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Varghese Paul
Fellow, TERI
Outline
Forests and Climate Change
Why focus on carbon emissions?
Origins of REDD, REDD plus
What is REDD?
What is REDD plus?
Mitigation options under REDD/REDD plus
What is REDD readiness?
Phases of REDD, support for readiness, analysis of R-PINs
Key issues related to REDD/REDD Plus
Relationship between REDD and Carbon Markets
Questions to ponder
Forests and Climate change
Sinks: remove CO2 from the atmosphere
Forests and other terrestrial sinks absorb 2.6 GtC
annually (AR4)
Reservoirs: keep carbon as biomass
According to FAO estimates forests store about 638
GtC
Sources: releases gases like carbon dioxide and methane
when forests are destroyed
Deforestation and other land-use activities emit 1.6
GtC annually (AR4)
Forest sector, mostly deforestation, accounts for 17
% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions
Affected by climate change and a possible option for
adaptation.
In turn leads to emission
Why focus on forest carbon emissions?
World GHG Emissions by Sector
Deforestation:
¾Emits 2 BtC/yr (FRA ‘05)
¾ 18% of total GHGs
¾ 25% of anthropogenic
C02 emissions
¾Greater than combined
emissions from road, rail
and ship transportation
plus electricity/heat from
commercial buildings
18% of
GHGs
All data is for 2000. All calculations are based on CO2 equivalents, using 100-year global warming potentials from the IPCC (1996), based on a total global estimate of
41 755 MtCO2 equivalent. Land use change includes both emissions and absorptions. Dotted lines represent flows of less than 0.1% percent of total GHG emissions.
Source: World Resources Institute, Climate Analysis Indicator Tool (CAIT), Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy,
December 2005; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1996 (data for 2000).
Origins of REDD, REDD plus
Compensated Reduction (in deforestation) proposed by
Coalition of Rainforest Nations at CoP 11in Montreal in
2005
In subsequent SBSTA meetings and workshops
degradation was also discussed and included
Compensated Conservation suggested by India (2007)
and supported by others
carbon saved= carbon added
* Schmidt & Scholz. 2008. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries:
Meeting the main challenges ahead. German Development Institute Briefing Paper 6/08. Cited in “Little REDD Book.”
What is REDD plus?
As defined in BAP: conservation, sustainable
management and enhancement of carbon stocks.
Plus activities came into greater prominence since Bonn
2009.
Plus activities are not directly linked to emissions reductions.
Rather, a call for funding/investment for tropical forests,
which store carbon, increase sequestration, create rain,
moderate weather conditions and protect biodiversity.
Most mechanisms and funding options, however, are
still trying to deal with the question of ‘perverse’
incentive.
Mitigation options under REDD/REDD plus
Source: Dooley et al. 2008. Cutting Corners (analysis of nine sample R-PINs)
Key issues
Design issues
Scale (national, sub-national and nested appraoches)
Baseline line/Reference line
MRV (Definition of forest, deforestation, degradation; net
deforestation vs gross deforestation)
Multiple benefits
Permanence (Temporary nature of credits)
Leakages
Other issues
Addressing causes of deforestation
Financing: market and/or fund based?
Rights of indigenous communitie, forest dwelling and forest
dependent communities (tenure, livelihoods)
Benefit–sharing mechanism
Relationship between REDD and
Carbon markets
If REDD credits are traded in the current carbon
markets, it might
Flood market with cheaper credits
Affect other mitigation options and environmental integrity of
emission reductions