17-1

Chapter 17

Exploring,
Displaying, and
Examining Data

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

 17-2

Learning Objectives

Understand . . .
• exploratory data analysis techniques provide
insights and data diagnostics by emphasizing
visual representations of the data
• how cross-tabulation is used to examine
relationships involving categorical variables,
serves as a framework for later statistical testing,
and makes an efficient tool for data visualization
and later decision-making
 17-3

Exploratory Data
Analysis
• This Booth Research
Services ad suggests
that the researcher’s
role is to make sense
of data displays
• Great data exploration
and analysis delivers
insight from data
 17-4

Data Analysis

Exploratory Confirmatory
 17-5
Exhibit 17-1 Data Exploration,
Examination, and Analysis in
the Research Process
 17-6

Exhibit 17-2
Frequency of Ad Recall

Value Label Value Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative

Percent Percent
 17-7

Exhibit 17-3 Pie Chart

 17-8

Exhibit 17-3 Bar Chart

 17-9

Exhibit 17-4
Frequency Table
 17-10

Exhibit 17-5 Histogram

 17-11

Exhibit 17-6 Stem-and-Leaf

Display

5 455666788889
6 12466799
7 02235678
8 02268
9
10 24
11 018
12 3
13 1
14 06
15 3
16 36
17
18 3
19
20 6
21 8
 17-12

Exhibit 17-7
Pareto Diagram
 17-13

Exhibit 17-8 Boxplot

Components
 17-14

Exhibit 17-9 Diagnostics

with Boxplots
 17-15

Exhibit 17-10 Boxplot

Comparison
 17-16

Mapping
 17-17

Digital Camera Map

 17-18

Exhibit 17-11 SPSS

Cross-Tabulation
 17-19

Exhibit 17-12 Percentages

in Cross-Tabulation
 17-20

Guidelines for Using

Percentages

Averaging
Averaging percentages
percentages

Use
Use of
of too
too large
large percentages
percentages

Using
Using too
too small
small aa base
base

Percentage
Percentage decreases
decreases can
can
never
never exceed
exceed 100%
100%
 17-21
Exhibit 17-13 Cross-Tabulation
with Control and Nested
Variables
 17-22

Exhibit 17-14 AID Example

 17-23

Key Terms

• Automatic interaction • Five-number summary

detection (AID) • Frequency table
• Boxplot • Histogram
• Cell • Interquartile range (IQR)
• Confirmatory data • Marginals
analysis • Nonresistant statistics
• Contingency table • Outliers
• Control variable
• Pareto diagram
• Cross-tabulation • Resistant statistics
• Exploratory data • Stem-and-leaf display
analysis (EDA)