Cuadro 4.4
Los 10 idiomas más utilizados en internet
Idiomas Usuarios de Penetración Población Idioma como

internet por promedio mundial porcentaje del
idioma (%) estimada total de usuarios
(millones) por idioma de internet
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Gráfica 6.1
PIB de América Latina como porcentaje del PIB de Estados Unidos
de acuerdo con las siete series analíticas, 1938-1998
Fuente: Dabat y Rivera (2004: 249).
Gráfica 6.2
PIB/C de América Latina como porcentaje del PIB/C de Estados Unidos de
acuerdo con las siete series analíticas, 1938-2000
(gráfica 2 de p. 250 Rivera y Dabat)
Fuente: Dabat, Rivera y Wilkie (2004: 250).

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Cuadro 7.1
Cómo medir la competitividad de países: método del Banco Mundial
Comenzar un pequeño negocio, promedio en días:

Estados Unidos 5
República Checa 40
China 41
México 58
Brasil 152
Hacer cumplir un contrato, promedio en días:
China 241
Estados Unidos 250
República Checa 300
México 421
Brasil 566
Costo del despido de un funcionario, en salarios semanales:
Estados Unidos 8
República Checa 22
China 90
México 83
Brasil 165
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Gráfica 7.2
Índices de competividad entre países
Índice del Anuario mundial de competitividad 2004-2005
(el número 1 es el mejor lugar entre 60 países)
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Cuadro 7.2
Índice Global de Competitividad (IGC), «los mayores 75»,
entre 117 países, 2004-2005
(el número 1 es el mejor lugar, con 5.94 puntos de 6.00;
los mejores cambios son positivos)
País Lugar Calificación Lugar Cambio

2005 2005 2004 2004-2005
Finlandia 1 5.94 1 0
Estados Unidos 2 5.81 2 0
Suecia 3 5.65 3 0
Dinamarca 4 5.65 5 1
Taiwán 5 5.58 4 -1
Singapur 6 5.48 7 1
Islandia 7 5.48 10 3
Suiza 8 5.46 8 0
Noruega 9 5.4 6 -3
Australia 10 5.21 14 4
Holanda 11 5.21 12 1
Japón 12 5.18 9 -3
Reino Unido 13 5.11 11 -2
Canadá 14 5.1 15 1
Alemania 15 5.1 13 -2
Nueva Zelanda 16 5.09 18 2
Corea del Sur 17 5.07 29 12
Emiratos Árabes Unidos 18 4.99 16 -2
Qatar 19 4.97 — n/a
Estonia 20 4.95 20 0
Austria 21 4.95 17 -4
Portugal 22 4.91 24 2
Chile 23 4.91 22 -1
Malasia 24 4.9 31 7
Luxemburgo 25 4.9 26 1
Irlanda 26 4.86 30 4
Israel 27 4.84 19 -8
Hong Kong 28 4.83 21 -7
España 29 4.8 23 -6
Francia 30 4.78 27 -3
Bélgica 31 4.63 25 -6
Eslovenia 32 4.59 33 1
Kuwait 33 4.58 — n/a
Chipre 34 4.54 38 4
Malta 35 4.54 32 -3
Tailandia 36 4.5 34 -2

#"*(!%U-#-%'-%!(&$",-,%&W;$&- b9\
(Continúa cuadro 7.2)
País Lugar Calificación Lugar Cambio

2005 2005 2004 2004-2005
Bahrein 37 4.48 28 -9
República Checa 38 4.42 40 2
Hungría 39 4.38 39 0
Túnez 40 4.32 42 2
República Eslovaca 41 4.31 43 2
Sudáfrica 42 4.31 41 -1
Lituania 43 4.3 36 -7
Letonia 44 4.29 44 0
Jordania 45 4.28 35 -10
Grecia 46 4.26 37 -9
Italia 47 4.21 47 0
Botswana 48 4.21 45 -3
China (sin Hong Kong) 49 4.07 46 -3
India 50 4.04 55 5
Polonia 51 4.0 60 9
Mauricio 52 4.0 49 -3
Egipto 53 3.96 62 9
Uruguay 54 3.93 54 0
México 55 3.92 48 -7
El Salvador 56 3.86 53 -3
Colombia 57 3.84 64 7
Bulgaria 58 3.83 59 1
Ghana 59 3.82 68 9
Trinidad y Tobago 60 3.81 51 -9
Kazajistán 61 3.77 — n/a
Croacia 62 3.74 61 -1
Namibia 63 3.72 52 -11
Costa Rica 64 3.72 50 -14
Brasil 65 3.69 57 -8
Turquía 66 3.68 66 0
Romania 67 3.67 63 -4
Perú 68 3.66 67 -1
Azerbaiyán 69 3.64 — n/a
Jamaica 70 3.64 65 -5
Tanzania 71 3.57 82 11
Argentina 72 3.56 74 2
Panamá 73 3.55 58 -15
Indonesia 74 3.53 69 -5
Federación Rusa 75 3.53 70 -5
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Gráfica 7.3
La regulación del empleo es mucho más rígida en
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Cuadro 7.3
Top ten de la economía mundial en 2001 y 2005, y los seis
países que les siguen1
2001 20052
País PIB País PIB
1. Estados Unidos 10 128 1. Estados Unidos 12 439
2. Japón 4 165 2. Japón 4 799
3. Alemania 1 858 3. Alemania 2 907
4. Reino Unido 1 432 4. Reino Unido 2 295
5. Francia 1 322 5. Francia 2 216
6. China 1 176 6. China 1 843
7. Italia 1 091 7. Italia 1 836
8. Canadá 716 8. España 1 120
9. México 624 9. Canadá 1 098
10. España 586 10. Rusia 755
11. Brasil 509 11. India 749
12. Corea del Sur 482 12. Brasil 732
13. India 471 13. Corea del Sur 721
14. Holanda 385 14. México 715
15. Australia 357 15. Australia 692
16. Rusia 307 16. Holanda 629
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Cuadro 7.4
Porcentaje de personas que han recibido al menos un título
universitario de dos años
(datos de 2001 o 2002)
. Edad .
País 25-54 55-64
México 5 2
Brasil 7 6
Argentina 9 6
Malasia 14 4
Corea del Sur 26 8
Estados Unidos 31 26
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Cuadro 7.5
Peligro de armas de destrucción masiva
Rusia tiene 40 000 toneladas de armas químicas de
destrucción masiva que destruir, 2005
Base Porcentaje Químicas de muerte1
Shchuchye 18.8 VX, sarín, somán, fosgene
Pochep 18.8 VX, sarín, somán
Kambarka 15.9 Lewisita
Maradikova 17.4 VX, sarín, somán
Leonidovka 17.2 VX, sarín, somán
Kizner 14.2 VX, sarín, somán, lewisita
Gorny 2.9 Mostaza, lewisita, mezcla de mostaza con lewisita
J
'(+':*0k$>'#+':2)i$'E'#+'C*:'ob'$#"02%KLB/2'/*":*$'/2$I"+:B2$#:>'/2)*'E'+*')"#0%#M'!2:C#$#'A02I2/*'*:DBLB*'
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344U>'OOOM$E%B)#:M/2)NA*/<*C#:N<8%)+N344UN4UN4VNO##<B$0#IB#ON344U4U4VsGW,(ZGhs'qWGH^c;M8%)+M
Cuadro 7.6
Peligro de armas de destrucción masiva
Bombas nucleares, 2005-2012
Total Total Total para

País punto más 2005 Funcionando Inactivas finales de
alto 2012
Rusia 45 000 a mediados 16 000 7 200 susceptibles 8 800 2 200
de los ochenta de ser robadas
Estados Unidos 32 000 a mediados 10 350 5 200 5 150 2 200
de 1967
China -- 400 -- -- --
Francia -- 350 -- -- --
Gran Bretaña -- 200 -- -- --
Israel -- 100-200 -- -- --
Pakistán -- 40-60 -- -- --
India -- 40-50 -- -- --
Corea del Norte -- 6-8 -- -- --
Irán -- 0-2 -- -- --
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#"*(!%U-#-%'-%!(&$",-,%&W;$&- bb6
Mapa 7.1
«Subcontratación» de actividades militares de Estados Unidos
Fondos estadounidenses de apoyo a sus fuerzas militares
en el mundo, 2005
(montos estimados en miles de millones de dólares)
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Gráfica 7.4
Porcentaje que apoya a los hombres bomba y a Osama bin Laden
en seis países con población musulmana importante, 2002 y 2005
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[ 475 ]

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;,-!"-+3/(!-+!)6Y7!(!Z3+I![3+I!-+!9::R>
Fuente: >*$,$)*,4!/*-1%? 16 de noviembre de 2005. "3'= «Free trade history, theory, and ideology», http://
www.foei.org/trade/activistguide/ideology.htm#content (consultado el 24 de nero de 2001).
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1
Excluye el comercio entre países de la UE.
2
China + Hong Kong = 12.9 por ciento.
Fuente: Organización Mundial del Comercio, citada en @,44!A&'11&!B#('$,4, 17 de diciembre de 2005.
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1
Con el TLCAN, el promedio de México es del 2 por ciento, véase el texto.
Fuente: Greg Hitt y Scott Miller, «Global standoff in trade talks, Western farmers hold their ground: Poor
nations, multinationals, form unlikely alliance; progress may be tough; bmw’s end run in India». @,44!A&'11&!
B#('$,4, 13 de diciembre de 2005.

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1
Alemania occidental.
Fuente: Basado en Wolf, gráfica de rutas del desarrollo económico en Martin Wolf, «Tyranny of vested
interests», >*$,$)*,4!/*-1%? 17 de enero de 2006.
"D%A<?MD=BKF%kAs^=>^F%K<%DB?%A<MC>FC<?%K<%cFCI%fFCI%?<%
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C<?%<?Â>v<CX55
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<?=BvD<^>w%kFA%kA>G<AB%E<N%MCB%J<^xB%<C%J>AG<%kBAB%rM<%"?=BKF?%
55
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=BDS?e@%k(,,&P4/$$&n5"/%(,@%56%K<%K>^><GvA<%K<%799\R

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TC>KF?%]%"MAFkB%<D>G>C<C%MC%K<=<AG>CBKF%=>kF%K<%?Mv?>K>F%BIAL8
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1
Las bolsas de Estados Unidos ganaron lo que sigue: 0.6 por ciento el índice industrial Dow Jones; 1.4 por
ciento el índice compuesto Nasdaq y 3 por ciento el Standard & Poor´s 500.
2
Entre las economías importantes que más ganaron se encuentran, en términos porcentuales, Corea del Sur,
58.4; Brasil, 48; México, 40; Filipinas, 26.8; Canadá, 25.5, y Japón, 25.3. Entre las economías con buen
crecimiento, porcentual se encuentran: Francia, 9.1; Alemania, 8.5; Hong Kong, 6.7, y Reino Unido, 5. Entre
las economías con más pérdida están: Venezuela, -19.3; Portugal, -4.4; Nueva Zelanda, -3.3, e Italia, -2
por ciento. Entre las bolsas que no cotizan en dólares, unas subieron, como Rusia/RTS, 83.3; Turquía/ISE
Cien, 59.3; Bombay, 42.3; Polonia, 33.3 por ciento; y otras perdieron, por ejemplo Malasia, -0.8; Shanghai,
-8.2, y Censen, -18.8 por ciento.
Fuente: John H. Lyons y Tamsin Carlisle, «Latin America extends its winning streak [in stocks through third
year]», @,44!A&'11&!B#('$,4? 3 de enero de 2006; Craig Karin, «Surging world markets entice U.S. investors»,
@,44!A&'11&!B#('$,4, 3 de enero de 2006. "3'= Dos artículos del Wall Street Journal, publicados también el
3 de enero de 2006: Laura Santini, «Asian markets overcome bird flu and oil concerns to register strong
gains», y Sara Calian, «European stock markets may step on the breaks after three-year joy ride».
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^><C=F%K<%DB?%A<?<AEB?%K<%IB?%CB=MABD%K<D%GMCKF%]%A<?<AEB?%K<%
k<=AwD<F%ÂMKF%?Mk<ABKB?%?wDF%kFA%-ABv>B%!BMK>=B%<%$ABSR%!<IpC%
<?=<%<?=MK>F@%<C%797\%#M?>B%=<CKAs%MC% U$Y%K<%3%999%v>DDFC<?%K<%
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J3B1(1!,-!/(B3#-1!,-!`(,(a(B!;.#(C&(!L(@,&2(>5!J3DC(V!;P+,&(>!
V!J3/-1<(!;J#(1&B>5!9::O89::R
Fuente: Tom Petruno, «Some caution after world-class performance: Foreign stocks still are climbing; the
view in the distance remains compelling, but risks in the near term are rising», C#%!D$+141%!/*-1%? 26 de
febrero de 2006.

\77 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
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G#3V-''&M+!,-B!<3,-#!-'3+MD&'3!IB3C(B!(!%(/3#!,-!'&+'3!<(A1-1!
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7*AK$' J3' ''X' ''`
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g%02:' 34' 3J' J4
Fuente: Keystone India, citado en Pete Engardio, «A new world economy», J(%*$1%%!@11G, 22 de agosto
de 2005. "3'= Fishman (2005).
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J>^B%aR3:%kAFGFE>KF%kFA%#M?>B%]%DB%(AIBC>NB^>wC%K<%UBL?<?%UAF8
KM^=FA<?%]%"ukFA=BKFA<?%K<%U<=AwD<F%4(U"U:%<C%<D%^FC=<u=F%K<%DB%
IDFvBD>NB^>wC@%*xFGB?%'R%hA><KGBC%BJ>AGB%rM<%<D%kAFvD<GB%?<%
vB?B%<C%DF%rM<%tD%DDBGB%dk<=AFD>?GFe@%rM<%>C^DM]<%<D%M?F%<u^<?>EF%
K<%kA<=AwD<F%kBAB%Â<BA%DB%BG<CBNB%Gs?%?<A>B%rM<%<CJA<C=B%<D%
GMCKFR%!<IpC%hA><KGBCX26
"#$%&'(!!EWb
G#-'&3!#-(B!,-B!<-2#MB-3!V!-B!I(1!+(2@#(B
c-12!`-X(1!P+2-#D-,&(2-5!,-1,-!-B!)!,-!-+-#3!,-!9::R
;,MB(#-1!,-!9::R!<3#!C(##&B>
Fuente: E.S. Browning, «Dow loses 64.55 on Nikkei dive, crude oil climb», Wall Street Journal, 18 de enero
de 2006.
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GB?%kFKALB%^FC?>?=>A%<C%^FFAK>CBA%?M?%<ukFA=B^>wC<?%K<%k<=Aw8
D<F%<C%^FC=AB%K<%DF?%>C=<A<?<?%K<%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?R%;<C<NM<DB%xB%
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K<%k<=AwD<F%rM<%E<CK<%B%DB%TC>wC%-G<A>^BCB@%B%k<?BA%K<%rM<%DB%
=ABCkFA=B^>wC%K<%;<C<NM<DB%B%&x>CB%KMAB%29%KLB?%<C%E<N%K<%DF?%
^>C^F%rM<%=BAKB%<C%DD<IBA%B%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?Rb9%.><C=AB?%=BC=F@%
;<C<NM<DB%EF=w%4^FC%&MvB%]%!>A>B:%?>C%tu>=F%kBAB%=AB=BA%K<%<E>=BA%
rM<%<D%&FC?<qF%K<%!<IMA>KBK%K<%DB%(+T%=AB=BAB%<D%^B?F%K<%DB%kFDL8
=>^B%CM^D<BA%K<%$AsCRb5%%
"#$%&'(!EW7
G#-'&3!,-!I(1!+(2@#(B5!9::R
;,MB(#-1!,-!9::R!-+!J`4>
Fuente: Peter A. McKay, «Comodities mark high note»,!@,44!A&'11&!B#('$,4? 3 de enero de 2006.
"'%U"'$V#(%,"%$#j+%V(Y"#+-,(%U(#%&c$W*-!%#-,$&-'"!
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;D&B-1!,-!<-#13+(1!<3#!(d3>
1
Entre 1991 y 1994 el promedio de personas que entraron sin permiso fue de 450 000. Entre 2000 y 2004,
el promedio fue 600 000. En los dos periodos llegaron la mayoría de México.
Fuente: Pew Hispanic Center, citado en E16!F#'G!/*-1%, 30 de septiembre de 2005.
&FC% DB% G>IAB^>wC% GB?>EB@% <q<GkD>J>^BKB% kFA% <D% ^B?F% K<%

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kBAB%G<qFABA%?M%?>=MB^>wC%<^FCwG>^B%]%vM?^BA%MCB%?<IMA>KBK%
k<A?FCBD% rM<% CF% =<CLBC% JA<C=<% B% ^B^>rM<?@% kFD>^LB?% ^FAAMk=B?@%
Â>G>CBD<?@%IM<AA>DD<AF?%]%?FDKBKF?@%=FKF?%vFAAB^xF?%K<%kFK<AR
"C%DB?%IAsJ>^B?%aRa%]%aR6%?<%Fv?<AEB%rM<%=BGv>tC%<C=ABC%
kAFKM^=F?%B%"?=BKF?%TC>KF?%]%?MI><AF%rM<%<?=<%<?%<D%E<AKBK<AF%
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Q\%&'&2!,-!&D<3#2('&3+-1!V!-X<3#2('&3+-1!,-!012(,31!4+&,31!
'3+!-B!D@+,35!)66R89::R)
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1
En 1992 el monto del déficit fue de 39 200 a 723 600 millones de dólares y en 2006 alcanzaría 822 000
millones si el monto de enero (68.5) se mantenía igual cada mes hasta diciembre. "3'= más adelante la parte
dedicada al consumismo.
Fuente: Véanse dos artículos de Chris Isidoro: http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/10/news/economy/trade/
?cnn=yes; 10 de febrero de 2006, www.infowars.com/articles/economy/trade_gap_soars_to_record.htm,
10 de noviembre de 2005.
!>C%<GvBAIF@%BMCrM<%<D%LCK>^<%K<D%EBDFA%K<D%KwDBA%xB%EB8
A>BKF@%^FGF%?<%E<%<C%DB%IAsJ>^B%aR59@%<?%Gs?%F%G<CF?%<D%G>?GF%
rM<%<C%DF?%kA>G<AF%BOF?%K<%DB%Kt^BKB%K<%DF?%?<=<C=BR%"?=<%<?%
MC%B?k<^=F%K<D%AFGk<^Bv<NB?%B^<A^B%K<%DB%GBC<AB%<C%rM<%"?8
=BKF?%TC>KF?%kM<K<%?<IM>A%?M%kFDL=>^B%K<%>GkFA=B^>FC<?R%UBA<^<%
rM<%DB?%^FGkBOLB?%=ABC?CB^>FCBD<?@%<C%>C=<AB^^>wC%^FC%"?=BKF?%
TC>KF?@%B^=pBC%^FGF%MC%A<?FA=<%kBAB%kAF=<I<A%=BC=F%BD%kBL?%]%?M%
G<A^BKF%K<%EBDFA<?%^FGF%<D%^FC?MG>?GFR

\\9 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
"#$%&'(!EW):
*+,&'-!,-B!/(B3#!#-(B!,-!,MB(#5!)67O89::R
;)::!^!):!,-!D(#F3!,-!9::O>
Fuente: Mark Hulbert, «The dollar may tumble, but it’s O.K. to shrug», New York Times, 12 de marzo de
2006.

9. Cuentas abiertas. Cuatro asuntos
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1972
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Caso 2. Ironías del papel de Estados Unidos, el FMI
y el G-20 en la globalización, 2009-2010:
¿enemigos o amigos del mundo en el complejo de
las finanzas internacionales y la renovada guerra
de Afganistán
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Caso 3. La Unión Europea: ¿cómo coordinar a 27
países?
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Apéndice
Cuadro 1
Análisis básico de la «Sociedad Cívica» (y la posibilidad de
acumular utilidades) en relación con la «sociedad civil»1
Tres «modelos» teóricos,2
La Sociedad Cívica es independiente del gobierno en el modelo estadounidense

y dependiente en el modelo de Europa oriental; la Sociedad Cívica
y la sociedad civil no tienen lugar en el modelo de la dictadura
Sectores no civiles Sectores de la sociedad civil»3
Modelo de la Modelo Europa oriental Modelo

dictadura y sus y latinoamericano,3 estadounidense
sectores basado en el basado en el
electorado electorado
1. Ejecutivo, basado en 1. Gobierno civil4 1. Gobierno civil4
las fuerzas armadas, a) Central (incluyendo ejecutivo y su poder a) Central (incluye ejecutivo;
los sindicatos o el policial y militar). Descentralizado; estatal; y su poder policial y militar).
sector religioso oficial local; poderes legislativo y judicial Descentralizado, local;
b) Cámaras de comercio e industriales5 poderes legislativo y judicial
c) Sindicatos5
d) «Sociedad civil»5 o asociaciones
civiles (incluyen ONGOG y ONGCA),
las cuales gastan sus fondos para
usos no privados y generalmente no
se les permite generar fondos para invertir
en el mercado de valores; 11 si hablamos con
claridad, este sector es la Sociedad Cívica
atrapada en el gobierno
2. Gobierno monolítico4 2. Sector privado: 4 2. Sector privado: 4

a) Poder Judicial, negocios personales y compañías de: negocios personales y
«seguridad nacional» a) «Sociedad civil»1 con fines de lucro compañías de:
y policía. para uso privado a) Prensa, televisión,
b) Legislatura b) Sociedades anónimas internet
c) Prensa, televisión, c) Prensa, televisión, internet
internet
[ 759 ]

g39 P-."!%QR%Q$'f$"%)%('V-%.R%'-_W+
()#$&*$S,!)(,2'#!9)
Sectores no civiles Sectores de la sociedad civil»3
Modelo de la Modelo Europa oriental Modelo

dictadura y sus y latinoamericano,3 estadounidense
sectores basado en el basado en el
electorado electorado
d) Negocios privados 3. Sector mixto: 3. Sector mixto:

«favorecidos» con gobierno/sector privado gobierno/sector privado
contratos sicomparten 4. Sociedad Cívica1 con fines
utilidades con los de lucro (el cual se puede
«líderes» del gobierno invertir en el mercado de
valores).12 Sus gastos son
para usos no privados.7,8,9
A veces es llamado
erróneamente «sociedad
civil» o «tercer sector».6
e) Sindicatos 4. Sindicatos 5. Sindicatos

f) Industrias
g) Cámaras de comercio 5. Cámaras de comercio 6. Cámaras de comercio
industriales e industriales e industriales
h) Sectores: petróleo, 6. Soldados en su condicion 7. Soldados en su condición
minería, forestal, de individuos con derecho de votar de individuos con derecho
pesca, agropecuario de votar
i) Sector religioso no oficial10 7. Sector religioso 8. Sector religioso
1
Este cuadro aclara la confusión entre los conceptos de «sociedad civil» y «Sociedad Cívica». Por lo general,
el público y los analistas hablan de «sociedad civil» sin distinguir entre cuatro definiciones: primera, la que
designa a todos los sectores de la sociedad; segunda, la que se refi ere a los negocios particulares y las com-
pañías o asociaciones con fines de lucro para uso privado; tercera, la que alude a las ONG y a las fundaciones
que funcionan con fines de lucrco para uso no privado, sujetas al inflexible permiso y control de una secretaría
de Estado o agencia descentralizada, dependiendo de cuál sea la más «apropiada»; y cuarta, la que con
gran fl exibilidad connotativa designa a la Sociedad Cívica (que puede obtener utilidades e invertirlas en el
mercado de valores), la cual es independiente del gobierno; a veces se le confunde con la «sociedad civil».
Si en la entrevista a Carlos Monsiváis sobre el concepto de «sociedad civil», publicada en Reforma se
sustituye este concepto por el de «Sociedad Cívica», el lector tendrá una excelente exposición de facetas
importantes de acción cívica para monitorear al gobierno, demandar programas y desarrollar proyectos más
allá de la capacidad oficial. Véase Erika P. Bucio, «Entrevista/Rastrea Monsiváis a la sociedad civil» Reforma,
2 septiembre de 2005, http://busquedas.gruporeforma.com/utilerias/imdservicios3w.dll?JPrintS&file=mex/
reform01/00643/00643876.htm&palabra=monsivais& sitereforma.
2
Los tres modelos son sugestivos, no definitivos ni detallados. Los sectores no tienen actividades exclusivas:
por ejemplo, «educación» figura tanto en el sector privado como en el gobierno civil.
3
El modelo de América Latina y Europa oriental se basa en los casos de México y Romania, respec-tivamente.
4
Incluyendo educación.
5
Dependiente del gobierno central; incluyen ONGOg y ONGCA. Es la sociedad civil o asociación civil con o sin
fines de lucro privado (fundaciones y ONG) bajo co gobierno civil (una secretaría de Estado o una agencia
decentralizada infl exible).

-U/+,$&" g35
6
Hay cuatro sectores de acción: 1) gobierno; 2) privado; 3) mixto (cuando los sectores gobierno y privado
trabajan juntos en proyectos con fines de lucro); 4) Sociedad Cívica. Hablar de esta última como «tercer
sector» es erróneo.
7
Independiente del gobierno central.
8
Sociedad Cívica, que puede generar lucro para uso no privado. En estas OSFLP se incluye a las fundaciones
(por ejemplo aquellas que financian investigaciones científicas, otorgan becas u operan tanto universidades
como hospitales) y las ONG (que pueden ser, por ejemplo, clínicas, programas para monitorear resultados
de gobierno, etcétera).
9
Desde el año 2000 incluye el periodismo personal hecho mediante blogs y videos incorporados en YouTube.
10
Puede servir de base para la resistencia a la dictadura.
11
México y Romania, en lo general, ven el concepto de fundación (u ONG) no lucrativa como una organización
sin utilidades, cuyo balance al final del año debe ser de cero.
12
El concepto es acumular donativos para invertirlos en el mercado de valores, «vivir» con parte de los
intereses y dejar el resto en ella para aumentar la «riqueza» de la fundación, generando así más para el
gasto anual en favor de los propósitos no privados de la organización.

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D.R. © 2010, UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA

D.R. © 2010, PROFMEX/WORLD

D.R. © 2010, JUAN PABLOS EDITOR, S.A.

Impreso y hecho en México

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